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Nuclear fallout shelter sign 䊳

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SECTION

WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO

Step-by-Step
Instruction The Threat of War

SECTION
After the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb in
1949, President Truman reported to the nation that
the nature of war had forever changed:
Objectives “[W]ar has undergone a technological change
As you teach this section, keep students which makes it a very different thing from what it
focused on the following objectives to help used to be. War today between the Soviet empire
and the free nations might dig the grave not only of
them answer the Section Focus Question and
our Stalinist opponents, but of our own society. . . .
master core content.
”
Such a war is not a possible policy for rational men.
• Describe the causes and results of the —President Harry S. Truman
arms race between the United States and
the Soviet Union. Civil defense poster 䊳

• Explain how Eisenhower’s response to

communism differed from that of Truman.
• Analyze worldwide Cold War conflicts that
erupted in Eastern Europe, the Middle
East, and other places.
The Cold War Expands
• Discuss the effects of Soviet efforts in
space exploration. Objectives Why It Matters By 1950, the United States and the Soviet Union
• Describe the causes and results of the arms were the two most powerful nations in the world. The conflicting
race between the United States and the Soviet ideologies and goals of these rival nations led to a worldwide strug-
Union. gle for influence. The policies followed by the two superpowers
Prepare to Read • Explain how Eisenhower’s response to com-
helped shape the modern history of much of the world, from Latin
America to the Middle East. Section Focus Question: What methods did
munism differed from that of Truman.
the United States use in its global struggle against the Soviet Union?
Background Knowledge L3 • Analyze worldwide Cold War conflicts that
Ask students to recall the conflicts erupted in Eastern Europe, the Middle East,
fueling the Cold War and how these and other places. The Arms Race Heightens Tensions
conflicts affected the nations of China • Discuss the effects of Soviet efforts in space A change in the balance of world power is usually gradual, taking
and Korea. Ask them to predict how exploration. place over decades or even centuries. But sometimes, the shift hap-
the proliferation of nuclear warheads pens in a blink of an eye. Such a major shift in the balance of power
will change the global Cold War picture. Terms and People in the Cold War took place on September 2, 1949. Instruments in an
arms race Nikita Khrushchev American B-29 aircraft flying over Alaska detected unusual atmo-
mutually assured nationalize spheric radiation. The radiation cloud was drifting eastward from
Set a Purpose L3 destruction Suez crisis the direction of Siberia.
쐍 WITNESS HISTORY Read the selec- John Foster Dulles Eisenhower Doctrine American nuclear scientists analyzed the data that the aircraft
tion aloud, or play the audio. massive retaliation CIA had gathered. They then reached an inescapable conclusion: The
brinkmanship NASA Soviet Union had set off an atomic bomb.
Witness History Audio CD,
The Threat of War Communist Advances Shock the Nation The news shook U.S.
Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas Identify leaders. They had believed that the Soviet Union was years away
Ask How did President Truman from developing an atomic bomb. Now, the Americans no longer had
the tactics used to wage the Cold War.
and the U.S. public feel about a monopoly on atomic weaponry.
the threat of war? (Truman and The news that the Soviets had the bomb was followed the next
the public feared that the Soviets month by news of the communist takeover of China. In a very short
Cold War
might use nuclear weapons against tactics time, Americans sensed that the world was a much more dangerous
the United States.) and threatening place.
쐍 Focus Point out the Section Focus
Question, and write it on the board.
Tell students to refer to this ques-
tion as they read. (Answer appears
with Section 3 Assessment answers.) Use the information below and the following resource to teach students the high-use word
쐍 Preview Have students preview from this section. Teaching Resources, Vocabulary Builder, p. 11
the Section Objectives and the list of High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence
Terms and People.
perpetual adj. constant; continuing without interruption
쐍 Using the Paragraph Some citizens do not believe that the perpetual threat of severe punishment
Shrinking strategy (TE, p. T20) have helps to prevent crime.
students read this section. As they
read, have students fill in the
graphic organizer identifying the
details that support the main idea
about Cold War tactics. Reading and
Note Taking Study Guide

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Nuclear Arsenals Expand Three months later, Truman ordered the Atomic
Energy Commission to produce a hydrogen bomb. Developers predicted that the
H-Bomb would be 1,000 times as powerful as an atomic bomb. They hoped it
Teach
would restore the United States advantage over the Soviets.
Some scientists, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer and Albert Einstein, opposed Vocabulary Builder The Arms Race Heightens
developing the H-Bomb, claiming it would only lead to a perpetual arms race. perpetual –(per PEHCH oo uhl)
Others argued that Stalin would continue to develop more powerful weapons no adj. constant; continuing without Tensions L3
matter what the United States did. interruption
In 1952, the United States tested the first hydrogen bomb. The next year, the Instruct
Soviets tested one of their own. More bombs and tests followed. Most of these tests 쐍 Introduce: Vocabulary Builder
were conducted aboveground, spewing radioactive waste into the atmosphere.
Have students read the Vocabulary
Atomic testing in the American west, at sites such as the Nevada desert, led to
Builder term perpetual and its defi-
increased atmospheric radiation and long-range health problems for people living
nition. What do they predict will be
downwind of the test sites.
perpetual in this section?
During the next four decades, the United States and the Soviet Union devel-
oped and stockpiled increasingly powerful nuclear weapons. They armed planes, 쐍 Teach Explain that the Soviet
submarines, and missiles with nuclear warheads powerful enough to destroy atomic bomb and the development of
each other many times over. Both sides hoped that this program of the hydrogen bomb set off the arms
mutually assured destruction would prevent either country from actually using race. Ask What two events caused
a nuclear device against the other. Still, the threat of nuclear destruction seemed U.S. citizens to feel the world
to hang over the world like a dark cloud. was a dangerous place? (news
Why did the United States government decide to build a that Soviets had the atomic bomb
hydrogen bomb? and the communist takeover of
China) What was the policy of
mutually assured destruction?
Eisenhower Introduces New Policies (It meant that both sides were so
President Dwight Eisenhower knew firsthand the horrors of war and the heavily armed that they would both
need to defend democracy. He had led the World War II Allied invasions of North be destroyed if one side used a
Africa, Italy, and Normandy. Having worked with top military and political nuclear weapon against the other.)
leaders during the war, he was capable of speaking the language of both.
쐍 Quick Activity Remind students
Eisenhower accepted much of Truman’s foreign policy. He believed strongly in
a policy to actively contain communism. Eisenhower’s secretary of state, John that the United States and the
Foster Dulles, was an experienced diplomat who had helped organize the United Soviet Union tested and stockpiled
Nations after World War II. Dulles endorsed the President’s vision of the role nuclear weapons for four decades.
the United States should play in the world. Have students debate whether or
In their approach toward foreign policy, Eisenhower and Dulles differed signif- not this policy was advantageous to
icantly from Truman and his Secretary of State, Dean these nations in the long term.
Acheson. Both teams of men considered the spread of commu-
nism the greatest threat to the free world. But Eisenhower
The Arms Race Independent Practice
believed that Truman’s approach to foreign policy had
Nuclear Warhead Proliferation
Tell students that during the Cold
dragged the United States into an endless series of conflicts
War Americans disagreed about the
begun by the Soviet Union. These limited, regional conflicts Year U.S. USSR Britain France China development of a hydrogen bomb. Have
threatened to drain the country’s resources.
1945 6 0 0 0 0 each student write two paragraphs pre-
Eisenhower Favors Massive Retaliation Eisenhower 1950 369 5 0 0 0 senting arguments for and against the
opposed spending billions of dollars on conventional forces, 1955 3,057 200 10 0 0 development of the H-bomb during this
such as troops, ships, tanks, and artillery. Instead, he focused 1960 20,434 1,605 30 0 0 time. They can use information from
on stockpiling nuclear weapons and building the planes, mis- 1965 31,642 6,129 310 4 1 the section to support each argument.
siles, and submarines needed to deliver them. He assumed that
if there were a major war, it would be nuclear. Chart Skills The chart above shows effects of the arms
Ike’s new policy drew some criticism: Conservatives felt race. How did the Soviet Union’s development of nuclear Monitor Progress
that downgrading conventional forces would weaken Ameri- weapons affect U.S. defense spending? How did As students write their arguments,
Eisenhower’s policies affect defense spending? Explain. circulate to make sure that they have
can defense, while liberals feared that preparing for nuclear
SOURCE: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists constructed a logical and clear central
argument for each side of the debate.

On Thermonuclear War In 1960, Princeton Univer- that might occur. His analysis examined deterrence
sity published a seminal work of this title by Herman and defense; attack conditions; fallout; survival; Answers
Kahn. It caused something of an uproar among both restoring the economy; and medical and genetic
It would be more powerful than the
critics and supporters of mutually assured destruction problems. Although many of his findings were grim,
atomic bomb and might give the United
because of its scientific analysis of the possible Kahn and his colleagues came reluctantly to believe
States a nuclear advantage over the
results of nuclear war. Many had concluded that that many people might survive a nuclear war and
Soviet Union.
nuclear war would result in total annihilation. Kahn that those who did might live relatively normal lives.
showed that there were many levels of devastation Chart Skills Defense spending
increased enormously. Eisenhower chose to
focus on building a nuclear arsenal rather
than conventional forces. This meant huge
spending on delivery systems such as planes
and warheads.
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war made such a war more likely. Still, Eisenhower’s approach did save money by
Eisenhower Introduces providing a “bigger bang for the buck.” In 1953, the defense budget was
$50.5 billion; in 1955, it dropped down to $35.8 billion.
New Policies L3 In 1954, Dulles announced the policy of massive retaliation. The United
States would respond to communist threats to its allies by threatening to use
Instruct crushing, overwhelming force, perhaps even nuclear weapons.
쐍 Introduce Ask students to read
the Primary Source quotation on “A potential aggressor must know that he cannot
always prescribe battle conditions to suit him. . . . The way to deter aggression is for the
this page. Have volunteers explain free community to be willing and able to respond vigorously at places and with means
in their own words what John Foster
Dulles meant.
of his choosing.”
—John Foster Dulles, 1954
쐍 Teach Describe Eisenhower’s poli- Dulles believed that only by going to the brink of war could the United States
cies of massive retaliation and protect its allies, discourage communist aggression, and prevent war. “You have
brinkmanship. Ask Why did Eisen- to take some chances for peace, just as you must take chances in war,” he said in
hower oppose spending on con- 1956. Dulles’s approach became known as brinkmanship.
ventional forces and instead
stockpile a nuclear arsenal and
delivery systems? (He assumed
that the next major war would be a
nuclear one.) In what ways was
Dulles’s policy of brinkmanship
different from Truman’s Cold
War policies? (Dulles believed that
the nation should take chances and
go to the brink of nuclear war to pro-
tect allies and discourage communist T o give their nations a military advantage, Cold War scientists
aggression. Truman had been will- rushed to invent advanced weaponry, transportation, and
ing to wage conventional war to stop communication. Inventions whose origins go back to the Cold
communists.) Using the Idea Wave War include space travel, satellites, the Internet, and more.
strategy (TE, p. T22), have students
discuss how technology developed
during the Cold War continues to
influence their lives.
쐍 Analyzing the Visuals Direct
students to the chart The Arms
Race on the previous page. Have
volunteers read aloud the number of
warheads each nation had in 1945, 䉱 5-FOOT-TALL MICROWAVE!
1955, and 1965. Then, ask students In 1946, a scientist working on
to use the information in the chart Military Technology Led
radar-related military research
to create a line graph showing noticed that the candy bar in
to These Inventions
nuclear warhead proliferation for his pocket had melted. Knowing
1946 • Microwave oven a good thing when he saw it,
the United States and Soviet Union. 1946 • Computer he eventually invented the
1948 • Hang glider “Radarange.” The early model
Independent Practice 1958 • Nuclear energy plant 䉱 MONSTER COMPUTERS! above was about 5 feet tall.
쐍 Have students study the Infographic 1960 • Communications satellite This 1946 computer calculated artillery
trajectories and other military computations.
and answer the question that accom- 1970s • Smoke detector Connect to Your World
Unlike today’s laptop, it filled an entire
panies it. 1980s • Global Positioning System room, required extensive wiring, and How did military technology indirectly
쐍 Ask students to list the key terms weighed about 30 tons. affect the way of life in American homes?
and people in this section and write
an explanation or description of
each.

Monitor Progress
Circulate to make sure that students L1 Special Needs Students L2 English Language Learners L2 Less Proficient Readers
are creating accurate definitions and
descriptions based on the information For visual learners and students who need help with basis. Ask volunteers to explain in what way the two
in this section. basic skills, direct attention to the Infographic on this images show how Cold War technology was put to
page. Remind students that this visual shows how civilian use. Ask another volunteer to read the chart
inventors used the military technology from the Cold aloud. Ask students to think of other inventions that
War to make products useful to citizens on a daily might have spun off from military technology.
Answer
Connect to Your World Military
technology spun off new inventions that
were useful in households, from microwave
ovens to smoke detectors.
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Stalin’s Death Eases Tensions On March 5, 1953, Joseph Stalin died, set-
ting off a short power struggle. Nikita Khrushchev soon emerged as the new The Cold War Goes
head of the Soviet Union. Although a communist and a determined opponent of
the United States, Khrushchev was not as suspicious or as cruel as Stalin. He
Global L3
condemned the excesses of the Stalin regime and inched toward more peaceful
relations with the democratic West. Instruct
In July 1955, Khrushchev met with Eisenhower at a conference in Geneva, 쐍 Introduce: Key Terms Ask
Switzerland. Although the meeting yielded few significant results, it did seem students to find the key terms
to be a small move toward “peaceful co-existence” of the two powers. nationalized and Suez crisis (in
How was Eisenhower’s approach to foreign affairs different bold) and explain their meaning.
from that of Truman? Have students predict what will
happen in this section.
쐍 Teach Trace the events that
The Cold War Goes Global
expanded the Cold War around the
Peaceful co-existence was easier to imagine than it was to practice. The
world. Ask Why did the United
United States and the Soviet Union remained deeply divided. The Soviet Union
States refuse to uphold its offer
would not allow free elections in the areas it controlled, and it continued to
attempt to spread communism around the world. Dulles talked about “rolling
to help Egypt build a dam? (Egypt
back” communism and liberating the countries under Soviet rule. recognized communist China, so
Eisenhower withdrew the offer.)
Unrest Explodes Behind the Iron Curtain American talk of “rolling back” What was the Eisenhower Doc-
communist borders and Khrushchev’s talk of “peaceful co-existence” were taken trine, and how did it affect the
seriously by people in Soviet-dominated countries behind the iron curtain. Peo- CIA? (The Eisenhower Doctrine said
ple in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia resented the control exerted by the that the U.S. would use military force
Soviet Union. Many hungered for more political and economic freedom. Revolt in Hungary to help nations threatened by com-
In 1956, two uprisings shook Eastern Europe. First, workers in Poland rioted Americans admired the brave men munism. It called for the use of covert
against Soviet rule and won greater control of their government. Since the and women who sacrificed their lives force as well, such as using the CIA.)
Polish government did not attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact, Soviet leaders fighting against Soviet domination in
permitted the actions. Hungary. Time magazine even chose 쐍 Quick Activity Display Color
Then, encouraged by Khrushchev’s words and Poland’s example, the Hungarian Freedom Fighter as its Transparency: Cold War Initiatives.
Hungarian students and workers organized huge demonstrations. “Man of the Year” for 1956. Use the transparency to lead a dis-
They demanded that pro-Soviet Hungarian officials be replaced, cussion about the agencies on the
that Soviet troops be withdrawn, and that noncommunist political concept web.
parties be organized. Khrushchev responded brutally, sending Color Transparencies A-111
Soviet soldiers and tanks to crush the Hungarian revolution. The
Soviets executed many of the revolution’s leaders, killed hundreds
of other Hungarians, and restored hard-line communists to power.
Americans could only watch these events in horror. Eisenhower’s
massive retaliation approach was powerless. The United States
would not use nuclear weapons—or any other weapons—to guaran-
tee Hungarian independence from the Soviet Union.
The Hungarian revolt added a new level of hostility to interna-
tional relations. At the 1956 Olympic Games, held that November
in Melbourne, Australia, the bitter feelings surfaced. A water-polo
match between the Soviet Union and Hungary turned violent.
Sportswriters called it the “blood in the water” match.

The U.S. Defuses the Suez Crisis The United States found
itself involved in another world conflict, this time in the Middle
East. As Cold War tensions increased, Egypt’s president Gamal
Abdel Nasser tried to use the U.S.–Soviet rivalry to his advantage.
Nasser wanted to construct a dam on the Nile River at Aswan.
The United States and Britain initially offered to fund the project,
but when Nasser recognized the People’s Republic of China and

L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented Students

Not all of the work of the CIA is espionage, or spying. sance satellites, long-distance photography, bugging
Much of what it and other U.S. security agencies do devices, and computer analysis. Other jobs involve
is gather intelligence to preserve U.S. security. That sorting, interpreting, and analyzing masses of print,
means CIA specialists obtain military, political, and video, and audio information. Have students learn
other types of information, usually related to other more about jobs available at the CIA and about
nations. Many jobs involve the knowledge of and the qualifications for these jobs. Have them share their Answer
use of sophisticated technology, such as reconnais- findings with the class.
Truman believed in using conventional
weapons to stop communist aggression.
Eisenhower believed that money should
be spent on the nuclear arsenal instead.
Chapter 16 Section 3 527
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opened talks with the Soviet Union, the Eisenhower administration withdrew
Independent Practice its offer. In response, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, placing it under gov-
쐍 Have students complete the note- ernment control. The canal, which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the
taking chart that traces the main Red Sea, had originally been managed by a British-French company and was
tactics of the Cold War. protected by British armed forces.
Nasser’s action threatened the flow of Middle Eastern oil to Europe. Without
쐍 Have students access Web Code consulting with Eisenhower, Britain and France plotted to get the canal back
nep-1206 to use the Geography into Western hands. They joined forces with Israel, a young nation that had long
Interactive map and then answer suffered from raids along its border with Egypt. Britain and France used the
the map skills question in their text. Suez crisis as an excuse to seize control of the Suez Canal.
President Eisenhower was outraged by these actions. Rather than support
쐍 To make sure that students under-
his Western allies, Ike criticized them and refused to supply them with U.S. oil.
stand the global impact of the Cold The three nations had counted on Eisenhower’s support, and when it did not
War, have them work in pairs or come, they were forced to withdraw their troops from Egypt.
small groups to complete the Outline
Map: Europe During the Cold War. Eisenhower Promises Strong Action In response to Soviet influence in
Teaching Resources, p. 23 the Middle East and elsewhere, the President made a statement in January
1957 that became known as the Eisenhower Doctrine. Eisenhower announced
that the United States would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation
Monitor Progress threatened by communism. Eisenhower used his doctrine in 1958 to justify
As students complete their notetaking
chart, circulate to make sure that they
understand the main tactics used in the
Cold War. For a completed version of For: Interactive map
the graphic organizer, see Note Taking Global Cold War, 1946–1956 Web Code: nep-1206
Transparencies, B-121.

GERMANY
CANADA U.K. SOVIET UNION

FRANCE
UNITED
STATES CHINA
30ºN
KOREA
Pac ific
MEXICO Atlantic VIETNAM
Ocean
Ocean
GUATEMALA PHILIPPINES
0º
Pacific
Ocean
BRAZIL
Indian
NATO Ocean
Other Western AUSTRALIA
allies
Warsaw Pact
Robinson projection
Other communist
states 0 2000 4000 mi NEW
Hot spots ZEALAND
0 2000 4000 km
120ºW 90ºW 30ºW 0º 30ºE 60ºE 90ºE 120ºE 150ºE

Map Skills
PHS—U.S. History The Cold War spread
Global Cold War World, 1946–1956
1. Region Identify a region where 2. Compare How was Latin America
globally
10.11.04
as the United States and the there were many Cold War hot spots. important to the United States in the
Soviet Union formed alliances and Why do you think there were so same way that Eastern Europe was
competed for power around the world. many conflicts in that region? important to the Soviet Union?
NATO and the Warsaw Pact were the
two strongest alliances.

L1 Special Needs Students L2 English Language Learners L2 Less Proficient Readers

Organize students into pairs. Have each pair construct Cold War goes global—and determine the support-
Answers a concept map to show the events and ideas that ing events or ideas. Then, have them use their con-
raised tensions and caused the Cold War to become cept maps to discuss in what ways each event or idea
Map Skills global. Students should note the main idea—the added to the tension of the Cold War.
1. There are hot spots from Eastern Europe to
the Mediterranean. All these places are in
close proximity to the Soviet Union, which
sought to increase its power.
2. Latin America was allied with the United
States and balanced the alliances between
Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
528 The Cold War
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sending troops to Lebanon to put down a revolt against its pro-

American government.
The Eisenhower administration also used the Central Intelligence
Assess and Reteach
Agency (CIA) in its struggle against communism. Congress had cre-
ated the CIA in 1947 as an intelligence-gathering organization. Assess Progress
Eisenhower gave it a new task. He approved covert, or secret, CIA 쐍 Have students complete the Section
operations to protect American interests. In 1953, the CIA aided a Assessment.
coup that installed a new government in Iran. In 1954, it accom-
plished a similar mission in Guatemala. While both operations 쐍 Administer the Section Quiz.
helped to place anticommunist leaders in power, they also created Teaching Resources, p. 27
long-term resentment against the United States. 쐍 To further assess student under-
The Cold War Blasts Off Into Space Although the United States standing, use Progress Monitoring
successfully contained the spread of communism on the ground, it did suffer a Transparencies, 117.
setback in outer space. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched a 184-
pound steel ball containing a small transmitter into an orbit of Earth. The Sovi- Reteach
ets named the tiny satellite Sputnik 1. The following month they launched a
If students need more instruction,
much larger satellite. It carried a dog, named Laika, to see how a living creature
have them read the section summary.
would react to life in outer space. Since there was no way to return the satellite
Russians Succeed in Space
to Earth, Laika died in orbit.
The dog Laika, aboard Sputnik 2, Reading and Note Taking L3
The launches shocked many Americans, who had long believed that superior was the first living creature to orbit Study Guide
technology would keep the United States ahead of the Soviet Union. Would Earth. He was hailed as a Soviet hero.
Soviet space technology give them the rocket power to launch missiles onto Adapted Reading and L1 L2
American cities? Note Taking Study Guide
In a state of crisis, Congress quickly approved the National Defense Educa- Spanish Reading and L2
tion Act, a $1 billion program intended to produce more scientists and teachers Note Taking Study Guide
of science. The act authorized money for loans to enable high school and college
graduates to continue their education in science. In addition, Congress created
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to coordinate the Extend L4
space-related efforts of American scientists and the military. See this chapter’s Professional Devel-
opment pages for the Extend Online
How did the Hungarian and Suez crises of 1956 raise Cold War
activity about Cold War crises.
tensions?

Answer
SECTION

3 Assessment Progress Monitoring Online

For: Self-test with vocabulary practice
Web Code: nea-1207
Americans and their allies were horrified
by Soviet brutality toward the Hungari-
ans, and Egypt’s nationalization of the
Suez canal and its recognition of com-
Comprehension 2. Reading Skill: Critical Thinking munist China provoked fears about los-
1. Terms For each term below, write a Identify Main Ideas Use your 4. Identify Point of View Do you think ing oil supplies.
sentence explaining its importance to completed charts to answer the Section that the massive retaliation policy
the United States during the Cold War. Focus Question: What methods did the favored by John Foster Dulles success-
• arms race United States use in its global struggle fully deterred the Soviet Union? Explain
• mutually assured destruction against the Soviet Union? your answer.
• massive retaliation Writing About History 5. Contrast How were the covert opera-
• brinkmanship tions of the CIA in Guatemala and Iran
• Eisenhower Doctrine 3. Quick Write: Identify Sources
different from the military operations of
Identify two sources you might use to
the United States Army in Korea?
find answers to research questions
about the arms race. One source should 6. Demonstrate Reasoned
be a book from your school or public Judgment Were Americans justified
library. The other should be a reliable in being alarmed when the Soviets
site on the Internet. launched Sputnik 1? Explain.

Section 3 Assessment 3. Students’ sources should meet the crite- 6. Sample response: Probably. Citizens
ria set in the assignment. Review with feared that the Soviets would arm orbit-
1. Sentences should reflect an understand- students how to choose reliable Internet ing missiles with nuclear warheads that
ing of each listed term. sites. would be able to destroy U.S. targets
2. During the Cold War, the United States 4. Answers should include logical reasons, more quickly. If they had first-strike
agreed with the policy of mutually evidence, and/or examples. capability, they might use it, and the doc-
assured destruction, in which it prom- trine of mutually assured destruction
5. The covert operations were conducted in
ised to retaliate fully if attacked by would be null.
secrecy and without debate among U.S.
nuclear weapons. It used the policy of
citizens. Military operations in Korea
brinkmanship to protect allies and dis-
were undertaken openly and in the full
courage communist aggression. Under
view of public disclosure and discussion.
the Eisenhower Doctrine, the United For additional assessment, have students access
States agreed to use force to help any Progress Monitoring Online at Web
nation threatened by communism. Code nea-1207.

Chapter 16 Section 3 529