Differentiation

Topic 5 to measure the rate at which a

function changes
differentiation of function y = f(x) is
written as d
Differentiation f(x) or
dx
dy
or
dx
f' (x) (read as f prime x)
1 2

Rules of Differentiation Rules of Differentiation

Rule 1: Rule 2:
If y = c, where c is constant then If y = cx, where c is constant then
dy dy
=0 =c
dx dx
Example Example
dy dy
y = 4 then =0 y = 4x then =4
dx dx
dy dy
y =-5 then =0 y =-5x then = -5
dx dx
3 4

Rules of Differentiation Rules of Differentiation

Rule 3: Rule 4:
dy 1 du
If y = xn, where n is real number then If y = ln u then =
dy dx u dx
= nx n - 1 ,n ≠1
dx
Example Example
dy dy 1 d 1 1
y = x2 then = 2x 2 - 1 = 2x y = ln 2x then = . 2x = .2 =
dx dx 2x dx 2x x

dy dy 1 d 1 3
y = 2x3 then = 3.2x 3 - 1 = 6x 2 y = ln 2x3 then = . 2x3 = 3 .6x2 =
dx dx 2x3 dx 2x x
5 6

1
 Rules of Differentiation Rules of Differentiation

Rule 5: Rule 6:
dy du dy
If y = eu then = eu . If y = f(x) + g(x) then = f' (x) + g' (x)
dx dx dx

Example Example
dy d dy d d
y = ex then = ex . x = e x .1 = e x y = 2x + 1 then = 2x + 1 =2
dx dx dx dx dx
3 dy d dy d d
= e 2x . 2x 3 = e 2x . 6x 2 x + 3x 3 = 1 + 9x 2
3 3
y = e2x then y = x + 3x3 then =
dx dx dx dx dx
7 8

Rules of Differentiation Rules of Differentiation

Rule 7: Rule 8:
dy
If y = f(x) - g(x) then = f' (x) - g' (x) If y = f(x).g(x) then
dx dy
= f(x). g' (x) + g(x).f' (x)
dx
Example Example
dy d d
y = 2x + 1 then = 2x - 1 =2 y = 2x(x2 + 1) then
dx dx dx dy d d
= 2x. (x 2 + 1) + (x 2 + 1). 2x
dy d dx dx dx
y = x + 3x3 then d
= x- 3x 3 = 1 - 9x 2 = 2x(2x) + (x 2 + 1)(2)
dx dx dx
9 = 4x 2 + 2x 2 + 2 = 6x 2 + 2 10

Rules of Differentiation Rules of Differentiation

Rule 9: Rule 10:

f(x) dy g(x).f'(x) - f(x).g'(x)
If y = then = If y = un where u=f(x) and n=constant
g(x) dx 2
[g(x)] then dy n - 1 du
= n.u .
Example dx dx
d d
x. 4x 5 - 4x 5. x Example
4x 5 then dy = dx dx x.20x4 - 4x 5. 1
y = dx x2
=
x2 y = (2x – 3x2)3 then
x
5 5 5 dy d
20x - 4x 16x
= = = 16x3 = 3.(2x - 3x 2 ) 3 - 1 . (2x - 3x 2 )
x 2
x 2 dx dx
11 = 3.(2x - 3x 2 ) 2 .2 - 6x = (6 - 18x)(2x - 3x 2 ) 2 12

2
Second Order Differentiation Second Order Differentiation

Second Order Differentiation is Example from Rule 8:

produce when we differentiate a y = 2x(x2 + 1) then
function f(x) twice and denoted by dy d d
= 2x. (x 2 + 1) + (x 2 + 1). 2x
d dx dx dx
f' (x) or
dx = 2x(2x) + (x 2 + 1)(2)
2
d y = 4x 2 + 2x 2 + 2 = 6x 2 + 2
2
or
dx 2
d y d
f'' (x) (read as f double prime x) 2
= (6x 2 + 2) = 12x
dx dx
13 14

Partial Differentiation Partial Differentiation

The partial differentiation of f(x,y) Example1: find partial differentiation

with respect to x is d f(x, y) for f(x, y) = 2x 2 - 3y - 4
dx
The partial differentiation of f(x,y) Solution
with respect to y is d f(x, y) d d
dy f(x, y) = 2x 2 - 3y - 4 = 4x
dx dx
d d
f(x, y) = 2x 2 - 3y - 4 = - 3
dy dy
15 16

Partial Differentiation

Example2: find partial differentiation

for 2
f(x, y) = (x - 1)(y + 2 )

Solution
d d d d
f(x,y)= (x2 -1)(y +2 ) f(x,y)= (x2 -1)(y +2 )
dx dx dy dy
d d d d
=(x2 -1) (y+2 )+(y+2 ) (x2 -1 ) =(x2 -1) (y+2 ) +(y+2 ) (x2 -1 )
dx dx dy dy
= (x2 -1).0 + (y+2 )(2x) = (x2 -1).1 + (y+2 ) .0
= 2xy+4x = x2 -1 17