2017 ASOE Paper-Chemistry

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2017 AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE OLYMPIAD EXAM

CHEMISTRY – SECTIONS A & B
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Page 1 of 28
2017 Australian Science Olympiad Exam - Chemistry
©Australian Science Innovations ABN 81731558309
CHEMISTRY
2017 Australian Science Olympiad Exam
Time Allowed:
Reading Time: 10 minutes
Examination Time: 120 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
• Attempt ALL questions in ALL sections of this paper.
• Permitted materials: Non-programmable, non-graphics calculator, pens, pencils, erasers and a ruler.
• Answer SECTION A on the Multiple Choice Answer Sheet provided. Use a pencil.
• Answer SECTION B in the spaces provided in this paper. Write in pen and use a pencil only for graphs.
• Ensure that your diagrams are clear and labelled.
• All numerical answers must have correct units.
• Marks will be awarded for correct answers, not deducted for incorrect answers.
• Note that it may be possible to complete some later parts of short answer questions without having
completed earlier parts.
• Rough working may be done on pages 27 and 28 of this booklet.
• Data that may be required for a question may be found on page 3.
• Do not staple the multiple choice answer sheet to this booklet.
MARKS
SECTION A 15 multiple choice questions 30 marks
SECTION B 3 short answer questions 30 marks each
Total marks for the paper 120 marks
Page 2 of 28
Avogadro constant (N) = 6.022  1023 mol–1 Velocity of light (c) = 2.998  108 m s–1
1 faraday = 96 485 coulombs Density of water at 25 °C = 0.9971 g cm–3
1 coulomb = 1 A s–1 Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m s–2
Universal gas constant (R) 1 newton (N) = 1 kg m s–2
8.314 J K–1 mol–1
8.206  10–2 L atm K–1 mol–1
Planck’s constant (h) = 6.626  10–34 J s 1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N m–2
Standard temperature and pressure (STP) pH = log10[H+]
273 K and 100 kPa pH + pOH = 14.00 at 25°C
0°C and 100 kPa Ka = {[H+] [A–]} / [HA]
0°C and 1 bar pH = pKa + log10{[A–] / [HA]}
0°C and 750 mm Hg PV = nRT
E = h
Molar volume of ideal gas at STP = 22.71 L c = 
1 bar = 100 kPa Surface area of sphere A = 4r2
Page 3 of 28
SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE
USE THE ANSWER SHEET PROVIDED
1. Which of the following will produce a gas when reacted with hydrochloric acid?
(a) NaHCO3
(b) NaOH
(c) NaNO3
(d) Na2SO4
(e) NaH2PO4
2. Nitric oxide (NO) reacts completely with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide according to the
following balanced chemical equation:
2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)
If 2 L of NO and 1 L of O2 are reacted in a balloon, what will be the final volume of the
balloon after the reaction is complete, assuming that the temperature and pressure are
unchanged?
(a) 1.0 L
(b) 2.0 L
(c) 2.5 L
(d) 3.0 L
(e) 5.0 L
3. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is sparingly soluble in water, with a solubility of 1.73 g/L at
20 °C. If 0.400 g of calcium hydroxide is placed in 200 mL of water at 20°C, what mass of
calcium hydroxide will remain undissolved?
(a) 0.027 g
(b) 0.054 g
(c) 0.173 g
(d) 0.346 g
(e) 0.400 g
4. Prussian blue is a deep blue pigment containing Fe2+, Fe3+ and CN− ions. It has the formula
Fe7(CN)18. How many Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions are there per formula unit?
(a) 0 Fe2+ and 6 Fe3+

(b) 3 Fe2+ and 4 Fe3+
(c) 4 Fe2+ and 3 Fe3+
(d) 5 Fe2+ and 2 Fe3+
(e) 9 Fe2+ and 0 Fe3+
Page 4 of 28
5. Element X forms compounds with two common ions: X+ and X3+. Which group is element
X likely to be in?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 13
(d) 15
(e) 17
6. Why does a catalyst increase the rate of reaction?
(a) Decreases activation energy of the reaction

(b) Increases the temperature of the reactants
(c) Increases the concentration of the reactants
(d) Decreases the pressure of the system
(e) Decreases the surface area of the reactants
7. Acid number is a commonly used metric in the paint industry. It is defined as the mass (in
mg) of potassium hydroxide required to completely neutralise the acid in 1 g of paint.
A paint has an acid number of 185. What volume of 0.100 M KOH is required to
completely neutralise 0.5 g of that paint?
(a) 1.65 mL
(b) 3.30 mL
(c) 16.5 mL
(d) 18.5 mL
(e) 33.0 mL
8. Phosphoric acid is a triprotic acid. What mass of Ca(OH)2 would be required to neutralise
100 mL of a 1 mol L−1 solution of phosphoric acid (H3PO4)?
(a) 3.7 g
(b) 4.9 g
(c) 7.4 g
(d) 11.1 g
(e) 22.2 g
9. Consider four elements: calcium, oxygen, potassium and sulfur. What would be the correct
order if they were arranged according to increasing electronegativity?
(a) Calcium < oxygen < potassium < sulfur

(b) Calcium < potassium < sulfur < oxygen
(c) Oxygen < sulfur < potassium < calcium
(d) Potassium < calcium < oxygen < sulfur
(e) Potassium < calcium < sulfur < oxygen
Page 5 of 28
10. A diene (di-alkene) is a hydrocarbon containing two double bonds. For example,
1,3-butadiene has a double bond between the first and second carbon atoms, and another
double between the third and fourth carbon atoms. If the formula for 1,3-butadiene is C4H6,
what is the formula for 2,4-hexadiene?
(a) C6H8
(b) C6H9
(c) C6H10
(d) C6H12
(e) C6H14
11. Aqueous Fe2+ ions are readily oxidised to Fe3+ ions by oxygen gas in acidic solutions.
Consider the following relevant reduction half equations:
Fe3+(aq) + e− → Fe2+(aq)
4H (aq) + O2(g) + 4e− → 2H2O(l)
+
What chemical amount (in mol) of H2O would be produced from the reaction of 2 mol of
Fe2+ with excess oxygen under acidic conditions?
(a) 1 mol
(b) 2 mol
(c) 4 mol
(d) 8 mol
(e) 16 mol
12. Excess calcium carbonate was treated with 50 mL of 5.0 M hydrochloric acid and the mass
lost over 20 min recorded and plotted on the graph below. The experiment was then
repeated under changed conditions.
6
5
mass loss (g)
4
50 mL of 5.0 M hydrochloric acid
3
Changed conditions
2
0
0 5 10 15 20
time (min)
Which of the following could be the changed conditions?

(a) 25 mL of 5.0 M hydrochloric acid
(b) 25 mL of 10.0 M hydrochloric acid
(c) 50 mL of 2.5 M hydrochloric acid
(d) 50 mL of 10.0 M hydrochloric acid
(e) 100 mL of 2.5 M hydrochloric acid
Page 6 of 28
13. Solid carbon dioxide, also known as dry ice, sublimes to form gaseous carbon dioxide. What
type of bonding is significantly weakened because of this phase change?
(a) Covalent bonding

(b) Hydrogen bonding
(c) Ionic bonding
(d) Intermolecular forces
(e) Metallic bonding
14. Which of the following elements is a solid at room temperature?
(a) H2
(b) F2
(c) Cl2
(d) Br2
(e) I2
15. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dimerises to form N2O4, as represented by the equilibrium reaction:
2 NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g) ∆H < 0
The following graph depicts the concentration of NO2 and N2O4 gases in a closed reaction
vessel.
At t = 10 s, the equilibrium between the two species is disrupted, and a new equilibrium is
reached at t = 20. Which one of the following disruptions at t = 10 would be consistent
with the graph?
(a) Addition of only N2O4 to the reaction vessel

(b) Addition of only NO2 to the reaction vessel
(c) Decrease in volume of the reaction vessel
(d) Increase in temperature inside reaction vessel
(e) Removal of only NO2 from the reaction vessel
END OF SECTION A
SECTION B COMMENCES OVERLEAF
Page 7 of 28
SECTION B
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Question 16
Our atmosphere is made up of 4 main gases: about 78% nitrogen gas, 21% oxygen gas, less than
1% argon, and around 0.04% carbon dioxide. Recently, a planet called TCAZ1HG was discovered.
It looks similar to Earth and spectroscopic measurements revealed that its atmosphere consists of
the same four gases in Earth’s atmosphere.
(Throughout the question, air refers to the atmosphere of planet TCAZ1HG. All measurements have
been performed at the same temperature and pressure.)
A 500.0 L container filled with air weighs 23.888 kg. When the container is completely evacuated
of all air, it weighs 21.702 kg.
(a) Find the density of the air (in g L−1).
To determine the percentage by mass of oxygen gas in air, an excess of copper is added to a sealed
25.00 L container filled with air. This is heated and the oxygen reacts with the copper to form
copper(II) oxide.
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
(c) Calculate the mass of air in the container before the reaction occurred.
Page 8 of 28
Upon complete reaction, the mass of the remaining gas is found to be 72.40 g.
(d) Calculate the mass of oxygen gas that reacted with the copper.
(e) Calculate the percentage by mass of oxygen in the air.
(f) Calculate the mass of copper(II) oxide produced in this reaction.
Page 9 of 28
To determine the percentage by mass of carbon dioxide in the air, a 10.00 L sample of air is
continually bubbled through a solution of Ca(OH)2 or limewater, and a white precipitate of calcium
carbonate forms, as described by the following balanced chemical equation:
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
Once the precipitation is complete, the solid is filtered, washed and dried, and has a mass of 11.05 g.
(g) Calculate the percentage by mass of CO2 in the air.
To find the percentage by mass of N2 in the air, a 2.000 g sample of air is reacted with excess
oxygen and water at high temperature. Under these conditions, the CO2 and N2 form acids
according to the following equations:
CO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2CO3(aq)
2N2(g) + 3O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 4HNO2(aq)
The resulting acidic solution is quantitatively transferred to a 250.0 mL volumetric flask and made
up to the mark. 50.00 mL of 0.1993 M NaOH is added to 20.00 mL samples of this mixture and
reacts with the acids present. Neutralisation of the excess NaOH requires 18.36 mL of 0.2101 M
HCl.
The following balanced chemical equations represent the reactions of aqueous H2CO3, HNO2 and
HCl with the solution of NaOH:
H2CO3(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
HNO2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaNO2(aq) + H2O(l)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Page 10 of 28
(h) Calculate the chemical amount (in mol or mmol) of HCl added.
(i) Calculate the chemical amount (in mol or mmol) of NaOH that reacted with H2CO3 and HNO2.
(j) Calculate the chemical amount (in mol or mmol) of H2CO3 that will be present in a 20.00 mL
sample of the original acidic solution. (If you did not get an answer for part (g), you may assume
that the percentage by mass of carbon dioxide in the air is 10%).
Page 11 of 28
(k) Calculate the percentage by mass of N2 in the air.
The amount fraction (also known as mole fraction) is defined as the chemical amount of a substance
in a mixture (in mol) divided by the total chemical amounts of all constituents of the mixture (in
mol).
(l) Assuming that the remaining gas in the air is argon, calculate the amount fraction of argon in the
air.
Page 12 of 28
Question 17
The field of organic chemistry (or carbon chemistry) involves the study of how to transform organic
compounds into desired products. In organic chemistry, skeletal formula notation is often used to
represent carbon backbones. In this notation, bonds are represented by lines, with carbon atoms
located at the end of each line segment or meeting point of line segments. Hydrogen atoms
connected to carbon atoms are implied rather than explicitly shown.
For example:
Specific reactions can be used to transform one functional group (such as the OH group in the
structure above) into another. These reactions have been represented by numbers throughout this
question, as shown in the table below. For the sake of simplicity, we have also represented various
organic functional groups as letters of the alphabet from A to F (note that the letters B, C and F
refer to functional groups, not the respective elements boron, carbon and fluorine which they
usually denote). For your convenience, this table will be reproduced frequently in this question.
A→C
Reaction 1:
B→C
Reaction 2: A→C
A→D
Reaction 3:
C→B
Reaction 4: D→A
Reaction 5: C→E
Reaction 6: E→C
As an example, the functional group A can be converted to functional group C by either reaction 1
or 2, or to functional group D by reaction 3.
As a further example, the molecule shown on the left is converted into the molecule on the right by
reaction 3.
A D
C 3 B
B B
Page 13 of 28
A→C
Reaction 1:
B→C
Reaction 2: A→C
A→D
Reaction 3:
C→B
Reaction 4: D→A
Reaction 5: C→E
Reaction 6: E→C
(a) Draw the product of the following reactions. Note that when two reactions are written on the
same line they are applied sequentially from left to right, e.g. 1, 3 means do reaction 1, then
apply reaction 3 to the products of the previous reaction. Blank skeletal structures for the
products have been drawn for you.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Page 14 of 28
A→C
Reaction 1:
B→C
Reaction 2: A→C
A→D
Reaction 3:
C→B
Reaction 4: D→A
Reaction 5: C→E
Reaction 6: E→C
(b) Identify the reaction step(s) required to transform the reactant on the left to the product on the
right. Note that this may require the sequential application of more than one reaction.
(i) Reaction step(s):
(ii) Reaction step(s):
(iii) Reaction step(s):
(iv) Reaction step(s):
Page 15 of 28
A→C
Reaction 1:
B→C
Reaction 2: A→C
A→D
Reaction 3:
C→B
Reaction 4: D→A
Reaction 5: C→E
Reaction 6: E→C
(c) Consider the reaction scheme below, in which the product pictured on the right is synthesised
from compound V via the reactions 3, 4, 2, 5 and then 1 respectively. None of compounds V,
W, X, Y, Z are the same as each other.
(i) Sketch the structures of X, Y and Z. Blank skeletal structures have been provided for you.
X Y Z
(ii) Sketch one possible structure for V.
Page 16 of 28
(iii) How many different possible compounds could V be?
(d) In reaction 7, the functional groups B and C react in the following way:
A new chemical bond is formed between the functional group B and the carbon adjacent to the
functional group C, and B is turned into a new functional group F in the process.
(i) Draw the product of the following reaction, and label the new bond formed.
In the following reaction, the two starting materials are mixed and reactions 3, 6 and 7 are
performed sequentially on this mixture.
(ii) Draw the product of this series of reactions.
Page 17 of 28
One complication to a reaction such as this is that intramolecular reactions can occur, i.e. a reaction
between two functional groups on the same molecule, forming a ring. This will only occur if they
form 5 or 6 membered rings. Shown below is an example of an intramolecular reaction that forms a
6 membered ring with reaction 7. The atoms labelled 1 to 6 in the compound on the left correspond
to the atoms labelled 1 to 6 in the compound on the right.
(iii) Draw the product of the following reaction:
A→C
Reaction 1:
B→C
Reaction 2: A→C
A→D
Reaction 3:
C→B
Reaction 4: D→A
Reaction 5: C→E
Reaction 6: E→C
(iv) Suggest a series of reactions that would transform the reactant on the left solely into the
product on the right.
Reaction step(s):
Page 18 of 28
(v) Draw all potential products of the following reaction:
Page 19 of 28
Question 18
An important property of metallic elements is their ability to bond to one or more molecules or ions
to form metal complexes. Metal complexes may have an overall positive, negative or neutral charge
depending on the charge on the metal and which molecules or ions are bound to it. Originally, many
compounds now understood to contain metal complexes were thought of as “adducts” – compounds
consisting of two chemically distinct species in a fixed ratio. For example, CoCl3:6NH3 was thought
of as an adduct of CoCl3 and ammonia in a 1:6 ratio.
(a) What is the charge on the cobalt ion in CoCl3?
Despite appearing to consist of two pre-existing compounds in fixed ratios, these ‘adducts’ show
different reactivity from their component parts. In the late 19th century, Sophus Mads Jørgensen
investigated the reactivity of CoCl3:6NH3 with solutions of hydrochloric acid and silver nitrate.
(b) Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions:

(i) Mixing aqueous solutions of CoCl3 and AgNO3 (a precipitate of AgCl is one of the
products)
(ii) Mixing ammonia with hydrochloric acid.
Page 20 of 28
It was discovered that one mole of CoCl3:6NH3 reacted with 3 moles of AgNO3, however there was
no reaction with hydrochloric acid. Jørgensen proposed that these observations suggested that the
ammonia molecules were bonded in such a way as to be unreactive. He suggested the following
structure, claiming that ammonia could form linear chains similar to −CH2− units in hydrocarbon
chains:
Jørgensen formulated this structure well before modern theories of valence and bonding like Lewis
structures had been developed.
(iii) Draw a Lewis (or electron dot) structure for ammonia
(iv) Suggest why the structure of CoCl3:6NH3 is unlikely to consist of these ammonia
chains.
Page 21 of 28
Nevertheless, Jørgensen’s structure was consistent with the experimental evidence available at the
time. Other adducts of the form CoCl3:xNH3 were discovered, and their properties are summarised
in the following table:
Composition Colour Amount of AgNO3 (mol) required for complete reaction per mole of adduct
CoCl3:6NH3 Orange 3
CoCl3:5NH3 Pink 2
CoCl3:4NH3 Green 1
CoCl3:3NH3 Violet 0
To explain the fact that one of the chlorine atoms in CoCl3:5NH3 did not react with silver nitrate,
Jørgensen proposed the following structure, in which the “unreactive” or “masked” chlorine is
bonded directly to the metal:
(c) Draw a structure for CoCl3:4NH3 that would, according to Jørgensen’s theory, explain its
observed reactivity with silver nitrate.
Unfortunately, Jørgensen’s theory starts to break down when we consider CoCl3:3NH3. Jørgensen
proposed the following structure, in which the ammonia chain is shortened by one:
(d) Explain why Jørgensen’s structure does not agree with the experimental results above.
Page 22 of 28
Alfred Werner conducted experiments with the same series of compounds, measuring their molar
conductivities in solution (higher numbers mean greater conductivity per mole of compound
dissolved). From this he reasoned that these compounds must dissociate into different numbers of
ions in aqueous solution. Werner’s data is shown in the table below:
Composition Molar conductivity Number of ions present per formula unit

CoCl3:6NH3 431.6 4
CoCl3:5NH3 296.4 3
CoCl3:4NH3 98.35 2
CoCl3:3NH3 ? ?
(e) Explain the relationship between the conductivity of a solution and number of ions present.
(f) Notice that the data is missing for CoCl3:3NH3

(i) Predict the number of ions present in CoCl3:3NH3.
(ii) Hence, predict the molar conductivity of CoCl3:3NH3.
To rationalise both his conductivity data and Jørgensen’s data, Werner proposed that 3 of the 4 ions
in CoCl3:6NH3 correspond to Cl− ions, which would therefore be able to react with silver nitrate.
According to Werner’s theory, the ammonia and the cobalt formed a single ‘complex’ ion:
[Co(NH3)6]3+. Thus, it would be more appropriate to write the ionic formula for CoCl3:6NH3 as
[Co(NH3)6]Cl3.
According to Werner’s theory, CoCl3:5NH3 would consist of two Cl− ions and the complex ion
[CoCl(NH3)5]2+. Werner suggested that this explained Jørgensen’s observations, as only the two
ionic chlorides could react with silver nitrate, while the chloride that is directly bonded to the cobalt
would not react.
Page 23 of 28
(h) Write the formula of the complex ion in CoCl3:4NH3. Does this formula agree with Jørgensen’s
silver nitrate observations and Werner’s conductivity data? Explain you answer.
Werner conducted further experiments with other adducts and found that he could use his model of
metal complexes to explain their physical and chemical properties. The following table and graph
summarise the conductivity and reactivity with AgNO3 of a series of adducts of the form
PtCl2:xNH3. It is known that these compounds contain Pt2+.
Composition Amount of AgNO3 (mol) required for complete reaction per mole of adduct
PtCl2:4NH3 2
PtCl2:3NH3 1
PtCl2:2NH3 0
PtCl2:NH3:KCl 0
A 0
300
250
Molar conductivity (ohm-1)
200
150
100
50
PtCl2·4NH3 PtCl2·3NH3 PtCl2·2NH3 PtCl2·NH3·KCl A
Page 24 of 28
(i) Use the data above to answer the following questions. You will need to use similar reasoning to
that outlined in the earlier parts of the question.
(i) Write formulae for PtCl2:4NH3, PtCl2:3NH3, and PtCl2:2NH3 that reflect the fact that they
contain complex ions.
(ii) The concept of coordination number refers to the number of molecules or ions directly
bonded to the metal centre. For example, the ion [CoCl(NH3)5]2+ has a coordination
number of 6. What is the coordination number of this series of platinum complexes?
(iii) Based on the trend in the first three compounds, and considering the experimental data
predict the formula of the complex ion in PtCl2:NH3:KCl.
(iv) Predict the formula for A given that it contains potassium, chlorine and a Pt2+ ion
with the same coordination number as in part (ii), but contains no ammonia.
Page 25 of 28
Boiling a solution of PtCl2 in ethanol followed by the addition of potassium chloride produces
yellow crystals of a substance first isolated in the early 19th century. These yellow crystals react
vigorously with both oxygen gas and hydrogen gas but not with silver nitrate. At the time of its
discovery, elemental analysis was not possible for all elements but the following percentage
composition by mass data was found: Pt 50.46%, Cl 27.51%, C 6.21% O 4.14%, H 1.56%. Later
studies showed that the Pt2+ ion also has the same coordination number as in part (ii).
(v) Predict the formula for these yellow crystals.
Page 26 of 28
BLANK WORKING PAGE
Page 27 of 28
Integrity of Competition
If there is evidence of collusion or other academic dishonesty, students will be

disqualified. Markers’ decisions are final.
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2017 AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE OLYMPIAD EXAM

Student Name: ………………...…..…………………………………………………….

Name of School: ………………………………………….………………..State: ……...

The Australian Olympiad teams in Biology, Chemistry, Earth and Environmental

Examiners’ Use Only:

• Attempt ALL questions in ALL sections of this paper.

• Ensure that your diagrams are clear and labelled.

• All numerical answers must have correct units.

• Rough working may be done on pages 27 and 28 of this booklet.

• Data that may be required for a question may be found on page 3.

• Do not staple the multiple choice answer sheet to this booklet.

(a) 0 Fe2+ and 6 Fe3+

6. Why does a catalyst increase the rate of reaction?

(a) Decreases activation energy of the reaction

(a) Calcium < oxygen < potassium < sulfur

Which of the following could be the changed conditions?

(a) Covalent bonding

14. Which of the following elements is a solid at room temperature?

(a) Addition of only N2O4 to the reaction vessel

(a) Find the density of the air (in g L−1).

(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

(e) Calculate the percentage by mass of oxygen in the air.

(f) Calculate the mass of copper(II) oxide produced in this reaction.

Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

(g) Calculate the percentage by mass of CO2 in the air.

(ii) Reaction step(s):

(iii) Reaction step(s):

(iv) Reaction step(s):

(ii) Sketch one possible structure for V.

(ii) Draw the product of this series of reactions.

(iii) Draw the product of the following reaction:

(a) What is the charge on the cobalt ion in CoCl3?

(b) Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions:

(ii) Mixing ammonia with hydrochloric acid.

(iii) Draw a Lewis (or electron dot) structure for ammonia

Composition Molar conductivity Number of ions present per formula unit

(f) Notice that the data is missing for CoCl3:3NH3

(ii) Hence, predict the molar conductivity of CoCl3:3NH3.

PtCl2·4NH3 PtCl2·3NH3 PtCl2·2NH3 PtCl2·NH3·KCl A

(v) Predict the formula for these yellow crystals.

If there is evidence of collusion or other academic dishonesty, students will be

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