Road Composition

Vehicle CBR X10 = E value /RM

Load distribution at 45o

Black Topping 243 % CBR
Subgrade
top 0.6 m
Base WBM/WMM 81% CBR Road Crust
above
GL/NGL
Sub Base GSB/DL 27% CBR 200
HFL 1 m
below 600mmSub Grade 5-9% CBR /Permeability 30 m/day
subgrade

450
Embankment 3% CBR

1. Ground
Agg sizeLevel
decreases, 2. Permeability decreases
3. Clay/silt content decreases 4. Thickness decreases
 4.2.1 Height of embankment
IRC:SP:84
Top of subgrade Vehicle

shall be at least
0.6 m above ground Carriageway Width
300 mm
PQC M 40 Clause 602/IRC 15

150 mm Clause 601 DLC (Dry Lean Concrete) M 10/7.5 at 7 days/ Road Crust
IRC:SP:49

150 mm Clause 400 Sub Base GSB Granular Sub base)/

DL (Drainage Layer) 30% CBR

500 mm Clause 300- Sub Grade 9% CBR IRC: 36

500mm
Ground
Ground
Level 450
Clause 300 IRC:75 Embankment 3% CBR Level

Right of Way ROW

HFL (Highest Flood Level) 1000 mm below bottom of subgrade and FRL (Finishe
Road Level) above Ground
IRC:SP:13-2022 page 2/10
IRC_SP13_2022 Book page 9-15, 49-54, 93 HP
1519.09.22_removed.pdf
• 1.5.3. H.P. Culverts: page 9, 10

• RCC pipe culverts having minimum 1200 mm diameter of type NP4

conforming to IS:458.

• PSC pipes of NP4 type conforming to IS:784 may also be used for
H.P. culverts.

• 1.5.4. Provision of bridge and culvert with respect to

• Catchment Area: It is generally found that when catchment area is

upto 1 sq. km (100 hectares) a culvert is required and

• for catchment area more than 1 sq. km (100 hectares), a small

bridge will be necessary
 Vertical Clearance Table 12.1 2022
Discharge Minimum
in Cubic Vertical
meter / clearance
second in mm
(m3/s) 2014 OLD

Upto 150
0.30
0.3 - 3.0 450

3.0 -30 600

30-300 900

300- 1200
3000
> 3000 1500
 cutoff wall.mp4 , IRC 5-2015 DEsign Bridges Features.pdf, IRC 6.2017.pdf
IRC 89-2019.pdf 58 Curtain Wall,Wing Wall, Cutoff wall, Footing_Raft.mp4

Cut-off wall is a device use to reduce or prevent

seepage of water through pervious foundation.
Provided below upper surface of foundation.

If cut-off wall extends through foundation to impervious

material below, it is called complete cut-off wall.
 IRC:SP:112-2017
IRCSP112.pdf page 9-25
• Quality for Highways is essential because:

i) User enjoy, safe riding upto design life

ii) VOC, vehicle operating cost minimised
iii) Resources efficiently used
iv) Lower bid price
v) Faster construction.
 Quality Control
• Operational Techniques of Controlling Quality.

• An Important Requirement for Construction for

Ensuring Quality and Durable

Quality Assurance

Planned actions necessary to provide adequate

confidence, control human skills to assure Quality
as per specification

QA= QC + Quality Acceptance

QC of QC is Quality Assurance
 Definition of Quality Assurance
• To “assure” a person of something is to make him or her confident.

• To “ensure” that something happens is to make certain that it does,

( QC OF QA)
•
• “Insure” is to issue an insurance policy.

• Quality Assurance or Witness

1. make certain of the Quality

2. inform positively and with certainty and confidence

3. assure somebody of truth of something,

4. give reassurance/ commitment

 Standards TQM clause 2.1.3 page 4
• ISO:8402-1994
• BS 7850-1992, BS: 4778
• TRB
• ASTM E 6999

• TQM -- Total Quality Management : ISO:8402

• A management approach of an
organisation centred on quality, based on
participation of all its members and
aiming at long term success through
customer satisfaction and benefits to all
members of organisation/ society.
 Clause 2.`1.4 IRC:SP:112, page 6
Three Focal Points of TQM:
1. Quality Assurance
2. Quality Control
3 Quality Acceptance
Responsibility:
Quality - vest/confer with contractor or
concessionaire
Acceptance- Vests/confer with
Employer/Consultants
2.2 Step wise procedure in Total Quality Management IS: 13920 Ductile detailing

12
DLC 10 mm 13
IRC:67-2022, 7-28 902.6 bituminous concrete wearing
surface-
IRC:35-3015Riding 105-106, 14-16, Quality of New
Pavement
• Maximum irregularity soon after initial curing < 3 mm

• Bumpintegrator (BI) values < 1800 mm/km (~3 IRI)

IRC 134.pdf, skid resistance, page 33-38
•IRC SP 135.pdf, Mix design BC/DBM
•IRC SP 17-2019 Last Proofs.pdf
• IRC:SP 16 2019 page 17-28 BI= 630 (IRI)1.12

Av. < 1800mm 902.6 + 3000 mm /km

Good proposed 6th R. Poor
 IRC: 134-2022 skid resistanceIRC
134.pdf 12, 27, 38

Coeff of Friction): f = F/L

F = Frictional resistance to
motion in plane of interface
L = Load perpendicular to
interface Skid Number:
SN = 100 ( f )
 IRC 112.2020.pdf
IRC:112-/IS 456 page 37/38, 108/118 deflection

IS 456.PDF 40,
68-71, crack width
FOS, 32-33, 37deflection,
17 relation
Step 1 Cl.2.2.1:
IRCSP:112 -2017 Step 2 Cl. 2.2.2 Personnel
• Organizational structure personnel
qualification and experience
• Capable
• QC/QA Personnel of Contractor
Of Contractor
Of Contractor
IRC:SP:112-2017IRC SP 112.pdf P20- 22
 IRC:SP:112-2017 clause 4.4.1.3 page 17
General Protocol for Client to Supervise Project Preparation

RO/PDs 29
General Protocol for Employer/Authority during
Construction Stage clause 4.4.3.3 IRC:112
 • IRC:SP:112, Clause 2.2.3 page 8
• QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN =

• A document narrating, actions to be

taken and steps to be followed by
each party to project for successful
implementation of project duly full
filling quality requirements.
Clause 2.2.3 page 8 IRC:SP:112 REQUIREMENT QAP
Project Stage Requirements of QAP by different parties
Project Preparation DPR Detailed Project Report IRCSP:54, Consultant
IRC:SP:54-2018 prepare
DPRirc.gov.in.sp.054.2018
(1).pdf P-5 Client have protocol for association/scrutiny,
RC:SP:19-2001 GTIIRC SP 19- verification design and drawing
2001.pdf Page 3 IE/AE review BOT Built Operate and Transfer/EPC
MORTH 2400 page 14 GTI engineering, procurement and construction.
MORTH_ Pocket Book for IRC:SP:93 IRCSP 93 EIA, EMP .2017.pdf
Highway Engineers-2019.pdf P EIA Environment Impact Analysis
22, PP, 31-35 feasibility, DPR EMP Environment Management Plan
DevelopmentsIRCSP:124-2019 Bid Preparation, bid document, evaluation and
17IRC SP 124.2019.pdf award-bid -an offer of a price, especially at an auction
Construction MORTH 2013 and Contractor prepare QAP
IRC Codes Supervision manual to be prepared by Consultant
covering QA mechanismEmployer/Authority
general protocol for QC
A protocol is a set of rules/guidelines
for communicating data.
Rules are defined for each step and process during
communication between two or more orgnisation.
Networks have to follow rules to successfully transmit Project .
• Project Protocol is a documented inventory
of basic parameters
• A set of written rules
• A set of goals,
• deliverables and benefits
• Needs to accomplish successful
completion.
• Standards: MORTH, IRCSP:73, IRC:SP:84,
IRCSP:87, IRCSP:99 33
RFI Request For Inspection 34
35
36
 General Principles- QAP

• Review of contract documents

• organisational structure

• Establish quality requirements of machinery

• Site laboratory

• Calibration

• Non Conformance Report (NCR) handling

 4.4 Quality Assurance Plan for different stages of Project
Implementation
➢contractor’s project implementation, duties
➢ Operational skills/ training ; Structure

➢ IMT Inspection Measuring and Testing equipment

➢ Calibration of equipment’s all IMT ;

➢ Methodology, test and inspection

➢ non conformities, correction and rejection and Safety,

Annex 4.1 IRCSP:112 IRCSP112.pdf 28, % 34-44, TPA
211
Consultant’s organization and responsibility
• Control of laboratory and field testing to be conducted as per ToR;

• Relevant BIS/other Codes of Practice/Guidelines/Manuals for test

• List of the equipments and consumables;

• List of the calibration requirements of the testing equipments;

• Formats for recording of test data,;

• Matrix for testing and supervision each test wise

•
• 1% Percentage of testing witnessed by key professional, test wise;
 Annexure 4.4.2 MODEL QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN
FOR CONSTRUCTION
• Contractor’s - structure--- Construction
• Responsibility contractor’s key personnel

• Control of sub-contracting

• Control of documentation and communication- RFD (Result

Framework Document) by contractor

• (A results framework is an explicit articulation (graphic display,

matrix or summary) of the different levels or chains of results

• Control of material/methodology/training/Traffic management,

• Interaction with consultant/client

 4.4 Quality Assurance Plan for different stages of Project
Implementation
4.4.3 Construction - Consultant Duty

➢Ensure Construction is done - quality control tests.

➢ It covers both process and end control

➢Strike to cost and time control

 Annex 4.1 page 25 IRCSP:112
Consultant’s organization and responsibility matrix
for Project Preparation
• CONSULTANT DUTY: To check
• Actual performance of tasks
• Survey, Field data collection, Design, Drawing
• Guidance, supervision/checking with or without

• Opinion/vetting by expert

• Final approval - Team Leader/Consultant’s HO.

 Annex 4.3 IRC SP 112 MODEL QUALITY ASSURANCE MECHANISM FOR
CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION CONSULTANT/INDEPENDENT ENGINEER/AUTHORITY’S
ENGINEER

• Consultant’s organization and structure,

responsibility
• Protocol for acceptance, non conformance,rejection
 IRC:112-2017
clause 4.4 Quality Assurance Plan for different
stages of Project Implementation
4.4.2 Procurement World Bank Projects
Section 3 Personnel-page 12
3.3.2 Role and Responsibility of Contractor’s
Continuation Material Engineer IRC:SP:112
page
1. Job Mix Formula of FP 12
MS 2/ MORTH/IRC:37
2. Cement Concrete Mix Design IS;10262, IRC:44
3. Monitor and coordinate QC at site
4. Ensure tests as per IS/IRC
5. Maintain Test records submit to Project Manager and then
forward to Consultants
6. Corrective action of non conformities
7. Have final say in acceptance
8. Internal Quality Audit
9. Advise in planning, Inspection, maintenance
10. Liaising - supplier/customer/manufacter staff
Slump.mp4

51
Casting cubes.mp4

52
 M 40 for CC Roads
Target Strength = 40 +1.65* 5= 48 MPa
53 grade

48.25 MPa 43 grade

STEP 3
Find W/C

0.36

53
 EXAMPLE FOR EACH CUBIC M OF CONCRETE
• Water 186 l /cubic m.
• Let us take 80% after adding admixture
• =0.80*186 =148.8 litre/cubic m.

• W/C = 0.34 148.8 = 0.34

C 1
• 0.34 * C = 148.8
donot add admixtures then cement content =
W/C= 0.34
186 /C= 0.34
• C= 148.8 Cement content = 186/0.34
= 547 kg/ cu
0.34 Extra Cement required = 547- 437.7 = 109.5 kg
= 437.6 kg < 450 kg/cu m -- IS: 456
54
 EXAMPLE

• Absolute volume of water 148.8/1000 = 0.1488 cum

• Absolute volume of cement = 437.6 /3150 =0.13892 cum

• Absolute volume of admixture sp gr 1.145 = 1% of 437.6 kg

• 4.376 kg/1145 cum = 0.00382 cum (1% by wt of cement)

Absolute volume of all agg =

= 1- 0.1488- 0.13892-0.00382- 0.01

= 0.69846 m3

55
 SSD Weight (Wet aggregate)
• Weight of water = 0.1488 cum *1000 = 148.8 litre

• Weight of cement = 0.1389 cum *3150 = 437.6 kg

• Weight of admixture = 0.0038 * 1145 = 4.351 kg

• Wet coarse aggregate = 0.4554 cum *2600 = 1184 kg

• (0. 69846*0.652)

• Wet fine aggregate = 0.2431 cum * 2600 = 632.1 kg

• (0. 69846*0. 348)

• Total weight =2434 kg in one cubic meter of concrete

5656
• Weight of water = 166.96 Litre

•
Dry Weight
Weight of cement = 437.6 kg
(Dry aggregate)
• Weight of admixture = 4.351 kg M 40 for Bridges

• Dry coarse aggregate = 1172 kg

• Dry fine aggregate = 625.8 kg

• Software SatanderMix Design CC March 5- 2021-

.xlsx 1 : 1.43: 2.6782 W/C 0.3815

• Total weight =2406.7 kg in one cubic meter of concrete

57
1: 1.43 : 2.6782 without Fly ash57
fcr = 0.7 √(fck)
58
May I Follow You
 P
P

X
A B
y= d/2 d d
y= d/2 d d

C ?ℓ/3
/3 ? /3 ?ℓ/3
/3 D Y ?/2
ℓ/2 ?/2
ℓ//2 Z
ℓ/3

ℓ?
P/2 P/2 P/2 ℓ? P/2

C. W. BM = P/2x ℓ/3 = Pℓ/6 BM = P/2x ℓ/2 = Pℓ/4

BM = P/2x ℓ/3 = Pℓ/6 BM = P/2x ℓ/2 = Pℓ/4
M = f M = f
IM = y f I = yf
M
I y I y
f = M*y f = M*y
F= I F= I
= (Pℓ/6 x d/2) = (Pℓ/4 x d/2)/
= (Pℓ/6
bd3/12x d/2)/ bd3/12 = (Pℓ/4 x d/2)/ bd3/12
bd3/12
= =Pℓ/bd
Pℓ/bd2
2 = 3/2[Pℓ/bd
3/2Pℓ/bd22]
Flexural strength.mp4
 EQUIVALENT CUBE STRENGTH
Tests Strength in tension FROM BROKEN BEAM SPECIMEN
Bearing plates of thickness 6.5
2. Flexural Strength Test to 19 mm metal plates, 10 cm square
or 15 cm square result is 5 percent
greater than cube strengths
Case 1 Fb = (Pℓ)/ (bd2) if a> 20cm for 15cm

25kn i.e 2.5 ton = 2500*60/15*15*15 = 4.44 MPa

= 10,000*450/350*30*30 = 1.5 MPa
Case 2:
Fb = (3PXa)/ (bd2) 17cm 20cm P
(For if a< 20cm ---17cm17cm-- ---20 cm---- ----------------

but > 17 cm ------------------- ℓ ------------------

for 15cm) --a---I I 20cm 20 cm
( a= 17-20cm)
Rate loading P= 400 kg/min(Tyre Pressure 7.2 kg/cm2= Pℓ/bd2)
Case 3: For if a< 17 cm for 15cm DISCARD

a= distance between line of fracture and nearest support,

IS:516-2019
Rate of Loading 140 kg/sq cm/ minute

h/d ratio, n 1 1.4 1.8 2

Correction factor, f 0.89 0.93 0.98 1

Correction factor, f= 0.11 n +0.78, n=h/d

Equivalent cube strength
= f X Core compressive strengthX1.25
Core strength = Av. 85% of Characteristic

Individual Core = 75% of Characteristic

Expansion Joints In Bridges __ How to Provide an Expansion Joint
in Concrete..mp4
why joints and bearing videoplayback (3).mp4
Bridge Construction 3D Animation with Details(Step by step
process)_ Kems Studio - India.mp4
all types of bearing Bridge Bearing Animation _
Girder bridge _ Bridge Engineering _ Lec 04.mp4
76
 Circular Microsurfacing File2415.pdf

IRC 82-2015 excel sheet.xls

Tack coat circular.pdf
Clients
will scrutinise following-IRC:SP:112-2017-page 20
1. Reasonableness of traffic data
2. Analysis of growth
3. Highway Capacity Manual PCU Passenger car units
4. Widening and alignment plan
5. Design life
6. Overlay/strengthening X section, approaches Departure
from standards
7. BOQ, Bill of Quantity Basic rate materials
8. Traffic diversion plan
Circular Batching Plant MORTH.pdf for PR
 Independent Engineer and Authority Engineer to
Review drawing, in BOT/EPC

1. Site visit and verification, Study DPR

2. Review of Contract document IRC 95/IRC I24
3. Action to resolve discrepancies
4. Compare - data DPR and prepared by contractor
5. Scrutinise design reports
6. This shall appear in QA plan
Schedules A ( annexure 1 to IV)
Site, , design chainage, carriageway width, grade- separator,
bridges, culverts junctions, bypass, forest area, date of providing
ROW to contractor, shifting of structures, profile, FRL etc
ROW 60 4 lanning, Forest 45 m, ROW two lanning 60 m bypass, or original
Schedule B

Paved shoulder, service road, Specification and standards,

of structures, geometric design, design speed,
improvements, lateral and vertical clearance, VUP
chainagwise, cross section, road embankment, cut
section, pavement design, median width, drainage,
design of structures, road safety, road side furniture, sign
boards etc
Schedule C

Project facilities- toll plaza, medical aid, traffic aid post,

land-scapping, truck-lay-bys, light slop protection

Schedule D

Contractprice percentage like cc pavement 5.2%, culverts

1.3%, minor bridges 2.98 %, major bridges 10.2 %, re wall
9.55%, cost/km = P* weighatage of road/L
Specification IRC:SP:84, Four lanning
IRC:SP:73-2015 Two lanning
 4.4.1.3 General Protocol for Client to Supervise Project
Preparation Page 20 IRC:SP:112-2017

1% of total
• Client’s personnel shall verify/witness
field/laboratory tests and various surveys
including traffic surveys as a minimum.
• Client’s personnel shall visit the site often. Client’s
personnel shall interact with material engineer, survey
engineer, bridge engineer and traffic engineer at site
• Client’s personnel not below the rank of Superintending
Engineer/General Manager shall verify the alignment of
the entire length of a project

82
83
84
85
 5.5 Responsibility of
Engineer/Consultant/Employer/Authority
• Responsibility - threefold.

• Quality Management Plan -scrutinized

• to witness a certain percentage
• Get third party testing
• Bearing test report - NCRTC_Signed MC.pdf

• Inspection Pkg. 5_0001.pdf

 SECTION 5 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR FACTORY MANUFACTURED
MATERIALS, PRODUCTS AND SPECIALIZED ITEMS IRC SP 112.pdf 44, 45

• 5.3 Responsibility of Supplier/Manufacturer

• Sound quality management plan (QMP)
• Meets specification - sampling, testing, and inspection.

• Testing facilities, accreditation of laboratory by NABL

• Calibration process, QC personnel, acceptance mechanism,

documentation, In house/third party testing and
evaluation method.

• Test reports to purchaser (employer/authority/contractor).

• New Material: Employer/Authority cl 5.6 page 36
 SECTION 5 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR FACTORY
MANUFACTURED MATERIALS, PRODUCTS AND SPECIALIZED
ITEMS IRC SP 112.pdf 44, 45
➢All new materials be fit for intended purpose
(strength, durability, volume stability, permeability, separation
or filtration, visibility, reflectivity, impact resistance)

➢ Tested in reputed laboratories and in the field.

➢ Required quantity with consistent

➢ Full responsibility of the manufacturer shall be guaranteed

➢ no adverse environmental impact

➢ test reports.
 IRC 35-2015
Marking
MORTH 803

IRC 67-2021 Sign

MORTH 801

Solar Stud 804

MORTH 800
IRC 79 2019
Deleanator
MORTH 800

IRC 119-2015 crash

barrier
Technical Circular
Guidelines for Metal
Crash barrier (Semi
Rigid).pdf
Circular
_Road_Pavement_M
arking_circular_date
d_07.01.2019.pdf
 Annex 5.3 Quality Management Plan (QMP) of
Manufacturers Materials RMC, Bearings etc page 59
Information to be called from manufacture
1. Raw material source
2. Manufacturing process
3. Testing facility
4. Calibration
5. Personal
6. Fabricators
7. Acceptance mechanism
8. Documentation of bearing, moulding, cutting,
9. Third party testing
10. Evaluation method -codal
 Section 6 : field Laboratory Setup
Cement/Concrete ----IRC:SP:112 page 67
➢ High frequency vibrator
➢ Mould 70.6X70.6X70.6 mm 6.3.2 Lay out of Laboratory

➢ Vicat needle setting time 6.3.4 Man Power

➢ Weigh balances electronics 6.3.6 Test Procedures

During Construction,
➢ Concrete mixer power driven the Contractor
is required to conduct
➢ Apparatus for slump test tests on every material

➢ Vibrating Table
➢ Compressive and flexural testing machine
➢ Le-chettlier mould and Core Cutting
➢ Rebound hammer, Standard sand
Annexure 6.2 LIST OF EQUIPMENTS FOR CENTRAL/MAIN LABORATORY
page 66 IRC SP 112.pdf 74 , MORTH 2013.PDF P 47

• Soil Testing Equipment

• Aggregate Testing Equipment
• Cement and Cement Concrete Testing Equipment
• Bitumen Testing Equipment
• Sub-Soil Testing Equipment
PLANTS
Wet Mix Plant
Hot Mix Plant
Concrete Batching Plant
SUGGESTED INVENTORY OF CONSUMABLES
 Project Preparation and Project
Development clause 7.3.1 page 74
Design Consultant – feasibility study/ prepare DPR:
Using standard and approved equipments
1. Topo graphic survey
2. Pavement investigation
3. Traffic studies
4. Sub soil investigation
5. Hydrographic study,
6. Laboratory tests,
7. Field tests- Inspection and Monitoring equipment's (IMT) GPS, T.
station, Auto Level, Staff Tap, FWD, BBD, Bump Integrator
8. Thermometers
9. Dial guages
10.Traffic counters& weighing pads
11.Proving rings
7.4 Type of Calibration page 78
8.4 Project Preparation _tests, methodoly, Specification

UDS Undisturbed samples

Category B: Inspection Proforma B-5 POST CONCRETING INSPECTION
ARUR :Automatic road unevenness Recorder
STECO Scientific & Technological Equipment Corporation)
RFI
 Embedment and Foundation MORTH
• 3106.1 A strip footing, minimum 350 mm wide and 150 mm
thick in M15 grade plain concrete, shall be provided at founding
level to receive the facia or the bottom most reinforcement.

• Depth of embedment below the finished ground level at the foot of the wall
shall not be less than 1000 mm. In case rock is met above founding level, the
depth of embedment as per ground conditions

• Width of drainage bay shall be 600 mm behind facing element.

• All construction plant having a mass exceeding 1500 kg

shall be kept at least 2.0 m away
 After the soil has been stabilized, it is common to
reinforce retaining walls with the aforementioned
earth retention methods.
IRC 102 irc.gov.in.sp.102.2014.pdf 39 causes of failure , MORTH 700
Difference in Dimension + 5 mm
 Requirements for Paving Bitumen (IS 73: 2013)

S. Characterization Paving Grades

No
VG-10 VG-20 VG-30 VG-40
1 Absolute viscosity at 800-1200 1600-2400 2400- 3200-
600 C, poises, min 3600 4800
2 Kinematic viscosity at 250 300 350 400
135 C , cSt, min
3 Flash point, (Safe limit 220 220 220 220
for heating of bitumen is
normally 50°C below
flash point) °C
4 Solubility in 99 99 99 99
trichloroethylene,
percent, min
S. Characterization Paving Grades
No
VG-10 VG-20 VG-30 VG-40
5 Penetration at 25
C,100g, 5s,0.1mm
80 60 45 35

6 Softening point, oC,

min 40 45 47 50
7

Ductility at 25 C,

cm, min, 75 50 40 25
MORTH 2013
 Smile, Smile, Smile. THANKS PL.
It removes the tension
of your file.
Let there be even a huge pile
You can complete them
with a smile.
Smile beautifies your face.
With it you win a race.
Let it be an unsolved case.
You can solve it with a smile on
face.
It is a gift of God,
But it very odd.
We donot need money.
Donot you think it is funny 118