As4773.2 - 2011

AS 4773.
2—2010
AS 4773.2—2010
Australian Standard®
Masonry in small buildings
Part 2: Construction
Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE LIBRARY on 23 Apr 2012
This Australian Standard® was prepared by Committee BD-097, Masonry Construction—
Small Buildings. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 9
September 2010.
This Standard was published on 13 December 2010.
The following are represented on Committee BD-097:
• Association of Consulting Engineers Australia

• Australian Building Codes Board
• Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
• Australian Industry Group
• Australian Institute of Building Surveyors
• Building Designers Association of Australia
• Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia
• Think Brick Australia
• Concrete Masonry Association of Australia
• Engineers Australia
• Galvanizers Association of Australia
• Housing Industry Association
• Masonry Contractors Association of NSW
• Master Builders Australia
• NSW Department of Commerce
• University of Newcastle
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 04510.
Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that
contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the
Committee and through the public comment period.
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published since the Standard was published.
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be found by visiting www.standards.org.au
Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to

notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at
mail@standards.org.au, or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.
AS 4773.2—2010
Australian Standard®
Originated as part of AS 3700—2001.

AS 3700—2001 revised, in part, and designated AS 4773.2—2010.
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia Limited
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright Act 1968.
Published by SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited, GPO Box
476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 978 0 7337 9744 6
AS 4773.2—2010 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee BD-097, Masonry
Construction—Small Buildings, to supersede, in part, AS 3700—2001.
The objective of this Standard is to provide simplified details for use by builders for the
construction of masonry in small buildings such as houses and garages.
This Standard is intended as a companion document to AS 4773.1, Masonry in small
buildings, Part 1: Design.
The Committee acknowledges valuable assistance given by organizations and individuals
experienced in various aspects of design and construction of masonry.
Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables and figures are deemed to be
requirements of this Standard.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.
3 AS 4773.2—2010
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.2 GENERAL LIMITATIONS ........................................................................................ 5
1.3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES .................................................................................... 8
1.4 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 9
SECTION 2 MASONRY UNITS

2.1 MATERIALS ............................................................................................................ 11
2.2 SIZES ........................................................................................................................ 11
2.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH................................................................................... 12
2.4 DURABILITY........................................................................................................... 13
2.5 EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION ......................................................................... 14
SECTION 3 MORTAR
3.1 MORTAR TYPES ..................................................................................................... 15
3.2 MORTAR COMPONENTS....................................................................................... 17
SECTION 4 GROUT
4.1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................................. 19
4.2 COMPOSITION ........................................................................................................ 19
4.3 PLACEMENT ........................................................................................................... 19
SECTION 5 BUILT-IN COMPONENTS

5.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 20
5.2 DURABILITY........................................................................................................... 20
5.3 WALL TIES .............................................................................................................. 21
5.4 LINTELS................................................................................................................... 22
5.5 REINFORCEMENT .................................................................................................. 22
5.6 FLASHINGS AND DAMP-PROOF COURSES ....................................................... 22
SECTION 6 SUBFLOOR CONSTRUCTION

6.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 24
6.2 VENTILATION ........................................................................................................ 24
6.3 SUBFLOOR BRACING............................................................................................ 27
6.4 SUBFLOOR PIERS................................................................................................... 27
SECTION 7 CONTROL JOINTS

7.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 32
7.2 ARTICULATION JOINTS........................................................................................ 32
7.3 CONTRACTION JOINTS......................................................................................... 34
7.4 EXPANSION JOINTS............................................................................................... 35
7.5 DETAILS .................................................................................................................. 35
SECTION 8 LINTELS AND ARCHES

8.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 41
8.2 STEEL LINTELS ...................................................................................................... 41
8.3 REINFORCED MASONRY LINTELS ..................................................................... 44
8.4 ARCHES FOR UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS ......................................... 46
AS 4773.2—2010 4
Page
SECTION 9 MASONRY VENEER WALLS

9.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 48
9.2 CAVITY.................................................................................................................... 48
9.3 LEAF THICKNESS .................................................................................................. 48
9.4 SUPPORTING FRAME ............................................................................................ 48
9.5 ALLOWANCE FOR TIMBER SHRINKAGE .......................................................... 48
9.6 DAMP-PROOF COURSES, FLASHINGS AND WEEPHOLES .............................. 49
9.7 WALL TIES .............................................................................................................. 56
9.8 ROOF ANCHORAGE............................................................................................... 57
SECTION 10 CAVITY MASONRY WALLS

10.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 61
10.2 CAVITY.................................................................................................................... 61
10.3 LEAF THICKNESS .................................................................................................. 61
10.4 BONDING................................................................................................................. 61
10.5 DAMP-PROOF COURSES, SLIP JOINTS, FLASHINGS AND WEEPHOLES ...... 61
10.6 WALL TIES .............................................................................................................. 72
10.7 LATERAL SUPPORT............................................................................................... 75
10.8 ROOF ANCHORAGE............................................................................................... 76
10.9 CHASES, HOLES AND RECESSES ........................................................................ 76
10.10 PARAPETS ............................................................................................................... 76
SECTION 11 UNREINFORCED SINGLE-LEAF WALLS

11.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 78
11.2 LEAF THICKNESS .................................................................................................. 78
11.3 BONDING................................................................................................................. 78
11.4 DAMP-PROOF COURSES AND SLIP JOINTS....................................................... 78
11.5 LATERAL SUPPORTS............................................................................................. 79
11.6 ROOF ANCHORAGE............................................................................................... 80
11.7 WEATHERPROOFING ............................................................................................ 81
11.8 CHASES, HOLES AND RECESSES ........................................................................ 81
SECTION 12 REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS

12.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 82

12.2 ROOF TIE DOWNS .................................................................................................. 84
12.3 GROUT ..................................................................................................................... 84
12.4 WEATHERPROOFING ............................................................................................ 84
APPENDICES
A INFORMATION ON DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATION .................................... 86
B CLEANING MASONRY .......................................................................................... 88
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 92
5 AS 4773.2—2010
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L
1.1 SCOPE
This Standard provides acceptable construction practices for masonry in buildings of
Class 1 and Class 10a, as defined in the BCA, and designed in accordance with AS 4773.1
and documented in drawings and specifications to be constructed from clay, concrete, or
calcium silicate masonry units complying with Section 2 and the following:
(a) Leaf thicknesses are 90 mm or greater.
(b) The tops of all walls are laterally supported by a roof or floor structure acting as a
diaphragm with the exception of parapets, chimneys and cantilevers in accordance
with Clause 14.10 and fin walls in accordance with Table 9.1.
(c) Walls are supported on concrete slabs or footings complying with AS 2870 or
suspended slabs complying with AS 3600.
(d) The geometric limitations specified in Clause 1.2.3.
The Scope of this Standard does not cover the following:
(i) Acoustics and energy efficiency.
(ii) Construction or detailing of attachments such as basketball hoops, satellite dishes,
shade structures and similar structures.
(iii) Masonry constructed from autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) units.
(iv) Structures required to be designed for earthquake actions in accordance with

AS 1170.4.
NOTES:
1 For acoustic and energy efficiency requirements, see the BCA.
2 For applications outside the scope of this Standard, the masonry should be constructed in
accordance with AS 3700.
3 Information that is to be provided on drawings and specifications is given in Appendix A.
4 Guidance on the cleaning of masonry is given in Appendix B.
1.2 GENERAL LIMITATIONS

1.2.1 Materials
This Standard covers buildings constructed from clay, concrete or calcium silicate masonry
units complying with AS/NZS 4455.1.
NOTE: The properties required for these units are defined in Section 2.
www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia

AS 4773.2—2010 6
1.2.2 Loading
Wind category and loads derived from AS 4055 are required for the use of some of the
Tables in this Standard.
NOTES:
1 For wind loads on structures outside the scope of Clause 1.2.3, AS/NZS 1170.2 should be
used in conjunction with AS 3700.
2 The loads specified in AS 4055 include the appropriate combinations of permanent and wind
actions.
1.2.3 Limitations for building geometry
For the purpose of this Standard, the following conditions apply (see Figure 1.1):
(a) The distance from ground level to the underside of eaves shall not exceed 6.0 m. The
distance from ground level to the highest point of the roof, neglecting chimneys, shall
not exceed 8.5 m, and the height of each storey, measured as floor to ceiling at
external walls, shall not exceed 3.0 m.
(b) The width (W), including roofed verandas but excluding eaves, shall not exceed
16.0 m, and the length (l) shall not exceed five times the width.
(c) The roof pitch shall not exceed 35°.
(c) Eaves width shall not exceed 900 mm.
(d) The building shall include a continuous ceiling that acts as a diaphragm.
NOTES:
1 Atria exceeding these dimensions are outside the scope of this Standard.
2 Where the geometry lies outside the limitations of this Section, the design may be carried out
in accordance with AS 3700.
© Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

7 AS 4773.2—2010
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
FIGURE 1.1 BUILDING GEOMETRY

AS 4773.2—2010 8
1.3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES

The following are the normative documents referenced in this Standard:
NOTE: Documents referenced for informative purposes are listed in the Bibliography.
AS
1141 Methods for sampling and testing aggregates (series)
1316 Masonry cement
1478 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout
1478.2 Part 2: Methods of sampling and testing admixtures for concrete, mortar and
grout
1672 Limes and limestones
1672.1 Part 1: Limes for building
1684 Residential timber-framed construction (series)
1720 Timber structures (series)
2870 Residential slabs and footings—Construction
3600 Concrete structures
3660 Termite management
3660.1 Part 1: New building work
3700 Masonry structures
3972 Portland and blended cements
4055 Wind loads for housing
4100 Steel structures
4773 Masonry in small buildings
4773.1 Part 1: Design
AS/NZS
2699 Built-in-components for masonry construction
2699.1 Part 1: Wall ties
2699.3 Part 3: Lintels and shelf angles (durability requirements)
2904 Damp-proof courses and flashings

4455 Masonry units, pavers, flags and segmental retaining wall units
4455.1 Part 1: Masonry units
4600 Cold-formed steel structures
4671 Steel reinforcing materials
BS
1014 Specification for pigments for Portland cement and Portland cement products
NASH Standard for Residential and Low-rise Steel Framing
Part 1 Design criteria
BCA Building Code of Australia

9 AS 4773.2—2010
1.4 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
1.4.1 Aggressive soils
Soils where walls are expected to be attacked by salts in the groundwater.
1.4.2 Air-entraining agent
An admixture used to form discrete, non-coalescing, small air bubbles, up to 1 mm in
diameter. In mortar, it is used to improve workability and thus allow a reduction in fine
aggregate and/or water.
NOTE: An air-entraining agent is not the same as ‘methylcellulose-based’ water thickener.
1.4.3 Connectors
Any components, other than wall ties, lintels and shelf angles, used in masonry construction
to aid the structural integrity of the building or to provide support or stability to building
finishes.
1.4.4 Control joints
Joints or gaps constructed in masonry to control and absorb movements in the masonry.
Control joints include the following:
(a) Contraction joints (or opening control joints), which open as the masonry contracts or
shrinks.
(b) Expansion joints (or closing control joints), which close as the masonry expands
and/or associated concrete shrinks.
(c) Articulation joints, which move to compensate for movements in the supporting
structure.
1.4.5 Exposure environments
1.4.5.1 Severe marine
Areas up to 100 m from a non-surf coast and up to 1 km from a surf coast. The distances
specified are from the mean high-water mark.
1.4.5.2 Marine
Areas from 100 m to 1 km from a non-surf coast and 1 km to 10 km from a surf coast. The
distances are from the mean high-water mark.
NOTE: Sheltered bays such as Port Phillip Bay and Sydney Harbour are considered to be non-surf
coasts.
1.4.5.3 Industrial
Environment within 1 km of industrial areas producing significant acidic pollution.
NOTE: The only areas within this category are around major industrial complexes. There are only
a few such regions in Australia, for example, around Port Pirie.
1.4.5.4 Moderate
Area with light industrial pollution or very light marine influence, or both.
NOTE: Typical areas are suburbs of cities on sheltered bays such as Melbourne, Adelaide and
Hobart (except those areas near the coast) and most inland cities.
1.4.5.5 Mild
Environment that is remote from the coast, industrial activity and the tropics.
NOTE: Sparsely settled regions such as outback Australia are typical examples, but the category
also includes rural communities other than those on the coast.

AS 4773.2—2010 10
1.4.6 Site class

Site classes assigned to the foundation material, determined in accordance with AS 2870,
for the expected level of ground movement.
1.4.7 Small building
A building that is constrained by the building geometry as described in Clause 1.2.
1.4.8 Water thickener
Methylcellulose-based water retention mortar additive intended to retain moisture within a
mortar during laying and the cement hydration process.
1.4.9 Wind class
Wind load class determined in accordance with AS 4055.

11 AS 4773.2—2010
S E C T I O N 2 M A S O N R Y U N I T S
2.1 MATERIALS
All masonry units shall be fired clay, concrete or calcium silicate and shall be manufactured
to comply with AS/NZS 4455.1. Masonry units shall be solid, cored, horizontally cored or
hollow units.
NOTE: Typical units are shown in Figure 2.1.
2.2 SIZES
The work sizes, length (l), width (w), height (h) and face shell widths (s), of masonry units
shall be nominated by the manufacturer (see Figure 2.1).

AS 4773.2—2010 12
NOTE: These diagrams show only the basic shapes of the principal units. There are many commercially available
‘fittings’ and ‘special’ units used for particular applications.
FIGURE 2.1 TYPICAL MASONRY UNITS
2.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Masonry units shall have the compressive strength specified in the documents but not less
than the following minimum characteristic unconfined compressive strengths:
(a) Solid or cored units in non-loadbearing masonry ............................................. 3 MPa.
(b) Horizontally cored units in non-loadbearing masonry ................................... 2.5 MPa.

13 AS 4773.2—2010
(c) Solid or cored units in loadbearing masonry .................................................... 5 MPa.

(d) Hollow units in unreinforced masonry ........................................................... 10 MPa.
(e) Units in reinforced masonry .......................................................................... 15 MPa.
2.4 DURABILITY
Masonry units shall have a salt attack resistance grade as specified in the documents but
shall be not less than that set out in Table 2.1 for the exposure environments defined in
Clause 1.4.9.
TABLE 2.1
SALT ATTACK RESISTANCE OF MASONRY UNITS
Masonry units salt
Exposure
Location attack resistance
environment
grade (see Note 1)
Normal Protected
Subject to non-saline wetting
General purpose
Interior and drying
Subject to saline wetting and
Exposure
drying
Exterior coated in accordance with Clause 11.7,
All
above a DPC and protected by roof, eave or Protected
coping, with properly flashed junctions
Protected from water ingress
Protected
Below a DPC or by an impermeable membrane
in contact with
Non-aggressive soils General purpose
the ground
Aggressive soils Exposure
Mild Exterior Protected
Moderate Exterior Protected
Industrial Exterior Exposure
Marine
Exterior General purpose

(see Note 2)
Severe marine
Exterior Exposure
(see Note 3)
Special
Exterior (See Note 4)
(see Note 4)
NOTES:
1 Means of determining salt attack resistance grades for masonry units are given in
AS/NZS 4455.1.
2 All external elements in contact with freshwater or subject to non-saline wetting and
drying shall be treated as for a marine environment. For example, this applies to
gardens against a house.
3 All external elements in contact with saline or contaminated water or subject to saline
wetting and drying shall be treated as for a severe marine environment.
4 Requirements for especially aggressive environments depend on the nature of the
corrosive agents and cannot be defined. Units shown by test or known by experience to
be resistant to the particular corrosive agent shall be used.

AS 4773.2—2010 14
2.5 EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION

The coefficients of expansion or drying contraction of masonry units shall be as specified in
the documents, but shall be not more than the values given in Table 2.2.
NOTE: A local supplier may not be aware of the coefficients of expansion or drying contraction
of masonry units; however, the brick or block manufacturer can provide this information.
TABLE 2.2
MAXIMUM EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION
Coefficient of expansion Coefficient of drying
Type of unit (see Note 1) contraction (see Note 2)
mm/m mm/m
Clay units 1.8 —
Concrete or calcium — 0.6
silicate units
NOTES:
1 Coefficient of expansion tested in accordance with AS/NZS 4456.11.
2 Coefficient of drying contraction tested in accordance with
AS/NZS 4456.12.

15 AS 4773.2—2010
S E C T I O N 3 M O R T A R
3.1 MORTAR TYPES

Mortar types shall be as specified in the documents but their durability shall be not less than
the requirements given in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2. The mix proportions shall comply with
the following:
(a) Mortar mixes shall be designated by the materials and proportions of their
ingredients. They shall be set out in the order of parts of cement : lime : sand.
NOTE: These proportions are sometimes preceded by the letter that abbreviates the material.
For example, C1 : L 0.5 : S 4.5 is one part cement : half a part lime : four and half parts sand.
(b) The water thickener referred to in Table 3.2 is methylcellulose based. The particular
methylcellulose-based product used shall be specifically suited for this application,
and used in accordance with the manufacturer’s or supplier’s instructions.
NOTES:
1 Air-entraining agent is not the same as methylcellulose-based water thickener.
2 Volumes in Table 3.2 refer to those materials in the dense-packed condition.
(c) Type SR cement shall be used in masonry below the damp-proof course in areas with
sulphate-rich ground water.

AS 4773.2—2010 16
TABLE 3.1
MORTAR DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Exposure
Location Mortar class
environment
Clay
M2
units
Normal
Concrete or calcium
M3
silicate units
Interior
Subject to non-saline
M3
wetting and drying
Subject to saline wetting
M4
and drying
Clay
All Exterior-coated in accordance with Clause 11.7, M2
units
above a DPC and protected by roof, eave or
coping, with properly flashed junctions Concrete or calcium
M3
silicate units
Clay
Protected from water M2
units
ingress by an
Below a DPC or in Concrete or calcium
impermeable membrane M3
contact with the silicate units
ground
Non-aggressive soils M3
Aggressive soils M4
Clay
M2
units
Mild Exterior
Concrete or calcium
M3
silicate units
Clay
M2
units
Moderate Exterior
Concrete or calcium
M3
silicate units
Industrial Exterior M4
Marine
Exterior M3
(see Note 1)
Severe marine
Exterior M4
(see Note 2)
Special
Exterior (See Note 3)
(see Note 3)
NOTES:
1 All external elements in contact with freshwater or subject to non-saline wetting and drying shall be
treated as for a marine environment. For example, this applies to gardens against a house.
2 All external elements in contact with saline or contaminated water, or subject to saline wetting and
drying, shall be treated as for a severe marine environment.
3 Requirements for especially aggressive environments depend on the nature of the corrosive agents
and cannot be defined. Units, mortars, covers or coatings, shown by test or know by experience to
be resistant to the particular corrosive agent, shall be used.
4 M2 mortar is not permitted for concrete and calcium silicate masonry. There are also limitations on
the constituents of M3 and M4 mortars for calcium silicate masonry (see Table 3.2.).

17 AS 4773.2—2010
TABLE 3.2
MORTAR MIXES
Mix proportions by volume Mortar suitability
Mortar
class Cement Masonry Building Water Fired Calcium
Sand Concrete
(GB/GP) cement lime thickener clay silicate
M2 1 0 2 9 No × ×
M3 1 0 1 6 Optional ×
1 0 0 5 Yes
0 1 0 4 Yes ×
M4 1 0 0.5 4.5 Optional ×
1 0 0 4 Yes
1 0 0−0.25 3 Optional ×
0 1 0 3 Yes ×
LEGEND:
satisfactory
× unsatisfactory
Type GP—general purpose portland cement.
Type GB—general purpose blended cement.
3.2 MORTAR COMPONENTS

3.2.1 Cement
Cements shall comply with AS 3972 for Type GP or GB or AS 1316 for masonry cement.
3.2.2 Lime
Dry hydrated lime shall comply with AS 1672.1.
3.2.3 Sand
Sand shall be free from material harmful to the mortar, grout, masonry units, reinforcement
or any embedded items.
Sand shall be well graded and, when tested in accordance with the appropriate method of
the AS 1141 series, shall contain not more than 10% of material passing the 75 micron
sieve.
3.2.4 Water thickener

Water thickener shall be methylcellulose-based water thickener specifically designed and
packaged for use in masonry.
3.2.5 Water
Water shall be free from any matter harmful to the mortar, grout, masonry units,
reinforcement or any embedded items.
NOTE: Potable (drinkable) water is satisfactory.
3.2.6 Additives
Additives shall be used, stored and handled in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions.
The following additives are acceptable for use in mortar:
(a) Plasticizers or workability agents specifically designed for use in masonry, including
air-entraining agents complying with AS 1478.2, used in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions and not overdosed.
NOTE: Overdosing mortar with workability agents reduces the durability and bond strength.

AS 4773.2—2010 18
(b) Colouring pigments complying with BS 1014.

Fire clay shall not be used unless the sand is sharp and requires more workability. If fire
clay is added to mortar, the proposed mix shall be tested in accordance with the
requirements of AS 3700 for flexural strength and shall achieve a flexural strength not less
than 0.2 MPa.
Detergent, sugar, beer, sweetened beverage and plaster of Paris are harmful to bond
strength and shall not be used in mortar.

19 AS 4773.2—2010
S E C T I O N 4 G R O U T
4.1 PURPOSE
Where required, grout shall be used to —
(a) give a protective cover to reinforcement;
(b) connect the reinforcement structurally to the masonry; or
(c) fill the cores of hollow masonry units.
4.2 COMPOSITION
Grout shall be as specified in the documents but not less than the requirements of this
Section.
Grout shall consist of a mixture of cement, sand and coarse aggregate (screened gravel or
crushed rock).
Grout shall be mixed to a pouring consistency to give free flow without segregation. A
mortar mix to which water has been added (slurry) shall not be used as a substitute for
grout.
Aggregate shall not exceed 20 mm.
NOTE: To aid workability, the recommended aggregate size is 10 mm.
In addition, for reinforced masonry the following applies:
(a) Premixed grout shall be of N 20 Grade and have a compressive strength of at least
20 MPa, with at least 300 kg of cement per cubic metre.
(b) Site-mixed grout shall consist of the following volumetric proportion:
1 part cement: 2 parts sand: 4 parts aggregate.
4.3 PLACEMENT
The grout may be placed by hand or by pumping. It shall be compacted by rodding or
mechanically vibrating during the placing process to complete the filling of the cores.
NOTE: Grout will usually settle in the cores a short time after placing. Cores should be topped up
while the grout is still plastic and the additional grout rodded into the earlier material.

AS 4773.2—2010 20
S E C T I O N 5 B U I L T - I N C O M P O N E N T S
5.1 GENERAL
This Section sets out requirements for built-in components of masonry, as follows:
(a) Wall ties.
(b) Connectors.
(c) Lintels and arch bars.
(d) Reinforcement.
(e) Flashing.
(f) Damp-proof courses.
The type and location of built-in components shall be as specified in the documents but
shall be not less than the requirements of this Section.
5.2 DURABILITY
Unless more stringent requirements are specified in the documents, wall ties, connectors
and steel lintels shall have a durability rating as shown in Table 5.1.

21 AS 4773.2—2010
TABLE 5.1
DURABILITY OF BUILT-IN COMPONENTS
Built-in
Exposure components Colour
Location Stamping
environment durability class coding
(see Note 1)
Normal R1 Green 1
Subject to non-saline
R3 Red 3
Interior wetting and drying
Subject to saline
R4 White/Blue 4
wetting and drying
Exterior-coated in accordance with
Clause 11.7, above a DPC and
All R1 Green 1
protected by roof, eave or coping, with
properly flashed junctions
Protected from water
Below a DPC ingress by an R2 Yellow 2
or in contact impermeable membrane
with the
Non-aggressive soils R3 Red 3
ground
Aggressive soils R4 White/Blue 4
Mild Exterior R1 Green 1
Moderate Exterior R1 Green 1
Industrial Exterior R4 White/Blue 4
Marine
Exterior R3 Red 3
(see Note 2)
Severe marine
Exterior R4 White/Blue 4
(see Note 3)
Special
Exterior R5 (See Note 4) (See Note 4)
(see Note 4)
NOTES:
1 Durability classes for built-in components are defined in AS 2699.1 and AS 2699.3.
2 All external elements in contact with freshwater or subject to non-saline wetting and drying shall be
treated as for a marine environment. For example, this applies to gardens against a house.
3 All external elements in contact with saline or contaminated water or subject to saline wetting and
drying shall be treated as for a severe marine environment.
4 Requirements for especially aggressive environments depend on the nature of the corrosive agents and
cannot be defined. Materials or coatings shown by test, or known by experience, to be resistant to the
particular corrosive agent shall be used.
5.3 WALL TIES

Wall ties shall be used to connect the outer leaf of a masonry wall to its supporting inner
leaf or frame. Wall ties shall be of Type A complying with AS/NZS 2699.1, and shall be
selected and spaced in accordance with Clauses 9.7 and 10.6.
NOTE: Type A ties are not suitable for high earthquake applications. Type B ties are commonly
used in New Zealand and are generally not available in Australia.

AS 4773.2—2010 22
5.4 LINTELS
Lintels may be steel, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, prestressed clay or other
proprietary systems. Steel lintels shall comply with the durability requirements of
AS/NZS 2699.3.
Lintel selection shall be in accordance with Section 8.
5.5 REINFORCEMENT
Steel reinforcement shall comply with AS/NZS 4671 and be detailed in accordance with the
relevant requirements of AS 3600.
5.6 FLASHINGS AND DAMP-PROOF COURSES

Flashings and damp-proof courses shall comply with Table 5.2.
When flashings are expected to hold a particular shape, a rigid flashing material shall be
used.
To avoid galvanic corrosion, metal flashings shall be compatible with other metals with
which they are in contact or spill water onto, or from which they receive water. Lead
flashings shall not be used on any roof that is part of a potable water catchment roof.
The combination of lead with zinc aluminium alloy shall not be used.
Flashings that extend through the masonry may also serve the purpose of DPCs.
Membrane damp-proof course shall consist of—
(a) a material that complies with AS/NZS 2904; or
(b) sheet metal termite shields in accordance with AS 3660.1 (with any penetrations
sealed) continuous through the wall or pier.

TABLE 5.2
SUITABLE FLASHINGS AND DPC MATERIALS
www.standards.org.au
Location Suitable flashing material
Non-exposed (a) Embossed/quilted polyethylene sheet of high impact resistance and low slip, with an average thickness prior to embossing of not
(within the structure and not less than 0.5 mm and not less than 0.75 mm after embossing
exposed directly to the weather)
(b) Polyethylene-coated aluminium with 0.3 mm min. base thickness (aluminium core thickness of not less than 0.1 mm coated with
bitumen adhesive on both sides, enclosed in polyethylene film with a minimum thickness of 0.1 mm on both faces) and overall
min. thickness of 0.5 mm prior to coating
(c) Bitumen-coated aluminium with 0.3 mm min. base thickness and overall min. thickness of 0.56 mm after coating
(d) Bitumen-coated copper with 0.15 mm min. base thickness and overall min. thickness of 0.41 mm after coating
(e) Uncovered copper having a mass of not less than 2.8 kg/m 2 and having a thickness of 0.5 mm
(f) Galvanized zinc-coated steel with a thickness of not less than 0.6 mm
(g) Uncovered annealed lead having a mass of not less than 10 kg/m 2 in lengths not exceeding 1.5 m or 1.5 m 2 in area
23
Exposed (a) Bitumen-coated aluminium with 0.55 mm min. base thickness and overall min. thickness of 0.81 mm after coating
(continuously open to the weather)
(b) Bitumen-coated copper with 0.15 mm min. base thickness and overall min. thickness of 0.41 mm after coating
(c) Uncovered copper having a mass of not less than 2.8 kg/m 2 and having a thickness of 0.5 mm
(d) Galvanized zinc-coated steel with a thickness of not less than 0.6 mm
(e) Uncovered annealed lead having a mass of not less than 20 kg/m 2 in lengths not exceeding 1.5 m or 1.5 m 2 in area
Areas with saline ground salt (a) Embossed/quilted polyethylene sheet of high impact resistance and low slip, with an average thickness prior to embossing of not
less than 0.5 mm and not less than 0.75 mm after embossing
(b) Polyethylene-coated aluminium with 0.3 mm min. base thickness (aluminium core thickness of not less than 0.1 mm coated with
bitumen adhesive on both sides, enclosed in polyethylene film with a minimum thickness of 0.1 mm on both faces) and overall
min. thickness of 0.5 mm prior to coating
(c) Bitumen-coated aluminium with 0.55 mm min. base thickness and overall min. thickness of 0.81 mm after coating
Class A or S sites with sandy or (a) Proprietary polymer emulsion DPC parged to the slab
limestone free draining soils
NOTE: A and S classes are defined in AS 2870 (see Clause 1.5).
© Standards Australia
AS 4773.2—2010
AS 4773.2—2010 24
SE C T I O N 6 S U B F L O O R C O N S T R U C T I O N
6.1 GENERAL
The subfloor space between a suspended floor of a building and the ground shall be in
accordance with the documents and shall—
(a) be cleared of all building debris and vegetation;
(b) be cross-ventilated by means of evenly spaced openings (see Clause 6.2); and
(c) contain no dead air spaces.
NOTE: Typical subfloor ventilation layout and details are shown in Figure 6.1.
6.2 VENTILATION
The subfloor ventilation between the suspended floor of a building and the ground shall be
in accordance with the documents but shall be not less than the following:
(a) The subfloor ventilation openings in internal and external walls shall be in
accordance with Table 6.1 for the climatic zones given in Figure 6.2.
(b) The clearance between the ground surface and the underside of the lowest floor
timber (generally the bearer underside) shall be in accordance with Table 6.1; except
for sloping sites, where termite inspections are required, the 400 mm clearance may
be reduced to 150 mm within 2 m of external walls (see Figure 6.3).
(c) In double-leaf masonry walls, the cross-ventilation openings shall be provided in both
leaves of the masonry, with inner-leaf openings being aligned with outer leaf
openings to allow an unobstructed flow of air.
(d) Internal walls constructed in subfloor spaces shall be provided with openings—
(i) having an unobstructed area equivalent to that required for the adjacent external
openings; and
(ii) which are evenly distributed throughout such internal walls.
(e) Where ventilation is obstructed by patios, paving or similar structure, additional
ventilation shall be provided to ensure that the overall level of ventilation is

maintained.
(f) Where the ground or subfloor space is excessively damp or subject to frequent
flooding, in addition to the requirements of Items (a) to (e)—
(i) the area of subfloor ventilation required in Table 6.1 shall be increased by 50%;
or
(ii) a sealed impervious membrane shall be provided over the ground; or
(iii) durability Class 1 or 2 timbers or H3 preservative-treated timbers in accordance
with AS 1684 series shall be used.

25 AS 4773.2—2010
FIGURE 6.1 TYPICAL SUBFLOOR VENTILATION

AS 4773.2—2010 26
TABLE 6.1
SUBFLOOR VENTILATION AND CLEARANCE
Minimum subfloor ventilation Minimum height from ground surface
mm 2 /m of wall mm
Climate zone
(see Figure 6.2) Ground sealed
Termite inspection Termite inspection
No membrane with impervious
not required required
membrane
1 2000 1000 150 400
2 4000 2000 150 400
3 6000 3000 150 400
NOTES:
1 The amount of subfloor ventilation required for a building is related to the relative humidity likely
to be encountered in that location. Figure 6.2 shows three broad climatic zones based on the
prevailing relative humidity and includes a description of the relative humidity conditions that
define each zone. If reliable weather data is available, these descriptions may be useful in
determining within which zone a particular site is located.
2 The zones shown in Figure 6.2 were determined by analysis of the average relative humidity at
9 am and 3 pm in January and July. The season with the highest relative humidity is used.
Generally, this will be July for southern Australia and January for northern Australia.
FIGURE 6.2 CLIMATIC ZONES BASED ON RELATIVE HUMIDITY

27 AS 4773.2—2010
FIGURE 6.3 REDUCED CLEARANCE CONCESSION FOR SLOPING SITES WHERE

TERMITE INSPECTION IS REQUIRED
6.3 SUBFLOOR BRACING

Subfloor structures shall be as specified in the documents or in accordance with AS 4773.1,
and shall provide resistance to racking loads from wind and earthquake, as appropriate, and
shall transfer all loads to the footings and foundation.
6.4 SUBFLOOR PIERS

6.4.1 Pier spacing
The location of subfloor piers, whether isolated or engaged, shall be as specified in the
documents or in accordance with AS 4773.1, and shall be spaced appropriate for the floor
framing and, where applicable, the wall framing. All piers shall be fully supported on
concrete footings.
6.4.2 Engaged piers

Where used, the spacing of engaged piers shall be as specified in the documents and, when
constructed, shall not vary from these spacings by more than 20%. The thickness of
engaged piers shall be not less than the greater of—
(a) 100 mm (including 10 mm of mortar); and
(b) the width of the supported timber floor member +25 mm as shown in Figure 6.4.
All engaged piers shall be fully bonded or tied to the masonry wall. Where ties are used,
they shall be medium duty wall ties at not greater than 400 mm vertical centres (max.) with
the top ties placed within 200 mm of the top of the pier.
Engaged piers over 230 mm wide, measured along the length of the wall, shall incorporate
2 ties spaced horizontally at each required location. All engaged piers constructed of hollow
units shall be filled with grout.

AS 4773.2—2010 28
NOTE: Location of DPC omitted for clarity.
FIGURE 6.4 SUBFLOOR ENGAGED PIER

29 AS 4773.2—2010
6.4.3 Isolated piers

The size and location of isolated piers shall comply with the details specified in the
documents, and shall have heights no greater than those set out in Figures 6.5 and 6.6.
NOTES:
1 Floor connection details omitted for clarity.
2 Where the height of an unreinforced isolated pier is greater than 1500 mm, the maximum height of the
230 × 230 section is 1200 mm.
3 All footings shown are indicative only.
FIGURE 6.5 UNREINFORCED MASONRY ISOLATED PIERS

AS 4773.2—2010 30
NOTE: Floor connection details omitted for clarity.
FIGURE 6.6 REINFORCED ISOLATED PIERS
6.4.4 Anchorages
The type and location of floor framing anchorages shall be as specified in the documents or
in accordance with AS 4773.1. The details for anchorage shall be not less than the minimum
shown in Figure 6.7.
NOTES:
1 For roof anchorages, see Clause 11.6.
2 Refer to AS 1684 series for details of timber framing anchorages.

31 AS 4773.2—2010
NOTE: Refer to AS 1684 series for details of timber framing anchorages.
FIGURE 6.7 ANCHORAGE DETAILS

AS 4773.2—2010 32
S E C T I O N 7 C O N T R O L J O I N T S
7.1 GENERAL
Control joints shall be used in masonry construction to reduce cracking and distress caused
by movement.
Articulation joints may be used as contraction or expansion joints. Where the control joint
is a combined articulation and expansion joint, the joint width shall accommodate
movement from both articulation and expansion.
Control joints perform one or more of the following functions:
(a) Articulation joints Reduce cracking caused by footing and other structural
movement.
(b) Contraction joints Reduce cracking caused by contraction of masonry units
(predominantly concrete) and concrete shrinkage in the supporting structure.
(c) Expansion joints Reduce cracking caused by the expansion of masonry units
(predominantly clay).
Control joints shall be in accordance with the documents but shall be not less than the
requirements of this Section.
In reinforced masonry construction as described in Section 12, which relies on the
continuity of bond beams, control joints shall not continue through bond beams. In other
cases where reinforced walls are designed to be articulated, control joints shall be
continuous through bond beams.
All hard and incompressible substances (e.g., mortar dags) shall be removed from the gap in
articulation and expansion joints.
A control joint placed at an opening shall provide sufficient clearance to door and window
frames to accommodate any movement within the control joint space and remain
weatherproof.
When required, control joints shall be filled with appropriate materials or otherwise
constructed so as to maintain the required fire and acoustic performances.

Where walls are rendered or coated, provisions shall be made at the control joints for
movement in the render or coating equal to that provided for in the masonry.
NOTE: For proprietary lintels, if a control joint passes through or close to a lintel, a check should
be made to ensure that the manufacturer’s load tables are not invalidated.
7.2 ARTICULATION JOINTS

Where appropriate, articulation joints shall be used in masonry walls to limit the potential
cracking or distress that may be caused by footing movement.
Articulation joints shall be provided in unreinforced masonry walls longer than 5 m long.
This requirement does not apply to slabs and footings that have been designed in
accordance with AS 2870 for non-articulated masonry.
Articulation joints are not required for Class A and Class S sites or for reinforced masonry
designed in accordance with Section 12.
Articulation joints shall be vertical (not toothed), full-height of the masonry, and free of
mortar.

33 AS 4773.2—2010
Where articulation joints are required in unreinforced masonry walls, they shall be provided
at the following locations:
(a) In straight, continuous walls having no openings, at centres not more than the values
given in Table 7.1.
(b) Where the height of the wall changes abruptly by more than 20% of its lesser height,
at the position of change in height.
(c) Where openings more than 900 × 900 mm occur, at not more than 5000 mm centres.
(d) Where walls change thickness.
NOTE: Engaged piers are not considered to be a change of thickness. Chases that have less
than 75% of the leaf thickness remaining are considered to be changes of thickness.
(e) At control or construction joints in footings or slabs.
(f) Within 4500 mm of all corners, but not closer than 470 mm for cavity walls or
230 mm for veneer walls.
Where articulation joints are required to be weatherproof or insect-proof, they shall be
closed by incorporating—
(i) flexible sealant and backing rod (see Figure 7.3);
(ii) material that will both expand and contract (see Figure 7.3); or
(iii) a proprietary system designed for this application.
TABLE 7.1
SPACING OF ARTICULATION JOINTS
FOR UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS
Joint spacing, m
Masonry wall construction
Site class Up to 4 m high 4 m to 8.5 m 4 m to 8.5 m
and surface finish
for 10 mm high for 10 mm high for 15 mm
joints joints joints
M, M-D External face finish masonry 6.0 4.2 6.0
External rendered and/or painted 5.5 3.9 5.5
masonry
Internal face finish or sheeted masonry 6.0 4.2 6.0
Internal rendered and/or painted 5.5 3.9 5.5
masonry
H1, H1-D External face finished masonry 5.5 3.9 5.5
masonry
masonry
H2, H2-D External face finished masonry 5.0 3.5 5.0
masonry
masonry
NOTE: Site class as defined in AS 2870. For further information and guidance on site classification, see
AS 2870.

AS 4773.2—2010 34
7.3 CONTRACTION JOINTS

Contraction joints shall extend to the full height of the masonry. They may be omitted
below the DPC if there is not more than 600 mm of masonry below the DPC at the position
of the joint.
Contraction joints shall be vertical (not toothed), and shall comprise the following:
(a) Empty space (no mortar) or,
(b) Saw-cut weakness to a minimum depth of half the leaf thickness.
Contraction joints shall be placed in unreinforced concrete masonry or calcium silicate
masonry in accordance with the following locations:
(i) In straight, continuous walls having no openings, at centres not more than the values
given in Table 7.2.
(ii) Where the height of the wall changes abruptly by more than 20% of its lesser height,
(iii) Where openings more than 900 × 900 mm occur, at not more than 5000 mm centres,
and positioned in line with the edge of the openings.
(iv) Where walls change thickness.
NOTES:
1 Engaged piers are not considered to be a change of thickness.
2 Chases that have less than 75% of the leaf thickness remaining are considered to be
changes of thickness.
(v) At control or construction joints in footings or slabs.
(vi) At junctions of walls constructed of different masonry materials.
(vii) Within 4500 mm of all corners, but not closer than 470 mm for cavity walls or
Where contraction joints are required to be weatherproof or insect-proof, they shall be
closed by incorporating—
(A) flexible sealant and backing rod (see Figure 7.3);
(B) expanding material (see Figure 7.3); or

(C) a proprietary system designed for this application.
TABLE 7.2
SPACING OF CONTRACTION JOINTS
FOR UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS
Maximum joint
Masonry wall construction
spacing
and surface finish
m
External masonry that is face finish,
7.0
rendered and/or painted
Internal masonry that is face finish
6.0
or sheeted
Internal masonry that is rendered
5.0
and/or painted
External masonry with openings
5.0
more than 900 mm in height

35 AS 4773.2—2010
7.4 EXPANSION JOINTS

Expansion joints shall be vertical (not toothed) and free of mortar and shall extend to the
full height of the masonry. They may be omitted below the DPC, provided there is not more
than 600 mm of masonry below the DPC at the position of the joint.
Expansion joints shall be spaced at no more than 12 m centres.
The maximum spacing and corresponding widths of expansion joints shall be as follows:
(a) For a maximum of 8.0 m joint spacing, a 10 mm nominal joint width.
(b) For a maximum of 12 m joint spacing, a 15 mm nominal joint width.
(c) In parapet and ‘freestanding’ walls, the spacing of expansion joints shall be not more
than half the design distance for normal walls at joint width specified for normal
walls.
NOTES:
1 The spacing of joints specified in Items (a) and (b) of this Clause is based on a characteristic
expansion of 1.8 mm/m (see Clause 2.5).
2 In long walls with returns it is good practice to place an expansion joint at the inside corner
of the return.
For a specific masonry unit with a known characteristic expansion, the maximum joint
spacing may be calculated.
Expansion joints shall be placed in clay masonry at the following locations:
(i) In straight, continuous walls having no openings, at centres not more than the values
given in Items (a) and (b) above.
(ii) Where the height of the wall changes abruptly by more than 20% of its lesser height,
(iii) Where walls change thickness.
NOTE: Engaged piers are not considered to be a change of thickness. Chases that have less
than 75% of the leaf thickness remaining are considered to be changes of thickness
(iv) At control or construction joints in footings or slabs.
(v) At junctions of walls constructed of different masonry materials.
(vi) Within 4500 mm of all corners but not closer than 470 mm for cavity walls or
Where expansion joints are required to be weatherproof or insect-proof, they shall be closed
by incorporating—
(A) flexible sealant and backing rod, as shown in Figure 7.3;
(B) compressible material, as shown in Figure 7.3; or
(C) a proprietary system designed for this application.
7.5 DETAILS
7.5.1 General
Control joints shall be constructed in accordance with Figures 7.1 or 7.2, as appropriate.
7.5.2 Tying across the cavity
Unreinforced masonry adjacent to control joints shall be tied as follows:
(a) For masonry veneer construction to the structural frame, in accordance with
Clause 9.7.

AS 4773.2—2010 36
(b) For cavity masonry to another leaf of masonry, in accordance with Clause 10.6.
Ties shall be located so that they are—
(i) at not more than 300 mm from the control joint; and
(ii) not within the top 300 mm of the wall.
Ties shall be spaced at—
(A) 400 mm centres, where they are intended to transfer load to or from cross walls or
framing members that are providing lateral support to the wall (see Clauses 10.7
and 11.5); or
(B) not more than 600 mm centres where they are not intended to transfer load to or from
a support.
7.5.3 Tying across the joint
Sliding or flexible ties shall be incorporated across the joint in each leaf of a masonry wall
at every fourth course in accordance with Table 7.3.
TABLE 7.3
SLIDING OR FLEXIBLE TIE REQUIREMENT AT CONTROL JOINTS
Unreinforced Reinforced single
Joint type Veneer Cavity
single leaf leaf
Expansion Optional Optional Required Optional
Contraction Optional Optional Required Optional
Articulation Optional Required Required Optional
Expansion, contraction Not required Required, with a Required, with Not required
or articulation joints provided the minimum of two a minimum of provided the
at the ends of lintels masonry is tied ties in each leaf two ties per reinforced lintel is
as shown in to the frame per joint joint part of a continuous
Figures 7.1(b), 7.1(c) or bond beam
7.1(d), or Figure 7.2(b)

37 AS 4773.2—2010
FIGURE 7.1 (in part) CONTROL JOINT DETAILS FOR MASONRY

WITHOUT A REINFORCED BOND BEAM

AS 4773.2—2010 38
FIGURE 7.1 (in part) CONTROL JOINT DETAILS FOR MASONRY

WITHOUT A REINFORCED BOND BEAM

39 AS 4773.2—2010
FIGURE 7.2 CONTROL JOINT DETAILS FOR MASONRY

WITH A REINFORCED BOND BEAM

AS 4773.2—2010 40
NOTE: Where sealant is used in a contraction joint, sealant depth shall be no greater than two-thirds the joint width.
FIGURE 7.3 CONTROL JOINT INFILL


41 AS 4773.2—2010
S E C T I O N 8 L I N T E L S A N D A R C H E S
8.1 GENERAL
Lintels and arches shall be constructed as designed, specified and detailed in the documents
and not less than the requirements of this Section.
Except in the case of arches, brickwork over openings shall be supported on a lintel of one
of the following types:
(a) Steel member in accordance with Clause 8.2.
(b) Reinforced concrete in accordance with AS 3600.
(c) Reinforced masonry lintels in accordance with Clause 8.3.
(d) Other proprietary lintels designed and specified in accordance with AS 4773.1.
The load width ‘A’ shall be determined in accordance with Figure 8.2.
8.2 STEEL LINTELS

8.2.1 Selection of steel lintels
The type of load supported by a lintel shall be determined from Table 8.1. The minimum
thickness of a single-leaf wall for use of a lintel supporting load type D shall be 140 mm
and there shall be at least one storey height above the floor level as shown in Figure 8.1(g)).
Lintel load types are shown in Figure 8.1.
Steel lintels for masonry veneer walls, cavity masonry walls and unreinforced single-leaf
masonry walls shall be as specified in the documents but the size shall be not less than the
values given in Table 8.2, for load width ‘A’ up to 6.6 m (see Figure 8.2) (including eaves
overhang) for roof loads, and up to 3.0 m for floor loads.
NOTES:
1 Steel lintels are designed for vertical down-loads only and may not be suitable for uplift or
earthquake loads.
2 Lintels used in applications outside these limits are beyond the Scope of this Standard.
For internal walls supporting masonry and ceiling only (not supporting hanging beams,
strutting beams or the like), Type A shall be used.
TABLE 8.1
LOAD TYPE
Load type Description
A Masonry only, up to 600 mm in height
B Masonry up to 600 mm in height and a tiled roof
C Masonry up to 600 mm in height and a metal roof
D Masonry of at least 2100 mm height and a timber floor
E Masonry only, greater than 600 mm in height

AS 4773.2—2010 42
FIGURE 8.1 LINTEL LOAD TYPES
NOTE: Circles indicate the wall containing the lintel.
FIGURE 8.2 DETERMINATION OF LOAD WIDTH

43 AS 4773.2—2010
TABLE 8.2
MAXIMUM OPENING WIDTHS FOR COMMON STEEL LINTELS, mm
Load type
(see Figure 8.1)
A B C D E
Steel section
Masonry only Masonry only
Timber
(up to Tiled roof Sheet roof (more than
floor
600 mm) 600 mm)
75 × 8 FMS 700 700 700 700 700
100 × 10 × FMS 900 900 900 900 900
90 × 90 × 6EA 3000 1950 2200 2050 2650
90 × 90 × 8EA 3200 2050 2350 2200 2800
100 × 100 × 6EA 3350 2100 2400 2250 2900
100 × 100 × 8EA 3600 2250 2550 2400 3040
150 × 90 × 8UA 4200 3000 3450 3150 3850
150 UB 14.0 4200 3400 3840 3500 4150
150 UB 18.0 4200 3650 4000 3700 4200
180 UB 22.2 4200 4000 4200 4050 4200
8.2.2 Detailing of steel lintels

Steel lintels shall be detailed as follows:
(a) Lintels shall be wide enough to provide adequate support to the walling above and
masonry shall not overhang the lintel width by more than 25 mm.
(b) A lintel shall extend beyond the opening at each end by at least the bearing lengths
shown in Table 8.3.
(c) Where steel unequal angle lintels are used, the longer leg of the angle shall be
vertical.
(d) The gap between the vertical leg of a steel angle lintel and the masonry shall be
packed with mortar as shown in Figure 8.3.

NOTE: The mortar pack is required to prevent twisting of the lintel.
(e) Where galvanized and painted lintels are surface-damaged or cut, they shall be
repaired using—
(i) cold galvanizing paint;
(ii) 2 coats of 2-pack epoxy zinc paint;
(iii) zinc stick solder thermal zinc spray; or
(iv) 2 coat system of 2-pack epoxy.
Steel lintels shall be propped during construction of masonry and for at least seven days
thereafter.

AS 4773.2—2010 44
TABLE 8.3
MINIMUM BEARING LENGTHS
FOR LINTELS
Minimum bearing length,
Opening,
(see Figure 8.3)
m
mm
Up to 1.0 100
Over 1.0 150
8.3 REINFORCED MASONRY LINTELS

8.3.1 Reinforced masonry lintels
Reinforced masonry lintels shall be as specified in the documents. Otherwise, the size shall
be not less than as given in Table 8.4 for the types shown in Figure 8.4 to resist wind uplift
in buildings with a load width ‘A’ up to 6.6 m, including eaves overhang.
For other cases, including support of floors, lintels shall be designed in accordance with
AS 4773.1.
FIGURE 8.3 INSTALLATION OF LINTELS

45 AS 4773.2—2010
NOTE: For required bar size see Table 8.4.
DIMENSION IN MILLIMETRES
FIGURE 8.4 REINFORCED MASONRY LINTEL DETAILS AND TYPES

AS 4773.2—2010 46
TABLE 8.4
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCED MASONRY
LINTELS RESISTING WIND UPLIFT
Size of top and bottom reinforcement single bar
Lintel
Wind Lintel
depth, Opening width, mm
category type
mm
900 1200 1800 2400 3000
N1, N2 1 290 N12 N16 N16 N16 —
2 390 N12 N12 N12 N16 N16
3 590 N12 N12 N12 N12 N16
N3 1 290 N12 N16 N16 N16 —
2 390 N12 N12 N16 N16 N16
3 590 N12 N12 N12 N12 N16
N4, C1 1 290 N16 N16 N16 N16 —
2 390 N16 N16 N16 N16 N16
3 590 N16 N16 N16 N16 N16
N5, C2 1 290 N16 N16 N16 — —
2 390 N16 N16 N16 N16 —
3 590 N16 N16 N16 N16 N16
8.3.2 Detailing of reinforced masonry lintels

Masonry units used for reinforced masonry lintels shall be—
(a) double U blocks or H blocks; or
(b) knock-out bond beam blocks, standard hollow blocks with cut webs where the
reinforcement is held clear of the webs by—
(i) steel ligatures;
(ii) steel hangers; or
(iii) plastic wheel type support.
8.4 ARCHES FOR UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS

For all masonry where arches are used, arches shall be provided with end support capable of
resisting the horizontal reactions. Continuous masonry buttresses on each side of the arch,
having a length equal to the height of the arch at the support shall be deemed to provide
adequate resistance (see Figure 8.5), provided they are seated on a common footing.
For unreinforced masonry arches, the following shall apply (see Figure 8.5):
(a) The rise above the points of support (the springing line) shall be not less than a
quarter of the span.
(b) The minimum height of masonry above the arch shall be 300 mm.
Segmental arches that do not meet the geometric requirements of Items (a) and (b) shall be
built in accordance with details that provide for stability when the building is subjected to
movements implicit in the building design.

47 AS 4773.2—2010
FIGURE 8.5 ARCH


AS 4773.2—2010 48
S E C T I O N 9 M A S O N R Y V E N E E R W A L L S
9.1 GENERAL
A masonry veneer wall consists of a non-structural masonry leaf supported by a structural
loadbearing frame and separated from it by a cavity. In addition to the relevant clauses of
Sections 1 to 8, the requirements of this Section shall apply to the masonry leaf of masonry
veneer walls.
All masonry veneer walls shall be supported by a concrete slab or footing complying with
AS 2870 or a concrete suspended slab complying with AS 3600.
9.2 CAVITY
The minimum clear width of any cavity in masonry veneer construction shall be 25 mm and
shall be measured clear from any conduit, insulation, or services placed within the cavity.
NOTE: The maximum cavity width is limited by the rating of the wall ties as indicated on the
package.
The cavity shall be free of obstructions that would allow the transfer of moisture across the
cavity.
9.3 LEAF THICKNESS

The thickness of the masonry veneer leaf shall be not less than 90 mm.
9.4 SUPPORTING FRAME

Masonry veneer walls shall be supported by one of the following:
(a) Timber framing complying with AS 1684 series.
(b) Timber framing complying with AS 1720.
(c) Steel framing complying with AS/NZS 4600.
(d) Steel framing complying with NASH.
(e) Steel framing complying with AS 4100.

(f) Reinforced concrete complying with AS 3600.
9.5 ALLOWANCE FOR TIMBER SHRINKAGE

Wall ties shall be installed such that they prevent water transfer to the inside of the
building, with provision for long-term shrinkage of the timber frame in accordance with
Table 9.1.
Consideration shall be given to timber shrinkage in the following locations:
(a) Below windows and doors where shrinkage will cause settlement of the frame on to
sill bricks and thresholds.
(b) At the underside of eaves where the soffit and the masonry meet.

49 AS 4773.2—2010
TABLE 9.1
MINIMUM CLEARANCE FOR TIMBER FRAMING SHRINKAGE
Approximate total shrinkage
mm
Type of frame/construction Single storey Two storey
Slab to Timber to Slab to Timber to
lower floor lower floor lower floor lower floor
Fully seasoned timber frame (bearers,
0 0 0 0
joists and wall frame)
Seasoned softwood wall frame, unseasoned
0 10 10 20
softwood joists, bearers in-line
Unseasoned softwood wall frame, seasoned
5 5 11 11
joists and bearers
Unseasoned hardwood wall frame,
9 9 22 22
seasoned joists and bearers
Unseasoned hardwood wall frame,
9 19 32 42
unseasoned softwood joists, bearers in-line
Seasoned softwood frame, unseasoned
0 22 20 42
hardwood bearers and joists
9.6 DAMP-PROOF COURSES, FLASHINGS AND WEEPHOLES

9.6.1 Damp-proof courses
Damp-proof-courses (DPCs) shall comply with Clause 5.6 and shall be—
(a) installed in masonry walls where required to form a continuous damp-proofing barrier
around the building;
(b) of sufficient width to extend through the entire masonry leaf; and
(c) visible at the face of the wall, including after rendering or any other applied coatings.
The height of the DPC shall be not less than—
(i) 150 mm above the adjacent finished ground level;
(ii) 75 mm above the finished paved, concrete or landscaped areas that slope away from
the wall; or
(iii) 50 mm above finished paved, concrete or landscaped areas that slope away from the
wall and protected from the direct effect of the weather by a carport, veranda or the
like.
DPCs may be stepped such that continuity is maintained where a change in floor or ground
level occurs.
Where lap joints in a DPC occur, they shall be not less than—
(A) 150 mm in a straight run; and
(B) the width of the DPC at corners.
Masonry units and mortar below the lowest DPC shall be of the appropriate salt attack
resistance grade and mortar class for the exposure condition (see Clause 2.4 and Table 3.1).
A flashing that extends through the entire width of a masonry leaf may also be used as a
DPC.

AS 4773.2—2010 50
Where there is a slab on ground that is Class A or S in accordance with AS 2870 on a sandy
or limestone soil, a proprietary polymer emulsion DPC may be used, in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
NOTE: In addition to the provisions of this Clause, termite management provisions in AS 3660.1
need to be considered when determining the appropriate DPC location.
9.6.2 Flashings and weepholes
9.6.2.1 Cavity flashings
Where it is supported on a concrete slab, cavity flashing shall be located at the base of the
cavity and at all points where the cavity is interrupted by a structural element, an opening
or the like.
A cavity flashing shall be—
(a) turned up a minimum of 150 mm at the inner frame;
(b) fixed to the inner frame at 600 mm maximum centres;
(c) lapped at joints in a straight run by a minimum of 150 mm;
(d) lapped at corners by the width of the leaf and cavity in accordance with Figure 9.1 or
fanned in accordance with Figure 9.2; and
(e) embedded not less than 25 mm into the outer leaf.
A cavity flashing that is also a DPC shall extend across the full width of the masonry skin.
Flashing that protrudes past the face of the wall shall be either cut off or turned down.
Veneer walls shall be drained by weepholes at 1200 mm maximum centres. The raking of
perpendicular joints to form weepholes shall extend the full width of masonry (through the
wall) including bed joint at the level of the flashing.
or limestone soil, a proprietary polymer emulsion flashing may be used, in accordance with
the manufacturer’s instructions.
Where cavity flashings are penetrated, the flashing shall be punched through or cut from the
inside of the wall, and be fitted around the penetration and sealed.
In areas where termite management systems are required, all penetrations within the cavity
shall be treated in accordance with AS 3660.1.

51 AS 4773.2—2010
FIGURE 9.1 FLASHING AT CORNERS


AS 4773.2—2010 52
FIGURE 9.2 FOLDED EXTERNAL CORNER FLASHING
9.6.2.2 Sill flashings

Sill and head flashings shall be installed so that water is shed towards the exposed skin.
This is particularly critical at the end of flashings.
Sill flashings shall be built in below exposed masonry sills, as shown in Figure 9.3, and
shall be embedded not less than 30 mm in the masonry, extend 150 mm beyond reveals on
each side of the opening, and be adequately secured to the wall or window frame.
Sill flashing shall either be—
(a) built in directly below the sill brick; or
(b) built in one course below the sill brick.
Weepholes may be omitted at sill flashings.

53 AS 4773.2—2010
NOTES:
1 Flashing may be omitted where the opening is protected by a veranda, eave or the like.
2 Head flashing may be omitted where ‘A’ is not less than three times ‘B’.
3 Sill flashing may be omitted where ‘A’ is not less than three times ‘C’.
4 Details 1 and 2 are interchangeable as are details (3) and (4).
FIGURE 9.3 LOCATIONS OF SILL AND HEAD FLASHINGS IN MASONRY VENEER
9.6.2.3 Head flashings

Head flashings shall be installed over all exposed openings in veneer walls as shown in
Figure 9.3 and shall—
(a) extend 150 mm (min.) beyond each side of the opening or any items breaching the
cavity;
(b) be built into the masonry a minimum of 30 mm, turned up in the cavity not less than
150 mm and adequately secured to the frame;
(c) be placed as low as practicable over the opening in the first available course above
the lintel but in no case greater than 300 mm above the opening; and
NOTE: If a cavity flashing is already placed in this position, it may serve as a head flashing.
(d) be drained by weepholes at 1200 mm maximum centres, for openings greater than
1200 mm in width.

AS 4773.2—2010 54
9.6.2.4 Flashing at roof abutment

Where a roof abuts a masonry wall, a through-flashing shall be installed above the roof to
prevent water penetration to lower wall areas. Where the wall/roof junction is inclined or
sloped, a stepped cavity ‘cascade’ flashing shall be provided, as shown in Figure 9.4.
(a) Straight flashings shall—
(i) be lapped at joints by a minimum of 150 mm and formed from maximum
practicable lengths to minimize number of joints (except as required by
Table 5.2 for annealed lead);
(ii) be turned up a minimum of 75 mm to the inner frame;
(iii) extend through the external masonry leaf;
(iv) be drained by weepholes at 1200 mm maximum centres;
(v) be turned down a minimum of 75 mm to the roof or soaker flashing;
(vi) where a soaker flashing is not used, be turned out a minimum of 150 mm into
the roof; and
(vii) where an under-flashing or soaker is used, overlap the soaker by a minimum of
75 mm.
(b) Stepped flashings shall consist of sections of flashing or trays, as shown in
Figure 9.5, where each tray shall—
(i) be turned up a minimum of 75 mm in the cavity and fixed to the inner frame;
(ii) be boxed up to a minimum of 40 mm at the end to shed water to the tray below;
(iii) overlap the tray below by a minimum of 75 mm;
(iv) extend through the external masonry leaf;
(v) be drained by weepholes that are not concealed by the flashing above;
(vi) be turned down a minimum of 75 mm to the roof or soaker flashing;
(vii) where a soaker flashing is not used, be turned out a minimum of 150 mm onto
the roof; and
(viii) where an under-flashing or soaker is used, be cut to the roof slope and overlap
the soaker by a minimum of 75 mm.
(c) Weatherproofing shall be maintained at steps by one of the following methods (see
Figure 9.5):
(i) Folding the boxed section onto the next course of masonry (under the tray
above).
(ii) Using a continuous DPC under trays.
(iii) Lapping sections of DPC between trays, where the DPC shall be positioned on
top of the lower tray and underside of the subsequent tray.
(d) Soaker flashings shall be—
(i) lapped at joints by a minimum of 150 mm and be formed from maximum
practicable lengths to minimize the number of joints (except as required by
(ii) turned up a minimum of 75 mm behind overflashing;
(iii) turned out onto the roof 150 mm (min); and
(iv) lapped or ‘fanned’ at ridge, as shown in Figure 9.6.

55 AS 4773.2—2010
NOTE: DPC between trays is omitted for clarity.

FIGURE 9.4 STEPPED FLASHING AT ROOF ABUTMENT

AS 4773.2—2010 56
FIGURE 9.5 TYPICAL STEPPED FLASHING TRAYS
FIGURE 9.6 SOAKER DETAIL AT RIDGE

9.7 WALL TIES

Wall ties shall be selected and spaced in accordance with the documents, Table 9.2 and
Figure 9.7 and shall be fixed in accordance with Figure 9.8.
Ties shall be placed in such a manner that they are within—
(a) 300 mm of control joints;
(b) 300 mm from the ends and tops of walls;
(c) 300 mm from openings and intersecting walls;
(d) 300 mm above intermediate floor level in two-storey construction; and
(e) 400 mm below intermediate floor level in two-storey construction, except where
circumstances do not allow for this, such as where the frame is obscured by window
flashing.
In all cases, the maximum vertical and horizontal spacing shall not exceed 600 mm.
Wall ties shall be installed in accordance with Clause 9.5 to prevent water transfer to the
inside of the building with provision for long-term shrinkage of the timber frame.

57 AS 4773.2—2010
Ties shall be doubled—

(i) at the first row of ties above and below the floor level in two-storey construction (see
Figure 9.7);
(ii) at the top of the wall (see Figure 9.7); and
(iii) at intersecting internal stud walls (see Figure 9.7).
Where ties are required to be doubled, they shall be placed in adjacent courses (as shown in
Figure 9.7 or shall be placed in the same course on each side of the stud. Where the ties are
doubled and are in adjacent courses, only the first tie shall be within the required distance.
Veneer ties shall be fixed with the fastener type used during the testing of the tie.
NOTE: AS 2699.1 requires the manufacturer to supply the fastener.
Ties shall be embedded at least 50 mm into the masonry leaf.
TABLE 9.2
REQUIRED DUTY RATINGS FOR TYPE A VENEER TIES
Wall height, mm
Wind 2400 2700 3000

category Horizontal spacing (mm)
450 600 450 600 450 600
N1 L L L L L L
N2 L L L L L L
N3 L L L M L M
N4 M M M M M M
N5 M H M H H H
N6 H H H H H H
C1 L L L M L M
C2 M M M M M M
C3 M H M H H H
C4 H H H H H H
NOTES:
1 The values in this Table are independent of vertical spacing but 600 mm is the
maximum spacing permitted (see Clause 7.3).
2 L = light duty; M = medium duty; H = heavy duty.
3 The required tie ratings are based on the load capacities given in AS/NZS 2699.1 (see
also AS 4773.1).
9.8 ROOF ANCHORAGE

The roof shall be adequately connected to the frame in accordance with the relevant
Standard, and shall not be directly connected to the masonry.

AS 4773.2—2010 58
(a) Horizontal spacing
FIGURE 9.7 (in part) VENEER TIE

59 AS 4773.2—2010
NOTE: Where ties are required to be doubled, they shall be placed in adjacent courses (as shown) or shall be placed in
the same course on each side of the stud (see Clause 9.7).
(b) Vertical spacing
FIGURE 9.7 (in part) VENEER TIE

AS 4773.2—2010 60
FIGURE 9.8 VENEER—TIE FIXING


AS 4773.2—2010 60
FIGURE 9.8 VENEER—TIE FIXING


AS 4773.2—2010 62
level occurs, as shown in Figure 10.1.
Where lap joints in a DPC occur, they shall not be less than—
(A) 150 mm in a straight run; and
(B) the width of the DPC at corners.
A flashing that extends through the entire width of a masonry leaf may also be used as a
DPC.
NOTES:
1 DPCs are not required in internal leaves of cavity walls in slab on ground construction.
2 In addition to the provisions of this Clause, termite management provisions need to be
considered when determining the appropriate DPC location.

63 AS 4773.2—2010
FIGURE 10.1 LOCATON OF DPC

10.5.2 Slip joints

Where a concrete slab or concrete lintel is supported by an unreinforced masonry wall, a
slip joint shall be provided to allow for differential movement between the masonry and the
concrete, as shown in Figure 10.2.
Slip joints shall consist of—
(a) 2 layers of rigid DPC;
(b) 1 layer of DPC over a flat rigid material;
(c) 2 layers of flexible DPC over a level surface of solid masonry; or
(d) other proprietary systems that have demonstrated slip performance.

AS 4773.2—2010 64
FIGURE 10.2 SLIP JOINT
10.5.3 Flashings and weepholes

10.5.3.1 Cavity flashings
Cavity flashings shall be provided at all points where the cavity of a masonry cavity wall is
interrupted by a structural element, opening or similar configuration.
For concrete slabs, cavity flashing shall be located at or near the floor or ground level, as
appropriate, as shown in Figures 10.1 and 10.3.
NOTE: Cavity flashing may also act as a DPC to prevent the upward or downward passage of
moisture within masonry.
Cavity flashing shall be—
(a) turned up a minimum of 150 mm at the inner leaf;
(b) set a minimum of 30 mm into the mortar of the inner leaf;
(c) drained by weepholes at 1200 mm maximum centres;
(d) lapped at joints in a straight run by a minimum of 150 mm;
(e) lapped at corners by the width of the bottom leg or fanned, as shown in Figures 10.4
and 10.5; and
(f) embedded not less than 25 mm into the outer leaf.
The raking of perpendicular joints to form weepholes shall extend the full width of masonry
(through the wall), including bed joint at the level of the flashing.
Cavity flashing that is also a DPC shall extend across the full width of the masonry skin.
Flashing that protrudes past the face of the wall shall be either cut off or turned down.
Where cavity flashings are penetrated, the flashing shall be punched through or cut from the
inside of the wall and be fitted around the penetration and sealed.
In areas where termite management systems are required, all penetrations within the cavity
shall be treated in accordance with AS 3660.1.

65 AS 4773.2—2010
FIGURE 10.3 CAVITY FLASHING—SLAB ON GROUND

FIGURE 10.4 FLASHING AT CORNERS

AS 4773.2—2010 66
FIGURE 10.5 FOLDED EXTERNAL CORNER FLASHING
10.5.3.2 Sill flashing

Sill and head flashings shall be installed so that water is shed towards the exposed skin.
This is particularly critical at the end of flashings.
Sill flashing shall be built in below exposed masonry sills, as shown in Figure 10.6. It shall
be embedded not less than 30 mm in the outer leaf, extend 150 mm beyond reveals on each
side of the opening and be adequately secured to the inner leaf or window frame.
Sill flashing shall be either—
(a) built in directly below the sill brick; or
(b) built in one course below the sill brick.
Weepholes may be omitted at sill flashings.

67 AS 4773.2—2010
NOTES:
1 Flashing may be omitted where the opening is protected by a veranda, eaves, or the like.
2 Head flashing may be omitted where ‘A’ is not less than three times ‘B’.
3 Sill flashing may be omitted where ‘A’ is not less than three times ‘C’.
4 Details (1) and (2) are interchangeable as are details (3) and (4).
FIGURE 10.6 LOCATION OF SILL AND HEAD FLASHINGS

IN CAVITY CONSTRUCTION
10.5.3.3 Head flashings

Head flashings shall be installed over all exposed openings in cavity walls, as shown in
Figure 10.6, and shall—
(a) extend 150 mm (min) beyond each side of the opening or any items breaching the
cavity;
(b) be built into the external leaf a minimum of 30 mm, turned up in the cavity not less
than 150 mm and built into the inner leaf to a minimum of 30 mm;
(c) be placed as low as practicable over the opening in the first available course above
the lintel but in no case greater than 300 mm above the opening; and
NOTE: If a cavity flashing is already placed in this position it may serve as a head flashing.
(d) be drained by weepholes at 1200 mm maximum centres for openings greater than
1200 mm in width.

AS 4773.2—2010 68
10.5.3.4 Flashing at roof abutment

Where a roof abuts a masonry wall, a through-flashing shall be installed above the roof to
prevent water penetration to lower wall areas. Where the wall/roof junction is inclined or
sloped, a stepped cavity ‘cascade’ flashing shall be provided, as shown in Figure 10.7.
(a) Straight flashings shall—
(i) be lapped at joints by a minimum of 150 mm and formed from maximum
practicable lengths to minimize the number of joints (except as required by
(ii) be turned up in the cavity a minimum of 75 mm and built 30 mm into inner leaf;
(iii) extend through the external masonry leaf;
(iv) be drained by weepholes at 1200 mm maximum centres;
(v) be turned down a minimum of 75 mm to the roof or soaker flashing;
(vi) where a soaker flashing is not used, be turned out onto the roof 150 mm min;
and
(vii) where an under-flashing or soaker is used, overlap the soaker by a minimum of
75 mm.
(b) Stepped flashings consist of sections of flashing or trays, as shown in Figure 10.8,
where each tray shall—
(i) be turned up in the cavity a minimum of 75 mm;
(ii) be boxed up to a minimum of 40 mm at the end to shed water to the tray below;
(iii) overlap the tray below by a minimum of 75 mm;
(iv) extend through the external masonry leaf;
(v) be drained by weepholes that are not concealed by the flashing above;
(vi) be turned down a minimum of 75 mm to the roof or soaker flashing;
(vii) where a soaker flashing is not used, be turned out onto the roof 150 mm (min.);
and
(viii) where an under-flashing or soaker is used, be cut to the roof slope but shall
overlap the soaker by a minimum of 75 mm.
(c) Continuity of damp-proofing shall be maintained at steps by one of the following (see
Figure 10.8)—
(i) folding the boxed section onto the next course of masonry (under the tray
above);
(ii) using a continuous DPC under trays; or
(iii) lapping sections of DPC between trays, where the DPC shall be positioned on
top of the lower tray and underside of the subsequent tray.

69 AS 4773.2—2010
NOTE: DPC between trays is omitted for clarity.
FIGURE 10.7 STEPPED FLASHING IN CAVITY CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 10.8 TYPICAL STEPPED FLASHING TRAYS

AS 4773.2—2010 70
(d) Soaker flashings shall be—

(i) lapped at joints by a minimum of 150 mm and formed from maximum
practicable lengths to minimize number of joints (except as required by
(ii) turned up a minimum of 75 mm behind over-flashing;
(iii) turned out a minimum of 150 mm onto the roof; and
(iv) lapped or ‘fanned’, at ridge as shown in Figure 10.9.
FIGURE 10.9 SOAKER DETAIL AT RIDGE
10.5.3.5 Parapet flashings

Where an internal leaf of cavity construction extends through a roof and becomes a parapet,
a cavity through-flashing shall be installed above the roof to prevent water penetration to
lower wall areas.
Parapets shall—
(a) have cavity flashings installed in accordance with Figure 10.10; and
(b) where a roof surface is pitched, be in accordance with Clause 10.5.3.4.

71 AS 4773.2—2010
NOTE: Structural support omitted for clarity.
FIGURE 10.10 FLASHING AT PARAPETS
10.5.3.6 Chimney flashings

A chimney tray shall be provided in a chimney stack. In addition to a chimney tray, flashing
shall be provided between the external face of the chimney and the roof surface.

AS 4773.2—2010 72
10.6 WALL TIES

Wall ties shall be selected and spaced in accordance with Table 10.1 and Figures 10.11(A),
and 10.11(B).
(d) 300 mm above intermediate floor level in two storey construction; and
(e) 400 mm below intermediate floor level in two storey construction except where
flashing.
Ties shall be doubled at intersecting walls, as shown in Figure 10.11(A).
Ties shall be embedded at least 50 mm into each masonry leaf.

AS 4773.2—2010 72
10.6 WALL TIES

Wall ties shall be selected and spaced in accordance with Table 10.1 and Figures 10.11(A),
and 10.11(B).
(d) 300 mm above intermediate floor level in two storey construction; and
(e) 400 mm below intermediate floor level in two storey construction except where
flashing.
Ties shall be doubled at intersecting walls, as shown in Figure 10.11(A).
Ties shall be embedded at least 50 mm into each masonry leaf.

AS 4773.2—2010 74
FIGURE 10.11(A) CAVITY TIE—HORIZONTAL SPACING

75 AS 4773.2—2010
FIGURE 10.11(B) CAVITY TIE—VERTICAL SPACING
10.7 LATERAL SUPPORT

All panels of cavity masonry shall be interconnected and supported in accordance with the
documents.
Lateral supports include the following:
(a) Cross-walls or masonry returns of length at least 600 mm and properly bonded or tied
to the support wall.
(b) Reinforced piers or reinforced cores of hollow blockwork.
(c) Steel or timber wall, roof or floor framing that has been designed to withstand
horizontal loading in accordance with AS/NZS 4600, AS 1684.2, AS 1684.3 or
AS 1684.4.
(d) Steel mullions complying with AS 4773.1 and constructed in accordance with
Figure 10.12.

AS 4773.2—2010 76
(e) Concrete roof or floor slabs complying with AS 3600 and AS 2870, as appropriate.
FIGURE 10.12 ARRANGEMENT OF RHS MULLIONS IN A CAVITY WALL
10.8 ROOF ANCHORAGE

The roof shall be connected to the masonry walls to resist wind uplift in accordance with
the documents but not less than as specified in Figure 10.13.
10.9 CHASES, HOLES AND RECESSES

This Standard does not cover the detailing of masonry to include chases, holes or recesses.
If the masonry includes chases longer than 300 mm, holes greater than 10 000 mm2 in area
or recesses greater than 10 000 mm2 in area, then the design and detailing shall comply with
the requirements of AS 3700.
NOTE: Requirements for chases, holes and recesses are specified in AS 3700.
10.10 PARAPETS
In wind categories N1, N2 and N3, the ratio of height to overall thickness for parapets,
chimneys and freestanding walls built of unreinforced masonry shall not exceed 3:1 and the
height shall not exceed 600 mm.
NOTE: In higher wind categories, or where the height exceeds these limits, the design of
parapets, chimneys and cantilevers is outside the Scope of this Standard.

77 AS 4773.2—2010
FIGURE 10.13 TYPICAL ROOF CONTECTIONS FOR A CAVITY WALL


AS 4773.2—2010 78
SEC T I O N 1 1 U N R E I N F O R C E D S I N G L E - L E A F
W A L L S
11.1 GENERAL
Unreinforced single-leaf walls consist of a single leaf of masonry. In addition to the
appropriate clauses of Sections 1 to 8, the requirements of this Section shall apply to
unreinforced single-leaf walls.
All unreinforced single-leaf masonry shall be supported by a concrete slab or footing
complying with AS 2870 or a concrete suspended slab complying with AS 3600.
11.2 LEAF THICKNESS

The thickness of any leaf shall be not less than 90 mm.
11.3 BONDING
Bonded corners and intersections shall be built up as the work proceeds.
Where two or more adjoining sections of masonry, including intersecting walls, are
constructed at different rates or times, the intersections shall be raked back. Toothing of
corners and intersections is not permitted.
11.4 DAMP-PROOF COURSES AND SLIP JOINTS

11.4.1 Damp-proof course (DPCs)
DPCs shall be—
(a) installed in masonry walls where required to form a continuous damp-proofing barrier
around the building;
(b) of sufficient width to extend through the entire masonry leaf; and
(c) visible at both faces of the wall.
The height of a DPC shall be not less than—
(i) 150 mm above the adjacent finished ground level;

(ii) 75 mm above the finished paved, concrete or landscaped areas that slope away from
the wall; or
(iii) 50 mm above finished paved, concreted or landscaped areas that slope away from the
wall and protected from the direct effect of the weather by a carport, veranda or
similar structure.
level occurs.
Where lap joints occur in a DPC, they shall be not less than—
(A) 150 mm in a straight run of wall; or
(B) the width of the DPC at the corners.

79 AS 4773.2—2010
NOTE: In addition to the provisions of this Clause, termite management provisions need to be
considered when determining the appropriate DPC location.
11.4.2 Slip joints
Where a concrete slab is supported by an unreinforced masonry wall, a slip joint shall be
provided, as shown in Figure 11.1, to allow for differential movement between the masonry
and the concrete.
Slip joints shall consist of—
(a) 2 layers of rigid DPC; or
(b) 1 layer of DPC over a flat rigid material; or
(c) 2 layers of flexible DPC over a level surface of solid masonry; or
(d) other proprietary systems that have demonstrated slip performance.
FIGURE 11.1 SLIP JOINT
11.5 LATERAL SUPPORTS

All panels of single-leaf masonry shall be interconnected and supported in accordance with
the documents.
Lateral supports include the following:
(a) Cross-walls or masonry returns of length at least 600 mm and properly bonded or tied
to the support wall.
(b) Reinforced piers or reinforced cores of hollow blockwork.
(c) Steel or timber wall, roof or floor framing that has been designed to withstand
horizontal loading in accordance with AS/NZS 4600, AS 1684.2, AS 1684.3 or
AS 1684.4.
(d) Concrete roof or floor slabs complying with AS 3600 and AS 2870, as appropriate.
(e) For internal masonry walls supported by plasterboard ceilings with cornices, in
accordance with Figure 11.2.

AS 4773.2—2010 80
NOTE: Cornices are attached to ceiling and not to walls.
FIGURE 11.2 SUPPORTS FOR INTERNAL WALLS
11.6 ROOF ANCHORAGE

the documents but shall be not less than specified in Figure 11.3.

81 AS 4773.2—2010
FIGURE 11.3 TYPICAL ROOF CONNECTION FOR UNREINFORCED

SINGLE-LEAF WALLS
11.7 WEATHERPROOFING
11.7.1 General
All external unreinforced single-leaf masonry of a habitable room shall be protected from
moisture penetration by a suitable weather-resistant coating.
All mortar joints shall be tooled and shall be free of cracks and holes, or the surface to be
coated shall be bagged or rendered.
The following weather-resistant coating systems shall be deemed to be satisfactory:
(a) Three coats of 100% acrylic-based exterior-quality paint. The first coat shall be
worked thoroughly into the texture of the masonry by brush to ensure complete
coverage of all voids and irregularities.
(b) A first coat of waterproof cement paint worked into the surface, overcoated with two
coats of 100% acrylic-based paint.
(c) Where the masonry texture and jointing are to be obscured, the walls shall be
rendered with a proprietary cement-based high-build waterproof render, followed by
an elastomeric acrylic polymer coating.
NOTE: For guidance on the painting of buildings, see AS/NZS 2311.
11.8 CHASES, HOLES AND RECESSES

This Standard does not cover the detailing of masonry to include chases, holes or recesses.
If the masonry includes chases longer than 300 mm, holes greater than 10 000 mm2 in area
or recesses greater than 10 000 mm2 in area, then the design and detailing must comply with
the requirements of AS 3700.
NOTE: Requirements for chases, holes and recesses are specified in AS 3700.

AS 4773.2—2010 82
S E C T I O N 1 2 R E I N F O R C E D M A S O N R Y
W A L L S
12.1 GENERAL
12.1.1 Reinforced masonry
Reinforced masonry refers to masonry in which some or all grouted cavities or cores are
reinforced with steel reinforcement and the wall is resistant to damp and weather.
NOTE: Bed joint mesh is not considered to be reinforcement.
Where an N16 bar is required, 2 N12 bars, separated by at least 20 mm, may be used in lieu.
12.1.2 Reinforcement—Starter bars
Starter bars shall be provided and extend from the footing or slab a minimum of 450 mm
high into the wall, and shall be of the same size and location as the main vertical
reinforcement, as shown in Figure 12.1.

83 AS 4773.2—2010
NOTE: Termite management systems omitted for clarity.
FIGURE 12.1 BASE DETAILS
12.1.3 Vertical reinforcement

Where vertical reinforcement is used, the overlap at the starter bars shall be not less than
450 mm. The wall reinforcement shall also be hooked or cogged at the top end and engaged
with the bond beam reinforcement.

AS 4773.2—2010 84
12.1.4 Horizontal reinforcement

All horizontal reinforcement shall be fully grouted into position.
NOTE: Where blocks are to be employed in conjunction with horizontal reinforcement, it is vital
that the blocks used for this reinforcement be open ended to ensure that grout completely encases
the reinforcement. The appropriate blocks are—
(a) U-shaped lintel blocks;
(b) knock-out bond beam blocks, with the reinforcement suspended above the web; and
(c) H blocks.
Bond beams shall be provided at the tops of all walls where the wall is supporting a floor
and under all windows wider than 1500 mm.
12.2 ROOF TIE DOWNS

documents but shall be not less than specified in Figure 12.2.
12.3 GROUT
All cavities containing reinforcement shall be filled with grout and compacted to provide
adequate cover to the steel.
The grout shall be in accordance with Section 4.
12.4 WEATHERPROOFING
All external reinforced masonry of a habitable room shall be protected from moisture
penetration by a suitable weather-resistant coating (see Note 1).
All mortar joints shall be tooled and be free of cracks and holes, or the surface to be coated
shall be bagged or rendered.
The following weather-resistant coating systems are deemed to be satisfactory:
(a) Three coats of 100% acrylic-based exterior quality paint. The first coat shall be
worked thoroughly into the texture of the masonry by brush to ensure complete
coverage of all voids and irregularities (see Note 1).
(b) A first coat of waterproof cement paint worked into the surface, overcoated with two
coats of 100% acrylic-based paint (see Note 1).
(c) Where the masonry texture and jointing are to be obscured, the walls shall be
rendered with a proprietary cement-based high-build waterproof render, followed by
an elastomeric acrylic polymer coating.
(d) Clear water repellent coatings, provided there is a weatherproof overhang of not less
than 1500 mm.
NOTES:
1 For guidance on the painting of buildings, see AS/NZS 2311.
2 Regular maintenance of the coating, in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations,
is necessary to maintain the integrity of the weatherproofing.

85 AS 4773.2—2010
FIGURE 12.2 TYPICAL ROOF CONNECTIONS FOR REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS

AS 4773.2—2010 86
APPENDIX A
INFORMATION ON DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATION
(Informative)
The following specific information is required by AS 4773.1 to be shown on the drawings

and specifications:
(a) Site information:
(i) Site address.
(ii) Wind class in accordance with AS 4055.
(iii) Soil class in accordance with AS 2870.
(iv) Exposure environment (see Clause 4.4).
(b) Masonry units:
(i) Type (e.g., clay, concrete, calcium silicate).
(ii) Category (e.g., cored, solid, hollow, horizontally cored).
(iii) Work sizes, including the face shell width for hollow units.
(iv) Characteristic unconfined compressive strength ( f uc′ ) .
(v) Salt attack resistance grade.
(vi) Coefficient of expansion or drying contraction, as appropriate.
(vii) Mortar joint finish and depth of raking (if any).
(c) Mortar class or mix proportions.
(d) Grout characteristics (if used)—
(i) compressive strength ( f c′ ) ;
(ii) cement content;

(iii) maximum aggregate size; and
(iv) workability and site mix proportions (if applicable).
(e) Wall ties and accessory classes for strength and durability.
(f) Reinforcement grade (if used).
(g) Masonry bond pattern.
(h) Principal dimensions of the masonry, including the positions of supports, piers,
openings, length of returns and all features affecting the strength and stability of the
structure.
(i) Positions and details (including where appropriate, dimensions, durability rating and
material types) of the following:
(i) Subfloor or cavity ventilation.
(ii) Termite barriers.
(iii) Damp-proof courses.
(iv) Flashings.

87 AS 4773.2—2010
(v) Slip materials.

(vi) Control joints.
(vii) Lintels.
(viii) Roof anchorage.
(ix) Reinforcement.
(x) Bracing walls.
(xi) Connectors.
(j) Requirement for the construction to be in accordance with this Standard, i.e.,
AS 4773.2.

AS 4773.2—2010 88
APPENDIX B
CLEANING MASONRY
(Informative)
B1 GENERAL
The cleaning down of masonry is best done each day, as the work is constructed. The
removal of mortar smears and the removal of stains should be done in such a manner that
the work is not damaged.
B2 METHOD USING WATER

The preferred method for cleaning masonry is the traditional one: allow the mortar to just
dry on the surface of the masonry units and then wash off with water. The length of time
needed for drying to occur depends on the type of masonry units and the temperature; it
may take a few hours or a day at most. Once the mortar adhering to the surface is dry to the
touch it can be scraped or brushed off. This action will leave a thin mortar smear on the
surface, which can be removed with the aid of water and a stiff brush.
For all masonry, and particularly for light coloured or white masonry units, this is the safest
method of cleaning.
B3 METHODS USING ACID

B3.1 Diluted hydrochloric acid
WARNING: CARE IS NECESSARY WHEN DILUTING CONCENTRATED
HYDROCHLORIC ACID TO WORKING STRENGTH AND, AS A MINIMUM,
THE FOLLOWING SHOULD BE OBSERVED:
1 SELECT A WELL-VENTILATED AREA.
2 ALWAYS ADD THE CONCENTRATED ACID TO THE WATER.
3 USE ONLY EARTHENWARE, GLASS OR HEAVY DUTY PLASTIC
CONTAINERS.
4 ALWAYS, IT IS NECESSARY TO WEAR GOGGLES AND RUBBER

GLOVES WHEN USING HYDROCHLORIC ACID SOLUTIONS.
5 AVOID SPLASHING ACID ONTO MATERIALS ADJACENT TO THE
MASONRY.
POLISHED STONE AND METAL SURFACES THAT ARE LIKELY TO BE
PERMANENTLY DEFACED BY ACID ATTACK SHOULD BE PROTECTED
BY PHYSICAL SHIELDING OR A PROTECTIVE COATING. IT IS A WISE
PRECAUTION TO KEEP SUCH MATERIALS DRENCHED WITH WATER
DURING AND AFTER CLEANING IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE THE RISK OF
ACCIDENTAL ETCHING BY THE ACID.
The cheapest and most common agent for removing mortar that has been allowed to harden
is a solution of hydrochloric acid (also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salts) diluted
with water.

89 AS 4773.2—2010
WARNING: HYDROCHLORIC ACID ATTACKS CEMENT, THUS MAKING

CONCRETE MASONRY PARTICULARLY PRONE TO DAMAGE. IT SHOULD
ONLY BE USED WITH EXTREME CAUTION ON CONCRETE MASONRY.
Some light coloured cream, grey and brown clay masonry units can be more susceptible
than others to ‘burning’ by contact with acid. Even the dilutions referred to below might be
too strong for some units and, if there is any doubt at all, the product manufacturer’s advice
on a suitable cleaning chemical and method should be obtained before using a hydrochloric
acid/water solution.
The generally recommended dilution of hydrochloric acid is 1:10 (1 part acid to 10 parts
water); however, even weaker dilutions such as 1:20 should be tried first. The acid acts by
dissolving both the cement and the lime from the mortar, thus causing it to disintegrate so
that it can be washed away. This action is more rapid when the acid is stronger, but, with
higher concentrations, there is an increased risk of excessive attack on mortar joints, and of
staining or ‘burning’ the masonry unit. Mortars with high cement content are very difficult
to remove once they have set and the temptation is to increase the strength of the acid; this
temptation should be resisted.
The use of acid solutions stronger than 1:10 can be avoided if the mortar is removed from
the surface of the masonry units before it has completely set. Also, it should be remembered
that the only cleaning action of hydrochloric acid is to remove the mortar; it is not effective
in cleaning other blemishes from masonry.
B3.2 Other acids
Other mineral acids such as sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid should not be used for
cleaning mortar smears. Unlike hydrochloric acid, these compounds are not volatile and
remain in the masonry after being absorbed. Here they can cause unwanted reactions with
both masonry units and mortar. In some masonry units, the salts produced from the acids
can lead to destruction of the units. In other masonry units, the salts cause persistent
efflorescence on the surface of the masonry and may attack the mortar joints.
B4 PROPRIETARY CLEANING COMPOUNDS

There are a number of proprietary compounds available for cleaning new masonry or for
removing stains. It is the responsibility of the user to evaluate the cost and suitability of
these products.
B5 HIGH-PRESSURE WATER
High-pressure water may be used in the final clean up after chemical agents have first
dissolved or softened the substance to be removed; however, if the pressure of the water is
too high and an incorrect jet is used, there is considerable risk of damage.
The following precautions should be observed with high-pressure cleaning:
(a) Use a maximum pressure of 7000 kPa.
(b) Use a wide fan spray nozzle (15° to 20°).
(c) Keep the nozzle about 500 mm from the wall and never closer than 300 mm.
(d) Test the procedure first on a section of wall that is less noticeable.
B6 CLEANING PROCEDURE FOR NEW EXTERNAL MASONRY

Commence cleaning by rubbing down the masonry with a stiff brush, assisted by a scraper
to remove any large lumps of mortar.
Drench the front of the masonry with clean water to wash off loose dirt and to reduce
absorption of the cleaning agent into the masonry units.

AS 4773.2—2010 90
Keep the wall wet ahead of the cleaning operation and apply the cleaning solution to up to
about 4 m 2 of the thoroughly wet wall. When applying acid to the wall, use a nylon or two-
knot brush (not a bristle or wire brush) or pour from a plastic watering can. Scrub the face
of the masonry units with a brush or use a water jet to loosen the stain. In order to minimize
acid attack on the joints, it is important to scrub only the face of the masonry units and not
the mortar joints. Keep the masonry units wet during cleaning so that neither the cleaning
solution nor the products of its reaction with mortar are drawn into the wall. If this
precaution is not observed, streaks may be left on the surface of the masonry.
Wash down each section with a hose or water jet immediately after cleaning. A water jet is
particularly useful for removing mortar remnants from highly textured masonry units.
Water pressure should be used with care to avoid eroding the surfaces of the mortar joints
and the masonry units. Damaging these surfaces will lead to an increased rate of weathering
and a reduced durability life for the building.
Repeat the cleaning operation over the remaining area, working down from the top of the
wall.
When the wall has dried out, any area where mortar residue remains should be wetted again
and cleaned with the same acid solution. On areas that have resisted cleaning, the use of
more vigorous scrubbing is preferable to the use of a stronger acid solution. A second
general hydrochloric acid wash rarely improves the quality of the masonry cleaning and, if
further treatment is necessary, the use of a proprietary cleaning solution is likely to prove
more effective.
Mortar pigments and the clay in ‘bush’, or ‘fatty’ sands and loams, are both composed of
very small particles. Both can leave obstinate marks on the surface of masonry either after
absorption from mortar left in contact with masonry or after separation from the mortar
during the cleaning process. If cleaning with hydrochloric acid does not remove these
marks, a second application of even stronger acid is not likely to be effective. Scrubbing the
previously wetted surface with a solution of a commercial detergent is sometimes effective
in removing clay stains. These stains can normally be removed with cleaning solutions that
contain a mixture of acids. These solutions are commercially available but the suppliers’
instructions for application should be strictly adhered to. The manufacturer of the masonry
units should also be consulted for advice.
NOTE: Where it is practicable to do so, the application of a neutralizing solution of sodium
bicarbonate (as described in Paragraph B7 for internal masonry) is also useful for external
masonry, to minimize the risk of vanadium staining.
B7 CLEANING MORTAR FROM NEW INTERNAL MASONRY

The procedures for cleaning internal masonry are essentially the same as those outlined for
external masonry but some very important extra precautions have to be taken. These are
necessary for two reasons:
(a) Despite pre-wetting the masonry units before using acid solutions, a significant
quantity of these solutions will be absorbed into the body of the masonry units. Being
volatile, hydrochloric acid then evaporates and the acidic vapour in a closed space
will attack metallic objects and other susceptible materials.
(b) Excessive pre-wetting increases the moisture content of the masonry and this can lead
to persistent efflorescence.
These problems can be avoided by using the preferred method of cleaning masonry,
outlined in Paragraph B2. Acid cleaning will only be necessary if the mortar is allowed to
set.

91 AS 4773.2—2010
If acid is used then carry out the work as soon as possible using a weak solution.
Pre-wetting the masonry is recommended, but do not soak the masonry units; a light spray
just ahead of the work in progress should be sufficient.
Once the masonry units have become surface-dry after the acid clean, apply a liberal coat of
a neutralizing solution such as 50 g of bicarbonate of soda per litre of water. Apply with a
paintbrush or by spraying and leave this solution on the wall. One application is usually
sufficient to neutralize the acid left in the masonry and a check with a strip of blue litmus
paper should confirm this (see Note below). If the masonry is still acidic, a follow-up
bicarbonate of soda application is advisable. This second application of the neutralizing
solution should take place not less than 7 days after the first one.
Maintain good ventilation of the area until the masonry has dried out completely. Poor
ventilation, together with acidic residues in the masonry, can cause discolouration on the
surface of susceptible masonry units and heavy efflorescence on most masonry units or the
mortar joints.
NOTE: The acidity of the masonry can be checked with blue litmus paper obtained from chemical
suppliers. The paper stays blue when dipped into a neutral or alkaline solution, but will turn red
in contact with an acidic medium such as masonry freshly cleaned with acid. Sweat will also turn
it red because of the acidity of the skin, so use clean hands. Dip the litmus paper into a cup of tap
water (it should stay blue; but if it turns red, use distilled water). Spray some of the same water
on the surface of the masonry units and stick the litmus paper on this wet patch. If it stays blue,
the masonry is not acidic.

AS 4773.2—2010 92
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AS
1170 Structural design actions
1170.4 Part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia
AS/NZS
1170 Structural design actions
1170.2 Part 2: Wind actions
2311 Guide to the painting of buildings
4456 Masonry units, segmental pavers and flags
4456.11 Method 11: Determining coefficients of expansion
4456.12 Method 12: Determining coefficients of contraction
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AS 4773.

Masonry in small buildings

The following are represented on Committee BD-097:

• Association of Consulting Engineers Australia

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 04510.

Keeping Standards up-to-date

Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to

Masonry in small buildings

Originated as part of AS 3700—2001.

AS 3700—2001 revised, in part, and designated AS 4773.2—2010.

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

SECTION 2 MASONRY UNITS

SECTION 5 BUILT-IN COMPONENTS

SECTION 6 SUBFLOOR CONSTRUCTION

SECTION 7 CONTROL JOINTS

SECTION 8 LINTELS AND ARCHES

SECTION 9 MASONRY VENEER WALLS

SECTION 10 CAVITY MASONRY WALLS

SECTION 11 UNREINFORCED SINGLE-LEAF WALLS

SECTION 12 REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS

12.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 82

(iv) Structures required to be designed for earthquake actions in accordance with

1.2 GENERAL LIMITATIONS

www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia

© Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

FIGURE 1.1 BUILDING GEOMETRY

www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia

1.3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES

2904 Damp-proof courses and flashings

© Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia

1.4.6 Site class

© Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia

FIGURE 2.1 TYPICAL MASONRY UNITS

2.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

© Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

(c) Solid or cored units in loadbearing masonry .................................................... 5 MPa.

Exterior General purpose

www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia

2.5 EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION

© Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

3.1 MORTAR TYPES

www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia

© Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

3.2 MORTAR COMPONENTS

3.2.4 Water thickener

www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia

(b) Colouring pigments complying with BS 1014.

© Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia

© Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

5.3 WALL TIES

www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia

5.6 FLASHINGS AND DAMP-PROOF COURSES

© Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

ventilation shall be provided to ensure that the overall level of ventilation is

© Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

FIGURE 6.1 TYPICAL SUBFLOOR VENTILATION