P-BLOCK ELEMENTS

P-BLOCK ELEMENTs

Conceptual Part (Compounds of P-block)

Back Bonding Allotropes 13 group- Borax, H,BO,, B,H, Alum 16 group-O, O,, H,S, SO,, H,SO,
Inert pair effect Silicate / Silicones 14 group-C0, CO,, carbides 17 group- X,, Cl,. HCI, CaOCI,
Hydrolysis Bleaching Agent 15 group-N, NH,, Oxides, HNO,. 18 group- Xenon fluorides
Oxyacids PH,. PCI,, PCI, oxides

Back bonding:Coordinate type n bond. Condition for formation of back bonding

BACK If coordinate type n bond get form between One species must have lone pair.
BONDING central atom & bonded atom of a molecule it is another species must have vacant orbital
known as back bonding. size of atom should be srmall.

(Eg. 1 Back bonding in Boron Trihalide Eg. 2 Exhibit resonance in Back bond
X

-Pr-Pr back
bonding
X-F, CI, Br, I
X’ Contain Ip --donar
X
B’ Contain vacant orbital -acceptor
Resonanc
hybrid

|Extent of back bonding BF, > BCI, >BBr,> BI, Lewis acid strength BE, < BCI, < BBr, < BI,
2p-2p 2p-3p 2p 4p 2p-5p

Few more examples of back bonding

1. Shape of trimethyl amine pyramidal while 2. Lewis base 3. Bond angle of (CH,),0 is
shape of trisillyl amine is triangular planar. strength very less than (SiH,),0

pyramidal SiH, ÑNCH), > ÑNSiH),

+back bond Ip involve in
CÁ, 1 CH, back bonding| CH, CH, Sif, SiH,
H,bond due to
No backorbng SiH, SiH, No back bonding back bond effect of p
: No vacant orbital bond angke ‘
no vacant carbon Trigonal Planar

Some heavy metallic elements of P.

mgubshell ol
electron pair of
valence shell is reluctant to
block exhibit higher stability in lower
INERT oxidation state in comparisons of
TI">T" participate during chemical
their group oxidation state it is due to
Pb> Pb combination, it is known as inert
PAIR Bi> Bis pair & this effect is known as inert
inert pair effect.
EFFECT pair effect.

It is due to higher amount of energy required for this electron pair removal which
is not compensated by bond formation energy.
Generaly in oxide & fluorides inert pair effect becomes non-effective (due to higher bond energyl
TICl exist but not TICI, due to inert Order of stability of oxidation state
Pbl, exist but not Pbl, B*" >A"> Ga'> In> TI
pair effect B < Al' < Ga' < In'< TI'
BiCl, exist but not BiCI, C < Si <Gu <Sn <P
HYDROLYSIS
Hydro - Water
Break down of a molecule through water and formation of new product is known as hydrolysis.
lysis break down
oIt is nucleophilic substitution reaction.

o HØH + MXH--M-X M-OH+ HX

molecule Intermediate Product

extent of hydrolysis c covalent character. 15th Group Halides

ordinary
BeCl, + 2HOH ’ Be(OH), + 2HCI BE, + 3HOH ’ BÊOH), + 3HF NF, + HOH conditions No hydrolysis
3BF, + 3HF ’ 3H (BFJ NCI, + HOH NH, + 3HOCI
BCI, + 3HOH ’ B(OH), + 3HCI
4BF, + 3H,0’ 3H[BFJ HPO, + 3HCI
PCI, + HOH
AICI, + 3HOH ’ AlOH), + 3HCI (partially hydrolysis)
AsCl, + HOH As(OH), + 3HCI
SiCI, + 4HOH ’ Si(OH), + 4HCI Similarly
or SiO, SiF, + 4HOH’Si(OH), + 4HF SbCl, + HOH SbOCI + 2HCI
SF, + H,0’ No hydrolysis (partial hydrolysis)
due to crowding 2SiF, + 4HF ’ H(SiFJ
BiCl, + HOH BiOCI + 2HCI
ordinary
CCl, + HOH conditions No hydrolysis hydrolysis followed by (partial hydrolysis)
Lewis acid-base reaction. PCL, + HOH POCI, +H,PO,
Carbon No vacant orbital. partial completely

Hydrolysis of higher covalent Hydrolysis of Interhalogen Compounds

character containing salt AX + HOH HX + HOA
Be,C + 4HOH ’ 2Be(OH), + CH, AX, + HOH 3HX + HAO,
HX Hydrohalic acid
Mg.C, + 4HOH 2Mg(OH), + C,H, HOA, HAO, HAO, HAO,
AX, + HOH 5HX + HAO,
CaC, + 2HOH Ca(OH), + CH, oxyacid of halogen
AX, + HOH + 7HX + HAO,
Al,C, + 12HOH ’ 4Al(OH), + 3CH,
Mg.N, + 6HOH ’ 3Mg(OH), + 2NH, Some specific hydrolysis
AIN + 3HOH + Al(OH), + NH,
XeF, on, Xe + 2HF + O,
Ca,P, + 6HOH 3Ca(OH), + 2PH,
LiH + HOH
6XeF, "on 4Xe +2XeO, + 24HF + 30,
LiOH+H,
CaH, + 2HOH ’ Ca(OH), + H, XeF, n, 2HF + XeOF, hon 2HF +XeO,F, 2HF + XeO,
partial partial complete
 Element Oxide Oxyacid Basicity
(OxY-ACIDs 1 Boron B,O, B(OH), Not protonic acd
monobaic Lewis acid
boric acid
2Carbon CO, H,CO, Two
"Mainly oxy-acids are hydroxide of Non-metal oxides. carbonic aci
No. of H ion furnish by an oxyacid is knoun as their basicity. 3 Nitrogen H,N,O,
Hyponitrous acid
Oxyacid oblained by dissolving non-1netal oxide in water. HNO.
Eg. CO, + HOH ’ H,CO, or OCOH), Nitrous acid
Here : CO, ’ Non metal oxide - Anhyiride of carbonic acid| HNO.
Nitric acid
OCOH), ’Oxyacid HNO,
" NO, Mixed anhydride Pernitric acid
4 Phosphorus H,PO,
it gives HNO, & HNO, Hypophosphorus acid
Oxide Acid H,PO,
Phosphons ackd

"N,O, ’ HNO, Nitrous acid H,PO,

Nitric acid Ortho phosphoric acid
"N,0, +HNO, HPO,
" P.0, + H,PO, - Phosphoric acid Order of acidic strength Meta phosphoric acid
H,PO,> H,PO, > HP0, H,P,0,
"SO, HSO, Sulphurous acid Pyrophosphorus acid
SO, H,SO, Sulphuric acid Reducing nature H,P,0,
"Ci,0,* HCIO, Perchloric acid H,PO,> H,PO,> HP0, Pyrophosphonc acid
H,P,0,
"Oxyacids of differernt elements Hypophosphoric acid

OxYACIDS OF SULPHUR
1. Sulphurous acid - H,SO, OxYACIDS OF HALOGEN (CI)
1. Hypochlorous acid- HCIO
2. Sulphuric acid - H,So, 2. Chlorous acid - HCIO,
3. Thiosulphuric acid - H,s,0, 3. Chloric acid - HCIO,
4. Peroxymonosulphuric (Caro's acid) - H,SO, (Peroxide bond) 4. Perchloric acid - HCIO,
5. Peroxydisulphuric acid (Marshal's acid) - H,S,O, (Peroxide bond)
6. Pyrosulphurous acid -HS,0, - (SS linkage) Order of acidic strength
7. Pyrosulphuric acid -H,S,0, (S-OS linkage) HCIO <HCIO, < HCIO, <HCI0,
8. Thionus acid - Hs,0,
Oxidising nature
9. Thionic acid - HS,0,
10. Polythionus acid - H{S),0, (S-S linkage) HCIO > HCIO, > HCIO, > HCIO,
11. Polythionic acid - HS),0,(S-S linkage)

Those substance which are made up of same elements but having different bonding arrangement
are known as allotropes & this phenomenon known as allotropy.
ALLOTROPY Those elements which exhibit higher tendencyof catenation exhibit higher tendency of allotropy.
Therefore carbon, phosphorus &sulphur exhibit maximum allotropy.
ALOTROPES OF CARBON
DIAMOND GRAPHITE FULLERENE
Csp, tetrahedral structure Hexagonal layer structure Latest discovered allotrope of carbon it
CC bond length 1.54 ¢ All sp hybrid carbon is found in chimney sooty particle.
Compact 3 dimensional structure Unhybrid orbital electron form It containCCgo C:sp' hybrid
Hardest substance -bond. This -bond exhibit Contain pentagon & hexagonal structure
Very high mp (- 3400C) resonance and due to Cuo: Buckminster fullerene soccer ball (football)
Very high density resonance there is mobility of or bucky ball.
Non conductor electrons and it becomes Cuo: 20 hexagon rings
Very high refractive index 122pentagotrings
carbon
conductor of electricity. Purest
Exhibit total internal reflection
Shines brighty in light No dangling bond
 ALLOTROPES OF PHOSPHOROUS
(a) white phosphorous (b) Red phosphorous (c) Black phosphorous
White phosphorous Red Phosphorous
Waxy solid Brittle powder
Poisonous Non poisonous
Soluble in CS,, Insoluble in water Insoluble in water & CS,
Monomer of P, Polymer of P,
Highly reactive due to bond angle strain More stable than white phosphorous
It glows in dark due to slow oxidation (phosphorescence) It does not glow in dark
It gives phosphine (PH) on reaction with NaOH It gives hypo phosphoric acid on
reaction with NaOH

Order of stability or MP or density ’ white < red < black

803K
Red Phosphorous a-Black Phosphorous
high P

573Kinert
medium

473K
White Phosphorous B-Black Phosphorous
high P

ALLOTROPES OF SULPHUR

Crystalline Amorphous
Rhombic sulphur (a-s) Milk of sulphur
most stable form Plastic sulphur (r-S)

Monoclinic sulphur (B-S) Colloidal sulphur

>95.6C
a-S B-S H,S + 2HNO, +S +2NO, + 2H,0
95 RA OA
Redox

95.6°C = transition Temp.

both are soluble in CS,
but insoluble in water

(a)density of aS > BS (b)Both are puckered crown shape having S, units

(c) S, is paramagnetic sulphur which exist in vapour form at high temperature. (d)S, is chair form of S
Effect of S95.5°C,S119C s.130-200°C Viscosity of >200C Viscosity
Temperature liquid increase decrease
 COMPOUNDS OF P-BLOCK
13h GROUP : BORON FAMLY
BORAX (Na,B,0,.10H,0)
BORAX Hydrolysis of borax
Na,B,O, + 7H,0 2NaOH + 4HBO,
Na,[B,0,(0H),J.8H,0 alkaline solution
OH
+ Borax bead test for transition metal cations form
colored transition metal meta borate
Na. OH B -OH8H,0
Na,B,0, 10H,0 10H.0* Na,B,O, 740"CTrannarent
A
NaBO, + B,0,
borax çlesay mass
ÓH
Cr Mn Fe Co
NaBO, + B,0, + Cu Cu(BO),
Ni Cu Transition Copper meta
Green pink Green Blue Brown | Blue metal cation borate blue color

DIBORANE (B,H) low temnp

Reaction with NH,. B,H.2NH,
high
() 3Mg + 2B+Mg,B, "BH Lewis acid temp +(BN), Boraone
H ratio 1.2[BH,(NH)
150°C (MOP).
(i) B,O, + 3H, + 2Al (B,H,) [BHJ
H H B,H,+Al,0, high
temp
dimer due to formation of
3 centre-2e-bond (ii) 2BF, + 6NaH oo BH, + 6NaF B,N,H,
(iv) NaBH,+1, B,H,+2Nal+H, borazine
Reaction with
H
amine (Me,N)
Me,N+BH,
adduct

Borazole H lsoelectronic & Isostructural with benzene

or Borazine
:: Iit is called as Inorganic Benzerne
B,N,H, -H
Inorganic
Benzene

ORTHOBORIC ACID H,BO, or B(OH),|

Monobasic Lewis acid
From Borax : BIOH), + HOHB(OH)J + H
Na,B,0, + H,SO, + H,o MOP
’ Na,SO, + 4H,BO, Properties + Action of heat
B(OH), Tetraboric
100°c
From Colemanite: H,BO HBO °0H.B,O,
Ca,B,O,, + 4S0, + 1lH,0 H,0 meaboric
’ 2Ca(HSO), + 6H,BO,
B,0,
borontrioxide

Reaction with alcohol

(Test of boric acid)
H,B0, + 3C,H,OH+B(OC,H)+3H,0
Triethyl borate
green edged flame
 13" GROUP : BORON FAMILY
ALUMS IM,SO,.M,(SO,),.24H,0)
Alums are the double Soda alum
salts of Type Na,SO,Al(s0),24H,0o ag. solution acidic
[M,SO,.M,(SO,),24H,oj Potash alum
+ Coagulant
M: Monovalent Cation: KSO,Al(SO), 24H,04anpAumproperties
Na', K, Rb', Cs, NH, Mordant for dyeing
Ammonium alumn
M: Trivalent cation Tanning of leather
A, Fe & Cr
(NH)SO, Al(SO),24H,0

14h GROUP : CARBON FAMILY

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO]
Colorless odourless, tasteless,, neutral, poisionous gas
CE0
By dehydration of formic acd +Complexing agent
and oxalic acid Ni + 4CONi(CO),
HCOOHon
HSO,
CO + H,0 MOPoproperties
Reducing agent
FeO + CO+Fe + CO,
ÇOOH Conc.
coOH HSo,* CO +Cco,+H,0 ZnO + CO+Zn + Co,
Combustion
By incomplete combustion
CO + ½0,+Co,
C+½0C0 blue lame
dry air
CO + N, Producer gas
By passing air on red hot coke moist air, co+N.+H, semi water gas
water vapour co+ H, water gas or
synthesis gas

CARBON D-OXIDE [0-C-0) sp hybridised, acidic, green house gas partially soluble in water
excess
Acidic Test of CO, Co,
NaOH + CO,Na,CO, Lime water +Ca(OH),+CO,CaCo,
milky white HOH Ca(HCO,),
colorkess
ppt
Dry lce Solid CO0,
H,0+C0,HCO, CO
H,CO,H+HCO,
solubility + In fire extinguishers
HCO, H+C0 in water

CARBIDES
Binary compounds of carbon with other elements (except hydrogen) are known as carbides
CARBIDES

lonic Carbide Covalent Carbide Interestial Carbides

C+ higher electropositive element C+ Non-metals C+ transition metals
(IA, IA & Al (ike B & S)
Eg. Be,C. Mg,C,, Al,C,. CaC, Eg. B,C. SiC Eg. : TiC, WC
 COMPOUNDS OF NITROGEN FAMILY
AMMONIA (NH,) Colorless, Pungent Smell, basic in nature liquified easily, uses as coolant
Preparation 4NH, + 30,>N,+6H,0
(i) 2NHCl + Ca(OH),’CaC, + 2NH, + 2H,0 MOP 4NH, +50, PRh>4NO + 6H,O
(ii) Mg,N, +HOH’ Mg(OH), + 2NH, NH, \propenee 1100K Ostwald's
8NH,
excess
+ 3CI, ’ 6NH,CI+N, roces
Manufacturing Haber Process +
NH,+3CI,’ NCI, + 3HCI
N,+3H, S750K 2NH, + 24KCal excess

200-300atm

NITRICACID (HNO,)
HNO3, nitric acid was earlier called as aqua Concentration
of nitric acid Metal Main products
fortis (meaning strong water). It usually acquires
yellow colour. due to its decomposition by sunlight Mg. Mn H,+ metal nitrate
into NO,. Very Dilute HNO, Fe. Zn, Sn NHNO,+ metal nitrate

Method of preparation Cu, Ag. Hg No reaction

Ostwald process: Dilute HNO, Fe, Zn N,O + metal nitrate

Pt/Rh 4HO + 6H,0 |Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, Ag NO + metal nitrate
4NH,, + 5Oz500K. 9bar NO: + HSnO3
Conc. HNO, Sn
2NO +O, 2NO, (Metastannic acid)
3NO, + H,0’ 2HNO, +NO, Conc. HNO, Fe. Co, Ni, Cr, AI rendered passive
(aq.)
recycled

PHOSPHINE (PH)
Preparation : Physical properties :
(i) Ca,P, + 6H,0 3Ca(OH), + 2PH, Colourless gas having smell of garlic or rotten fish,
(G) PH| +NaOHNal +HO+PH, slightly soluble in water and slightly heavier than air.
Laboratory preparation: Chemical properties :
P, + 3NaOH + 3H,0+3NaH,PO, + PH, (6) 2PH: + 402> P:Os + 3HO
Uses :
() 4PH, 713K P, +6H,
As Holime's signals in deep seas and oceans.
For the production of smoke screens. (ii) PH3 + 4ClhPCL + 3HCI

PHOSPHORUS HALIDES Preparation :

P, +10CI +4PCI, PCI,) Structure:
Phosphorus form two types of halides, phosphorus PC, + CIh + PCI
trihalides, PX, and phosphorus pentahalides,
P, + 108O,CI,’4PC,+10SO,
PX, (X = F, CI, Br). 2
Properties
Preparation : Pale yellow crystalline solid.
p120
P,+ 6Cl,4PCI, PCI, Structure:
In solid state it exists as (PCIJ'|PC,J. 240 pm
Properties: It sublimes on heating.
PCI, + 3H,OHPO, +3HCI PCL het PCI, +Cl,
2PCI, + O, +2POCI, CI
C partial
PCI, + CI, PCI, PCL +H.Oydroi POC, +2HCIHO, H,PO, +5HCI
 +M.Nitrate
+
N,0
+
+M.Nitrate
NO

Zn.Sn
’NHNO,

H,
Mg’
above
H
Metal M.Nitrate
+
NO,
H
Below
-NH,CI
+
N, -NCI Mn, Fe,
+
HCI
+

eXcess dil
V. HNO,
excess
NH, COnC.

AglAg(NH),|CI
+(Cu(NH),J*less Fe,O,,xH,0
Colour
dil
ON,
+H,0 HONH,0H Brown
Blue Metal
compounds
Cu? FeCl,
HNO,| Metalloid
Ostwald
process Non+
metal

its
anion
SO,)
(X,
OH,CO,,
& NO,
N oxidising NH,CONH,
of NH, +
acid
Reaction non ic
with
HOH
Metal
nitride H, +
NaNO,
NH,CI
(NHJCr,0,

Ba(N).
 STRUCTURE OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS
Oxide of Nitrogen |Oxid. Physical Structure Structure of phosphorus trioxide (P,0)
state appearance

N,O nitrous oxide +1 Colourless gas N=N’O

NO Nitric oxide +2 Colourless gas N=0

N,O, Dinitrogen trioxide +3 Blue colour solid

Structure of phosphorus pentaoxide (P,0,)
N,0, Dinitrogen tetraoxide +4 Colourless solid

NO, Nitrogen dioxide +4 Brown gas

N,0, Dinitrogen pentaoxide +5 Colourless solid

GROUP 16 ELEMENTS
HYDRIDES

(All theseelements form stable hydrides of the type H_M

2H, + O, H0
FeS + H,S0,’HS + FeSO,
Na,Se + H,S0,HSe + Na,SO,

HO is a liquid due to hydrogen bonding. Others Compound: H,0 > HS > H,Se > HTe
Bond angle: 104.5° 92.5° 91° 90
are colourless gases with unpleasant smell.
(all sp² hybridised)
The weakening of M-Hbond with the inCrease in the SO, is a gas, sp² hybridised and planar in nature.
size of M (not the electronegativity) explains the
increasing acidic character of hydrides down the group. 1pr-pr
Halldes :All these elements form a number of 2pr -dr
halides. The halides of oxygen are not very stable.
Selenium does not form dihalides.
e.g. OF,, C;O,, ;0,, etc.
Oxides :Oxides of other elements are as follows:
Element Monoxide Diaoxide Trioxide In solid state it exists as a cyclic trimer (S0,),.
SO SO, SO, a-form or as linear cross-linked sheets, B-form.
Se SeO, SeO,
Te TeO TeO,
sp'
TeO, sp S=O bond >6
Po PoO PoO,
SO, is a gas having sp² hybridisation and V-shape S-0-Sbond ’ 3
[lpr- pr
a-form
 OXYGEN (0,) OZONE (0)
O Preparation : By action of heat on oxygen rich O Preparation:
compounds: " Lab method :
Eextx
From oxides :
30, dech20.(AH = +ve)
2Hg O 2Hg +0, O Propertles : Pale blue gas with characteristic strong
From peroxides : smell, slightly soluble in water but more soluble in
turpentine oil or glacial acetic acid.
2Na,O, + 2H,0’O, + 4NaOH " Decomposition:
2BaO, 2BaO+0, 20, 53K 30, +68kcal
From decomposition ofcertain compounds
" Oxidising action:
2KCIO, MO,’ 2KCI + 3O. 0,0, + 0
PbS + 40 ’PbSO,
2KNO, +2KNO, + 30, Reducing action:
O Chemical properties : On heating it combines H,0, + 0,H0 +20,
directly with metals and non-metals, causing oxidation. BaO, + O, BaO+ 20,
C+0, O Ozone reaction:
S+0, ’ SO, (i) Taling of Mercury:
Pb + O,PbO, 2Hg + O,’Hg,0 + O,
2CH,OH +0,’2HCHO + 2H,0 (iü) Estimation of Ozone:
O Uses : 2KI + H,0+0,’0, + 1, + KOH
L NS9, SHO2Nal + Na,S,O,
" When mixed with He or CO, it is used for artificial
respiration. O Uses:
In welding and cutting. Bleaching ivory. flower, delicate fabrics, etc.
" As a fuel in rockets. As germicide and disinfectant, for sterilising water.
Manufacture of KMnO, and artificial silk.
SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO)
Preparation :
By heating suiphur in air. S+0,So,
Lab method:
By heating Cu with conc. H,SO,.
Cu + 2H,SO, CuSo, + SO, +2H,0
Properties :
As reducing agent :
SO, + 2H,0H,SO, + 2HCI
2KM
5S0, + 2H,0 ’KSo, + 2MnSO, + 2H,SO,
As oxidising agent :
2H,S + SO, 2H;O + 3s
Bleaching action:
Its bleaching action is due to reduction.
SO, + 2H,0’H,So, + 2H
Coloured matter +HColourless matter.
2(Nascent hydrogen)
Uses :
In the manufacture of sulphuric acid,sulphites and hydrogen sulphide.
Asa disinfectant and fumigate.
For bleaching delicate articles.
 SULPHURIC ACID (H,SO,)
It is also known as oil of vitriol and king of chemicals.
GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
OManufacture ofsulphuricacid : O Reactivity : Al halogens are chemicaly very reactive
Lead chamber process: elements. This is due to their low dissociation energy
and high EN. Fluorine is the most reactive and iodine
The various stepsinvolved are: is the least reactive halogen.
" Contact process: OOxidising power : F is the most oxidising element
Step involved due to high hydration enthalpy.
(a) Production of SO, F, >a, > Br, > 1,
S+ O, sO, HYDROGEN HALIDES
M.Sulphide + O, SO, Bond strength, bond length and thermal stability:
(b) Conversion of SO, to SO, Since size of hakbgen atom increases from F to I down
the group, bond length of H - Xbond increases down
SO,0, V.O,SO, the group.
.. reactivity and acidic character ‘.
(c) SO, + HS0,HS,0,oleum
HF < HCI < HBr < HI.
H,S,0, +H,0. ’2H,S0,
Bond strength order
O Properties : Its specific gravity is 1.8 and it is 98% HF > HCl > HBr > HI.
by weight. Bond energy order
" It is strong dibasic acid. HF > HCl > HBr > HI.
H,SO, 2H* +S02 REDUCING CHARACTER:
" It acts as an oxidising agent. The reducing character of hydrogen halides increases
down the group as
H,so,’H0 + SO, +0
Non metals are oxidised to their oxides and metak HF < HCI < HBr < HI.

to the coresponding sulphates. 2HX ’H + X,

C+ 20C0, Aless thermally stable compound has more tendency
" Dehydrating agent: It is strongly dehydrating in to release hydrogen easily and show greater reducing
nature. property.
|OXIDES :
CH,0,, Hso’ 12C + 11H,0
(Charring of sugar)
F0F OF,
O Uses:
Br’ Br,0, Br,0, Br,0,
" In lead storage batteries.
" In manufacture of paints and pigments. I’0,1,0, 1,0, 1,0, lonic)
" In metallurgy for electrolytic refining of metals. Stability:
I> Cl>Br (Middle row anomaly)
 CHLORINE (CI) HYDROCHLORIC ACID, (HCI)

O Preparation : By oxidation of conc. HCI. O Preparatlon : By dissoving hydrogen chloride gas in

water. Hydrogen chloride gas required in turn can be
PbO, + 4HCI’PbC, + 2H,0 + C prepared by the folkowing methods:
2KMnO,+ 16HCI ’ 2KCl+2MnCl, +8H,0+5C4, " By the direct combination of hydrogen and chlorine.
O Manufacture:
Ha + Clg Sulglt, 2HCI
Weldon's process :By heatingg pyrolusite with conc. HCI.
" Hydrogen chloride gas can also be obtained by
MnO, + 4HCI’ MnCl, +2H,0 +C, burning hydrogen in chlorine.
O Properties : It isa yellowish green gas, poisonous in " By heating halld with conc. H,SO,
nature, soluble in water. Its aqueous solution is known NaCl + H,SO, ’NaHSO, + HCI
as chlorine water which on careful cooling gives NaHSO, + NaCl ’Na,SO, + HCI
chlorine hydrate Cl,.8H,0. Imp. Polnts :
Bleaching action and oxidising property " HClcannot be dried by P,0, or quick lime.
(i) CL, + H,0’ HOCI + HCI CaO + 2HCI’CaCl, + H,
HOCI- ’ HCI + (OJ P,o,, + 3HCIPOC, + 3HP0,
Coloured matter + nascent [O] ’ Colourless matter " Reducing property :
HCl is a strong reducing agent.
The bleaching action of chlorine is permanent and is
due to its oxidising nature. MnO, + 4HCI ’ MnCl, + 2H,0+C,
O Uses:
(i) SO, + C, + 2H,0HSO, + 2HCI " In the production of dyes, paints, photographic
Oxidising behaviour of Ci, chemicals, etc.
" Used in the preparation of chlorides, chlorine, aqua
Clh regia, etc.
Fe* +Fe " Used as a laboratory reagent.

So, SO, (INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS

+HIO, OThese compounds are regarded as halides of more
electropositive (i.e. less elecronegative) halogens.
Br1 Br,/1, O Types of interhalogen compound
CI
AB type : CIE BrF;, BrCI, ICI, IBr
AB, type : CIF, BrF, IC,
Addition reactions: AB, type : Brf, IF,
AB, type :IF,
So, + Cl,So,Ci, USES OF INERT GASES :
CO + Cl,cOcI, (1) He is non-inflammable and light gas, so it is used
O USES : in filing balloons for meteorological observations.
It is used as a 2) He is used in gas cooled nuclear reactorS.
(3 Liquid He is used as cryogenic agent.
(i) bleaching agent
(4) He is used to produce powerful superconducting
disinfectant magnets.
(ii) in the manufacture of CHCI,, CC,, DDT, (5 Ne is used in discharge tubes.
bleaching powder, poisonous gas phosgene (COCL,). (6 Ar is used as inert atmosphere in metallurgical
tear gas (CCI,NO,) and mustard gas (CIC,H,SC,H,CI). process.
(7 Xenon and Krypton are used in light bulbs
designed for special purposes.
(8) He is used as a diluent for oxygen in modem diving
apparatus due to its very low solubility in blood.