[FUWRUN® OPERATOR'S MANUAL ____MARINE RADAR _ move. FR-1410__ a FURUNO ELECTRIC CO., LTD. NISHINOMIYA, JAPAN©FURUNO ELECTRIC CO.,LTD. 9-52, Ashihara-cho, Nishinomiya, Japan 662 Telephone: 0798-65-2111 Telefax: 0798-65-4200(G111) CAL Tights reserved, ": printed in Japan PUB, No, OME-33520 cuHIMAD FRAG “Your Local Agent/Dealer Thitial + OCT 1997 4 : FEB, 26, 1997 (ENEMY o8 oOA\SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS “DANGER’, WARNING" and "CAUTION’ notices appear throughout this manual. Itis the responsibility of the installer of the equipment to read, understand and follow these no- tices. If you have any questions regarding these safety instructions, please contact a FURUNO agent or dealer. This notice indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. This notice indicates’a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. This notice indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not CAUTION avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury or property damage.4\ DANGER Hazardous voltage. Can shock, burn, or cause death. Only qualified personnel should work in the units of a radar system. Turn off the power at the ship's mains switchboard before beginning the ‘stallation. Post a warning ign near the switchboard to ensure the power will not be applied while the radar system is being installed. Electrical shock, fire, serious injury or death can result if the power is not tured off, or is applied while the equipment is being installed. Microwave radiation can be harmful to the human body, particularly the eyes. Do not look into a transmitting antenna from a distance of less than 0.7 meter (2 feet). OS ENN es ‘The neck of the scanner unit becomes VERY HOT when the de-icer is working. Before beginning any work on the scanner unit, tum off the breaker for the de-icer line at the main switchboard to remove the power (100VAC, 1B ) to the de-icer. (Turning off the power to the display unit has no effect.) PN PNA Ne) ‘Turn off the radar power switch before working on the antenna unit. Post a warning sign near the switch to ensure it will not be turned on while the antenna unit is being installed. Serious injury or death can result if the radiatior starts rotating and strikes some- one near the scanner unit. Z\ CAUTION Ground both the display unit and the antenna unit. Ungrounded equipment can cause mutual interference or electrical shock. Contfirm that the power supply voltage is compatible with the voltage rating of the equipment. Connection to the wrong power supply can cause fire or equipment damage. The voltage rating appears on the label at the rear of the display unit. Wear a safety belt and hard hat when working on the antenna unit. Serious injury or death can result if someone falls from the scanner mast. Use only the supplied power cable. Use of other power cables (particularly cables whose diameter is smaller than the supplied cable) can cause fire or short circuit Use the correct fuse. Use of a wrong fuse can cause fire or ‘equipment damage.Table of Contents Introduction Specifications. 1_| OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW — Basic Operation .... Turing the power on... ‘Transmitting the radar. ‘Suspending transmission ‘Tuming the power off . Selecting range Adjusting the GAIN control. ‘Adjusting the A/C SEA control... . ‘Adjusting the A/C RAIN control ‘Automatic clutter control ‘Adjusting CRT brilliance .. ‘Adjusting mark briliance ‘Adjusting range ring brilliance . Erasing the heading mark/north mark Selecting display colors . : Selecting presentation mode . Measuring Range and Bearing Overview ..... Displaying or erasing the fixed range rings Displaying an EBL or VAM ..... . Erasing an EBL or VRM Displaying or erasing the cross-hair cursor Measuring range .. Measuring relative bearing . Measuring true bearing .. Floating Origin EBL... Overview Setting the Guard Alarm .... Overview . Notes and cautions on alarm usage Siting the Dspay « Overview... Zoom .. Overview... esses Echo Trailing .. Overview .. Operation by Menu . Overview Menu layout Selecting ters on the menu Echo stretch . Echo averaging... Radar interference ... Table of Contents 7Table of Contents Noise interference ... Pulsewidth ......... ‘Second trace echo rejection Echo trailing . : Index line Ship's speed input Guard alarm type Panel dimmer . Character briliance Heading mark brilliance .... Stem mark on or off . EBL bearing \VRM unit + cursor Echo color Funtion Keys . Overview Programming the function keys Executing a program ...... Panel 3 Overview . Degaussing the picture. ‘Adjustment of gyro reading (technicians only) ‘Tuning the recelver (technicians only) +138 Description of Controls . .. 139 Markers and Indications - 1-40 APPLICATION Factors Affecting Minimum Range 22 Overview . . : 22 Sea return 22 Vertical beamwidth : 122 Factors Affecting Maximum Range. 23 ‘Overview ... cece 23 Radar horizor : 23 Target properties : 24 Intorpating the Display... 25 Overview 25 Land targets ... 25 Ship targets . 26 Echo size 26 False Echoes : 27 Overview ....... 27 Multiple echoes ... 27 Side-lobe echoes : Blind and shadow sectors ...... 28 Indirect echoes o 28 Radar Picture and Corresponding Chart . = 240 Position Fixing with Radar 2at Overview wees 2A By radar range ... sees sevens BAN By range and bearing to a point of land... : : 2a By two bearings teeee ceveeees BAB Collision Avoidance and Relative Motion ae seeees : 213 Assessing the risk . 2244 Table of ContentsTable of Contents MAINTENANCE Regular Maintenance .... Life Expectancy of Major Parts TROUBLESHOOTING Troubleshooting Table ......... e220 coe eeeeeeeteeeeeteeeeeeeeeetetseees 42 LOCATION OF PARTS Display Unit ‘Scanner Unit Table of Contents iiTT Introduction Congratulations on your choice of the FURUNO FR-1410 Marine Radar. We are confident you will see why the FURUNO name has become synonymous with quality and reliability. For over 40 years FURUNO Electric Company has enjoyed an enviable reputation for quality and reliability throughout the world. This dedication to excellence is furthered by our extensive global network of agents and dealers. While this unit is designed and constructed with much attention to operation and maintenance simplicity, familiarity with its functions and regular maintenance are important for good performance. Please carefully read and follow the recommended procedures set forth in this manual, We would appreciate feedback from you, the end-user, about whether we are achieving our purposes. ‘Thank you for considering and purchasing FURUNO equipment. Introduction vIntroduction Features ‘The following are the main features of the FR-1410. ‘ Echoes are shown in eight levels of high-contrast yellow or in three colors, on a bright 14 inch display screen. Background color is selectable as either black, blue or light-blue. ‘* All controls respond immediately to the operator's command and each time a key is depressed, the corresponding change can be seen on the screen. +» Daylight bright picture viewable in even the brightest sunlight, #8 levels of target quantization for high target definition without problems associated with single-level quantization systems. On-screen alpha-numeric readout of all operational informa- tion. # 11 ranges from 0.25 to 48 nautical miles. ¢ Field-proven, heavy duty gearbox and 120 cm, 200 cm or 240 cm radiator capable of withstanding 100-knot wind velocity. Two EBLs (Electronic Bearing Line), two VRMs (Variable Range Marker), Guard Alarm, Offset EBL, Interference Rejector, Echo Stretch and more provided as standard features. vi IntroductionSpecifications SCANNER UNIT 4. Type Slotted Array 2, Polarization Horizontal 3. Antenna Rotation 24 xpm nominal 4, Radiator Length & Type Radiator Name XN2 XN3 XN3A, XN4A ‘Radiator Length 20cm 200 em 200 em 240 em Horizontal Beamwidth 18° 123° 123° 095° Vertical Beamwidth 2 25° 20° 20° Sidelobe | within +10°of |* less than-24dB | lessthan-24dB |lessthan-28db | less than -28 db mainlobe ‘outside +10°of |*lessthan-30dB | lessthan-30dB | less than-32.B | less than -32 dB mainlobe '* XN2 scanner within/outside £20" of mainlobe. Note: FR-1410-3A is available for XN3A only. 5. Wind Load Relative wind 51.5 m/s (100 knots) TRANSCEIVER MODULE (contained in scanner housing) 1. Transmitting Tube Magnetron 2. Frequency & Modulation 9410 MHz +30 MHz, PON (X-band) 3. Peak Output Power 10 kW nominal 4, Warm-up Time 3 minutes 5. Pulsewidth & Pulse Repetition Rate Pulsewidth [Pulse Repetition Rate Range (nautical miles) fo25]05 Jo7s]15| 3 | 6 |w]i6 [m4 [2[ 48 [Short 3 (S1P) [Approx. 2200 Hz 0.08 4s Short 2(S2P) [Approx 2200 Hz 024s [Medium 1(MiP) [Approx 1000 Hz O4ys [Medium 2(M2P) _|Approx. 1000 Hz O7Ks [Long (LP) [Approx. 600 Hz 12 ys NOTE: When the second-race echo rejection circuit ison the pulse epettion rate is approx. 500 He for ‘pulselengths of MIP or lager. ‘Specifications viSpecifications 6. Modulator 7.1F 8, Tuning 9. Receiver Front End 10. Bandwidth 41. Duplexer 12, Spurious Reflection DISPLAY UNIT 1. Indication System 2. Picture Tube FET Switching Type Pulse Modulator 60 MHz, Logarithmic Amplifier Automatic/Manual MIC (Microwave IC) 0.08 ts pulsewidth: 27 MHz 0.2 us pulsewidth: 4.5MHz 0.4, 0.7 and 1.2.us pulsewidth: 3MHz Ferrite Circulator with Diode Limiter -40 dB nominal Raster scan, daylight display 14 inch diagonal high resolution color CRT 768 X 1024 dots (0.28 mm/dot) B. Range (nm) 025/05 [om [15] 3 | 6 | 2] 1 | m4 | 32 Js. Range Ring Interval (nm) [005 | 01 [o2s[o2sjos| 1 | 2 [4 | 4 [8 K.No.ofRangeRings | >| 5[3]6|6[ejels|e] 4 6. Display Mode 7. Range Resolution Heading-Up (HU) Heading-Up Cursor Gyro (CG) Course-Up (CU) * North-Up (NU)* ‘True Motion (TM) ** * gyro signal input required ** gyro signal input and speed input required Better than 34 m (bow direction, 1.5 nm range) 8. Bearing Resolution Radiator XN2 | XN3_[XN3A | XNGA Bearing Resolution | 209° | 152 | 152° | 124° (bow: 9. Minimum Range 10. Bearing Accuracy 11. Fixed Range Ring & VRM Accuracy direction, 15 nm range, 1.5m) Better than 28 m (bow direction,0.25 nm range) Within 1° Within 19 or 15 m, whichever is the greater vil Specifications 1c12. Markers 13. Indications 14. Echo Trailing 15. Guard Alarm 16. Interference Rejection 17. Echo Averaging 48. Display Shift 19. Offset EBL 20. Zoom 21, Index Line Specifications Fixed Range Rings, Heading Mark, Stern Mark, Vari- able Range Marker (VRMI and VRM2), Electronic Bearing Line (EBL1 and EBL2), Index Line, Cross-hair Cursor, Guard Alarm, Tuning Bar, North Mark (gyro- compass required) Range, Range Ring Interval, VRM Range, EBL Bear- ing, Pulselength, Echo Trail (trailing time, time elapsed), Display Mode, Cross-hair Cursor Data (Bear- ing, Range), Gyrocompass Reading (gyrocompass re- quired), Ship’s Speed (speed input required) Recent 30 sec,, 1 min.,3 min.,6 min,, 15 min. or 30 min, of target’s trail, or continuous trailing. Track can be plotted in single level or 8 levels (selectable) Bearing/Range operator-settable (alarm can sound on targets entering or exiting the guard area) Three levels Three levels Display screen center can be shifted (except true mo- tion mode) Floating EBL Selected area can be doubled in size (except true mo- tion mode, display shift mode, true echo trailing, echo average mode, 0.25 NM range) Provided ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS. 1. Vibration 2. Ambient Temperature 3. Humidity Vibration Frequency | — Total Amplitude 1to12.5Hz =Lé6mm 1251025 Hz £038 mm 25 to 50 Hz £0.10 mm Scanner Unit: -25°C to +70°C Display Unit: -15°C to +55°C Relative humidity 95% or less at +40°C Specifications ixSpecifications POWER SUPPLY & POWER CONSUMPTION COLOR Scanner Unit Display Unit EQUIPMENT LIST Complete Set 24/32 VDC, 170W 100/110/115VAC, 50/60Hz, 10, 250VA Munsell N9.5 Panel: N3.0 newtone No. 5 Cabinet: 2.SGY5/1.5 embossed T25 No. Name Type ‘Qty | We (ke) Remarks 1 [Scanner Unit | XN2-C2PIN2N-02B 33/120 em radiator ‘XN3-C2PINN-028 375 |200.om radiator XN3A-C2P7NIN-028 | + | 365 [200m radiator XN4A-C2PININ-028 38.5 [240 em radiator [2_|Display Unit | RDP-094 i | 33 3_[ Accessories Tset 4 [Installation Tset Materials 3_|Spare Parts | iset 6_| Gyro Converter__| GOT tse | ‘option, built in display unit 7 [Cursor Gyro | CG-1400 Tset B_| Video Plotter__| RP21 set 9” [Auto Plotter | ARP-21 set 10_ [Non Glare Filter | OP03-68 option | External Buzzer | OFO3-21_ 12 | Handle (OPO3-70 13 [Power Cable _| CVV-S 82C 15m 14 | Transformer Unit | RU-1758 72.0 | option, for 220 VAC power supply 15_| Transformer Unit | RU-1803 12.0 | option, for 440 VAC power supply 16 [Rectifier Unit | RUATAGB2 17.0 | option, for DC spec. x SpecificationsOverview Contents OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW “This radar is designed for intuitive operation. If you change a control setting you will see the associated reaction almost immedi- ately on the screen. Each time you make a correct key input the radar releases a beep tone to indicate it has received your com- mand. (Unacceptable key entry releases a series of beep tones.) Most controls are in pane! 1 or on the front panel. Less often-used functions are kept in the menu, which you can access by pressing the [MENU] key. Basic Operation.. ‘Turning the power o ‘Transmitting the radar. Suspending transmission ‘Turning the power off. Selecting rang Adjusting the GAIN control. Adjusting the A/C SEA control. ‘Adjusting the A/C RAIN control .. Automatic clutter control Adjusting CRT brilliance Adjusting mark brilliance Adjusting range ring brilliance... Erasing the heading mark/north mark, Selecting display colors Selecting presentation mode.. Measuring Range and Bearin, Displaying or erasing the fixed range rings. Displaying an EBL or VRM.. Erasing an EBL or VRM. Displaying or erasing the cross-hair curso Measuring rang Measuring relative bearing Measuring true bearing... Floating Origin EBL. Setting the Guard Alarm. Shifting the Displa Zoom Echo Trailing. Operation by Menu... Menu layout Selecting items on the mer Echo stretel Echo averaging. Radar interference . nu.1 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Noise interference. Pulsewidth Second trace echo rejection Echo trailing Index line. Ship’s speed inpu Guard alarm type. Panel dimmer Character bril (-31 Heading mark brilliance -32 Stern mark on or of EBL bearing Function Keys Programming the function key: Executing a program.. Panel 3. Degaussing the picture ‘Adjustment of gyro reading (technicians only) ‘Tuning the receiver (technicians only).. Description of Controls. Markers and Indications. 121 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Basic Operation Turning the power on Transmitting the radar Suspending transmission Turning the power off Before turning on the power be sure there are no personnel or obstructions near the scanner. Turn on the POWER and SCAN(NER) switches, (The SCAN switch is in panel 3 at the upper left-hand corer of the display unit. The switch can be turned on permanently, The scanner does not rotate until transmission is started.) The total on time, total TX time and the three-minute timer ap- pear. The three-minute timer starts counting down from 3:00 to 0:00, whereupon it changes to "ST-BY, "signifying the radar is ready to transmit. The scanner is not rotated until the radar is transmit- ted. Figure 1-1 Display Screen During and After Warm-up Period When the message ST-BY appears on the screen, you can transmit the radar by pressing the [ST BY/TX] key. When the radar is transmitting the display screen lights up, and any echoes received from targets appear on the display. NOTE: You can transmit the radar automatically after completion of the warm-up period by pressing the [ST BY/TX] key during the warm- up period. To suspend transmission temporarily, press the [ST BY/TX] key. (Antenna rotation is also suspended.) Press the POWER switch to turn off the radar, Basic Operation 1-31 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Selecting range Adjusting the GAIN control procedure ‘The [RANGE] keys ({-], [ +]) select the range. The range selected determines automatically the fixed range ring interval. The range selected and the range ring interval appear at the upper left-hand corner on the screen, ‘The GAIN control adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver, and thus the strength of echoes as they appear on the screen. Adjust the control so the speckled noise background is just visible on the CRT. To adjust the gain; 1, First select one of the three longest ranges-the speckled back- ground is more visible on long ranges. 2, Turn the GAIN control clockwise slowly; you should be able to see the speckled background appear when the control is set between 1 and 3 o'clock. NOTE: Ifyou set up for too little gain, weak echoes may be eliminated. And if you turn the control too far clockwise, yielding too riuch ‘speckled noise background, targets may be wiped out because of the ‘poor contrast between desired echoes and the background noise on the display. (700 HIGH (8) PROPER {)TOOLOW Figure 1-2 Gain Control Adjustment 4 Basic OperationAdjusting the A/C SEA control procedure 1 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Sea returns appear on the screen as many small echoes which might affect radar performance. The action of the A/C SEA circuit is to reduce the amplification of echoes at short ranges (where clutter is the greatest) and progressively increase amplification as the range increases, so amplification will be normal at those ranges where there is no sea clutter. The control is effective up to about 8 miles. Normally, turn the control clockwise until the clutter has disap- peared leeward, but a little is still visible windward. The proper setting of the A/C SEA control is so the clutter is broken up into small dots, and small targets become distinguish- able. If the control is not sufficiently advanced, other targets will be hidden in the clutter, while if itis set too high, both sea clutter and targets will be eliminated. M NOTE: Always leave a little clutter visible on the screen, to be sure weak echoes will not be eliminated. If no clutter is visible on the screen, leave the control in the fully counterclockwise posi- tion. Figure 1-3 Adjusting the AIC SEA Control Basic Operation 1-51 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Adjusting the ‘The echoes of ships operating inside rain, hail, or snowstorms may A/C RAIN be hidden by on-screen rain clutter. Rain clutter is easily recog- control nizable by its wool-like appearance on the screen. When this type of interference obscures a large area of the screen, you can use the AICRAIN control to reduce the clutter. procedure Turn the A/C RAIN control clockwise so clutter is broken into small speckles, ™ NOTE: Since the control reduces receiver sensitivity it may also be used in clear weather to separate groups of echoes on a congested short-range picture. In all cases use discretion when adjusting the control, since advancing it too far clockwise may erase target echoes. Figure 1-4 Effect of the AIC RAIN Control Automatic ‘The [A/C AUTO] key controls the video circuit which automat- clutter ically suppresses sea and rain clutters, overriding the manual con- control trol for A/C SEA and A/C RAIN. When the circuit is on AJC AUTO appears at the lower left corner of the screen. It is recom- mended to set the manual A/C SEA and RAIN controls at mini- mum position when A/C AUTO is used, even though the A/C AUTO overrides them. 16 Basic OperationAdjusting CRT brilliance Adjusting mark brilliance Adjusting range ring brilliance Erasing the heading mark/ north mark procedure Selecting display colors procedure 1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW The BRILL control adjusts the brightness of the CRT. Turn it clockwise to increase the intensity of the radar echo blips. Adjust it so radar echo blips may be seen clearly. The [MARK BRILL] key (panel 1) adjusts the brightness of all markers except the range rings, in steps of dim, medium 1, medium 2 and bright. The [RING] key (panel 1) adjusts the brightness of the range rings in steps of dim, medium, bright and off. NOTE: The front panel backlighting, on-screen character brilliance and heading mark brilliance can be adjusted through the menu. For further details see "Operation by Menu’. When the radar is on, the heading mark appears. The north mark also appears if the radar is interfaced with a gyrocompass. When the heading mark, north mark or stern mark (if turned on thru the menu) masks or hinders recognition of a small target echo; 1. Press and hold down the [HM OFF] key (panel 1) to erase them temporarily. 2. Release hold to redisplay them, You can change the color of the background, markers and on- sereen information to suit your taste. Press the [COLOR] key (panel 1). The color of the background, markers, on-screen data and echo trail change in the sequence shown in the table below. _Ttem Each press of [COLOR] background color Black | Blue | Light-blue fixed range rings, heading mark, | Green White on-screen data, north mark, tuning bar VRMI and VRM2, EBL1 and | Cyan Green EBL2, index line, sh mark, guard alarm zone, cross- hair cursor echo trailing Blue Green ‘Basic Operation 7-71_ OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Selecting This radar offers four or five presentation modes (the choice presentation depending on cursor gyro connection/no connection) when inter- mode faced with a gyrocompass. If there is no gyro signal, however, only Heading-Up is available. © No cursor gyro program: Heading-Up, Course-Up, North-Up, ‘True Motion With cursor gyro program: Heading-Up, Heading Up CG, Course-Up, North-Up, True Motion Below is a description of each presentation mode. Mode/Description ‘Sample Display Heading-Up Mode ‘The picture is oriented so the heading mark appears at the top of the screen. This mode is most suitable for navigation in congested areas or narrow channels, Note that the north mark appears only when a gyrocom- pass is connected. Figure 1-5 Heading-Up Mode Display Heading-Up CG Mode (yrocompass required) ‘The gyro-stabilized bearing scale appears in the Heading-Up mode in addition to the P DRY bearing scale fixed bearing scale, as shown in Figure 1-6. 6) Figure 1-6 Heading-Up CG Mode Display (continued on next page) ¥8 Basic Operation1 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Mode/Description Sample Display Course-Up Mode (gyrocompass required) ‘The orientation of the picture is fixed to the top of the screen. The current bow direc- tion, that is, ship’s course, is fixed to zero degrees. The heading mark moves accord- ing to the ship's movement, but the desired direction always appears at zero degrees. __ Figure 1-7 Course-Up Mode Display North-Up Mode (gyrocompass required) ‘The radar picture is stabilized so the North is at the top of the screen and the heading mark changes with ship’s heading. This mode is suitable for both measuring the ship’s position and as a navigation monitor ona navigational chart. The picture is stabi- lized against yaw of the vessel, reducing the smearing of target echoes. Figure 1-8 North-Up Mode Display | True Motion Mode (gyrocompass and speed inputs required) Ships and other moving objects move on the display at their true speeds and courses. Sta- tionary objects are fixed on the display thus you can observe movement of own ship and other ships in relation to stationary objects. When the own ship’s mark moves 75% of the current range it is automatically returned 75% of that range in the direction of the ship’s stern. You can also manually return the mark by pressing the [SHIFT] key in panel 1. w Figure 1-9 True Motion Mode Display Basic Operation 1-91 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Measuring Range and Bearing Overview Displaying or erasing the fixed range rings Displaying an EBL or VRM Erasing an EBL or VRM 7 Displaying or erasing the cross-hair cursor 7-70 _ Measuring Range and Bearing ‘The range to a target may be measured with the fixed range rings (rough estimate) or a Variable Range Marker (VRM, accurate measurement), and the bearing of a target may be measured with an Electronic Bearing Line (EBL). ‘The range and bearing can be measured also by using the cross-hair cursor. Cursor data appears at the upper left-hand side of the screen. Press the [RING] key (panel 1) to display or erase the rings. Continued pressing of the key changes their brilliance in three steps. At the right and left side of the front panel there is an [ON] and an [OFF] key and a rotary knob control. An [ON] and [OFF] key pair and their associated rotary knob control operate two VRMs (VRM No.1 and VRM No.2) or two EBLs (EBL No.1 and EBL No.2). To display an EBL or VRM, press appropriate [ON] key. Bach time the key is pressed the readout of the marker operative by the rotary knob control is circumscribed at the bottom left (EBL) or bottom right (VRM) of the display. You can erase an EBL or VRM by pressing the associated [OFF] key. If two like markers are on the screen when the [OFF] key is pressed, the inoperative marker is erased. NOTE: The dash of the No.1 markers is shorter than that of the No.2 markers. ‘The cross-hair cursor can be turned on or off through the menu. For further details, see page 1-33.1 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Measuring range Measuring relative bearing Follow the procedure below to measure the range to a target with aVRM. 1, Press the [VRM ON] key. (A VRM appears on the display.) 2, Rotate the VRM rotary knob control so the circle described by the VRM just touches the inside edge of the target blip. 3. Read the readout of the VRM to find the range to the target. VRM NO.t vam, Figure 1-10 How to Measure Range with a VRM NOTE: The VRM measuring unit of each VRM can be changed to nm or kim. For further details, see page 1-32. To measure the relative bearing of a target, follow the procedure below. 1. Press the [MODE SELECT] key to select Heading-up mode. 2. Display an EBL on the screen by pressing the [EBL ON] key. 3. Operate the EBL rotary knob control to biseet the target with the EBL. 4, Read the EBL readout to find the bearing to the target. NOTE: The measuring unit of each EBL can be changed to relative or true. For further details, see page 1-32. Figure 1-11a How to Measure Relative Bearing with an EBL ‘Measuring Range and Bearing 1-111 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Measuring To measure the true bearing of a target; true bearing no gyrocompass connection 1. Do steps 1 through 3 of "measuring relative bearing." 2. To find true bearing with no gyrocompass connection; ‘True Bearing = Relative Bearing + compass reading If the total exceeds 360” subtract 360° from the total. gyTocompass connection 1. Press the [MODE SELECT] key to select Course-up, North-up or True Motion mode. 2. Display an EBL on the screen by pressing the [EBL ON] key. 3. Operate the EBL control to bisect the target with the EBL. EBLNOL. Figure 11b How to Measure True Bearing with an EBL @ NOTE: The measuring unit of each EBL can be changed to relative or true in the Heading-up mode, with gyrocompass connection. For further details see page 1-32. +12 Measuring Range and Bearing1_ OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Floating Origin EBL Overview Procedure The origin of the EBL can be placed anywhere with the trackball to provide measurements of bearing and range between two tar- gets, This function is also useful for evaluating possible collision situations. To measure the range and bearing between two targets; 1. Display an EBL on the screen. 2. Press the [OFFSET EBL] key (panel 1). (The EBL origin is placed at the cursor intersection.) 3. Superimpose the cursor on the target echo desired by operating the trackball. 4, Press the [OFFSET EBL] key again. (The EBL origin is fixed to the selected position.) 5. Wait 3 or 6 minutes, then operate the EBL rotary knob control to bisect the target with the EBL. NOTE: Ifthe EBL passes through own ship, the chance of collision exists. 6.To measure the range between two targets press the [VRM ON] key to display the VRM (No.1 or No.2) associated with the active EBL. 7. Operate the VRM rotary knob control. (The range to the other target appears on the VRM reading at the lower right-hand side of the screen.) aL OFIGIN Target poston ater several mauses ‘OWN SHIP Figure 1-12 Using the Floating EBL NOTE: To measure the range and bearing between two other targets activate the other EBL and VRM. 8,To return EBL origin to screen center, press the [OFFSET EBL] key again. Floating Origin EBL 7-131 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Setting the Guard Alarm Overview Procedure ‘The guard alarm sounds when a target echo above a certain signal evel goes into or goes out of the user set guard zone. (Signal level and alarm type are selectable through the menu. For signal level presetting, consult your dealer or technician.) The size of the guard zone may be set between 0 and maximum range for distance and between 0 and 360° in bearing. Follow the procedure below to set a guard zone. The illustration on the next page shows how to set the guard zone. Item Setting the guard Step Action. Result 1 | Mentally create the guard zone alarm you want to display. 2. | Place the cross-hair cursor at the upper (lower) left edge of the guard zone. 3. | Press the (GUARD ALARM] The indication "GUARD key (panel 1), SET" appears at the lower right side of the screen. 4 [Place the cross-hair cursor at the | The indication "GUARD lower (upper) right edge of the | SET" remains on the screen, guard zone by operating the trackball. 5. [Press the [GUARD ALARM] __ | The indication "GUARD key. SET" changes to "GUARD". Silencing the When the alarm sounds, press the | The indication "GUARD audible alarm [GUARD ALARM] key to ACK (nowledge)’ replaces silence the alarm. "GUARD". Restoring the Press the [GUARD ALARM] The indication "GUARD" audible alarm key. teplaces "GUARD ACK". Canceling alarm Press the [GUARD ALARM] __ |The indication "GUARD" and guard zone key for more than one second. _ | and the guard zone are erased. NOTE: The guard zone stays on the screen provided the range is not changed to one lower than the guard alarm range. If the range is lower the indication "GUARD" changes to "GUARD UP RNG". Change the range to display the alarm. 714 Setting the Guard Alarm1 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Guard zone you want to set ‘ A 8— Oo — Move cursor to point A (or B) and press GUARD ALARM. cuano @ @) =r Move cursor topante (or D). GUARD ZONE FIXED Press GUARD ALARM cuarp Figure 1-13 How to Set the Guard Zone Setting the Guard Alarm 1-181 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Notes and cautions on alarm usage CAUTION: The alarm sounds to the targets having a certain level of echo strength. This level does not always imply a landmass, reef, ships or other surface target but can mean returns from sea surface or precipitation. As the level is changeable with ihe environment, the ‘operator should (properly) adjust the gain and AIC controls. Note however that excessively high position of AIC controls can fail in alerting small targets. M CAUTION: The alarm is a useful anti-collision aid, but does not relieve the operator of the responsibility to also keep a visual look-out {for possible collision situations. The alarm should not be relied upon ‘as the sole means for detecting possible collision situations. The 1972 Convention on the International Regulations For Preventing Col- lisions at Sea (1972 COLREGS) provides statutory requirements for the operation of any vessel, including the posting of lookouts. The operator of the vessel is responsible for compliance with those require- ‘ments whether or not a radar is in use. NOTE: The guard alarm can be preset to sound either on targets going into or going out of the alarm area. For details see page 1-31. IN our Figure 1-14 How the IN and OUT Guard Alarms Work 1-16 Setting the Guard Alarm1 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Shifting the Display Overview The sweep origin can be off-centered to an arbitrary position to provide increased coverage without changing the range. mt NOTE: The shift function is inoperative in the true motion mode. Procedure Below is the procedure for shifting the display. Item __| Step _Action Resulting Display Turningon | 1 Set the cursor where desired, by the Shift operating the trackball. feature 2. | Press the [SHIFT] key (panel 1) to off center the sweep origin. SHIFT Turning off Press the [SHIFT] key again, the Shift feature NOTE: The maximum range of display after off-centering is double the range in use or 1.25 times the range in use when true echo trailing or echo average is selected. The area outside double (or 1.25 times) the range is blank (no targets). Shitting the Display 1-171 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Zoom Overview Anarea between own ship and an arbitrary location can be doubled with the zoom. This feature lets you take a closer look at an area of interest without changing the range. NOTE: The zoom is inoperative during display shift, true trailing mode, true motion mode, echo averaging and on the 0.25 nm range. The zoom is also inoperative on “plot mode" or "radariplotter combi- nation mode'when incorporating optional video plotter. Procedure Here is the procedure to turn on and off the zoom feature. Item —_| Ste Action Resulting Display Turningon | 1 | Set the cursor where desired, by the Zoom operating the trackball. feature 2 | Press the [K2 ZOOM] key (panel 1) to turn on the zoom feature. 700M Turning off Press the [X2 ZOOM] key again. the Zoom feature NOTE: The zoom function is automatically canceled when changing the range. Further, turning on display shift, echo averaging or true echo trailing also cancels the zoom. 718 Zoom1_ OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Echo Trailing Overview Procedure The [ECHO TRAIL] key (panel 1) plots the relative (or true) movement of all targets to own ship in blue (for black background) or green (for blue or light-blue background) color. The faster the relative speed of the target, the longer the trail of the target. ‘The relative trailing mode shows the relative velocity between the targets and own ship. And the true trailing mode (gyrocompass and speed inputs required) shows the true movement of all targets. ‘The trailing time, trailing mode and trailing gradation can be se~ lected through the menu, These conditions are: «Trailing time (off, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 3 minutes, 6 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes and continuous) «Trailing mode (relative or true, selectable on menu) + Trailing gradation (single or multiple, selectable on menu) When the trailing circuit is on; for example, 30 seconds trailing time is selected through the menu; 1) "30S" appears at the lower right-hand corner of the screen. 2) The timer starts counting up and the trail of every target starts extending. 3) As soon as the timer counts 30 seconds it stops counting. WENOTE: For continuous plotting, the timer stays on the screen and counts up from 0.00 to 99.59 and the trail of targets extends continu- ously. 4) The trail of targets are erased from their oldest tip and only the last 30 seconds remain on the screen. 1. Press the [ECHO TRAIL] key to start echo trailing. 2. To suspend echo trailing press the [ECHO TRAIL] key again. (The trail of targets do not appear on the screen but trailing continues internally, until the trail is erased through the menu.) Relative motion track of other ship ‘True motion track of other ship RELATIVE TRAIL TRUE TRAIL Figure 1-15 Echo Trailing Echo Trailing 7-151 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW m NOTE 1: Trailing is temporarily suspended if the range is changed. Return to the previous range setting to resume trailing. Trailing begins again with the elapsed time of zero except for continuous trailing. It is possible (by technician) to change the mode so that the echo trailing can restart at the newly selected range. NOTE 2: In the continuous trailing mode the screen may become full with many targets. In this case, you can erase all trailings through the menu. For further details see page 1-29. ¥20 Echo Trailing1_ OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Operation by Menu Overview Less often-used functions are selectable through menus. To call up a menu on the display, press the [MENU] (panel 1) key. ‘This table describes the functions which you can select through the menus. ‘Meau Display Meaning & Function ECHO STRETCH | Echo Stretch on or off, level ECHO AVG Echo Average on or off, level INTRED Tnterference Rejection on or off 127 NOISE REI Noise Rejection on or off 127 PULSE WD Select pulsewidth; two sets of pulsewidth settings sct at installation | 1-28 2ND ECHO ‘Second Echo Trace Rejection on or off 128 TRAIL TIME 129) TRAIL Echo Trailing Mode; relative or true 129 TRAIL GRADATION | Echo Trail Gradation; single or multiple 1:29 TRAIL ERASE Echo Trail (complete) erasure 129) IDX LINE Index Line on or off 4:30 IDXLINEINTVL __| Index Line Interval 130) ‘SHIP SPD ~_ | Automatic or manual input of Ship’s Speed 1:30 ‘ALARM Guard Alarm type; in or out 131 PANEL BRIL Panel Dimmer on or off, level 131, CHAR BRIL cter Bri 131, HMBRIL 132, STERN MK Stern Mark on or off 1:32 EBLL EBLA readout; relative or true _ 1:32, EBL2 EBL2 readout; relative oF true - 432, VRML ‘VRMI readout; am or km Z 132, VRM2 “VRM2 readout; am or km 132 + CURSOR + Cursor on or off 133 + CURSOR + Cursor Bearing; relative or true 133 ECHO Echo Color 133 FUNCTION KEY1 Function Key 1 Program (interference rejection, echo stretch, echo | 1-35 averaging, A/C AUTO, pulsewidth, character display, noise rejection) FUNCTIONKEY2 | Function Key 2 Program (interference rejection, echo stretch, echo | 1-36 averaging, AIC AUTO, pulsewidth, character display, noise rejection) VIDEO PLOTTER _ | Video Plotter settings (Video Plotter RP-21 required) 134 AUTOPLOTTER | Auto Plotter settings (Auto Plotter ARP-21 required) 134 INITIAL SETTING __ | Initial Settings (for technicians only) | ‘TEST ‘Unit Self Test (for technicians only) _ | ‘Operation by Menu 1-271 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Menu layout [FUNCTIONS] <7 ain Menu 1 ECHO OFF/1/2 STRETCH 2 IDX LINE OFF/ON 3 TRAIL OFF/30S/1M/ TIME 3M/6M/15M/30M/CONT 4 PULSE WD 1/2 5 ECHO AVG OFF/1/2/3 6 INT REJ OFF/ON 7 PANEL OFF/DIM/M/ BRIL BRT 8 CHAR DIM/M1/M2/ BRIL BRT 9 TRAIL ERASE 0 [SYSTEM SETTING] 4 Sub Menu (SYSTEM SETTING] 1 [FUNCTIONS] Returns to [FUNCTIONS] screen (Wain Menu) . 2 RADAR FUNCTIONS —> Selects [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] screen 3 VIDEO PLOTTER — Selects [VIDEO PLOTTER] screen. (When video plotter is incorporated) 4 AUTO PLOTTER —* Selects [AUTO PLOTTER] screen. (When auto plotter is incorporated) 5 FUNCTION KEY1 — Selects [FUNCTION KEY1] screen. 6 FUNCTION KEY2 —* Selects [FUNCTION KEY2] screen. 7 8 INITIAL SETTING } For technicians only. 9 TEST (Key entry not accepted.) 0 122 Operation by Mena1 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW (RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] J= 1 [SYSTEM SETTING] — Returns to [SYSTEM SETTING] 2 IDX LINE VRM2/MAN forest 2 EBLY RELy TRUE 4 EBL2 REL/TRUE 5 VRML NM/km 6 VRM2 NM/km 7 TRAIL REL/TRUE 8 SHIP SPD LOG/MAN 9 uM BRIL pim7BRT ® 0 [RADAR FUNCTIONS 2)4 [RADAR FUNCTIONS 2] 1 [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] |— Returns to [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] 2 ECHO MONO/COLOR serene 3 TRAIL SGL/MULT1 GRADATION 4 RNG UNIT NM/km 5 STERN MK NO/YES 6 ALARM IN/OUT 7 +CURSOR OFF/ON 8 +CURSOR REL/TRUE 9 2ND ECHO OFF/ON 0 NOISE REJOFF/ON ‘Operation by Menu 1-231 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW (FUNCTION KEY1] 1 [SYSTEM SETTING] Returns to [SYSTEM SETTING] screen. 2 INT REJ OFF/1/2/3 3 ECHO OFF/1/2 STRETCH 4 ECHO AVG OFF/1/2/3 5 A/C AUTO OFF/ON Function Key (user key) settings 6 [FUNC 1 PULSE wD] 7 DSP CHAR F1/F2/RIV/ BY/SHP/BRD/SR/LR 8 NOISE OFF/0N RES 9 0 (FUNC 1 PULSE WD] Returns to 1 [FUNCTION KEY1] [FUNCTION KEY1] screen. 2 0.5 NM S1/S2 0.75 km 3.90.75 NM S1/82 1.8 km 41.5 NM S1/S2/M1 3 km 5 3 NM S2/M1/M2 8 km 6 6 NM ML/M2/L 12 km 7 12~24 NM M2/L 24~48 km 8 9 0 [FUNCTION KEY2] screen contains the same items as the [FUNCTION KEY1] screen. 1-24 Operation by MenuSelecting items on the menu Echo stretch procedure 1 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW The instructions below show how to select items on the menu. 1, Press the [MENU] key (panel 1). (The Main Menu appears on the display.) 2. Press the numeral key in panel 1 corresponding to the item number in the menu you want to select. (The number selected appears in reverse video.) 3. Press the numeral key pressed in step 2 to select, setting. 4, Press the [ENTER] key. 5. To confirm menu settings on the radar display, press the {ENTER] key again. (The menu window disappears then the radar display appears for three seconds.) 6. To return to the radar display, press the [MENU] key. NOTE: To select the sub menu, press [0]. You select items on sub ‘menus just as you do on the Main menu. On long ranges the echoes of targets appear only as small pips, making them difficult to see. To enhance target video on these ranges, you would turn on the echo stretch function, Two levels of echo stretch are available: 1 and 2. Follow the procedure below to turn the echo stretch feature on or off. 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2. Press the [1] key to select ECHO STRETCH. ("I" appears in reverse video.) 3. Press the [1] key to select setting. * OFF: Turns off echo stretch. : Level 1 Level 2 (Inoperative on short pulselength.) 4, Press the [ENTER] key to register setting. 5. Press the [MENU] key to return to the radar display. CAUTION: The echo stretch function magnifies not only small target pips but also returns from sea surface and rain and radar interference. For this reason, make sure these types of interference are sufficiently suppressed before using the echo stretch. ‘Operation by Menu 1-251 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Echo Echoes received from stable targets such as other ships (not averaging moving at a fast relative speed to own ship) appear on the screen at almost the same position for every rotation of the sweep. On the other hand, unstable echoes such as sea clutter appear at random, sometimes making discrimination of target echoes difficult. To distinguish target echoes from sea clutter, this radar uses the scan-to-scan correlation method. The scan-to-scan correlation method stores and averages successive picture frames. If the echo is stable it appears at its actual strength level. And if it is unstable it is suppressed in brilliance, allowing you to discriminate targets from sea clutter. Also, unstable long-range echoes are stabilized, For effective detection of the stational target such as buoy, the gyro data and correct own ship’s speed data should be entered. Echo averaging can be turned on without gyrocompass connection (by technician). In this case, however, ship's course change produce negative results. procedure To turn echo averaging on or off; 1. If you are going to turn on echo averaging, first suppress sea clutter with the A/C SEA control and be sure gyrocompass and ship’s speed readings are correct. (Opposite of intended results will occur if ship’s speed is incorrect.) 2. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu, 3. Press the [5] key to select ECHO AVG. (°S" appears in reverse video.) 4, Press the [5] key to select setting. ¢ OFF: Turns off echo averaging. Level 1 (detecting target masked by sea clutter) Level 2 (same as above) Level 3 (detecting unstable long-range echoes) 03: 5. Press the [ENTER] key to register setting. Press the [MENU] key to return to the radar display. oe) & & Figure 1-16 Echo Averaging CAUTION: Avoid using echo averaging when speed difference between own ship and other ships is large or when own ship is in heavy seas. 26 Operation by Menu1 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Radar interference procedure Noise interference procedure Radar interference may occur when near another shipborne radar which operates in the same frequency band as this radar. This type of interference appears on the screen often as many bright dots either scattered at random or in the form of "curved spokes" (see Figure 1-17). You can reduce this interference by turning on the interference rejector circuit. Follow the procedure below to turn the radar interference rejec- tion circuit on or off. 1, Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2, Press the [6] key to select INT REJ. ("6" appears in reverse video.) 3. Press the [6] key to select off or on. 4, Press the [ENTER] key to register setting. 5. Press the [MENU] key to return to the radar display. Figure 1-17 Radar Interference NOTE 1: Turn off the interference rejection circuit when no inter- ference exists. Otherwise targets may be missed. NOTE 2: Level of interference rejection is selectable among three. (Consult your dealer.) ‘When the gain is raised white noise will appear on the screen. This noise can be eliminated by turning on the noise rejector in the menu. Here is the procedure for turning the noise interference rejection circuit on or off. 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2. Press the 0] key to select (SYSTEM SETTING]. 3, Press the [2] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] screen, 4, Press the [0] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 2] screen, 5. Press the [0] key to select NOISE REJ. (0" appears in reverse video.) ‘Operation by Menu1 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Pulsewidth procedure Second trace echo rejection procedure 128 Operation by Menu 6. Press the [0] key to select off or on. 7. Press the [ENTER] key to register setting. 8. Press the [MENU] key to return to the radar display. The installing technician enters (on the Initial Settings menu) two sets of pulsewidths for the ranges between 0.5 nm and 24 nm. (The installing technician should make a note of these settings.) You can select one of these two sets of pulsewidths on the Functions menu. To select a pulsewidth set; 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2, Press the [4] key to select PULSE WD. ("4" appears in reverse video.) 3. Press the [4] key to select (pulsewidth) 1 or (pulsewidth) 2. 4. Press the [ENTER] key to register setting. 5. Press the [MENU] key to return to the radar display. NOTE: The current pulselength appears on the display as SLP, short pulse 1; S2P, short pulse 2 ; MIP, medium pulse 1; M2P, medium pulse 2; LP, long pulse. When the propagation loss of the radio wave is minimal, echoes from very distant targets may appear as false echoes on the screen, returning after the succeeding transmission pulse has been trans- mitted. You can eliminate these echoes by turning on the second trace echo rejection circuit. 1K 1% Mise SLL a | sees Ley Sep LL i tcroeX 2 resented Niot presented (presented on the screen) on the screen. fn the screen. Second-trace Echo Second-trace Echo Rejection made inactive Rejection mode active Figure 1-18 How the Second Trace Echo Rejection Circuit Works ‘To turn the second trace echo rejection circuit on or off; 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2. Press the [0] key to select [SYSTEM SETTING]. 3. Press the [2] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] screen. 4. Press the [0] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 2] screen. 5. Press the [9] key to select 2ND ECHO. ('9" appears in reverse video.) 6. Press the [9] key to turn the circuit on or off.Echo trailing trailing time trailing mode trail gradation erasing echo trailings 1 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 7. Press the [ENTER] key to register setting, 8, Press the [MENU] key to return to the radar display. (When the second trace echo rejection is on, the pusewidth display appears in reverse video.) NOTE 4: The number of transmission pulses returning to the radar is reduced when the second trace echo rejection circuit is on. Accord- ingly, turn off the circuit when its use is not required, so as not to miss target echoes. NOTE 2: The second trace echo rejection circuit is inoperative on ranges of short pulsewidth (SP) even though the pulsewidth display appears in reverse video. ‘You learned earlier how the echo trailing feature works. Now its time to customize it to suit your needs. To select a trailing time; 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2. Press the [3] key to select TRAIL TIME. (3" appears in reverse video.) 3. Press the [3] key to select a plotting time among OFF, 30S, 1M, 3M, 6M, 15M, 30M and continuous. If "OFF" is selected, trailing function is completely suspended and [ECHO TRAIL] key (panal 1) is invalid. 4, Press the [ENTER] key to register your selection. Follow the procedure below to select trailing mode. 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2, Press the [0] key to select [SYSTEM SETTING]. 3. Press the [2] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] screen. 4, Press the [7] key to select TRAIL. ("7" appears in reverse video.) 5. Press the [7] key to select relative or true. (True trailing requires bearing and speed inputs.) 6. Press the [ENTER] key to register your selection. To select trailing gradation; 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2. Press the [0] key to select [SYSTEM SETTING}. 3. Press the [2] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] screen. 4, Press the [0] key to select [RADAR FUNCTIONS 2] screen. 5. Press the [3] key to select TRAIL GRADATION. 6. Press the [3] key to select single or multiple gradation. 7. Press the [ENTER] key to register your selection. - ‘You can turn the echo trailing feature off with the [ECHO TRAIL] key, however plotting continues internally. This can create confu- sion when the echo trailing is turned on again; the internally re- corded trails will be displayed along with new trails, when the continuous trailing mode is selected. In this case you can erase both ‘Operation by Menu 1-291_ OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Index line index line on or off index line interval Ship’s speed input the echo trailings stored in the memory and the echo trailings on the display. To erase all echo trailings; 1, Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2. Press the [9] key to select TRAIL ERASE. The past echo traillings are cleared and trailing begins again from zero. 3, Press the [MENU] key to return to the radar display. NOTE:Select "OFF" on the TRAIL TIME menu to suspend the echo trailing completely. You can display an index line parallel with EBL No.2. The index line consists of up to eight lines parallel to the line inscribed through the screen center. It is useful for maintaining a constant distance between own ship and a coastline or partner ship. You control the index line bearing with the EBL control knob (EBL No22 should be on and active) and the index line interval with the YVRM control knob (VRM No.2 should be on and active), To turn the index line on or off; 1 Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2. Press the [2] key to select IDX LINE. 3. Press the [2] key to turn the index line on or off. 4, Press the [ENTER] key to register your selection. Follow the procedure below to select index line interval (in nm). 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2. Press the [0] key to select [SYSTEM SETTING]. 3, Press the [2] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] screen. 4, Press the [2] key and [ENTER] to select IDX LINE INTVL. 5. Press the [2] key to select the VRM2 or MAN and press the [ENTER] key to register your selection. VRM2..._ the index line interval can be adjusted by the VRM control knob. the index line interval is preset by the numeral keys thru menu. Ifyou select the MAN, enter the desired interval with numeral keys and press the [ENTER] key to register the setting, MAN NOTE: For interval less than 10 nm enter 0 plus interval. For exam- ple, to enter 7 nm, press [0] and [7]. 6. Press the [MENU] key to return to the radar display. The true motion display, echo averaging and true echo trailing require (accurate) ship’s speed input. The ship’s speed may be 430 Operation by Menus1_ OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Guard alarm type procedure Panel dimmer Character brilliance 5, Press the [8] key to select LOG (automatic input) or MAN (manual input) followed by [ENTER] key. 6.To enter speed manually use the numeral keys. NOTE: For speeds less than 10 knots enter leading zero. For example, if the ship’s speed is 8 knots, press [0] and [8}. 7. Press the [ENTER] key followed by the [MENU] key to return to the radar display. NOTE: Be sure not to select LOG when there is no log connection, or the ship's speed will always be zero. ‘The guard alarm may be preset to sound on targets which either enter or exit the guard alarm area, Select either condition through the menu, To select guard alarm type; 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2. Press the [0] key to select [SYSTEM SETTING]. 3. Press the [2] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] screen. 4. Press the [0] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 2] screen. 5. Press the [6] key to select ALARM. 6. Press the [6] key to select IN (enter) or OUT (exit). 7. Press the [ENTER] key followed by the [MENU] key. You can adjust the backlighting of the front panel to your liking. 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu, 2. Press the [7] key to select PANEL BRIL. 3, Press the [7] key to select backlighting. 4, Press the [ENTER] key followed by the [MENU] key. Follow the procedure below to adjust character brilliance. 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2. Press the [8] key to select CHAR BRIL. 3. Press the [8] key to select brilliance. 4, Press the [ENTER] key followed by the [MENU] key. Operation by Menu 7-371_ OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Heading mark brilliance Stern mark on or off EBL bearing VRM unit 32 Operation by Menu To adjust heading mark brilliance; 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu, 2. Press the [0] key to select [SYSTEM SETTING]. 3. Press the [2] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] screen. 4. Press the [9] key to select HM BRIL. 5, Press the [9] key to select brilliance, 6. Press the [ENTER] key followed by the [MENU] key. When you want to turn the stern mark on or off; 1, Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2. Press the [0] key to select [SYSTEM SETTING]. 3. Press the [2] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] screen. 4, Press the [0] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 2] screen. 5. Press the [5] key to select STERN MK. 6. Press the [5] key to turn the stern mark on or off. 7. Press the [ENTER] key followed by the [MENU] key. ‘You can get, with gyrocompass connection, true or relative bear- ings for each EBL. (Note that the bearing readout in the Course- up, North-up and True Motion modes is always true.) To select relative or true bearing; 1, Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu, 2. Press the [0] key to select [SYSTEM SETTING]. 3. Press the [2] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] screen. 4. Press the [3] key to select EBL1. 5, Press the [3] key to select TRUE or REL(ative). 6. Press the [4] key to select EBL2, Press the [4] key to select true or relative. 7. Press the [ENTER] key followed by the [MENU] key. You can display VRM range in nautical miles or kilometers. 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu, 2. Press the [0] key to select [SYSTEM SETTING]. 3, Press the [2] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1} screen. 4, Press the [5] key to select VRM1. 5. Press the [5] key to select NM or KM. 6. Press the [6] key to select VRM2. 7. Press the [6] key to select unit. 8, Press the [ENTER] key followed by the (MENU] key.+ cursor turning cursor on or off cursor bearing format Echo color procedure 1 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW The cross-hair cursor can be turned on or off and its bearing displayed in true or relative bearings. NOTE: The cursor bearing readout in the north-up and true motion modes is always true. To turn the cursor on or off; 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2. Press the [0] key to select [SYSTEM SETTING]. 3. Press the [2] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 1] screen. 4. Press the [0] key to select the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 3] screen. 5. Press the [7] key to select + CURSOR. 6. Press the [7] key to turn the cursor on or off. 7. Press the [ENTER] key. To display relative or true cursor bearing; 1. At the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 2] screen, press the [8] key to select + CURSOR. 2. Press the [8] key to select true or relative bearing. 3, Press the [ENTER] key followed by the [MENU] key. ‘You may display echoes in colors of red, yellow and green, cor- responding to signal levels of strong, medium and weak, or eight levels of yellow. Below is the procedure to select echo color. 1. At the [RADAR FUNCTIONS 2] screen, press the [2] key to select ECHO. 2. Press the [2] key to select MONO (eight levels of yellow) or COLOR (red, yellow, green). 3, Press the [ENTER] key followed by the [MENU] key. Operation by Menu 1-331 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW {VIDEO PLOTTER] These are the system settings for Video Plotter RP-21 (optional supply). 1 [SYSTEM SETTING] Returns to {SYSTEM SETTING] screen 2 GRIDS DIM/M1/M2/| L/L Grid Brilliance BRIL BRT DIW/MEDIUML /MEDTUN2/BRIGHT 3 TRACK DIM/M1/M2//| Trackline Brilliance BRIL BRT D1M/MEDIUML /MEDTUM2/ARTGHT 4 CHART DIM/M1/M2/| Chart Brilliance BRIL BRT DIW/MEDIUML /MEDIUN2/BRIGHT 5 MARK DIM/M1/M2/| Mark Brilliance BRIL BRT DIM/MEDIUML /MEDIUN2/BRIGHT 6 CHAR DIM/M1/M2/| Character Brilliance BRIL BRT DIM/MEDIUML /MEDIUM2/BRIGHT 7 8 9 0 Figure 1-19 Video Plotter Sub Menu These are the system settings for [AUTO PLOTTER] Auto Plotter ARP-21 (optional supply). 1 [SYSTEM SETTING] Returns to [SYSTEM SETTING] screen. 2 INTERVAL 15S8/30S/1M| Plotting Interval Z2M/3M/6M/1OM/1 2M 158/30S/1M/2H/3H/64/10N/120 3 HISTORY “0/5/10 History POINTS Spts. /10pts. /20pts. /S0pts. 4 DISPLA DIM/M1/M2/] Display Brilliance BRIL BRT OFF/DTM/MEDTUM/BRIGHT 5 6 7 8 9 ° Figure 1-20 Auto Plotter Sub Menu 1-34 Operation by Menu -1 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Function Keys Overview ‘The two function keys at the bottom left of the display unit store programs. The primary use of the function keys is to set up the radar for detectiori of specific targets such as ships, birds or buoys. Instead of adjusting controls manually, you can define a program to perform the task automatically. Your technician can assist you in deterimining programs suited to your needs and applications. ‘The figure below shows the location of these keys. @ Ed QO 0 0G Function key 1 Function key 2 Figure 1-21 Function Keys This table shows some of the radar functions which can be programmed into a function key. Function Setting Echo Stretch OFF, level 1 or 2 _ Echo Average OFF, level 1,20r3 Interference Rejection | OFF, level 1,2 or 3 ‘Automatic A/C OFF or ON Noise Rejection OFF or ON [FUNC 1 PULSE WD] | Pulsewidth selection for 0.5 to 24 nm Display Screen Fl (Function 1), F2 (Function 2), Indication RIV(ER), BY (Buoy), SHP (Ship), BRD (Bird), SR (Short Range), LR _[ (Long Range) Function Keys 1-351 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Programming Follow the procedure below to program the function keys, the function keys 1. Press the [MENU] key to display the [FUNCTIONS] menu. 2. Press the {0} key to display the [SYSTEM SETTING] menu. 3. Press the [5] key to display the [FUNCTION KEY 1] menu. (This, menu is for setting function key 1, the left-hand function key.) 4, Press the [2] key. 5. Select settings. 6. Press the [ENTER] key. 7.Do similar procedure as steps 4 through 6 to set items 3 through 8. 8. Detach appropriate key label (supplied with accessories pack- age) and attach it to function key 1. [SHORT BOUY) | RANGE Figure 1-22 Function Key Labels 9. To program the right-hand function key (function key 2); a) Press the [1] key to feturn to the [SYSTEM SETTING] menu. ) Press the [6] key to display the [FUNCTION KEY2] menu. c) Enter settings like you did for the left-hand function key. ) Press the [MENU] key. Executing a Each press of a function key turns on or off the program assigned program to that key. The name of the program selected (key label) appears on the display when a function key is on. ¥36 Function KeysFR — 1410/1425 RADAR Function Key Sample Program (1/2) Buoy Qis- tant) 2INT RE] OFF/1/2/@ 3 ECHO OFF /1/8 STRETCH 4 ECHO AVG OFF/1/2/8) 5 A/C AUTO @HH/ON 6 [FUNC 1 (2) PULSE WD] ——-—— 7 DSP CHAR FL/F2/RIV// SHP/BRD/SR/LR 8 NOISE RE _OFF/@N Ship 2INT RE] OFF/1/2/8 05 NM 0.75 NM 1.5 NM 12~24NM_ Bsa sie si/ayM1 $2/M/ M2 MIAMA/L M28 3 ECHO OFF/1/4 STRETCH 4 ECHO AVG OFF/1/2/8) 5 A/C AUTO @BX/ON 6 [FUNC 1 (2) PULSE WD] — 7 DSP CHAR F1/F2/RIV/BY/ 0.5 NM 0.75 NM 1.5 NM 3 NM 6 NM 124-24NM glsz saa s1//M1 s2/M/M2 MI /ANE/L Me SHE/BRD/SR/LR 8 NOISE REJ_OFF/@N Short Range (Navi- gation)| 8 NOISE REJ @aa/ON 2INT RES OFF/1/8/3 3 ECHO. om1/2 STRETCH 4 ECHO AVG @Mi/1/2/3 5 A/C AUTO @SH/ON 6 [FUNC 1 (2) PULSE WD] — 7 DSP CHAR F1/F2/RIV/BY/ 05 NM 0.75 NM 1.5 NM 3. NM 6 NM 12~24NM_ Si gs2 S1/s2/M1 @™ime Mi M2/L MeL SHP/BRD/SH/LR Long Range (Wavi- gation) 2INT RE OFF/1/2/8) 3 ECHO OFF 1B STRETCH A ECHO AVG OFF/1/2/8 5 A/C AUTO @38/0N 6 (FUNC 1 (2) PULSE WD] — 7 DSP CHAR F1/F2/RIV/BY/ SHP,/BRD/SR/R 8 NOISE REJ_OFF/@N 0.5 NM 0.75 NM 1.5 NM 3. NM 6 NM 12~24NM. M27 Ss2) sve sli s2/M1/ Mi/M2/B 1-36-2FR — 1410/1425 RADAR Function Key Sample Program (2/2) Bird 2INT RE OFF/1/8/3 3 ECHO oma /2 STRETCH 4 ECHO AVG OFF/1/2/8 5 A/C AUTO @RH/ON 6 [FUNC 1 (2) PULSE WD] —-—+ 7 DSP CHAR F1/F2/RIV/BY/ SHP/BRE/SR/LR 8 NOISE REJ @“ON 2INT RE OFF /1/2/8 0.5 NM 0.75 NM 1.5 NM 3. NM 6 NM 12~24NM SIs2 gs2 S11 S2/M/ M2 MI/AWE/L M28 3 ECHO OFF /1/2 Short | STRETCH Range |4 ECHO AVG OFF/1/2/8) 5 A/C AUTO OFF/@N (Buoy g (FUNC 1 (2) PULSE WD] Det) |7 DSP CHAR FL/F2/RIV/BY/ SHP/BRD/SR/LR 8 NOISE REJ_OFF/@N 2INT REI OFF/1/@73 3 ECHO, OFF/W/2 STRETCH 4 ECHO AVG @89/1/2/3 River 5 A/C AUTO @HR/ON 6 (FUNC 1 (2) PULSE WD] 7 DSP CHAR FL/F2/RMW/BY/ SHP/BRD/SR/LR 8 NOISE REJ_ @aa/ON 1-36-5 0.5 NM 0.75 NM 15 NM 3. NM 6 NM 12~24NM. gs2 452} sia S2/Ml/ M2 M/A M2/8 0.75 NM 1.5 NM 3. NM 6 NM 12~24NM_ 48~48NM_ Ss2 Ss2 sVs2/M1 SyMi/M2 MV 2/L mL1_ OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Panel 3 Overview Panel 3 contains the SCAN switch, TUNE switch, TUNE poten- tiometer, DEGAUSS switch, GYRO switches and LED CRI. Controls other than the SCAN switch and DEGAUSS switch are intended for use by service technicians. Do not adjust other con- trols; improper adjustment can degrade performance. ‘The figure below shows these controls. TUNE switch $2 up: AUTO LeDcRi—_| down: MANUAL TUNE potentiometer GYRO switches SCAN switch HOLD switch S6— up: ON UP switch S4— down: OFF DOWN switch $5. DEGAUSS switch up: AUTO. down: MANUAL, Figure 1-23 Display Unit, Panel 3 opened This table details the functions of each control. _ Part Funetion SCAN switch Turns the scanner on or off. TUNE switch S2 Enables automatic or manual tuning. TUNE potentiometer | Adjusts tuning, when set to "manual." GYRO switches ‘Adjust gyro reading on display. HOLD switch $6 UP switch S4 DOWN switch $5 LED CRI Lights during adjustment of gyro reading. DEGAUSS switch Enables automatic or manual CRT degaussing. Panel3 1-371_ OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Degaussing the picture procedure Adjustment of gyro reading (technicians only) procedure Tuning the receiver (technicians only) procedure ‘You may observe color fading on the display due to ship’s construc- tion or variations in earth’s magnetism. Each time the power is applied the CRT is degaussed automatically. When the ship turns, the CRT is also degaussed automatically and the lines appear vertically at the center of the CRT. To degauss the screen manually; Set the DEGAUSS switch to the manual setting. (When you re- lease the switch it automatically returns to the automatic setting.) NOTE: If the screen is not degaussed the first time wait at least 30 seconds before trying again. North-up and Course-up mode require the compass signal in step- by-step or synchronous form. The compass preset is performed as follows by using the controls in panel 3. This adjustment is required when the radar is first installed or if the gyro reading is in error. Below is the procedure for adjusting the gyro reading. 1. After making sure the gyrocompass is working, turn the radar power on. (You should see the indication "HDG" at the top of the radar screen.) 2. Press switch S6 to disengage the computing circuit from the gyrocompass. (LED CR1 lights.) 3. Press switch $4 [UP] or $5 [DOWN] to duplicate the gyrocom- pass reading at the top of the screen. 4, Press switch S6. (LED CRI extinguishes.) NOTE: if the HDG reading on the radar display deviates from the srocompass reading after initial setting, simply press switch S4 or SS to correct it. ‘The radar receiver is tuned automatically each time the power is turned on, thus there is no front panel control for adjustment of the receiver. A tuning bar and the indication AUTO at the top right- hand corner of the display show the tuning circuit is working. ‘The receiver can be tuned (by a technician) manually by; Setting the TUNE switch $2 to MANUAL and adjusting the TUNE potentiometer. 138 PanelsDescription of Controls Panel 3 This panel contains: TUNE switch ‘TUNE potentiometer SCAN switch DEGAUSS switch Gyro adjustment switches Controls other than the SCANNER switch and DEGAUSS switch are intended for use only by technicians. Panel 1 [MENU] key Displays or erases the FUNCTIONS menu (main menu). IENTER] key Records key input. [HM OFF] key Erases the heading mark when pressed and held down, IECHO TRAIL] key Turns the echo trailing feature on or oft. IMODE SELECT] key Selects radar display mode. [GUARD ALARM] key ‘Turns the guard alarm on or.off, [OFFSET EBL] key Places EBL origin at cursor intersection, or returns EBL origin to screen center. ISHIFT] koy ‘Tums the display shift feature on or of. [x2 ZOOM] key ‘Turns the zoom feature on or off. [COLOR] key Selects background color. IRING] key ‘Turns fixed range rings off and adjusts their brilliance in three steps. IMARK BRILL] key ‘Adjusts the briliance of on-screen markers in four steps. [EBL ON] key ‘Activates of deactivates EBL No.1 or EBL No.2. The readout of the active EBL is circumscribed. [EBL OFF] key Erases the EBL whose readout is not circumscribed. EBL ROTARY KNOB control Rotates the EBLs. ROM CARD DRIVE (for use with optional Video Plotter AP-21) Panel 2 ‘This panel contains the controls for operation of the optional Video Plotter RP-21 and Auto Plotter ARP-21. O00 Figure 1-24 Display Unit [VM ON] key BRILL control Adjusts the brilliance of the CRT. IAC AUTO) key Turns the automatic A/C circuit on or off. FUNCTION keys (keys with no label in figure) Replay programs. AIC RAIN control Reduces rain clutter. AJC SEA control Reduces sea clutter from waves. GAIN control Adjusts radar receiver sensitivity. RANGE keys ([-]. [+]) Select radar range. ‘Activates or deactivates VRM No.1 or VRM No.2. The readout of the active VAM is circumscribed. [VRM OFF] key Erases the VAM whose readout is not circumscribed. VRM ROTARY KNOB control ‘Adjust VAM radius. POWER switch Tums the radar system on or off. IST BY/TX] key Transmits the radar or places the radar in stand-by. {ACQ] key For use with optional Auto Plotter ARP-21. TRACKBALL Follows the on-screen movement of the cross-hair cursor. Description of Controls 1-391 OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW. MARKERS AND INDICATIONS [— From top; +Range/Range Ring Interval Gyro Heading + Range/Bearing from own ship to + cursor (gyro required) «Display Mode Ship's Speed (LOG/MANual) + Pulsowidth “Echo Stretch Tuning (AUTO/MANual) Tuning Bar 4 an wm [iDG i86.7°) (LOG 12.8KTS 208M is22.7° R}> BU we | Bearing Scale + Cursor }— Heading Mark Guard Alarm Zone Fixed Range Ring L— VRM North Mark (gyro required) From top; From top; —— + A/C Auto “GUARD Alarm +Echo Average or Function Key + Echo Trail + SHIFT or 200M + Elapsed Time/Trailing Time “EBL Readout + VRM Readout (EBLI/EBL2) (VRM1/VRM2) Figure 1-25 Markers and Indications Markers and Indications 7-40Overview Contents APPLICATION Asan aid to navigation, radar can be a very valuable tool. No other navigation aid can give you the ability to spot vessels coming at you in the fog, or tell you the location of the inlet to the harbor in the pitch black of night. To help you understand better what your radar can and cannot do for you this section covers the characteristics and limitations of radar, picture interpretation, and position fixing with radar. Factors Affecting Minimum Range. Sea return... Vertical beamwidth. Factors Affecting Maximum Range. Radar horizon ‘Target properti Interpreting the Display... Land targets Ship targets. Echo size. False Echoes .. Multiple echoes Side-lobe echo Blind and shadow sector: Indirect echoes.. Radar Picture and Corresponding Chart Position Fixing with Radar. By radar rang By range and bearing to a point of land By two bearings Collision Avoidance and Relative Motion Assessing the risk. at2 APPLICATION Factors Affecting Minimum Range Overview Sea return Vertical beamwidth ‘Targets disappearing from the screen when at close ranges can be dangerous. For this reason, detection of targets at short ranges is, very important, Minimum range is determined primarily by trans- miter pulselength. The shorter the transmission time, the sooner the return echoes can be received and their distance measured. This radar automatically determines the pulselength for both short and long ranges, for optimal detection of targets on all ranges. Sea clutter echoes received from waves may hamper detection of targets beyond the minimum range set by the pulselength and recovery time. (Recovery time is the time required for the receiver to recover to half sensitivity after the end of a transmitted pulse, so it can receive a return echo.) Proper adjustment of the A/C SEA control may alleviate some of the problem. The ability to see targets very close to the boat is decreased if the antenna is mounted too high off the water, since the bottom of the vertical beam of the scanner cuts off nearby targets. Figure 2-1 illustrates the effects of a scanner mounted too high off the water. Figure 2-1 Effects of a Scanner Mounted too High off the Water 22 Factors Affecting Minimum Range2 APPLICATION Factors Affecting Maximum Range Overview Radar horizon It is nearly impossible to state that a radar has a maximum range. The maximum range a radar will "see" is dependent on many factors, not just the range marked on the screen. Not only does the sensitivity of the receiver and power of the transmitter but also the height above the water of both the scanner and target, the size, shape and composition of the target, and atmospheric conditions contribute to increase or decrease the maximum detectable range. Radaris by its very nature essentially a line-of-sight" phenomenon. ‘That means that you have just about the same range to horizon with a radar as you do with your own eyes. However under normal atmospheric conditions, the radar horizon is 6% greater than the optical horizon, Therefore, if the target does not rise above the horizon the radar beam cannot be reflected from the target. Just as you can see a low-to-the-water speedboat only up relatively close to your boat, the radar can see a target high off the water farther than it can see an object which is close to the water. Further, the higher the antenna is mounted over the water the farther it is capable of seeing other targets. However a possible negative effect with mounting the antenna too high off the water is that due to the finite vertical beamwidth of the scanner, the amount of sea clutter due to reflections from nearby waves is increased to a greater distance from the boat. ‘Thus it is not at all uncommon to see a 3000 foot high mountain 50 miles away (provided the radar has a 50 nautical mile detection capability), while at the same time being only able to see a small power boat 3 or 4 miles away. (See Figure 2-2.) ‘The distance to the horizon from the scanner, under normal condi- tions, is calculated by the following formula. 2.x (VAT + Vi) Where Rmax: Radar horizon (mile), hl: Antenna height (meters), h2: Target height (meters) Rmax For example, to find the distance to the horizon in Figure 2-2, if the antenna height is 8 meters (26 feet) and the target height is 15.2 meters (50 feet) the maximum range is (when the cliff begins to appear on the radar); Rmax = 2.2x( V8 + VI52) = 14.8 miles. Factors Affecting Maximum Range 2-32. APPLICATION Target Properties Figure 2-2 Radar Horizon Generally, larger targets can be seen on the radar display at greater ranges, provided line-of-sight exists between the scanner and tar- get. However, a large target with poor reflecting properties may not be detected as easily as a smaller target with better reflecting properties. Since one of the main functions of radar is to detect other ships, the composition of a target ships’ hull affects the detection range. A ship whose hull is made of conducting materials, such as steel, will return a relatively strong echo, On the other hand, hulls made from wood or fiberglass return much weaker echoes. Vertical surfaces, such as a cliff, are good targets provided they face the radar. Conversely, horizontal and smooth surfaces such as mudbanks, sandy beaches, and gently sloping hills make poor tar- gets because they disperse rather than reflect most of the energy that strikes them. The strongest radar echoes known come from built-up areas, docks, etc., because these targets are less subject to changes in aspect. These types of targets have three flat, smooth surfaces mutually at right angles. Some radar buoys are arranged this way so as to deliberately increase their detection range. 24 Factors Affecting Maximum Range2 APPLICATION Interpreting the Display Overview Land targets In the previous section some of the characteristics and limitations of radar were discussed, Now its time to take a look at what you can expect to see on the radar screen. What shows up on the scréenisn’t likely to match exactly what is seen on a navigation chart. A radar cannot see through a mountain in the path between your boat and the harbor, nor can it see a small boat directly behind a large ship, since both the mountain and the larger vessel effectively shield the radar from the desired target. To aid you in target identification, the echoes appearing on the display are quantized in eight levels, according to their intensity. The brightest intensity echoes are probably from steel ships, or piers, or other "good" targets. Poor targets, for example, wooden boats, appear in the weakest intensities. ‘The ability to interpret a radar picture comes through practice and experience. Practice should be done during clear weather in daytime, since you can compare the picture with what you actually see around you. Go to an area you are familiar with and compare the way coastlines, buoys and other targets appear on the screen and the way they are drawn on a navigation chart. To observe the movement of an echo in relation to your position, try running your boat at various speeds and headings. Landmasses are readily recognizable because of the generally steady brilliance of the relatively large areas painted on the display. Knowledge of the ship’s navigational position will also tell you where land should be. On relative motion displays (this radar), landmasses move in directions and at rates opposite and equal to the actual motion of your own ship. Various factors such as distor- tion from beamwidth and pulselength make identification of specific features difficult. However, the following may serve as an aid to identification, 1) High, steep, rocky and barren landmasses provide good reflect ing surfaces. 2) Low, vegetation covered lands make poor radar targets. 3) Submerged objects do not produce echoes. 4) Mud flats, marshes, sandspits, and smooth, clear beaches make poor targets because they have almost no area that can reflect energy back to the radar. 5) Smooth water surfaces such as lagoons and inland lakes appear as blank areas on the display —smooth water surfaces return no energy. 6) Although you might expect an object as large as a lighthouse to be a good radar target, in actuality the return echo is weak since the conical shape diffuses most of the radiated energy. ‘interpreting the Display 2-5APPLICATION Ship targets Echo size A bright, steady, clearly defined image appearing on the display is in all likelihood the target pip of a steel ship. There are several clues which can aid you in identification of a ship. Check your navigational position to rule out the possibility that a target pip is actually a landmass. Land and precipitation echoes are much more massive in appearance than the target pips of ships—which are relatively small. The rate of movement can eliminate the possibility that the pip is an aircraft. A target pip may brighten and become dim due to changes in aspect and other factors. In most cases however a pip will fade from the display only when the range becomes too great. As the radar beam rotates, the appearance of a pip on the display screen will begin as soon as the leading edge of the radar beam strikes the target. The pip will continue to be seen on the display screen until the trailing edge of the beam rotates beyond the target. ‘Thus, a target cannot appear less wide than the beamwidth. As the beam widens with distance from the scanner, so also will the widths of targets vary on the display. Figure 2-3 illustrates the relationship between beamwidth and the appearance of a target pip. ‘SHORT RANGE TARGET —<— LONG RANGE TARGET Figure 2-3 Beamwidth Versus Target Appearance 26 Interpreting the DisplayFalse Echoes Overview Multiple echoes Side-lobe echoes 2 APPLICATION Occasionally false echoes appear on the screen at positions where there is no target. In some cases the effects can be reduced or eliminated. The operator should familiarize himself with the ap- pearance and effects of these false echoes, so as not to confuse them with echoes from legitimate contacts. Multiple echoes occur when a short range, strong echo is received from a ship, bridge, or breakwater. A second, a third or more echoes may be observed on the display at double, triple or other multiples of the actual range of the target as shown in Figure 2-4, Multiple reflection echoes can be reduced and often removed by decreasing the gain or properly adjusting the A/C SEA. rage Ths V Multiple echoes Figure 2-4 Multiple Echoes Every time the scanner rotates, some radiation escapes on each side of the beam —called "side-lobes." If a target exists where it can be detected by the side-lobes as well as the main lobe, the side echoes may be represented on both sides of the true echo at the same range, as shown in Figure 2-5. Side-lobes show usually only at short ranges and from strong targets. They can be reduced through careful reduction of the gain or proper adjustment of the A/C SEA. control. False Echoes 27APPLICATION Blind and shadow sectors Indirect echoes 28 False Echoes () TARGETA tancers (seunious) F grarcera rave TARGETE Figure 2-5 Side-lobe Echoes Funnels, stacks, masts, or derricks in the path of antenna may reduce the intensity of the radar beam. If the angle subtended at the scanner is more than a few degrees a blind sector may be produced. Within the blind sector small targets at close range may not be detected while larger targets at much greater ranges may be detected. See Figure 2-6. RADAR PEDESTAL RADAR MAST Figure 2-6 Blind and Shadow Sectors Indirect echoes may be returned from either a passing ship or returned from a reflecting surface on your own ship, for example, astack, In both cases, the echo will return from a legitimate contact, to the antenna by the same indirect path. The echo will appear on the same bearing of the reflected surface, but at the same range as. the direct echo, Figure 2-7 illustrates the effect of an indirect echo. Indirect echoes may be recognized as follows. (1) they usually occur in a shadow sector; (2) they appear on the bearing of the obstruction but at the range of the legitimate contact; (3) when plotted, their movements are usually abnormal, and (4) their shapes may indicate that they are not direct echoes.OWN SHIP Figure 2-7 Indirect Echoes 2 APPLICATION 8 Tarcer @ spurious False Echoes 2-92 APPLICATION Radar Picture and Corresponding Chart Under normal conditions, a picture which is very similar to a chart can be obtained on the radar display. The radar picture and cor- responding chart shown in Figure 2-8 are from the Kada Inland Sea, south of Osaka Bay, in Southwestern Japan. Figure 2-8 Navigation Chart and Corresponding Radar Picture 210 Radar Picture and Corresponding Chart2 APPLICATION Position Fixing with Radar Overview By radar range By range and bearing to a point of land Position fixing with radar can be accurately achieved once you become proficient in the different methods. The three most com- mon methods will be discussed in this section. Take a compass and a navigation chart and try to fix your position while reviewing this section. ‘The simultaneous measurement of the ranges to two or more fixed objects is normally the most accurate method of obtaining a fix with radar alone. Preferably at least three ranges should be used. How- ever the use of more than three range arcs may introduce excessive error because of the time lag between measurements, namely, you will be moving as you take successive measurements. When obtaining a fix, itis best to measure the most rapidly chang- ing range last because of a smaller time lag in the radar plot from the ship’s actual position. For greater accuracy, the objects selected should provide arcs with angles of cut as close to 90 degrees as possible, Small, isolated, radar-conspicuous fixed objects whose associated range arcs intersect at angles approaching 90 degrees provide the most reliable and accurate position fixes. Objects at longer ranges are less accurate for position fixing because they may be below the radar horizon and because the width of the radar beam increases with range. To fix your position, first, measure the range to two or more prominent navigational marks which you can identify on the chart, Next, with the compass sweep out the ranges from the charted positions. The point of intersection of the arcs is your estimated position. The method of position fixing by radar range is illustrated in Figure 2-9, cai oN Figure 2-9 Position Fixing Using Radar Ranges ‘The advantage of position fixing by range and bearing to a point of land is the speed with which a fix can be obtained. A distinct disadvantage however is that this method is based upon only two intersecting position lines, a bearing line and range, obtained from. two points of land. If possible, the object used should be small, isolated and identified with reasonable certainty. To fix your posi- Position Fixing with Radar 2-172 APPLICATION tion using range and radar bearing, first, measure the relative bearing of the target with the EBL, noting the exact direction of the ship’s heading when doing so. Next, make allowance for compass deviation (true or magnetic) and find the true bearing of the target. ‘Sweep out the range to the target with the compass on the chart and plot the true bearing of the target. The point of intersection is your approximate position, Figure 2-10 illustrates how to fix position by using a range and bearing to a point of land. ship's heeding | trve bearing By two bearings Figure 2-10 Position Fixing Using Range and Bearing to a Point of Land Generally, fixes obtained from radar bearing are less accurate than those obtained from intersecting range arcs. The accuracy of fixing by this method is greater when the center bearings of small, iso- lated radar-conspicuous objects can be observed. Similar to posi- tion fixing using range and bearing, this method affords a quick means for initially determining approximate position. The position should then be checked against other means to confirm reliability. Position fixing using two bearings is determined by measuring the relative bearings for the two targets and then determining their true bearings. Plot the two bearings on the chart; the point of intersection of the two bearings is your approximate position. Fig- ure 2-11 illustrates the method of position fixing using two bear- true bearing of urget A (ee beating ot urget B Figure 2-11 Position Fixing Using Two Bearings 292 Position Fixing with Radar2 APPLICATION Collision Avoidance and Relative Motion Collisions at sea sometimes occur because the radar picture doesn’t match the information provided by the eye in clear weather and because of the misunderstanding of relative motion. Inarelative motion display, your ship is represented by the spot of light fixed at the center of the screen, regardless of the speed of your own ship. With both your own ship and the target in motion, the successive pips of the target do not indicate the actual or true movement of the target. If your own ship is in motion, the pips of fixed objects, such as land masses, move on the display at a rate equal to and in a direction opposite to the motion of your own ship. Only when your ship is stopped or motionless do target pips move on the display in accordance with their true motion. Figure 2-12 illustrates the relative and true motion of a target contacted by radar. In Figure 2-12, ship A, at geographic position A on true course of 001° at 14 knots initially observes ship B on the PPI at bearing 179° at 4.1 nautical miles, The bearing and distance to the ship changes as ship A proceeds from position Al to A3. The changes in the position of ship B relative ship A are illustrated in the successive PPI presentations corresponding to the geographic positions of ships A and B. Likewise, ship B at geographic position B1, on true course 25° at 21 knots initially observes ship A on bearing 001° at 4.1 nautical miles. The radar operator aboard ship A will determine that relative movement of ship B is approximately 66.5 degrees, whereas the operator aboard ship B will determine that the relative movement of ship A is approximately 238 degrees. These figures were ob- tained using a maneuvering board. B Bears 105° Dist. $6 nm A Bears 285° Dist. 5.6 nm B Bears 179° Dist. 41 nm OOO Figure 2-12 Relative Motion Versus True Motion Collision Avoidance and Relative Motion 2-132 APPLICATION CAUTION: The 1972 Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (1972 COLREGS) provides statutory requirements for the operation of any vessel, including the posting of lookouts. The operator of the vessel is responsible for compliance with those requirements whether or not a radar is in use. Assessing ‘The moment an echo appears on the screen its range and relative the risk bearing should be measured and its true or magnetic bearing noted. This is best done on a chart or plot. Collision risk can be assessed only by carefully watching the true or magnetic bearing of an approaching vessel. If the bearing of the target does not ap- preciably change a possibility of collision may exist. 214 Collision Avoidance and Relative MotionOverview Contents MAINTENANCE Regular maintenance is important for good performance. Foliow- ing the procedures prescribed in this section will help keep this radar in good working order for many years. Always keep the equipment as free as possible from dirt, dust and water splashes. Make sure that all screws securing the components are properly tightened. BEFORE PERFORMING ANY MAINTENANCE: + Please review the safety information at the beginning of this, manual. Turn off the power to the radar. (Not necessary when cleaning the CRT.) Regular Maintenanc Life Expectancy of Major Parts..(3 MAINTENANCE Regular Maintenance Use this table to perform regular maintenance. Interval 3t06 months Check Point Exposed nuts and bolts on scanner unit Check/Measures Check for corroded or loosened nuts and bolts. If necessary, clean them and repaint thickly. Replace them if heavily corroded. Remarks Sealing compound may be used instead of paint, Lightly coat new nuts and bolts with grease. Scanner radiator Check for dirt or cracks on the radiator surface. Thick dirt should be wiped off by using a soft cloth im- mersed in fresh water. If radiator is cracked, apply a slight amount of sealing ‘compound or adhesive as a temporary remedy, then call for service. DO NOT use plastic sol- vents such as acetone for cleaning. To remove ice on the scan- ner unit, use a wooden hammer or plastic-head hammer to prevent damage. Crack on the unit may cause water leakage, which can permanently damage the circuits inside, Terminal boards and plugs in scan- ner unit ‘Open scanner cover to check terminal boards and plugs inside. Also, check the rubber packing on the scanner cover for cracks. ‘When refitting the cover, be careful not to catch flying wires between cover and unit, CRT screen. Dirt on CRT creates symptoms identical to poor sensitivity. Clean CRT surface carefully. Use a soft cloth with a slight amount of anti- static-charge spray. NEVER USE PLASTIC SOLVENTS. 32 Regular Maintenance (continued on next page)3 MAINTENANCE Interval Check Point Check/Measures Remarks 6 Scanner motor Check and clean carbon Under normal use the carb- months brushes and commutator. If |on brush will last about tol the mark ona brush is not |2000 hours. year visible replace brush. — t mark Timing disc Carbon given off by the | Clean the disc with a brush. drive motor may fall insslit | See Figure 5-9 for the loca- of disc, causing the sweep _| tion. to jump erratically. oncea | CRT anode and High tension on CRT at- If rubber cap or wire sheath year | approach tracts dust and moist dust | is cracked, ask your dealer will cause poor insulation. | to replace damaged part. ASK YOUR DEALER TO CLEAN ANY HIGH VOLTAGE PARTS. Terminal boards, | Check for loose connec- sockets and plugs _| tions. Clean contacts or replace plug, if necessary. Lite Expectancy of Major Parts This table shows the life expectancy of major parts. Part ‘Type Life Expectancy * _Remarks Scanner motor |D8G-516(NEW) | about 10000 hrs. (gears) _| wind speed 40 m/s Magnetron | 9M602 or 2000-3000 hrs. MGS241 * Number of hours the radar has been transmitted appears on the ST-BY screen. Life Expectancy of Major Paris 3-3|_| TROUBLESHOOTING Overview This section provides troubleshooting information for the service technician. BEFORE BEGINNING ANY SERVICING, PLEASE REVIEW THE SAFETY INFORMATION AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS MANUAL. Contents Troubleshooting Table ..4 TROUBLESHOOTING Troubleshooting Table Use this table to identify defective parts. IF... ‘AND. THEN check ACTION ___ power is nothing fuse F1351, FS. Measure mains voltage. turned on and_ | appears on CRT brilliance | the display | mains voltage/polarity. | DC specification: is properly DTBI #1(+) and #2(-) adjusted by the at rear of display unit. BRILL control : ‘AC specification: DTB2 #1 and #2 on INT Board (rear of display unit) crT. CRT is normal if CRT heaters lit. CRT high voltage. SPU Board. POWER/RECTIFIER Board. | scanner isnot | scanner fuse F1352. | Radar goes into ST-BY rotating mode and "BRG SIG scanner motor brushes. | MISSING" appears if there is no bearing pulse scanner rotating input from scanner. mechanism jammed. POWER/RECTIFIER Board. Radar trans- | marks, ‘SPU Board. mitted, after legends, etc. entry into do not appear Stand-by mode. picture not | CRT assembly. synchronized SPU Board. (continued on next page) 42 Troubleshooting Table4 TROUBLESHOOTING IF... AND... THEN check... ACTION gain is ad- marks and | IF amplifier. justed with legends AICSEA and | appear but _| coaxial cable in the Check continuity and AICRAIN | nonoise nor | multicore cable. isolation of coaxial cable controls set at_ | echo with ohm meter. minimum VIDEO AMP Board. _ | (Note: Disconnect the plug and lugs at both ends of coaxial before using ohm meter.) marks, ‘TX fuse F1. If fuse has blown, replace legends and it. Ifit blows again, the noise appear magnetron or modulator but no echo. circuit may be defective. (No transmis- sion leak magnetron. appears.) MODULATOR Board. MODULATION TRIGGER Board. Modulator FET. SPU Board. sweeprota- | BEARING SIGNAL tionisnot | GENERATOR Board synchronized | (scanner unit). with antenna rotation SPU Board, incorrect SPU Board. "HDG SIG MISSING" target bearing appears on the screen when there is no heading pulse input. GYRO PROCESSOR Board (optional). (continued on next page ) Troubleshooting Table 4-34 TROUBLESHOOTING IF. AND... THEN check... ACTION gain is there is poor | magnetron. ‘Transmit the radar on 48 adjusted with _ | sensitivity nm. Then, check A/CSEA and magnetron current AICRAIN (voltage) between P801 controls set at #13(+) and #5(-) in the minimum scanner unit. It should be 45t055V. MIC.* Check MIC detecting current (Di monitor voltage) between P601 +#10(+) and #8(-) in the scanner unit, It should be 2.5 £0.1 V. If not, MIC may have detuned. trackball is | cursor trackball. operated to | doesn’t move move cross- SPU Board. hair cursor EBLor VRM_ | marker SPU Board. is operated _| doesn’t move PAF Board. akey is pressed | there isno | key contact. response ‘SPU Board. MOTHER Board. a gyrocompass. | HDG connection between _| After restoring readout, isconnected | readout is __| gyrocompass and turn power off and on. missing display unit, or between INT Board and GYRO PROCESSOR Board. * Dimonitor voltage is recorded on the label attached to the MIC. Check the voltage at Di MONIT (+) and GND (-) terminals on the MIC. Ifitis within +50% of the rated value, the MICis functioning properly. 44 Troubleshooting TableLOCATION OF PARTS Overview This chapter shows the location of parts in the display and scanner units. Contents Display Uni Scanner Unit oF5 LOCATION OF PARTS Display Unit PST Board —~ PST-9024 PAL Board PAL-9022 (behind keys) WN Photo na2906 PAF Board PAF-9021 {behind key and pot.) Figure 5-1 Display Unit, front view SPU Board 03P9018 Figure 5-2 Display Unit, right view 52 Display Unit5_LOCATION OF PARTS POWER SUPPLY Board IA] PTU-9014 (AC spec.) IA] PTU-9015 (DC spec.) FILTER Board FIL-6983 or Line Filter FL1 MOTHER Board MB-9019 TCHV Board HV-9017 CRT SOCKET Board DEF DRIVE Board CRT VIDEO AMP Board Figure 5-3 Display Unit, cover opened, right side view RECTIFIER Board VIDEO AMP Board PTA-9016 (AC spec.) VDA-9006 PTA-9030 (DC spec.) DEGAUSS Board PDM-9025 ‘AC POWER PROTECT Board. IE] PCT-5141 (AC spec) W Phot no. 2929 Figure 5-4 Display Unit, cover opened, left side view Display Unit 5-35 LOCATION OF PARTS MOTHER Board MB-9019 RECTIFIER Board PTA-9016 (AC spec.) PTA-2030 (DC spec.) SPU Board 03P9018 VIDEO AMP Board PCB Case ‘VDA-9008 DEGAUSS Board PDM-9025 GYRO SWITCH Board 66-4137 (optional) ‘GYRO PROCESSOR Board IA] 64P 1106 (optional) Photo n2920 Figure 5-5 Display Unit, cover opened, top view Fuse F5(0.5A) + Fuse Ft (0.5A) ‘SCANNER Fuse F1352 (5A) POWER Fuse F1351 5A (AC spec.) INT Board 15A (DC spec.) INT-9028 Terminal Board DTB1 Connector J441 Connector DU1 54 Display Unit5_ LOCATION OF PARTS Scanner Unit Circulator IF AMP Assy. Limiter mic TRIGGER Board RFC-9008 Photo No, 2508 Figure 5-7 Transceiver Module MODULATOR Board MD-9010 Pulse Transformer Magnetron Figure 5-8 Transciever Module, shield cover removed, bottom view ‘Scanner Unit 555 LOCATION OF PARTS Reed Switch $901 BEARING SIG GEN Board MP-3795 Scanner Motor Figure 5-9 Scanner Unit, cover removed 56 Scanner Unit— FURUENO REVISION RECORD OF OPERATOR'S/INSTALLATION MANUAL, MODEL: ELLIO PUBLICATION NO.: _G//-E- 3352-0. oO . REVISED 5 Rev'| pare [Beas DETAILS inl A o(-10 | —— | First Edition Ree [ wel g2-e7 |_ ix 59-4 Lan Sab by 2? ype ee AED [~ fd [aed 56 mers $4 HIE I r1€ | cea n wlkloe Sty (ee MAH) a [em Fee] go- pede BRET o t2t, 1-23] yen $482 peu, t-3ol| xo bea, «et IRILE BREF 4s | KMESER are Bre sig mresing Faye (nize) | @ sos C1262- ord Q@_ => C326 S-12h- RK 5-70, 5-11 | sn s-ic| (DD RA } e hit. tA 20} - 4 — EG ye (Mode) — hia 3% 2 L (lf i Wk __ @