As 2878

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groups
Australian/New Zealand Standard™
Timber—Classification into strength

AS/NZS 2878:2000
AS/NZS 2878:2000
This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical
Committee TM/3, Timber Grading. It was approved on behalf of the Council of
Standards Australia on 7 July 2000 and on behalf of the Council of Standards New
Zealand on 14 July 2000. It was published on 5 September 2000.
The following interests are represented on Committee TM/3:

Australian Timber Importers Federation
CSIRO—Building, Construction and Engineering
Curtin University of Technology
Forest and Forest Products Employment Skills
Forestry Queensland
Housing Industry Association
Master Builders Australia
National Association of Forest Industries
New Zealand Forest Research Institute
New Zealand Timber Industry Federation
New Zealand Timber Suppliers Group
Pine Australia
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State Forests of New South Wales

Timber Promotion Council
Timber Research and Development Advisory Council of Queensland
University of Technology, Sydney
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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 97407.

AS/NZS 2878:2000
Australian/New Zealand Standard™
Timber—Classification into strength

groups
Originated as MP 45—1979.
Previous edition AS 2878—1986.
Jointly revised and designated AS/NZS 2878:2000.
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Jointly published by Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001
and Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020
ISBN 0 7337 3518 5
AS/NZS 2878:2000 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee TM/3, Timber Grading, to supersede AS 2878—1986.
The objective of this Standard is to provide producers and users of structural timber with
procedures for establishing the strength group to which a species belongs for use in stress-
grading structural timber and determining structural properties.
Strength grouping was introduced in 1939 and has since been developed and refined to
simplify the presentation and utilization of the information obtained about some hundreds
of timber species.
A strength group may be visualized as a nominal species with established clear-wood
strength properties representing a collection of actual timber species that have similar or
slightly higher mean strength values. The group limits have been chosen so that the ratio
between representative strength values of groups is constant at approximately 1.2.
Where the wood of several species is virtually identical, they have been grouped under one
standard trade name in AS 2543, Nomenclature of Australian Timbers. Because no purpose
is served in separating them, timbers so grouped are regarded as a ‘species group’. This is
not to be confused with a ‘species mixture’ which is a marketing term for a mixture of
species and for which the strength group is that of the lowest species strength group in the
mixture.
To cater for normal commercial timber production, visual structural grading rules have been
developed with the ratio of strength values between the grades being the same as that
between the strength groups. Consequently the interaction of strength groups and visual
grades leads to a limited number of sets of design values, termed stress grades.
The following changes have been made for this edition:
(a) No consideration of species groups; only single species considered.
(b) Index properties are included.
(c) Compression test omitted (in line with International Standards).
(d) Timber sample may now be taken from mill production.
(e) Specimen size to be 20 × 20 mm in cross-section.
(f) Specimens to be clear of corewood and brittle heart.
(g) Minimum sample size for positive grouping is increased to 30.
(h) Tighter specification of moisture content conditions.
(i) Test report required.
(j) Slight modification in specified test procedures.
The term ‘normative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the
appendix to which it applies. A normative appendix is an integral part of a Standard.
3 AS/NZS 2878:2000
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE .........................................................................................................................4
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ...................................................................................4
1.3 DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................4
SECTION 2 PROCEDURES FOR THE STRENGTH GROUPING OF A SPECIES

2.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................6
2.2 PROCEDURE FOR POSITIVE STRENGTH GROUPING .........................................6
2.3 PROCEDURE FOR PROVISIONAL STRENGTH GROUPING.................................8
SECTION 3 CLASSIFICATION OF TIMBERS

3.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................10
3.2 STRENGTH GROUPS OF AUSTRALIAN TIMBERS .............................................10
3.3 STRENGTH GROUPS OF TIMBERS OTHER THAN AUSTRALIAN GROWN ....26
APPENDICES
A SAMPLING ...............................................................................................................30
B MECHANICAL TESTS.............................................................................................31
AS/NZS 2878:2000 4
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
Australian/New Zealand Standard

Timber—Classification into strength groups
S E CT I ON 1 S COP E AND GE NE RAL
1.1 SCOPE
This Standard establishes a procedure for the classification of timber species into strength
groups based either on the values obtained from testing small clear specimens or on the
species mean density at 12 percent moisture content. It specifies the unseasoned and
seasoned strength groups of most of the timber species used in Australia.
NOTE: This Standard does not deal with the role that these strength groups play in the
determination of stress grades, basic working stresses and characteristic properties, nor does it
cover alternative means of determining stress grades of timber.
This Standard describes procedures for single species and does not cover species groups
except where strength groups are given in Tables 3.1 and 3.2.
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1148 Nomenclature of commercial timbers imported into Australia
2543 Nomenclature of Australian timbers
ISO
3133 Wood — Determination of ultimate strength in static bending
3349 Wood—Determination of modulus of elasticity in static bending
BS
373 Methods of testing small clear specimens of timber
CSIRO Division of Building Research
Mack, J.J. (1979) Australian Methods for Mechanically Testing Small Clear Specimens of
Timber, Technical Paper (Second Series) No. 31
1.3 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard the definitions below apply.
1.3.1 Species mean
Mean value of a given property estimated from a representative sample (see Appendix A).
1.3.2 Strength group
Classification into which a timber species or species group, as listed in Tables 3.1 and 3.2,
is assigned on the basis of the mechanical properties of material free of strength-reducing
characteristics or density determination of the species.
NOTE: In descending order there are seven strength groups for unseasoned timber (S1 to S7) and
eight strength groups for seasoned timber (SD1 to SD8). Depending on the nature and amount of
data on which the classification is made, a strength group may be termed ‘positive’ or
‘provisional’ (see Clauses 1.3.4 and 1.3.5).
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1.3.3 Positive strength group

Group to which a timber species is assigned on the basis of the testing of small clear
specimens to determine mechanical strength properties for five or more trees (see
Appendix A) and tested in accordance with the standard methods referred to in Appendix B.
1.3.4 Provisional strength group
Group to which a timber species is assigned on the basis of density or limited mechanical
test data.
NOTE: In Tables 3.1 and 3.2, the provisional strength groups are shown within brackets,
e.g. (S6).
1.3.5 Seasoned density
Seasoned density refers to the density of timber (including internal moisture) when the
moisture content of the timber is 12 percent.
1.3.6 Seasoned timber
For the purposes of this Standard, seasoned timber will be taken to be timber at a moisture
content of 12 percent.
1.3.7 Unseasoned timber
For the purposes of this Standard, unseasoned timber will be taken to refer to timber with a
moisture content in excess of 30 percent.

1.3.8 Index properties
For the purposes of this Standard, the term ‘index properties’ is taken to refer to properties
that are easily measured and which may be used to verify that a resource has not changed
over a period of time. Typical examples of such properties are clear wood density, width of
growth rings, knot frequency and log size.
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AS/NZS 2878:2000 6
S E CT I ON 2 P ROCE DURE S FOR T HE

S T RE NGT H GROUP I NG OF A S P E CI E S
2.1 GENERAL
A seasoned and an unseasoned strength group shall be established as being appropriate for
use in the structural design of timber of a species in accordance with Clauses 2.2 and 2.3.
Where a strength group is established in accordance with Clause 2.3, it shall be placed in
brackets to indicate its provisional nature.
A species shall be given either a positive or a provisional strength grouping depending on
the amount and reliability of the information available for the species. Provisional strength
groupings are conservative, and desirably so, because of the predictive relationships in
making the assessment. When adequate information is available on the strength of the
species in one moisture state, i.e. unseasoned or seasoned, but not in the other, a positive
strength group shall be assigned for the one that is well documented and a provisional
strength group for the other.
2.2 PROCEDURE FOR POSITIVE STRENGTH GROUPING

2.2.1 Sampling
Test specimens shall be taken from a minimum of five properly selected trees of the species
being evaluated in accordance with Appendix A.
2.2.2 Testing
A minimum number of 30 test specimens shall be tested in accordance with Appendix B.
NOTE: Values for bending strength and modulus of elasticity are obtained from the tests and the
calculated species mean values.
2.2.3 Unseasoned material
Species mean values obtained from tests on unseasoned material will allow the species to be
strength grouped in accordance with Clauses 2.2.5 and 2.2.6 for use in the unseasoned
condition (i.e. assigned to an ‘S’ group).
2.2.4 Seasoned material
Specimens used to assess the properties of seasoned timber must have a moisture content
within the range of 10–14 percent at the time of test.
For each one percent difference in moisture content from 12 percent, the test data for
bending strength shall be adjusted by 4 percent and the test data for modulus of elasticity by
1.5 percent. For test moisture contents above 12 percent the adjustments are positive and for
test moisture contents below 12 percent the adjustments are negative.
Species mean values obtained by adjustment to 12 percent moisture content of the results
obtained from tests on kiln-dried or air-dried material will allow the species to be strength
grouped in accordance with Clauses 2.2.5 and 2.2.6 for use in the seasoned condition
(i.e. assigned to an ‘SD’ group).
2.2.5 Preliminary comparison based on individual critical properties
The species mean values for bending strength and modulus of elasticity are first compared
separately with the minimum values listed for each strength group (see Tables 2.1 and 2.2).
The value of a property measured in the seasoned state shall be adjusted to the reference
moisture content of 12 percent (see Clause 2.2.4) before it is compared with the tabulated
values of SD1 to SD8 in Table 2.2.
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TABLE 2.1
PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION VALUES FOR UNSEASONED* TIMBER
Strength group
Minimum species mean
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
Bending strength, MPa 103 86 73 62 52 43 36
Modulus of elasticity, 16 300 14 200 12 400 10 700 9 100 7 900 6 900
MPa
* As measured or estimated at a moisture content above fibre-saturation point.
TABLE 2.2
PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION VALUES FOR SEASONED* TIMBER
Minimum species Strength group

mean SD1 SD2 SD3 SD4 SD5 SD6 SD7 SD8
Bending strength, 150 130 110 94 78 65 55 45
MPa
Modulus of elasticity, 21 500 18 500 16 000 14 000 12 100 10 500 9 100 7 900
MPa
* As measured or adjusted to a moisture content of 12 percent.
2.2.6 Positive strength classification based on the combination of properties

Where both properties in the unseasoned state have the same classification derived in
accordance with Clauses 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3 and 2.2.5, the species is assigned to that strength
group (prefix S).
Where both properties in the seasoned state have the same classification derived in
accordance with Clauses 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.4 and 2.2.5, the species is assigned to that strength
group (prefix SD).
Where both properties listed in Tables 2.1 and 2.2 do not have the same classification, the
following procedure as outlined in Table 2.3 shall be applied (see Note):
(a) Where the lowest group is that obtained from the bending strength, the overall species
strength group shall be raised one step above that minimum group only if the modulus
of elasticity is in a group at least two steps above that for the bending strength.
(b) Where the lowest group is that of the modulus of elasticity, the overall species
strength group shall be raised one step above that minimum only if the bending
strength is in a group at least two steps above that for the modulus of elasticity.
NOTE: A conservative approach would be to assign the species to the lowest group obtained from
the individual properties.
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AS/NZS 2878:2000 8
TABLE 2.3
COMBINATIONS OF PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATIONS THAT
PERMIT THE OVERALL STRENGTH GROUP ASSESSMENT
TO BE ONE STEP ABOVE THE LOWEST IN THE COMBINATION
Preliminary classification*
Strength group assessed as S or SD
Bending strength Modulus of elasticity
x x x
x x–2 x–1
x x+2 x+1
* Strength group x – 1 is stronger than strength group x; e.g. if strength group S4 is
denoted by x then strength group S3 is denoted by x – 1.
2.2.7 Test report

Each positive strength grouping shall be associated with a publicly available test report that
includes the following:
(a) Timber species.

(b) Timber resource.
(c) Specified moisture condition, seasoned or unseasoned.
(d) Sampling procedure used.
(e) Name of test laboratory.
(f) Test data obtained including bending strength, modulus of elasticity and moisture
content.
(g) Any index properties measured (see Clause 1.3.8).
2.3 PROCEDURE FOR PROVISIONAL STRENGTH GROUPING

2.3.1 Data available from mechanical testing
Where there is inadequate evidence for positive strength grouping but there are mechanical
test results available from a minimum of three representative trees (see Clause 2.2.1), the
procedure shall follow that for positive strength grouping (see Clause 2.2) and the strength
group shall be lowered by one strength group and placed in brackets to indicate that the
grouping is provisional.
2.3.2 Data available only for seasoned density
Where density alone is used to establish the provisional strength group, values of density at
12 percent moisture content are required from at least five representative trees sampled in
accordance with Appendix A. The provisional strength group shall be determined from
Table 2.4, according to the condition of seasoning. These strength groups shall be placed in
brackets to indicate that the grouping is provisional.
NOTE: Because of the imperfect correlation of strength with density, the values listed in
Table 2.4 are conservative and it should not be expected that a species positively grouped from its
strength properties would necessarily have a density as high as that listed in Table 2.4.
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2.3.3 Acceptable difference between unseasoned and seasoned strength groups

For any one species the provisional strength grouping for unseasoned and seasoned material
shall not vary by more than one strength group. Any adjustment required shall be on the
conservative side, e.g. for a species initially classified as say (S5), (SD3), its final
assessment will be (S5), (SD4).
NOTE: This restriction does not apply to positive grouping.
TABLE 2.4
MINIMUM DENSITY VALUES, AT 12 PERCENT MOISTURE CONTENT
FROM FIVE OR MORE TREES FOR ASSIGNING SPECIES TO STRENGTH
GROUPS IN THE ABSENCE OF ADEQUATE STRENGTH DATA
(a) Unseasoned material
Strength group S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
Based on mean density
at 12 percent moisture 1180 1030 900 800 700 600 500
content, kg/m3
(b) Seasoned material

Strength group SD1 SD2 SD3 SD4 SD5 SD6 SD7 SD8
Based on mean density
at 12 percent moisture 1200 1080 960 840 730 620 520 420
content, kg/m3
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AS/NZS 2878:2000 10
S E CT I ON 3 CLAS S I FI C AT I ON OF T I MBERS
3.1 GENERAL
This Section gives strength groups that have been established for a number of timbers (as
defined by Standard trade name) as they are grown in Australia or imported from elsewhere.
The strength groups given for the species groups covered in this Section are deemed to
comply with the requirements of Section 2.
3.2 STRENGTH GROUPS OF AUSTRALIAN TIMBERS

Table 3.1 gives the strength groups of unseasoned and seasoned Australian-grown timbers.
The reference number and the common name of the timber species are consistent with those
of AS 2543. Provisional strength groups are shown within brackets, e.g. (S6).
Botanical names are included for accuracy. A number of abbreviations are used in the
botanical names. These are sp. (for an unnamed species), spp. (for a number of species),
subsp. (for subspecies) and var (for variety). Refer to AS 2543 for complete detail on the
naming.
NOTE: Botanical names for some species have been changed due to the species being
reclassified.
TABLE 3.1
AUSTRALIAN-GROWN TIMBERS
Timber species Strength group
Ref. No. Preferred common name (Botanical name (s)) Unseasoned Seasoned
1 alder, blush (Sloanea australis) S5 SD6
2 alder, brown (Caldcluvia paniculosa) S5 SD6
3 alder, buff (Apodytes brachystylis) (S6) (SD6)
4 alder, hard (Pullea stutzeri) (S4) (SD4)
6 alder, pink (Gillbeea adenopetala) (S7) (SD7)
8 alder, rose (Caldcluvia australiensis) S6 SD6
9 alder, white (Polyosma alangiacea) (S5) (SD6)
10 almond, rose (Owenia venosa) (S3) (SD3)
11 almondbark (Prunus ternerana) (S7) (SD7)
13 antiaris (Antiaris toxicaria) (< S7) (SD8)
14 apple, Argyle (Eucalyptus cinerea) (S6) (SD6)
15 apple, black (Planchonella australis) S3 SD3
16 apple, broad-leaved (Angophora subvelutina) S4 (SD5)
18 apple, narrow-leaved (Angophora bakeri) (S5) (SD5)
19 apple, rough-barked (Angophora floribunda) (S4) (SD5)
20 apple, smooth-barked (Angophora costata) S3 SD3
21 apple, smudgy (Angophora woodsiana) (S3) (SD4)
22 ash, alpine (Eucalyptus delegatensis) S4 SD4
23 ash, Bennett’s (Flindersia bennettiana) (S4) (SD4)
(continued)
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TABLE 3.1 (continued)
24 ash, Blue Mountains (Eucalyptus oreades) (S5) SD5
25 ash, Crow’s (Flindersia australis) S2 SD3
27 ash, hickory (Flindersia ifflaiana) S1 SD2
28 ash, leopard (Flindersia collina) (S3) (SD3)
30 ash, mountain (E. regnans) S4 SD3
31 ash, penta (Pentaceras australe) (S3) (SD3)
32 ash, pink (Alphitonia petriei) (S7) (SD7)
33 ash, red (Alphitonia excelsa) (S3) (SD3)
34 ash, scaly (Ganophyllum falcatum) S4 SD4
35 ash, silky (Ehretia acuminata) (S6) (SD7)
36 ash, silver (Flindersia bourjotiana) S4 SD5
37 ash, silvertop (Eucalyptus sieberi) S3 SD3
38 ash, white (E. fraxinoides) (S4) (SD3)
39 aspen, hard (Acronychia laevis) (S6) (SD6)
40 aspen, lemon (Acronychia acidula) (S6) (SD6)

41 aspen, silver (Acronychia wilcoxiana) (S6) (SD6)
42 aspen, white (Acronychia acronychioides) (S6) (SD6)
43 aspen, yellow (Sarcomelicope simplicifolia) (S4) (SD4)
44 backhousia, lemon-scented (Backhousia (S3) (SD3)
citriodora)
45 backhousia, stony (Backhousia hughessi) (S3) (SD2)
46 banksia, river (Banksia verticillata) (< S7) (SD8)
47 banksia, saw (Banksia serrata) (S6) (SD6)
48 banksia, silver (Banksia marginata) (S7) (SD7)
49 banksia, wallum (Banksia aemula) (S7) (SD7)
51 barringtonia (Barringtonia acutangula) (S7) (SD7)
52 basswood, ivory (Kissodendron australianum) (S7) SD6
53 basswood, silver (Polyscias elegans) (< S7) (SD8)
54 basswood, white (Polyscias murrayi) (< S7) (< SD8)
56 bauhinia, Hooker’s (Lysiphyllum hookeri) (S2) (SD2)
57 bean, black (Castenospermum australe) S4 (SD5)
58 bean, salmon (Archidendron vaillantii) (S7) (SD7)
59 bean, yellow (Ormosia ormondii) (S7) (SD7)
60 beech, brown (Pennantia cunninghamii) S6 SD7
62 beech, canary (Polyalthia michaelii) (S7) (SD7)
63 beech, cherry (Ternstromia cherryi) (S6) (SD6)
64 beech, feather (Sphenstemon lobosporus) (S7) (SD7)
65 beech, myrtle (Nothofagus cunninghamii) S4 SD5
66 beech, negrohead (Nothofagus moorei) S4 (SD3)
67 beech, red (Dillenia elata) (S6) (SD6)
(continued)
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68 beech, silky (Citronella moorei) (S4) (SD4)
71 beech, tetra (Tetrasynandra laxiflora) (S7) (SD7)
72 beech, white (Gmelina dalrympleana) S6 (SD6)
73 beech, winter (Bubbia semecarpoides) (S6) (SD6)
74 beech, yellow (Hedycarya loxocarya) (S6) (SD6)
75 beefwood (Grevillea striata) (S3) (SD4)
76 belah (Casuarina cristata) (S2) (SD2)
77 bellfruit-tree (Codonocarpus attenuatus) (< S7) (< SD8)
78 bignonia (Deplanchea tetraphylla) (S7) (SD8)
79 birch, brown (Excoecaria dallachyana) (S5) (SD6)
81 birch, silver (Betula pendula) (S5) (SD6)
83 birch, white (Betula pubescens) S5 SD5
84 blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) S2 SD2
86 blackbutt, New England (E. andrewsii) S3 SD3
87 blackbutt, Western Australia (E. patens) S4 SD5

88 blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) S4 SD4
90 bloodwood, brown (Corymbia trachyploia) S3 SD3
93 bloodwood, gum-topped (Corymbia arenaria, (S3) (SD3)
C. dichromophloia, C. eremaea)
94 bloodwood, Melville Island (Corymbia (S4) (SD4)
nesophila)
95 bloodwood, pale (E. collina, E. terminalis) (S3) (SD3)
96 bloodwood, range (Corymbia abergiana) (S3) (SD3)
97 bloodwood, red (Corymbia gummifera, S3 (SD3)
C. corymbosa, C. intermedia, C. polycarpa)
102 bloodwood, scrub (Baloghia inophylla) S4 SD4
107 bloodwood, yellow (Corymbia eximia) (S4) (SD4)
108 blushwood (Hylandia dockrillii) (S7) (SD7)
109 bollywood (Cinnamomum baileyanum, Litsea (S7) (SD7)
bindoniana, L. glutinoas, L. leefeana,
L. reticulata, Litsea sp., Neolitsea australiensis)
110 bonewood (Emmenosperma alphitonioides) S3 (SD3)
111 bottlebrush, drooping (Callistemon viminalis) (S4) (SD5)
112 bottlebrush, white (Callistemon salignus) S3 (SD3)
116 box, bimble (Eucalyptus angophoroides) (S2) (SD2)
117 box, black (E. largiflorens) (S2) (SD2)
118 box, blue (E. baueriana) (S3) (SD4)
121 box, brush (Lophostemon confertus) S3 SD3
122 box, Coowarra (E. cambageana) (S2) (SD2)
123 box, Darwin (E. tectifica) (S2) (SD2)
124 box, fuzzy (Eucalyptus conica) (S2) (SD3)
(continued)
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126 box, grey (E. microcarpa, E. woollsiana, S2 SD2
E. moluccana)
127 box, grey, coast (E. bosistoana) S1 SD1
128 box, grey, Craven (E. largeana) S1 SD1
129 box, grey, narrow-leaved (E. pilligaensis) (S2) (SD2)
132 box, ironwood (Choricarpia leptopetala, (S3) (SD3)
C. subargenta)
133 box, kanuka (Tristania exiliflora, T. laurina) (S2) (SD3)
134 box, long-leaved (E. goniocalyx, E. nortonii) S3 SD4
138 box, red (E. polyanthemos) S3 SD4
139 box, red, Molloy (E. leptophleba) (S2) (SD2)
143 box, slaty (E. dawsonii) (S3) (SD4)
145 box, swamp (Lophostemon suaveolens) S6 SD6
146 box, swamp, northern (Lophostemon (S2) (SD3)
grandiflorus)
148 box, white (E. albens) (S2) (SD2)

149 box, white-topped (E. quadrangulata) S2 SD2
150 box, yellow (E. melliodora) S3 SD4
152 boxwood, brown (Homalium alnifolium, (S4) (SD4)
H. circumpinnatum)
153 boxwood, grey (Drypetes australasica) (S3) (SD3)
154 boxwood, hickory (Planchonella euphlebia) S2 SD1
155 boxwood, Macintyre’s (Xanthophyllum (S4) (SD5)
octandrum)
156 boxwood, orange (Maytenus disperma) (S3) (SD4)
157 boxwood, pink (Planchonella macrocarpa) (S5) (SD6)
158 boxwood, plum (Amorphospermum antilogum, (S5) (SD5)
Chrysophyllum chartaceum, C. pruniferum,
Planchonella sp.)
161 boxwood, yellow (Planchonella arnhemica, (S5) (SD5)
P. obovata, P. pohlmaniana, P. pohlmaniana var
asterocarpon)
162 brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) S1 SD1
165 brownbarrel (Eucalyptus fastigata) S4 SD4
166 buchanania (Buchanania arborescens) (S7) (SD7)
167 bullich (E. megacarpa) (S5) (SD6)
169 but-but (E. bridgesiana) S4 SD4
170 butternut, rose (Blepharocarya involucrigera, S6 SD6
B. depauperata)
171 buttonwood (Glochidion ferdinandi, (S5) (SD6)
G. harveyanum, G. perakense var supra-axillare)
173 cadaga (Corymbia torelliana) S2 SD3
174 callicoma (Callicoma serratifolia) S6 SD6
(continued)
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175 calophyllum, beach (Calophyllum inophyllum) S5 SD6
176 camphorwood (Cinnamomum culilawan) (S5) (SD5)
178 candlebark (Eucalyptus rubida) S5 SD5
179 candlenut (Aleurites moluccana) (S7) (SD7)
181 carabeen, bolly (Aristotelia megalosperma) (S6) (SD6)
183 carabeen, grey (Sloanea machbrydei) (S6) (SD6)
185 carabeen, white (Sloanea langii) (S5) (SD6)
186 carabeen, yellow (Sloanea woolsii) S4 SD4
187 carallia (Carallia brachiata) S4 (SD5)
188 carbeen (Corymbia tessellaris) (S1) (SD1)
189 carbeen, broad-leaved (E. clavigera) (S3) (SD3)
190 cassia (Cassia brewsteri) (S5) (SD5)
191 cedar, Java (Bischofia javanica) (S6) (SD6)
192 cedar, onion (Owenia cepiodora) (S6) (SD6)
193 cedar, peach (Trema orientalis) (< S7) (< SD8)

195 cedar, red (Australian), (Toona cilata) (S7) SD8
199 cedar, white, Australian (Melia azedarach) (< S7) (SD8)
200 celtis (Celtis spp) (S4) (SD4)
201 celtis, silky (Celtis paniculata) (S5) (SD6)
202 cheesewood (Nauclea orientalia) S6 (SD7)
203 cheesewood, white (Alstonia actinophylla, (S7) (SD8)
A. scholaris, Wrightia millgar)
204 cherry, broad-leaved (Exocarpos latifolius) (S3) (SD3)
206 cherry, native (Exocarpos cupressiformis) (S4) (SD4)
209 coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum) S5 SD4
210 cooba (Acacia salicina) (S6) (SD6)
212 coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) (S2) (SD2)
214 coondoo, blush (Planchonella laurifolia, (S5) (SD6)
P. xerocarpa)
215 coondoo, red (Mimusops elengi) (S3) (SD3)
216 cordia (Cordia spp.) (S7) (SD7)
217 corduroy (Sarcopteryx stipata) (S3) (SD3)
219 cottonwood, coast (Hibiscus tiliaceus) (S7) (SD8)
221 cribwood (Corynocarpus cribbianus) (S5) (SD6)
222 cudgerie, brown (Canarium australasicum) (S6) (SD6)
223 curracabah (Acacia concurrens) (S4) (SD4)
224 currantwood (Antidesma dallachyanum) (S4) (SD5)
227 damson (Terminalia sericocarpa) (S5) (SD6)
228 damson, brown (Terminalia melanocarpa) (S5) (SD5)
230 daviesia (Davesia corymbosa) (S5) (SD5)
(continued)
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231 doughwood (Melicope octandra) S6 SD6
232 duboisia (Duboisia leichhardtii) (S7) (SD8)
233 ebony, Australian (Diospyros ferrea var humilis, (S1) (SD1)
D. ferrea var reticulata)
234 ebony, grey (Diospyros fasciculosa) (S4) (SD4)
235 endospermum (Endospermum myrmecophilum, (S7) (SD8)
Endospermum peltatum)
236 evodia (Melicope elleryana) (S6) (SD6)
237 evodia, northern (Melicope vitiflora) (S6) (SD6)
238 evodia, white (Melicope micrococca) S7 SD6
239 evodia, yellow (Euodia bonwickii) (S7) (SD8)
240 figwood (Ficus spp.) (< S7) (< SD8)
241 fir, Douglas* (Pseudotsuga menziesii) S6 SD6
242 frangipani, native (Hymenosporum flavum) (S5) (SD6)
243 gardenia (Gardenia ovularis) (S4) (SD4)

244 gardenia, brown (Randia fitzalanii) (S4) (SD4)
245 gardenia, yellow (Randia cochinchinensis) (S3) (SD4)
246 garuga (Garuga floribunda) (S5) (SD6)
248 gidgee (Acacia cambagei) (S1) (SD1)
250 gimlet (Eucalyptus salubris) (S2) (SD2)
252 greenheart, Queensland (Ocotea rodiaei) (S3) (SD3)
253 gum, blue, southern (E. globulus varieties: S3 SD2
bicostata, globulus, midenii, stjohn)
254 gum blue, Sydney (E. saligna) S3 SD3
255 gum brassiana (E. bassiana) (S2) (SD3)
256 gum, brittle (E. mannifera) (S5) (SD5)
257 gum, cabbage (E. amplifolia) (S2) (SD3)
264 gum, ghost (Corymbia papuana) S3 (SD3)
266 gum, grey (E. punctata, E. canaliculata, S1 (SD2)
E. propinqua)
267 gum, grey, mountain (E. cypellocarpa) S3 SD2
268 gum, Maiden’s (E. maidenii) S3 SD2
269 gum, manna (E. viminalis) S4 SD4
272 gum, mountain (E. dalrympleana) S4 SD5
274 gum, pink (E. fasciculosa) (S4) (SD4)
275 gum, poplar (E. alba, E. papuana, (S2) (SD3)
E. confertiflora)
277 gum, red, Bancroft’s (E. bancroftii) (S3) (SD4)
279 gum, red, forest (E. tereticornis, E. umbellata, S3 SD4
E. blakelyi)
280 gum, red, narrow-leaved (Eucalyptus seeana) (S3) SD3
281 gum, red, river (E. camaldulensis) S5 SD5
* For imported North American Douglas fir see Table 3.2 (Ref. No. 114). (continued)
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283 gum, ribbon, rough-barked (E. huberiana) (S4) (SD5)
284 gum, rose (E. grandis) S3 SD4
285 gum, round-leaved (E. deanei) S3 (SD4)
286 gum salmon (E. salmonophloia) (S2) (SD3)
288 gum, scribbly (E. haemastoma, E. racemose, (S4) (SD5)
E. signata)
289 gum, shining (E. nitens) S4 SD4
292 gum, snow (E. debeauzavillei) (S5) (SD6)
293 gum, spotted (Corymbia citriodora, C. henryi, S2 SD2
C. maculata)
294 gum, sugar (E. cladocalyx) S3 SD3
295 gum, swamp (E. camphora) S4 SD4
296 gum, Tingiringi (E. glaucescens) (S7) (SD7)
297 gum, tumbledown (E. dealbata) (S3) (SD3)
302 gum, white, Dunn’s (E. dunnii) (S3) (SD4)

304 gum, white, western (E. argophloia) (S2) (SD3)
305 gum, yellow (E. leucoxylon subspecies: (S4) (SD5)
leucoxylon, megalocarpa, petiolaris, pruinosa,
pauperita)
307 gum, York (E. loxophleba) S2 (SD2)
308 handlewood, grey (Aphananthe philippinensis) (S5) (SD5)
309 handlewood, white (Strebulus brunonianus) S4 (SD4)
310 hardwood, Johnstone River (Backhousia S2 SD3
bancroftii)
311 hazelwood, brown (Lysicarpus angustifolius) (S4) (SD5)
312 hazelwood, buff (Symplocos thwaitesii) (S6) (SD6)
313 hazelwood, white (Symplocos stawellii) (S7) (SD7)
316 hollywood, yellow (Premna lignum-vitae) (S3) (SD4)
317 horizontal (Anodopetalum biglandulosum) (S5) (SD6)
318 incensewood (Pseudocarapa nitidula) (S4) (SD5)
320 ironbark, Caley’s (E. caleyi) (S2) (SD2)
321 ironbark, Cullen’s (E. cullenii) (S2) (SD2)
322 ironbark, grey (E. drepanophylla, E. paniculata, S1 SD1
E. siderophloia)
323 ironbark, gum-topped (E. decorticans) (S2) (SD2)
324 ironbark, lemon-scented (E. staigerana) (S2) (SD2)
325 ironbark, red (E. sideroxylon) S2 SD3
326 ironbark, red, broad-leaved (E. fibrosa) S1 SD1
327 ironbark, red, narrow-leaved (E. crebra) S2 SD3
328 ironbark, scrub (Bridelia exaltata) (S4) (SD5)
329 ironbark, silver-leaved (Eucalyptus (S2) (SD3)
melanophloia)
(continued)
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334 ironbox, black (E. raveratiana) S2 SD3
335 ironwood (Backhousia myrtifolia) S1 SD2
336 ironwood, Cooktown (Erythrophleum S1 (SD1)
chlorostachys)
337 ironwood, scrub (Austromyrtus acmenoides) (S4) (SD4)
338 ivorywood (Siphonodon australis, S4 (SD4)
S. membranaceus)
339 ivorywood, weeping (Siphonodon pendulus) (S5) (SD6)
340 jam, raspberry (Acacia acuminata) (S2) (SD2)
341 jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) S4 SD4
342 kamala (Malotus discolor, M. philippensis, (S5) (SD5)
M. ricinoides, Rockinghamia angustifolia)
344 karri (E. diversicolor) S3 SD2
346 kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus) (< S7) (SD8)
350 kurrajong, flame (Brachychiton acerifolius) (< S7) (< SD8)
351 kurrajong, northern (Brachychiton diversifolius) (< S7) (SD8)

352 kurrajong, red fruited (Sterculia quadrifida) (< S7) (SD8)
353 kwila (Intsia spp.) S2 (SD3)
354 lancewood, brown (Acacia doratoxylon) (S3) (SD4)
355 lancewood, red (Albizia basaltica) (S1) (SD1)
356 laurel, bolly (Cryptocarya spp.) (S6) (SD6)
357 laurel, brown (Cryptocarya triplinervis) (S5) (SD5)
358 laurel, cinnamon (C. densiflora, C. grandis) (S5) (SD6)
359 laurel, coconut (C. cocosoides) (S5) (SD5)
360 laurel, corduroy (C. corrugata, C. saccharatci) (S4) (SD5)
362 laurel, ivory (C. angulata) (S3) (SD3)
363 laurel, murrogun (C. microneura) (S4) (SD5)
364 laurel, northern (C. hypospodia, C. vulgaris) (S6) (SD6)
365 laurel, Northern Rivers (C. meisneriana) (S5) (SD5)
367 laurel, rusty (C. mackinnoniana) (S3) (SD3)
368 laurel, small-leaved (C. foveolata) (S7) (SD7)
369 leatherwood (Eucryphia lucida) (S5) (SD5)
370 leichhardt, hard (Neonauclea sp.) (S4) (SD4)
371 leopardwood (Flindersia maculosa) (S3) SD3
372 lightwood (Acacia implexa) (S4) (SD5)
373 macadamia (Floydia praealta, Macadamia (S4) (SD4)
ternifolia)
374 macaranga (Macaranga inamoena) (S7) (SD7)
375 magnolia (Galbulimima belgraveana) (S6) (SD6)
377 mahogany, brush (Geissois benthamii) (S5) (SD5)
(continued)
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378 mahogany, buff (Dysoxylum klanderi, Dysoxylum (S4) (SD4)
sp.)
379 mahogany, cream (Chisocheton longistipitatus) (S7) (SD7)
381 mahogany, ivory (Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum) (S5) (SD5)
382 mahogany, miva (Dysoxylum crebriforme, (S5) (SD6)
D. mollissimum)
383 mahogany, pink (Dysoxylum oppositifolium) (S5) (SD5)
384 mahogany, red (Euclayptus pellita, E. resinifera) (S2) (SD3)
385 mahogany, rose (Dysoxylum fraserianum) S5 SD5
386 mahogany, rusty (Dysoxylum rufum) (S6) (SD6)
387 mahogany, southern (E. botryoides) S2 SD3
388 mahogany, spicy (Dysoxylum micranthum) (S5) (SD5)
389 mahogany, spur (Dysoxylum pettigrewianum) (S3) (SD4)
390 mahogany, swamp (E. robusta) (S3) (SD4)
391 mahogany, white (E. acmenoides, E. umbra, S2 SD3

E. carnea, E. tenuipes)
392 mahogany, yellow (Dysoxylum schiffneri) (S5) (SD5)
398 mallee, green (E. viridis) (S4) (SD5)
402 mallee, red (E. socialis) (S3) (SD4)
408 mallee, white (E. dumosa) (S3) (SD4)
411 mallet, brown (E. astringens) S1 SD2
414 malletwood (Rhodamnia argentea) (S4) (SD4)
415 malletwood, brown (Rhodamnia rubescens) (S5) (SD5)
416 malletwood, iron (Rhodamnia blairiana, (S3) (SD3)
R. sessiliflora)
417 malletwood, silver (Rhodamnia acuminata) (S3) (SD3)
418 mangrove, black (Bruguiera spp.) (S3) (SD3)
419 mangrove, cedar (Xylocarpus moluccensis) (S6) (SD7)
420 mangrove, grey (Avicennia marina) (S4) (SD5)
421 mangrove, milky (Excoecaria agallocha) (< S7) (< SD8)
422 mangrove, red (Rhizophora spp.) (S3) (SD4)
426 maple, Queensland (Flindersia brayleyana) (S6) SD6
427 maple, rose (Cryptocarya erythroxylon, S4 (SD4)
C. rigida)
428 maple, scented (Flindersia laevicarpa) (S5) (SD5)
429 maple, scented, hard (Flidnersia brassii) (S3) (SD3)
430 mararie (Psudoweinmannia lachnocarpa) S3 (SD3)
432 marri (Corymbia calophylla) S3 SD3
434 messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua) S3 SD3
435 messmate, Gympie (E. cloeziana) S2 SD3
436 milkwood, grey (Cerbera inflata) (S7) SD8
(continued)
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437 milkwood, hard (Alstonia muellerana, A. villosa, (S4) (SD4)
A. spectabilis)
441 morrell, red (E. longicornis) S3 (SD3)
442 motherumbah (Acacia cheelii) (S4) (SD4)
444 mulga (Acacia aneura) (S1) (SD1)
446 muskheart, canary (Alangium villosum) (S5) (SD6)
447 myall (Acacia pendula) (S1) (SD2)
450 myrtle, brown (Decaspermum humile) (S4) (SD5)
454 myrtle, pink (Metrosideros queenslandica) (S5) (SD5)
456 needlewood (Hakea divaricata, H. leucoptera, (S3) (SD3)
H. lissosperma, H. lorea, H. vittata)
457 nutmeg (Myristica spp. Horsfieldia spp.) (S7) (SD7)
458 oak, bull (Allocasuarina luehmannii) (S2) (SD2)
459 oak, Caledonian (Carnarvonia araliifolia) S4 (SD5)
461 oak, satin (Alloxylon wickhamii) S6 SD7
462 oak, silky, black (Stenocarpus reticulatus) (S2) (SD3)

463 oak, silky, blush (Bleasdalea bleasdalei, (S6) (SD7)
Opisthiolepis heterophylla)
464 oak, silky, briar (Musgravea heterophylla) (S5) (SD6)
465 oak, silky, brown (Darlingia darlingiana) (S4) (SD4)
466 oak, silky, buff (Sphalmium racemosum) (S6) (SD7)
467 oak, silky, crater (Musgravea stenostachya) (S5) (SD6)
468 oak, silky, cream (Helicia diversifolia) (S6) (SD6)
470 oak, silky, Findlay’s (Grevillea pinnatifida) (S3) (SD4)
471 oak, silky, fishtail (Neorites kevediana) S3 SD3
472 oak, silky, Hill’s (Grevillea hilliana) (S3) (SD3)
473 oak, silky, Lamington’s (Helicia lamingtoniana) (S6) (SD6)
474 oak, silky, lomatia (Lomatia fraxinifolia) (S3) (SD3)
475 oak, silky, mountain (Orites excelsa) S5 SD5
476 oak, silky, Mueller’s (Austromuellera trinervia) (S5) (SD6)
477 oak, silky, northern (Cardwellia sublimis) S6 SD7
478 oak, silky, red (Stenocarpus salignus) S3 SD3
479 oak, silky, rose (Darlingia ferruginea, (S6) SD6
Placospermum coriaceum)
480 oak, silky, satin (Macadamia grandis) (S6) (SD7)
481 oak, silky, southern (Grevillea robusta) (S6) (SD6)
482 oak, silky, spotted (Buckinghamia celsissima) (S3) SD3
483 oak, silky, Whelan’s (Macadamia whelanii) (S3) (SD3)
484 oak, silky, white (Stenocarpus sinuatus) (S5) (SD5)
485 oak, tulip, blush (Argyrodendron actinphyllum) S3 SD3
486 oak, tulip, brown (Argyrodendron trifoliolatum, S2 SD2
A. polyandrum)
(continued)
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AS/NZS 2878:2000 20
487 oak, tulip, Mackay (Argyrodendron S3 SD3
actinophyllum)
488 oak, tulip, red (Argyrodendron peralatum, A. sp.) S3 SD4
489 ochna, brown (Brackenridgea nitidula subsp. (S4) (SD4)
australiana)
490 olive, long-leaved (Notelaea longifolia) (S3) (SD3)
492 olive, native (Olea paniculata) (S3) (SD4)
494 ooline (Cadellia pentastylis) (S2) (SD2)
495 ooline, scrub (Guilfoylia monostylis) (S3) (SD4)
497 orange, wild (Capparis mitchellii) (S4) (SD5)
500 parinari (Parinari corymbosum) (S3) (SD3)
501 pear, woody (Xylomelum pyriforme) (S5) (SD6)
502 penda, brown (Xanthostemon chrysanthus) (S2) (SD2)
503 penda, Daintree (Lindsayomyrtus brachyandrus) (S5) (SD6)
505 penda, red (Xanthostemon whitei) (S2) (SD2)

506 penda, southern (Xanthostemon oppositifolius) (S2) (SD2)
507 penda, yellow (Ristantia pachysperma) (S4) (SD4)
509 peppermint, black (Eucalyptus amygdalina) (S5) (SD5)
510 peppermint, broad-leaved (E. dives) S3 SD4
511 peppermint, gully (E. smithii) (S4) (SD4)
512 peppermint, narrow-leaved (E. radiata) S4 SD4
513 peppermint, New England (E. nova-anglica) S4 SD4
514 peppermint, Queensland (E. exserta) (S2) (SD3)
515 peppermint, river (E. elata) (S4) (SD4)
519 peppermint, Sydney (E. piperita) (S4) (SD4)
523 pepperwood (Cinamomum laubatii) (S7) (SD8)
524 persimmon, grey (Diospyros pentamera) S5 SD4
525 pimplebark (Balanops australiana) (S4) SD3
529 pine, black (Podocarpus amarus) S6 SD7
530 pine, brown (Podocarpus elatus, P. neriifolius, (S6) (SD7)
Prumnopitys ladei)
531 pine, bunya (Araucaria bidwillii) S6 SD5
533 pine, Caribbean (Pinus caribaea) (S6) (SD6)
534 pine, celery-top (Phyllocladius asplenifolius) S4 SD5
535 pine, Corsican (Pinus nigra) (S7) (SD6)
537 pine, cypress, black (Callitris endlicheri) S5 (SD6)
538 pine, cypress, brush (Callitris macleayana) (S6) (SD7)
539 pine, cypress, coast (Callitris columellaris) (S5) (SD6)
540 pine, cypress, dune (Callitris rhomboidea) (S6) (SD7)
541 pine, cypress, northern (Callitris intratropica) S4 SD5
(continued)
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544 cypress (Callitris glaucophylla) (previously S5 SD6
white cypress pine)
545 pine, hoop (Araucaria cunninghamii) S6 SD5
546 pine, Huon (Lagarostrobus franklinii) S6 SD6
548 pine, kauri, Queensland (Agathis atropurpurea, (S7) (SD8)
A. microstachya, A. robusta)
549 pine, King William (Athrotaxis selaginoides) S7 SD8
551 pine, loblolly (Pinus taeda) S6 SD6
554 pine, maritime (Pinus pinaster) (S6) SD6
556 pine, patula (Pinus patula) (S7) (SD7)
557 pine, pencil, Tasmanian (Athrotaxis (< S7) (SD8)
cupressoides)
558 pine, ponderosa (western yellow) (Pinus (< S7) (< SD8)
ponderosa)
559 pine, radiata* (Pinus radiata) S6 SD6
561 pine, slash (Pinus elliottii) S5 SD5

563 pine, sugar (Pinus lambertiana) (< S7) (SD8)
565 pinkwood (Eucryphia moorei) (S7) (SD8)
566 pittosporum (Pittosporum bicolor, (S4) (SD4)
P. melanospermum, P. rhombifolium,
P. undulatum)
567 planchonella (Planchonella chartacea) (S4) (SD4)
568 plum, brown (Erythroxylum ecarinatum) (S3) (SD3)
569 plum, cedar (Semecarpus australiensis) (< S7) (SD8)
571 plum, tulip (Pleiogynium timorense) (S3) SD3
573 poplar, black (Populus nigra) (S7) (SD8)
574 poplar, pink (Euroschinus falcata) (S7) (SD7)
575 possumwood (Quintinia sieberi) S6 (SD6)
576 quandong, Arnhem Land (Elaoecarpus (S5) (SD5)
arnhemicua)
577 quandong, ash (Elaeocarpus reticulatus) (S4) (SD5)
578 quandong, brown (Elaeocarpus coorangooloo, (S6) (SD7)
E. ruminatus)
579 quandong, brown-hearted (Elaeocarpus kirtonii) (S5) (SD6)
580 quandong, buff (Peripentadenia mearsii) (S4) (SD4)
581 quandong, Emundi (Elaeocarpus eumundi) (S4) (SD5)
582 quandong, hard (Elaeocarpus obovatus, (S5) (SD6)
E. sericopetalus)
583 quandong, Kuranda (Elaeocarpus bancroftii, (S5) (SD6)
E. johnsonii)
584 quandong, mountain (Elaeocarpus holopetalus) (< S7) (SD8)
585 quandong, northern (Elaeocarpus foveolatus) (< S7) (SD8)
* For the New Zealand-grown pine see Table 3.2 (Ref. No. 295). (continued)
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586 quandong, silver (Elaeocarpus angustifolius, S5 SD6
E. grandis)
587 quandong, tropical (Elaeocarpus largiflorens) (< S7) (SD8)
591 rapanea (Rapanea achradifolia) (S3) (SD4)
592 redheart (Dissiliarria baloghioides) (S3) (SD3)
594 ribbonwood (Idiospermum australiense) (S5) (SD5)
595 rosewood, inland (Alectryon oleifolius) (S2) (SD2)
597 rosewood, scentless (Synoum glandulosum) (S6) (SD6)
598 rustyjacket (Eucalyptus peltata) (S2) (SD3)
599 saffronheart (Halfordia kendack, H. scleroxyla) (S1) (SD2)
601 salwood, brown (Acacia aulacocarpa) (S5) (SD5)
602 sandalbox (Eremophila mitchellii) (S3) (SD3)
603 sandalwood (Santalum lanceolatum, S. spicatum) (S3) (SD4)
604 sassafras (Daphnandra dielsii, D. micrantha, (S6) (SD6)
D. repandula, Doryphora aromatica, Doryphora

sassafras)
605 sassafras, grey (Dryadodaphne novoguineensis) (S6) (SD7)
606 sassafras, southern (Atherosperma moschatum) (S6) (SD5)
607 satinash, Bamaga (Syzygium tierneyanum) (S5) (SD6)
608 satinash, blush (Acmena hemilampra) (S5) (SD6)
609 satinash, bumpy (Syzygium cormiflorum) (S5) (SD5)
610 satinash, bungadinnia (Syzygium bungadinnia) (S5) (SD6)
611 satinash, cassowary (Acmena divaricarta) (S5) (SD6)
612 satinash, cherry (Syzygium luehmannii) (S5) (SD6)
613 satinash, creek (Syzygium australe, (S5) (SD5)
S. paniculatum)
614 satinash, Eungella, red (Acmena resa) (S4) (SD5)
615 satinash, Eungella, white (Syzygium wesa) S4 SD5
616 satinash, flaky-barked (Syzygium forte) (S5) (SD6)
617 satinash, forest (Syzygium suborbiculare) (S5) (SD5)
618 satinash, grey (Syzygium gustavioides) S5 SD6
619 satinash, Killarney (Syzygium corynanthum) (S5) (SD5)
620 satinash, Kuranda (Syzygium kuranda) S3 SD3
621 satinash, lillipilli (Acmena smithii) (S5) (SD6)
622 satinash, Northern Territory (Cleistocalyx (S5) (SD6)
operculatus)
623 satinash, onion (Syzygium sp.) (S6) (SD7)
624 satinash, paperbark (Syzygium papyraccum) (S3) (SD4)
626 satinash, plum (Syzygium wilsonii subsp. (S5) (SD5)
crypophlebium)
628 satinash, rolypoly (Syzygium angophoroides, (S3) (SD4)
S. endophloium)
(continued)
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629 satinash, rose (Syzygium crebrinerva, S. francisii, (S5) (SD5)
S. johnsonii)
632 satinash, southern (Acmena ingens) (S7) (SD7)
633 satinash, weeping (Waterhousea floribunda) (S5) (SD5)
634 satinash, yellow (Syzygium cornicortea) (S5) (SD6)
635 satinay (Syncarpia hillii) S3 SD3
637 satinheart, green (Geijera salicifolia) (S2) (SD3)
638 satinheart, yellow (Acradenia euodiiformis) (S3) (SD3)
639 satinwood, tulip (Rhodosphaera rhodanthema) (S6) (SD6)
641 scolopia (Scolopia brounii) (S5) (SD5)
642 sheoak, beach (Casuarina equisetifolia, (S3) (SD3)
C. nodiflora, C. papuana)
643 sheoak, black (Allocasuarina littoralis) (S5) (SD5)
645 sheoak, drooping (Casuarina stricta) (S4) (SD4)
646 sheoak, flame (Allocasuarina inophloia) (S3) (SD4)

648 sheoak, river (Casuarina cunninghamiana) (S3) (SD4)
650 sheoak, rose (Allocasuarina torulosa) S2 SD2
651 sheoak, swamp (Casuarina glauca) (S2) (SD2)
652 sheoak, Western Australian (Allocasuarina (S6) (SD6)
fraseriana)
653 silkwood, bolly (Cryptocarya oblata) (S6) (SD7)
654 silkwood, maple (Flindersia pimenteliana) (S6) SD6
655 silkwood, red (Palaquium galactoxylum) (S6) (SD7)
656 silkwood, silver (Flindersia acuminata) (S7) (SD7)
657 siris, brown (Albizia thozetiana) (S3) (SD3)
658 siris, forest (Albizia procera) (S5) (SD5)
659 siris, red (Albizia toona) (S5) (SD6)
660 siris, tulip (Archidendron grandiflorum, (S6) (SD6)
A. hendersonii, A. lovellae, Pararchidendron
pruinosum)
661 siris, white (Ailanthus triphysa) (< S7) (SD8)
662 siris, yellow (Albizia xanthoxylon) (S6) (SD7)
664 sterculia, tulip (Sterculia laurifolia, (< S7) (SD8)
S. shillinglawii)
667 stringybark, Bailey's (Eucalyptus baileyana) (S3) (SD3)
668 stringybark, Blackdown (E. sphaerocarpa) S3 (SD3)
669 stringybark, blue-leaved (E. caliginosa) S2 SD3
671 stringybark, brown (E. baxteri, E. blaxlandii, S3 SD3
E. capitellata)
672 stringybark, Darwin (E. tetrodonta) S1 (SD2)
673 stringybark, diehard (E. cameronii) (S5) (SD5)
674 stringybark, mealy (E. cephalocarpa, E. cinera) (S5) (SD6)
(continued)
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AS/NZS 2878:2000 24
675 stringybark, needlebark ( E. planchoniana) (S3) (SD3)
676 stringybark, red (E. macrorhyncha) S3 SD4
677 stringybark, silvertop (E. laevopinea) S2 (SD2)
678 stringybark, Tindale’s (E. tindaliae) S2 (SD2)
680 stringybark, white (E. eugenioides, E. globoidea, S3 SD3
E. phaeotricha)
681 stringybark, yellow (E. muelleriana) S3 SD3
684 sycamore, pink (Ceratopetalum virchowii) (S5) (SD5)
685 sycamore, satin (Ceratopetalum succirubrum) (S6) (SD6)
686 sycamore, silver (Cryptocarya glaucesens) S5 SD4
687 synima (Synima cordieri) (S3) (SD3)
688 tallowwood (E. microcorys) S2 SD2
689 tamarind (Diploglotus australis) S4 SD3
690 tamarind, brown (Castanospora alphandii) (S5) (SD6)
691 tamarind, corduroy (Arytera lautererana) (S5) (SD6)

692 tamarind, green-leaved (Cupaniopsis (S4) (SD4)
anacardioides)
693 tamarind, pear-fruited (Mischocarpus pyriformis) (S5) (SD5)
694 tamarind, pink (Jagera pseudorhus) (S5) (SD5)
695 tamarind, rose (Artyera divaricata) (S5) (SD5)
696 tamarind, white (Cupaniopsis fovoelata) (S5) (SD5)
699 tea-tree, broad-leaved (Melaleuca lucadendron, S4 (SD4)
M. quinquenervia, M. viridflora)
704 tea-tree, prickly leaved (Melaleuca styphelioides) (S3) SD3
705 tea-tree, river (Melaleuca bracteata) (S3) (SD3)
712 timonius (Timonius timon) (S6) (SD6)
713 tingle, red (Eucalyptus jacksonii) S4 SD4
714 tingle, yellow (E. guilfoylei) S2 SD2
715 tingletongue (Dinosperma reythrococcum) (S3) (SD3)
716 touriga, blush (Calophyllum australianum) (S5) (SD5)
717 touriga, brown (Mammea touriga) (S3) (SD3)
718 touriga, pink (Calophyllum tomentosum) (S6) (SD7)
719 touriga, red (Calophyllum costatum) (S5) (SD5)
720 tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) S3 SD3
721 tulipwood (Liriodendron tulipifera) (S3) (SD4)
722 turnipwood (Akania bidwillii) (S6) (SD6)
723 turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera) S3 SD3
724 turpentine, scrub (Canarium australianum) (S5) (SD6)
727 vitex (Premna acuminatum, Vitex acuminata, (S6) (SD7)
V. glabrata)
728 waddywood (Acacia peuce) (S1) (SD1)
(continued)
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25 AS/NZS 2878:2000
729 walnut, ball-fruited (Endiandra globosa) (S3) (SD4)
730 walnut, blush (Beilschmiedia obtusifolia, (S5) (SD5)
B. colina, Endiandra bessaphila)
731 walnut, blush, Boonjie (Beilschmiedia volckii) (S7) (SD7)
732 walnut, brown (Endiandra acuminata, (S5) (SD5)
E. dichrophylla, E. glauca, E. rubescens
beilshmiedea tooram)
733 walnut, buff (Endiandra longipedicellata, (S4) (SD4)
E. delsiaria)
734 walnut, candle (Endiandra desiaria) (S5) (SD5)
735 walnut, Dorrigo (Endiandra crassiflora) (S4) (SD5)
736 walnut, grey (Beilschmiedia elliptica) (S4) (SD5)
737 walnut, hairy (Endiandra pubens) (S5) (SD5)
738 walnut, ivory (Beilschmiedia oligandra, (S6) (SD7)
B. recurva)
739 walnut, New South Wales (Endiandra virens) (S4) (SD3)

740 walnut, pink (Endiandra sieberi) (S4) (SD4)
741 walnut, Queensland (Endiandra palmerstonii) (S5) (SD5)
742 walnut, rose (Endiandra cowleyana, (S5) (SD5)
E. hypotephra, E. muelleri, E. discolor)
743 walnut, saffron (Endiandra sp.) (S3) (SD3)
744 walnut, Sankey’s (Endiandra sankeyana) (S5) (SD5)
745 walnut, white (Cryptocarya obovata) (S6) (SD6)
746 walnut, yellow (Beilschmiedia bancroftii) S4 SD5
747 wandoo (Eucalyptus wandoo) S2 SD3
748 wandoo, powderbark (E. accedens) (S3) (SD3)
750 wattle, black (Acacia mearnsii) S4 SD4
755 wattle, ferny (Acacia o’shanesii) (S4) (SD5)
756 wattle, golden (Acacia pycnantha) (S5) (SD5)
757 wattle, golden, Sydney (Acacia longifolia) S4 SD4
758 wattle, green (Acacia decurens) (S5) (SD5)
759 wattle, hickory (Acacia penninervis) S4 (SD4)
760 wattle, ironwood (Acacia estrophiolata) (S2) (SD3)
763 wattle, rose (Acacia fasciculifera) (S2) (SD3)
764 wattle, silver (Acacia dealbata) S4 (SD5)
765 wattle, spear (Acacia rhodoxylon) (S1) (SD1)
766 wattle, white (Acacia bakeri) (S3) (SD4)
768 whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca) (S4) (SD4)
769 wilga (Geijera parviflora) (S3) (SD4)
770 wilga, scrub (Geijera paniculata) (S2) (SD2)
773 wirewood (Acradenia pyriforme) (S5) (SD5)
774 woollybutt (Eucalyptus longifolia) S2 SD3
(continued)
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AS/NZS 2878:2000 26
775 woollybutt, Camden (E. macarthurii) (S4) (SD5)
776 woollybutt, northern (E. miniata) (S2) (SD3)
777 yapunyah (E. ochrophloii) (S2) (SD2)
778 yapunyah, mountain (E. thozetiana) (S2) (SD2)
779 yarran (Acacia homalophylla) (S1) (SD1)
780 yate (E. cornuta) S2 SD2
782 yellowheart (Fragrea fragraeacea, F. gracilipea) (S3) (SD3)
783 yellowjacket (Corymbia bloxsomei) (S4) (SD4)
784 yellowjacket, large-fruited (Corymbia (S3) (S3)
watsoniana)
785 yellowwood (Flindersia xanthoxyla) S4 SD3
787 yellowwood, thorny (Zanthoxylum (S6) (SD6)
brachyacanthum)
788 yertchuk (E. consideniana) S3 SD3
3.3 STRENGTH GROUPS OF TIMBERS OTHER THAN AUSTRALIAN GROWN

Table 3.2 gives the strength groups of unseasoned and seasoned timber other than
Australian grown. The reference numbers and the standard trade common name of the
timber species are consistent with those of AS 1148. Provisional strength groups are shown
within brackets, e.g. (S7).
Botanical names are included for accuracy. A number of abbreviations are used in the
botanical names. These are sp. (for an unnamed species), spp. (for a number of species),
subsp. (for subspecies) and var (for variety). Refer to AS 1148 for complete detail on the
naming.
NOTE: Botanical names for some species have been changed due to the species being
reclassified.
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27 AS/NZS 2878:2000
TABLE 3.2
TIMBERS GROWN ELSEWHERE THAN AUSTRALIA
Hardwoods
13 amberoi (Pterocymbium spp.) <S7 SD8
27 balau (Shorea spp.) S3 (SD3)
28 balau, red (Shorea spp.) S3 (SD3)
33 basswood, prefixed by the name of the supplying (S7) (SD8)
country (Endospermum spp.),
38 beech, New Guinea (Nothofagus spp.) S3 SD3
56 calophyllum, prefixed by the name of the S5 SD6
supplying country (Calophyllum spp.)
78 cheesewood, white (Alstonia scholaris) S7 SD8
79 chengal (Balanocarpus heimii) S1 SD2
109 erima (Octomeles sumatrana) <S7 SD8
126 giam (Hopea spp.) S1 SD1
140 heritiera, prefixed by the name of the supplying S3 SD3

country (Heritiera spp.)
153 kamarere (Eucalyptus deglupta) S4 SD4
154 kapur, prefixed by the name of the supplying S3 SD4
country (Dryobalanops spp.)
166 kempas, prefixed by the name of the supplying S2 SD2
country (Koompassia malaccensis, K. excelsa)
169 keruing, prefixed by the name of the supplying S3 SD3
country (Dipterocarpus spp.)
173 kwila (Intsia spp.) S2 SD3
177 laran (Anthocephalus chinensis) S6 SD7
188 lumbayau (Heritiera spp.) S5 SD5
191 mahogany, American (Swietenia mahogani, S5 SD6
S. macrophylla)
193 mahogany, Philippine, light red (Shorea and (S6) (S6)
Parashorea spp.)
194 mahogany, Philippine, red (Shorea spp.) (S6) (SD6)
198 malas (Homalium foetidum) S2 SD2
221 meranti, dark red (Shorea spp.) S5 SD6
222 meranti, light red (Shorea spp.) S6 SD7
223 meranti, white (Shorea spp.) S4 SD5
224 meranti, yellow (Shorea spp.) S5 (SD6)
225 merawan (Hopea spp.) S3 SD4
226 mersawa, prefixed by the name of the supplying (S6) (SD6)
country (Anisoptera spp.)
246 obah (Syzygium spp. and Eugenia spp.) (S4) (SD5)
305 planchonella, prefixed by the name of the (S5) (SD5)
supplying country (Planchonella spp.)
(continued)
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AS/NZS 2878:2000 28
323 ramin, prefixed by the name of the supplying S4 SD4
country (Gonystylus spp.)
332 rosewood, prefixed by the name of the supplying S4 SD5
country (Pterocarpus indicus)
339 satinash, New Guinea (Syzygium spp.) (S4) (SD5)
343 sepetir (Sindora spp. Copaifera spp.) S4 (SD5)
367 taun (Pometia spp.) S4 SD4
373,374, terminalia (brown, red brown and yellow) S6 SD6
375 (Terminalia spp.)
384 vitex, prefixed by the name of the supplying (S4) (SD5)
country (Vitex cofassus)
389 walnut, New Guinea (Dracontomelum spp.) S5 SD6
Softwoods
73 cedar, red, western (Thuja plicata) <S7 SD8
111 fir, alpine (Abies lasiocarpa) S7 SD7
112 fir, amabilis (Abies amabilis) S6 SD6

113 fir, balsam (Abies balsamea) S7 SD7
Not fir, California, red (Abies magnifica) S7 SD6
allocated
114 * fir, Douglas (North American) (Pseudotsuga S5 SD5
menziesii)
114 * fir, Douglas (Elsewhere) (Pseudotsuga S6 SD6
menziesii)
115 fir, grand (Abies grandis) S7 SD7
Not fir, noble (Abies procera) S7 SD6
allocated
Not fir, white (Canada) (Abies concolor) S5 SD7
allocated
139 hemlock, western (Tsuga littoralis) S6 SD6
158 kauri, dammara (Agathis dammara) S7 SD7
178,179, larch (including European and Japanese), (Larix S6† SD6†
180 spp., L. decidua, L. kaempferi)
181 larch, western (Larix occidentalis) S5 SD5
277 pine, Carribean (Fiji) (Pinus caribaea) S6 SD6
282 pine, jack (Pinus banksiana) S6 SD7
287 pine, lodgepole (Pinus contorta) S7 SD6†
295 pine, radiata (Pinus radiata) S7 SD6
300 pine, sugar (Pinus lambertiana) — SD8
302 pine, western white (Pinus monticola) <S7 SD7
303 pine, western yellow (Pinus ponderosa) S7 SD7
326 redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) S6 SD7
350 spruce, black (Picea mariana) S7 SD6
* For Australian-grown Douglas fir see Table 3.1(Ref. No. 241).
† Applies to timber of Canadian origin. (continued)
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29 AS/NZS 2878:2000
351 spruce, Engelmann (Picea englemannii) S7 SD6*
353 spruce, red (Picea rubens) S7 SD6
354 spruce, Sitka (Picea sitchensis) S7 SD6
356 spruce, white (Picea glauca) S7 SD7
* Applies to timber of Canadian origin.
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AS/NZS 2878:2000 30
APPENDIX A
SAMPLING
(Normative)
A1 GENERAL
Valid sampling is achieved when the distribution of values in the sample represents the
distribution of values in the population, and when the sample is free of bias. Failure to
adopt a proper sampling procedure will prevent valid estimates of sampling errors from
being calculated, and consequently the accuracy of the calculated means and other statistics
will be doubtful.
A2 SAMPLING BASED ON TREE RESOURCE

Regions, localities within regions, and stands shall be sampled so as to ensure that the
number of trees sampled at each level is as closely proportional as practicable to its
component of the estimated volume of a species throughout its range.
It can be shown that increasing the number of sampled trees provides a better precision of
estimate than increasing the number of specimens within a tree; therefore, the optimal
sample contains one specimen per tree.
A detailed discussion of sampling and its technical background is given in CSIRO Forest
Products Technical Note No 5, Sampling of Timber for Evaluation of Species Properties.
A3 SAMPLING BASED ON MILL PRODUCTION

Timber may be sampled directly from mill production. The purpose is to obtain timber that
is representative of the timber being sold as structural material. To do this, samples of
structural timber shall be taken from each mill roughly in proportion to their contribution to
the total market; likewise, the proportion of each size and grade of timber sampled shall be
taken in proportion to their contribution to the total market.
The samples shall be selected at random. One method of doing this is to select timber from
the production output at a randomly chosen time followed by a specified board count.
A4 STRATIFIED SAMPLING PROCEDURES

Stratified sampling techniques may be used. The associated test data shall be adjusted by
the use of weighting factors relevant to the stratification procedures used.
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31 AS/NZS 2878:2000
APPENDIX B
MECHANICAL TESTS
(Normative)
B1 SPECIMEN SELECTION
The test specimens to be used shall be 20 × 20 × 300 mm long. They shall be selected from
boards of wood so as to be parallel to the longitudinal grain of the wood, and to have one
face as near as possible to the radial direction.
The specimens shall be cut out of clear wood, i.e. wood clear of knots and other botanical
features. For softwoods the specimens shall be clear of corewood, i.e. at least 50 mm from
the centre of the pith; for hardwoods the specimens shall be clear of brittle heart.
Prior to testing, all specimens shall be conditioned so that the moisture content is constant
throughout the specimen, i.e. a ‘skin-effect’ caused by the occurrence of differential
moisture contents within a specimen shall be avoided.
B2 TEST PROCEDURE
The specimen shall be tested in centre-point loading over a span of 280 mm. Orient the
specimen so that the growth rings run vertically (or as close to the vertical as possible
depending on how the specimen was cut). Load the specimens to failure and record the
modulus of elasticity and bending strength.
After the specimen has failed, examine the ruptured surface to check that the specimen
complies with the target requirements specified in Paragraph B1. Any non-compliance
(such as the occurrence of hidden knots, corewood in softwoods, brittle heart in hardwoods
or slope of grain greater than 1 in 10) shall cause the specimen to be rejected.
The moisture content of the timber at the time of test shall be measured.
NOTE: The methods used in Australia for the testing of small clear specimens of timber to
determine mechanical strength properties are described by Mack, J. J. (1979) Australian Methods
for Mechanically Testing Small Clear Specimens of Timber, CSIRO Division of Building
Research, Technical Paper (Second Series) No. 31. In the absence of an Australian Standard,
BS 373, or ISO 3133 and ISO 3349 may be used following the procedure given in this Standard.
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Timber—Classification into strength

The following interests are represented on Committee TM/3:

State Forests of New South Wales

Keeping Standards up-to-date

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 97407.

Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Timber—Classification into strength

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

SECTION 2 PROCEDURES FOR THE STRENGTH GROUPING OF A SPECIES

SECTION 3 CLASSIFICATION OF TIMBERS

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Australian/New Zealand Standard

S E CT I ON 1 S COP E AND GE NE RAL

1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

1.3.3 Positive strength group

moisture content in excess of 30 percent.

S E CT I ON 2 P ROCE DURE S FOR T HE

2.2 PROCEDURE FOR POSITIVE STRENGTH GROUPING

* As measured or estimated at a moisture content above fibre-saturation point.

Minimum species Strength group

* As measured or adjusted to a moisture content of 12 percent.

2.2.6 Positive strength classification based on the combination of properties

2.2.7 Test report

(a) Timber species.

2.3 PROCEDURE FOR PROVISIONAL STRENGTH GROUPING

2.3.3 Acceptable difference between unseasoned and seasoned strength groups

(b) Seasoned material

3.2 STRENGTH GROUPS OF AUSTRALIAN TIMBERS

Timber species Strength group

TABLE 3.1 (continued)

Timber species Strength group

40 aspen, lemon (Acronychia acidula) (S6) (SD6)

TABLE 3.1 (continued)

Timber species Strength group

87 blackbutt, Western Australia (E. patens) S4 SD5

TABLE 3.1 (continued)

Timber species Strength group

148 box, white (E. albens) (S2) (SD2)

TABLE 3.1 (continued)

Timber species Strength group

193 cedar, peach (Trema orientalis) (< S7) (< SD8)

TABLE 3.1 (continued)

Timber species Strength group

243 gardenia (Gardenia ovularis) (S4) (SD4)

TABLE 3.1 (continued)

Timber species Strength group

302 gum, white, Dunn’s (E. dunnii) (S3) (SD4)

TABLE 3.1 (continued)

Timber species Strength group

351 kurrajong, northern (Brachychiton diversifolius) (< S7) (SD8)

TABLE 3.1 (continued)

Timber species Strength group

391 mahogany, white (E. acmenoides, E. umbra, S2 SD3

Timber species Strength group

462 oak, silky, black (Stenocarpus reticulatus) (S2) (SD3)

TABLE 3.1 (continued)

Timber species Strength group

505 penda, red (Xanthostemon whitei) (S2) (SD2)