Thermodynamics

Sunday, June 23, 2024 4:08 PM

Example 1.16:
A gas is confined in a 0.47 m diameter cylinder by a piston, on which rests a weight.
The mass of the piston and weight together is 150 kg. The local acceleration of gravity
is 9.813 m·s−2, and atmospheric pressure is 101.57 kPa.

(a) What is the force in newtons exerted on the gas by the atmosphere, the piston, and
the weight, assuming no friction between the piston and cylinder?

(b) What is the pressure of the gas in kPa?

(c) If the gas in the cylinder is heated, it expands, pushing the piston and weight
upward. If the piston and weight are raised 0.83 m, what is the work done by the
gas in kJ? What is the change in potential energy of the piston and weight?

Example 1.19:
The turbines in a hydroelectric plant are fed by water falling from a 50 m height.
Assuming 91% efficiency for conversion of potential to electrical energy, and 8% loss
of the resulting power in transmission, what is the mass flow rate of water required to
power a 200 W light bulb?

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Example 2.26:
Fifty (50) kmol per hour of air is compressed from P1 = 1.2 bar to P2 = 6.0 bar in a
steady-flow compressor. Delivered mechanical power is 98.8 kW. Temperatures and
velocities are:
T1 = 300 K T2 = 520 K
u1 = 10 m⋅s−1 u2 = 3.5 m⋅s−1
Enthalpy Change is 6.402E3 kJ/kmol
Gas molecular weight = 29
Estimate the rate of heat transfer from the compressor.

Example: E2.1 The hydroelectric power plant draws water from the river dam 100 m above and discharges below them. It has a peak capaci ty of
2,300,000 kW at a maximum water flow of 3,100,000 kg/s. In the following, assume 1 kg of water as the system.

(a) What is the potential energy of the water flowing out of dam, relative to
the surface of dam?
(b) At peak capacity, what fraction of this potential energy is converted to electrical energy?
(c) If the temperature of the water is unchanged in the overall process, how much
heat flows to or from it?

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Example: E2.6 Calculate ΔU and ΔH for 1 kg of water when it is vaporized at a constant temperature of 100°C and a constant
pressure of 101.33 kPa. The specific volumes of liquid and vapor water at these conditions are 0.00104 and 1.673 m3·kg −1,
respectively. For this
change, heat in the amount of 2256.9 kJ is added to the water.

Example 1: Determine unknown parameters in following diagram.

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Example 2: A steel casting weighing 2 kg has an initial temperature of 500°C; 40 kg of water initially at 25°C is contained in a
perfectly insulated steel tank weighing 5 kg. The casting is immersed in the water and the system is allowed to come to
equilibrium.
What is its final temperature? Ignore the effects of expansion or contraction, and assume
constant specific heats of 4.18 kJ⋅kg−1⋅K−1 for water and 0.50 kJ⋅kg−1⋅K−1 for steel casting and tank.

Example 3: One kilogram of air is heated reversibly at constant pressure from an initial state of 300 K and 1 bar until its volume
triples. Calculate W, Q, ΔU, and ΔH for the process.
Assume for air that PV / T = 83.14 bar⋅cm3⋅mol−1⋅K−1 and CP = 29 J⋅mol−1⋅K−1.
Air mol.wt= 28.9

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Example 5:For liquid acetone at 20°C and 1 bar,
β = 1.487 × 10 −3 ° C −1,
κ = 62 × 10 −6 bar −1
V = 1.287 cm 3 ⋅g −1
For acetone, find:
(a) The value of (∂ P / ∂ T) V at 20°C and 1 bar.
(b) The pressure after heating at constant V from 20°C and 1 bar to 30°C.
(c) The volume change when T and P go from 20°C and 1 bar to 0°C and 10 bar.

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Example 6: A rigid, nonconducting tank with a volume of 4 m3 is divided into two unequal parts by a thin plate. One side
of the plate, representing 1/3 of the tank, contains nitrogen gas at 6 bar and 100°C, and the other side, representing 2/3 of
the tank, is evacuated. The plate ruptures and the gas fills the tank.
(a) What is the final temperature of the gas? How much work is done?
(b) Describe a reversible process by which the gas can be returned to its initial state. How much work is done?
Assume nitrogen is an ideal gas for which CP = (7/2)R and CV = (5/2)R.

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Example 7:One mole of an ideal gas with CP = (7/2)R and CV = (5/2)R expands from P1 = 8 bar
and T1 = 600 K to P2 = 1 bar by each of the following paths:
(a) Constant volume
(b) Constant temperature
(c) Adiabatically
Assuming mechanical reversibility, calculate W, Q, ΔU, and ΔH for each process.

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Example 7a A 0.35 m3 vessel is used to store liquid propane at its vapor pressure. Safety considerations
dictate that at a temperature of 320 K the liquid must occupy no more than 80% of the
total volume of the vessel. For these conditions, determine the mass of vapor and the
mass of liquid in the vessel. At 320 K the vapor pressure of propane is 16.0 bar.

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Example 8: Calculate Z and V for ethylene at 25°C and 12 bar by the following equations:
(a) The truncated virial equation with the following experimental values of virial coefficients:
B = −140 cm3 ·mol−1 C = 7200 cm6·mol −2
(b) The truncated virial equation, with a value of B from the generalized Pitzer correlation.

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Example 13: Calculate the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mol of methane from 260 to 600°C in a steady-flow
process at a pressure sufficiently low that the ideal-gas state is a suitable approximation for methane.

Example 14: What is the final temperature when heat in the amount of 400 × 10 6 J is added to 11 × 103 mol of ammonia initially
at 530 K in a steady-flow process at 1 bar?

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Example 15: Given that the latent heat of vaporization of water at 100°C is 2257 J ⋅ g−1, estimate the latent heat at 300°C.

Example 16: Calculate the standard heat of the following methanol-synthesis reaction at 800°C:
CO(g) + 2 H 2 (g) → CH 3 OH(g)

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Example 17: What is the maximum temperature that can be reached by the combustion of methane with 20% excess air? Both
the methane and the air enter the burner at 25°C.

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Example 18: One method for the manufacture of “synthesis gas” (a mixture of CO and H2) is the
catalytic reforming of CH4 with steam at high temperature and atmospheric pressure:
CH 4 (g) + H 2 O(g) → CO(g) + 3H 2 (g)
The only other reaction considered here is the water-gas-shift reaction:
CO(g) + H 2 O(g) → CO 2 (g) + H 2 (g)
Reactants are supplied in the ratio 2 mol steam to 1 mol CH4, and heat is added to the reactor to bring the products to a
temperature of 1300 K. The CH4 is completely con verted, and the product stream contains 17.4 mol-% CO. Assuming the
reactants to be preheated to 600 K, calculate the heat requirement for the reactor.

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Example 19: A Carnot engine receives 250 kJ·s−1 of heat from a heat-source reservoir at 525°C and rejects heat to a
heat-sink reservoir at 50°C. What are the power developed and the heat rejected?

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Example 22: Large quantities of liquefied natural gas (LNG) are shipped by ocean tanker. At the unloading port, provision is made for
vaporization of the LNG so that it can be delivered to pipelines as gas. The LNG arrives in the tanker at atmospheric pressure and
113.7 K, and represents a possible heat sink for use as the cold reservoir of a heat engine. For unloading of LNG as a vapor at the
rate of 9000 m3·s−1, as measured at 25°C and 1.0133 bar, and assuming the availability of an adequate heat source at 30°C, what is
the maximum possible power obtainable and what is the rate of heat transfer from the heat source? Assume that LNG at 25°C and
1.0133 bar is an ideal gas with the molar mass of 17. Also assume that the LNG vaporizes only, absorbing only its latent heat of 512
kJ·kg−1 at 113.7 K.

Example 23: With respect to 1 kg of liquid water:

(a) Initially at 0°C, it is heated to 100°C by contact with a heat reservoir at 100°C. What is the entropy change of the water?
Of the heat reservoir? What is ΔStotal?
(b) Initially at 0°C, it is first heated to 50°C by contact with a heat reservoir at 50°C and then to 100°C by contact with a
reservoir at 100°C. What is ΔStotal?
(c) Explain how the water might be heated from 0°C to 100°C so that ΔStotal = 0.

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(c) Explain how the water might be heated from 0°C to 100°C so that ΔStotal = 0.

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Example 24: A rigid vessel of 0.06 m3 volume contains an ideal gas, CV = (5/2)R, at 500 K and 1 bar.
(a) If heat in the amount of 15,000 J is transferred to the gas, determine its entropy change.
(b) If the vessel is fitted with a stirrer that is rotated by a shaft so that work in the amount of 15,000 J is done on the
gas, what is the entropy change of the gas if the process is adiabatic? What is ΔS total? What is the irreversible feature
of the process?

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Example 25: What is the entropy change of the gas, heated in a steady-flow process at approximately atmospheric
pressure,
(a) When 800 kJ is added to 10 mol of ethylene initially at 200°C?

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Example 26: Ten moles of methane at 300 K is compressed isothermally from 1 bar to 5 bar. The heat is transferred to ambient,
at 288K. Assume methane to behaved as an ideal gas.
(a) Calculate the total and molar change in entropy.
(b) If the work required for compression is 30% higher than that for a reversible process, calculate the entropy change for t he
reservoir and the total entropy change (for system + reservoir i.e. for the universe).

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Example 27: Estimate the change in enthalpy and entropy when liquid ammonia at 270 K is compressed from its
saturation pressure of 381 kPa to 1200 kPa. For saturated liquid ammonia at 270 K, Vl = 1.551 × 10−3 m3·kg−1, and β
= 2.095 × 10−3 K−1.

Example 29: A vessel contains 1 kg of H2O as liquid and vapor in equilibrium at 1000 kPa. If the vapor occupies 70% of the
volume of the vessel, determine H and S for the 1 kg
of H2O.

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Example 34: Two boilers, both operating at 200(psia), discharge equal amounts of steam into the same steam main. Steam from
the
first boiler is superheated at 420(°F) and steam from the second is wet with a quality of 96%. Assuming adiabatic mixing and
negligible changes in potential and kinetic energies, what is the equilibrium condition after mixing and what is SG for each (lbm) of
discharge steam?

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Example 37: The enthalpy of a binary liquid system of species 1 and 2 at fixed T and P is represented by the equation:
H = 400 x1 + 600 x2 + x1 x2 ( 40 x1 + 20 x2 )
where H is in J·mol–1. Determine expressions for H1 and H2 as functions of x1, numerical values for the pure-species
enthalpies H1 and H2, and numerical values for the partial enthalpies at infinite dilution H 1∞ and H2∞ .

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Example 38: What is the change in entropy when 0.7 m 3 of CO2 and 0.3 m 3 of N2, each at 1 bar and 25°C, blend
to form a gas
mixture at the same conditions? Assume ideal gases.

Example 39: If the molar density of a binary mixture is given by the empirical expression:
ρ = a0 + a1 x1 + a2 x12
find the corresponding expressions for V ¯ 1 and V ¯ 2

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Example 41: For Acetone/chloroform: Given GE = − 622, HE = − 1920, CPE = 4.2 at 298.15 K.
Estimate values of GE, HE, and SE at 328.15 K for one of the equimolar mixtures

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Example 40: From data in the steam tables, determine a good estimate for f/f sat for liquid water at
150°C and 150 bar, where fsat is the fugacity of saturated liquid at 150°C.

Example 42: Assuming the validity of Raoult’s law, do the following calculations for the ben-
zene(1)/toluene(2) system:
(a) Given x1 = 0.33 and T = 100°C, find y1 and P.
(b) Given y1 = 0.33 and T = 100°C, find x1 and P.
(c) Given x1 = 0.33 and P = 120 kPa, find y1 and T.
(d) Given y1 = 0.33 and P = 120 kPa, find x1 and T.
(e) Given T = 105°C and P = 120 kPa, find x1 and y1.
(f ) For part (e), if the overall mole fraction of benzene is z1 = 0.33, what molar fraction of the two-phase system is vapor?

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Example 43: Consider a system in which the following reactions occur:
CH4 + H2 O → CO + 3 H2 (1)
CH4 + 2 H2 O → CO2 + 4 H2 (2)
where the numbers (1) and (2) indicate the value of j, the reaction index. If 2 mol CH4 and
3 mol H2O are initially present, determine expressions for the yi as functions of ε1 and ε2.

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Example 44: The water-gas-shift reaction, an essential step in the production of hydrogen from natural gas,
CO(g) + H 2 O(g) → CO 2 (g) + H 2 (g)
comes to equilibrium under several sets of conditions enumerated below. Calculate the fraction of steam reacted in each
case. Assume the mixture behaves as an ideal gas.
(a) The reactants consist of 1 mol of H2O vapor and 1 mol of CO. The temperature is 1100 K and the pressure is 1 bar.
(b) Same as part (a) except that the pressure is 10 bar.
(c) Same as part (a) except that 2 mol of N2 is included in the reactants.
(d) The reactants are 2 mol of H2O and 1 mol of CO. Other conditions are the same as in part (a).
(e) The reactants are 1 mol of H2O and 2 mol of CO. Other conditions are the same as in part (a).
(f) The initial mixture consists of 1 mol of H2O, 1 mol of CO, and 1 mol of CO2. Other conditions are the same as in part
(a).
(g) Same as part (a) except that the temperature is 1650 K.

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