Ratio When ratios are large or

awkward it sometimes helps

to simplify them.

3.6:1.8 42:21
2a:a
8:4
1h:30min
2:1
Exercise 11.2
Simplify the following ratios:
15 : 9 4.5 : 5.5 8b : 4b
= = =

= = =

=
= =5:3 = =2:1

= = 9 : 11
A calculator is good at
simplifying ratios (see
1 8:4 2 3 : 12 3 12 : 16 Technology 11.1).
4 3:9 5 6:9 6 15 : 5
7 2.5 : 1.5 8 2.4 : 1.8 9 5 : 1.5
10 2.8 : 2.1 11 4.0 : 1.2 12 8a : 12a
13 2c : 8c 14 9x : 15x 15 1.44y : 7.2y
Exercise 11.3
The rose food is mixed with water in the ratio Rose food is 1/5 of the mixture
of 1 : 4. How much rose food is needed to = 1/5×4 L
make a total mixture of 4 L? = 0.8 L or 800 mL

1 The rose food is mixed with water in the ratio of 1 : 4. How much rose food is
needed to make a mixture of 2 L?
2 The fruit juice is made by mixing juice concentrate and water in the ratio of
1 : 3. How much juice concentrate is needed to make 2 L of fruit juice?
3 The lunch bill for the 7 guests came to $154. If Amelia paid for 3 of the guests
and Jack paid for the other 4 guests, how much did each pay?
4 Sophie paid $7 towards the Lottery ticket and Noah paid $3. If the Lottery
ticket returned $30, how much should each receive?
5 The concrete is to be made of cement, sand, and gravel in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3.
If the mixer takes 30 shovelfulls, how many shovelfulls of cement is needed?
6 A line 20 cm long is to be divided in the ratio of 1.2 : 1.8, where should the line
be divided?
7 The chainsaw petrol is made by mixing two-stroke oil and unleaded petrol in
the ratio of 1 : 25. How much two-stroke oil is needed to make 2 L of chainsaw
petrol?

Chapter 11 Ratio & Rate 147

 Percentages

Percentages are used hundreds of

thousands of times every day for
comparison and analysis.
a percentage of an amount.

Exercise 11.4
1 Write each of the following percentages as a fraction and as a decimal:

30% = 112% = 4.25% =

= 0.3 = 1.12 = 0.0425

a) 10% b) 20% c) 30% d) 40%

e) 50% f) 60% g) 70% h) 80%
i) 90% j) 100% k) 3% l) 5%
m) 8% n) 1% o) 110% p) 150%
q) 200% r) 500% s) 143% t) 417%
u) 6.2% v) 8.7% w) 12.25% x) 5.75%

2 Calculate each of the following:

Find 20% of 80 Find 37% of 176 Find % of 65
= 0.2 x 80 = 0.37 x 176
= 16 = 65.12 = 0.132 x 65
= 8.58

a) 25% of 60 b) 10% of 65 c) 75% of 24 d) 30% of 70

e) 50% of 80 f) 40% of 30 g) 60% of 250 h) 80% of 25

i) % of 80 j) % of 80 k) % of 80 l) % of 80
m) About 70% of a 60 kg person’s weight is water. How much of the 60 kg is
water ?
n) 40% of a $560 wage is spent on rent. How much is the rent?
o)
p) Lenny pays 37% tax on an income of $68 500 pa. How much tax does
Lenny pay?
q) The management fund returned 11.5% on an investment of $74 500.
How much was returned?
r) Approximately 3.5% of the World’s population of 7 billion people are
Indonesians. Roughly how many people are Indonesian?
s) How many people in Oceania/Australia
given that they make up I was given a 70% rise.
approximately 0.5% of the 5% pay rise and 65%
work increase.
World’s population?

148
 Percentages
Exercise 11.5
Add GST (10%) to an item priced at $37 A discount of 15% is offered on a sub-woofer
priced at $230. What is the new price?
= 37 + 10% of 37
= 37 + 0.1 × 37
= $40.70 = $195.50

1 Add GST (10%) to the price of each of the following items:

a) A sandwich @ $2.40 b) Cable subscription @ $55
c) A watch @ $48.50 d)
e) A hotel room @ $145 f) Haircut @ $33
g) A telephone bill @ $125.60 h) Electricity account @ $171.60

The GST is a tax of 10%

on most supplies of goods
and services in Australia 25%
from 1 July 2000. off

2 Discount each of the following prices by 25%

a) A DVD player @ $224 b) A coffee table @ $119
c) A running shoe @ $105 d) An MP3 player @ $275
e) A bedside clock @ $23.50 f) A ball gown @ $859
g) A calculator @ $18.50 h) A DVD @ $27.99
3 An insurance premium of $455.50 is given a 10% discount. What is then the
new cost of the premium?
4 A health insurance fee of $164.10 per month is supported by a Federal
Government rebate of 30%. What is the fee after the 30% rebate?
5 A car insurance discount of 7.5% is given to drivers 55 and over. What would a
56 year-old actually pay for a car insurance premium of $368.50?
6 A wage increase of 3.5% has just been granted. Adjust the following wages:
a) $975 b) $534.50 c) $308.20 d) $2560.35
7 A fortnightly wage of $970 is increased by 3.8%. What is the new wage?
8

9 If Indonesia’s growth rate is 1.16% per year, and their population is 245 million,
what will be their population next year?
10 If Australia’s growth rate is 1.2% per year, and their population is 23 million,
what will be their population next year?
11 A house insurance premium of $340 attracts a stamp duty of 5.5%, and a GST
of 10% of the premium. What is the total insurance premium?

Chapter 11 Ratio & Rate 149

 Percentages
Express
as a percentage of cost
price or selling price.
Exercise 11.6

the block of land for $100 000.

Find the loss Find the loss as a percent- Find the loss as a percentage
= 120 000 - 100 000 age of the buying price. of the selling price.
= $20 000
= =

= 16.67% = 20%

1 Ethan bought a Year 7 maths textbook for $65 and a year later sold it on ebay
for $23 (after deducting ebay commission and postage costs).
a) Find the loss.
b) Find the loss as a percentage of the buying price.
c) Find the loss as a percentage of the selling price.
d) Which percentage loss sounds better as far as Ethan is concerned?
2 Ella bought a 2 bedroom unit 12 years ago for $95 000 and recently sold it for
$280 000 (after deducting selling costs).
a)
b)
c)
d)
3 A cattle buyer bought a pen of steers from a farmer for $12 500 and sold them
to a feedlot for $15 000.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
4 A phone has a retail price of $85 and a recommended retail price of $105.
a) What is the new price after a discount of 20% off $85?
b) What is the new price after a discount of 30% off $105?
c) Which sounds more impressive? Which is the better deal?
5 Find the discounted price of a CD:
a) A discount of 20% on the marked price of $26.
b) A discount of 30% on the recommended retail price of $32.
c) Which sounds more impressive? Which is the better deal?
6 Find the discounted price of a phone:
a) A discount of 15% on the marked price of $89.
b) A discount of 30% on the recommended retail price of $112.
c) Which sounds more impressive? Which is the better deal?

150
 Rates
A rate is a comparison
of quantities of different Example: Rent of $380 per
kinds. week compares the quantity $
with the quantity week.
Exercise 11.7
A house is let for $245 per week. What is If the price of diesel is $1.65 per litre, what
the rent for 4 weeks? is the cost of 32.6 L of diesel?

= =

= $980 = $53.79

1 A two bedroom unit is being let for $465 pw (per week). What is the rent for:
a) 4 weeks? b) 6 months (26 weeks)? c) 1 year (52 weeks)?
2 Aamina earns a salary of $2254.30 per fortnight, how much is earned in:
a) a month (4 weeks)?
b) 6 months (26 weeks)?
c) 1 year (52 weeks)? 1 2abc 3def
4ghi 5jkl 6mno
d) 1 decade (10 years)? 7pqrs 8tuv 9wxyz
“Merry Christmas” was
*+ 0---- # ^
sent from a computer to a
phone in 1992.

3 A prepaid mobile phone deal offers 28c per text message, what would be the
charge for 80 text messages?
4 The prepaid company offers one rate of 49 cents per 30 secs to any mobile or
landline within the country. What would it cost for a 8 min 30 sec call?
5 It has been reported that the average mobile phone subscriber in the Phillipines
sends 27 text messages per day. How many text messages would be sent in a 31
day month?
6 It was necessary to buy timber at $9.85 per metre. How much did it cost for:
a) 2 m? b) 4 m? c) 3.2 m?
d) 850 mm? e) 1 630 mm? f) 27 900 m?
7 The Internet connection costs $37.50 per month, how much for a year?
8 The price of the material is $17.40 per metre. What would be the cost of 7 m?
9 If the price of unleaded petrol is $1.86 per litre, what is the cost of 40 L of
petrol?
10 If I travel at an average speed of 90 km/h, how far will I travel in 5 hours?
11 If the plane is descending at a rate of 500 m per minute, how far will the plane
descend in 5 mins?
12 If I travel at an average speed of 80 km/h, how far will I travel in 2 hours?
13 If I ride my pushbike at an average speed of 25 km/h, how far will I travel in 12
mins?
14 The instructions on the lawn fertiliser bag suggests that a rate of 2.5 kg per
100 m2 be used for the couch lawn. How much fertiliser is needed for a 800 m2
lawn?

Chapter 11 Ratio & Rate 151

 Unitary Method

The unitary method

is a useful method for
comparing one rate with for one quantity (usually 100 if the
another rate. second quantity is larger than 100).

Exercise 11.8
1 Find the rate per one or 100 in each of the following:
247 runs in 50 overs $4.15 for 220 g

= runs in overs =$ for g

= 4.94 runs in 1 over = $1.89 for 100 g

a) 220 runs in 50 overs b) 196 runs in 45 overs

c) Walk 5000 m in 40 mins d) Walk 15 km in 2 hours
e) $5 for 2 kg f) $3 for 1.5 kg
g) $3.99 for 220 g h) $4.25 for 250 g
i) 42 L used to go 600 km j) 54 L used to go 650 km
k) Walk 42 m in 60 secs l) Run 520 m in 80 secs
m) $8.16 for 850 g n) $6.90 for 750 g

2 Which is the best buy?

$4.15 for 750 mL of vegetable oil or $10.15 for 2 L?

= for = for

= $0.55 for 100 mL = $0.50 for 100 mL

The 2 L is the best buy.

a) $3.49 for 750 mL of vegetable oil or $10.35 for 2 L?

b) $5.07 for 500 g of breakfast cereal or $4.05 for 420 g?
c) $3.27 for 200 g of white chocolate biscuits or $4.37 for 300 g?
d) $3.99 for 205 g macaroni cheese or $8.15 for 500 g?
e) $5.74 for 500 mL of body wash or $2.69 for 240 mL of body wash?
f) $8.33 for 90 mL of roll on deodorant or $4.99 for 70 mL?
Suppose you spend 10 Earth years on a
Albert Einstein proposed the theory of machine travelling at 270 000 km/s and
relativity in 1905. As your speed comes time slowed by 50%. You would be 18
close to 299 792 km/s, the speed of light, while your friends would be 23?
time slows down.

152
 Exercise 10.2 19 60 20a C=27.02cm A=58.09cm2 20b C=8.48mm, A=5.73mm2
20c C=116.24cm, A=1075.21cm2 20d C=12.57m, A=12.57m2 21a P=56.56cm, A=190.07cm2
21b P=10.71m, A=7.07m2 21c P=100.69mm, A=530.14mm2 21d P=62.27cm, A=271.23cm2
21e P=92.83cm, A=614.16cm2
Exercise 10.3 2 3 2
4 5 cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers 6 1 7 2 8 P(6,1) 9 8/3
10 43.92
Exercise 10.4 1a 2/1 1b 1c 2a 2b 2c 3a 20%,20/100=1/5
3b 25%, 25/100=1/4 3c 350%, 350/100=3/1/2 3d 5%,5/100=1/20 4a 0.1, 1/10 4b 0.4,4/10=2/5
4c 0.25,25/100=1/4 4d 2.75, 275/100=11/4 5a 0.1, 10% 5b 0.2, 20% 5c 0.3, 30% 5d 0.25, 25%
6a 30/100=3/10, 0.3, 30% 6b 18/100=9/50, 0.18, 18% 7a 7/4 7b 11/5 7c 14/3 7d 28/5 8a 2/1/2 8b 2/2/3
8c 3/3/4 8d 3/5/6 9 rational 10 irrational 11a rotation 11b translation 11c
12a VSR{SSS} 12b OMN{ASA} 12c WXY{SAS}
12d HFG{RHS} 13 14 Bias in that some may respond more than once, some may not be
bothered to respond, some may not know about the survey 15a range=4, mean=2.5, median=2, mode=2
15b range=0.3, mean=6.29, median=6.3, mode=6.4 16a mean 16b mode 16c median
17 Die Toss
1 6
2 6 Die Toss
10
3 7
4 6 5
5 5
6 10 1 2 3 4 5 6

18 Both frequency graphs have a similar shape with the Year 8 shifted further to the right. Together with the
mean this suggests that the Year 8s have a shorter reaction distance than the Year 6s.
Year 6 Year 8
Year 6 Year 8
Mode 3 Mode 3 10 10
Median 3 Median 3 5 5
Mean 3.125 Mean 3.54
Range 4 Range 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

19 96 20a C=21.99cm A=38.48cm2 20b C=251.33mm, A=5026.55mm2 20c C=13.19cm, A=13.85cm2

20d C=125.66m, A=1256.64m2 21a P=3.08m, A=0.57m2 21b P=24.94mm, A=36.95m2
21c P=15.00cm, A=13.85cm2 21d P=120.55cm, A=1012.94cm2 21e P=320mm, A=1373.45mm2

Exercise 11.1 1a 9:14 1b 14:9 1c 9:23 1d 14:23 2a 24:7 2b 7:24 2c 24:31 2d 7:31 3a 1/2, 0.5, 50%
3b 1/10, 0.1, 10% 3c 1/4, 0.25, 25% 3d 3/4, 0.75, 75% 3e 1/5, 0.2, 20% 3f 2/5, 0.4, 40% 3g 2/10, 0.2, 20%
3h 4/5, 0.8, 80% 3i 3/10, 0.3, 30% 3j 4/10, 0.4, 40% 3k 6/10, 0.6, 60% 3l 7/10, 0.7, 70% 3m 8/10, 0.8, 80%
3n 3/5, 0.6, 60% 3o 9/10, 0.9, 90% 4a 1:2, 0.5, 50% 4b 3:10, 0.3, 30% 4c 4:5, 0.8, 80% 4d 1:4, 0.25, 25%
4e 3:4, 0.75, 75% 4f 5:2, 2.5, 250% 4g 31:10, 3.1, 310% 4h 33:5, 6.6, 660%
Exercise 11.2 1 2:1 2 1:4 3 3:4 4 1:3 5 2:3 6 3:1 7 5:3 8 4:3 9 10:3 10 4:3 11 10:3 12 2:3 13 1:4 14 3:5
15 2:1
Exercise 11.3 1 0.4L or 400mL 2 0.5L or 500mL 3 $66 and $88 4 $21 and $9 5 5 shovelfulls 6 8cm
7 77mL or approx 80mL
Exercise 11.4 1a 1/10, 0.1 1b 2/10=1/5, 0.2 1c 3/10, 0.3 1d 4/10=2/5. 0.4 1e 1/2, 0.5 1f 3/5, 0.6
1g 7/10, 0.7 1h 4/5, 0.8 1i 9/10, 0.9 1j 1/1, 1 1k 3/100, 0.03 1l 15/100=1/20, 0.05 1m 8/100=2/25, 0.08
1n 1/100, 0.01 1o 110/100=11/10, 1.1 1p 150/100=3/2, 1.5 1q 200/100=2/1, 2 1r 500/100=5/1, 5
1s 143/100, 1.43 1t 417/100,4.17 1u 6.2/100=62/1000=3.1/50, 0.062 1v 8.7/100=87/1000, 0.087
1w 12.25/100=1225/10000=49/400, 0.1225 1x 5.75/100=575/10000=23/400, 0.0575 2a 15 2b 6.5 2c 18
2d 21 2e 40 2f 12 2g 150 2h 20 2i 10 2j 30 2k 50 2l 17.28 2m 42kg 2n $224 2o $1255.50 2p $25 3454
2q $8567.50 2r 245million 2s 35million
Exercise 11.5 1a $2.64 1b $60.50 1c $53.35 1d $264 1e $159.50 1f $36.30 1g $138.16 1h $188.76 2a $168
2b $89.25 2c 78.75 2d $206.25 2e $17.63 2f $644.25 2g $13.88 2h $20.99 3 $409.95 4 $114.87 5 $340.86
6a $1009.13 6b $553.21 6c $318.99 6d $2649.96 7 $1006.86 8 $5658.06 9 247.84million 10 23.28million
11 $392.70

302
Exercise 11.6 1a $42 1b 65% 1c 183% 1d % of buying price 65% 2a $185 000 2b 195% 2c 66%
2d % of buying price 195% 3a $2500 3b 20% 3c 17% 3d % of selling price 17% 3e % of buying price 17%
4a $68 4b $73.50 4c 30% sounds better 4d 20% is the better deal 5a $20.80 5b $22.40
5c 30% sounds better, 20% is the better deal 6a $75.65 6b $78.40 30% sounds better, 15% is the better deal.
Exercise 11.7 1a $1860 1b $12 090 1c $24 180 2a $4508.60 2b $29 305.90 2c $58 611.80 2d $586 118
3 $22.40 4 $8.33 5 837 6a $19.70 6b $39.40 6c $31.52 6d $8.37 6e $16.06 6f $274 815 7 $450 8 $121.80
9 $74.40 10 450km 11 2.5km 12 160km 13 5km 14 20kg
Exercise 11.8 1a 4.4 runs per over 1b 4.36 runs per over 1c 125m per min 1d 7.5km per hr 1e $2.50 per kg
1f $2 per kg 1g $1.81 per 100g 1h $1.70 per 100g 1i 7L per 100km 1j 8.31L per 100km 1k 0.7m per sec
1l 6.5m per sec 1m $0.96 per 100g 1n $0.92 per 100g 2a $3.49 for 750mL 2b $4.05 for 420g
2c $4.37 for 300g 2d $8.15 for 500g 2e $2.69 for 240mL 2f $4.99 for 70mL
Exercise 11.9 2 $35and $15 3 $1400 4 2.3 5 4.6 6 $72 7 $66 8 3:2 9 500g for $10 10 $75
Exercise 11.10 2 $40 and $20 3 $1800 4 3.4 5 6.8 6 $63 7 $55 8 3:8 9 300g for $25 10 $80
Exercise 11.11 2 $40 and $30 3 $2200 4 4.1 5 8.2 6 $54 7 $99 8 5:7 9 200g for $3 10 $85
Exercise 11.12 1 $132 2 $0.65 3 5 4 9kg 5 $0.60 6 $176 7 60% 8 15% 9 11/3 10 22/1/5 11 1/4
12 multiply by 1.2 $4.80 13 15% 14 120 15 18 16 400km 17 120m
Exercise 11.13 1 18 2 18 3 $80 4 $70 5 $80 6 $60 7 8:12:5:9 8 $100 9 $2500 10 10
Exercise 11.14 1 14, 23, 32, 41, 50, 104, 131, 140, 203, 221 2 4+5+6 3 1+2+3+4+5 4 32
5 11days 13.8hours 6 1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8x9 7 55
Exercise 11.15 1a 1/2, 0.5, 50% 1b 2/5, 0.4, 40% 1c 3/4, 0.75, 75% 1d 3/10, 0.3, 30% 1e 2/3, 0.67, 67%
1f 7/10, 0.7, 70% 2a 2:1 2b 3:4 2c 3:4 2d 5:3 2e 4:3 2f 5:3 3 0.8L or 800mL 4 15 shovelfulls 5a 15 5b 21
5c 10 5d 42kg 6 x1.2, $48 7a $80.75 7b $80.50 7c 30% sounds better, both about the same 8 $439.84 9 $80
10 $22.40 11 21kg 12a 4.2 runs per over 12b 8L per 100km 13a $5.27 for 500g 13b $8.53 for 90mL
13c $4.05 for 200g
Exercise 11.16 1a 1/2, 0.5, 50% 1b 3/5, 0.6, 60% 1c 1/4, 0.25, 25% 1d 1/2, 0.5, 50% 1e 1/3, 0.33, 33%
1f 2/5, 0.4, 40% 2a 1:2 2b 2:5 2c 3:5 2d 3:5 2e 3:4 2f 3:2 3 0.5L or 500mL 4 10 shovelfulls 5a 7.5 5b 24
5c 15 5d 42kg 6 x1.3, $65 7 $1534.50 8a $89.25 8b $93.75 8c 25% sounds better, 15% is the better deal
9 $90 10 $13.05 11 $4.76 12a 4.8 runs per over 12b 9L per 100km 13a $6.36 for 500g 13b $3.15 for 2L
13c $4.19 for 105mL

Exercise 12.1 1 Function=2×step+1 2 Function=2×step+2 3 Function=3×step 4

5
Exercise 12.2 1 y=2x+2 2 y=3x+1 3 4 y=2x+4
Exercise 12.3 1 Plot the points (1,4), (2,7), (3,10), (4,13), (5,16), (10,31), (20,61)
2 Plot the points (1,4), (2,6), (3,8), (4,10), (5,12), (10,22), (20,42)
Exercise 12.4 1 x=4 2 b=18 3 y=5 4 t=12 5 x=4 6 x=9 7 x=25 8 x=6 9 x=35 10 j=11 11 a=32 12 m=5
13 z=77 14 w=24 15 x=70 16 x=2 17 h=5 18 a=4 19 t=9 20 21 n=10 22 m=5 23 x=2 24 f=0 25 p=8
26 27 x=7 28 x=8 29 x=10 30 x=1 31 x=3 32 d=3 33 x=3 34 x=5 35 x=1 36 x=2
Exercise 12.5 1 a=3 2 x=3 3 d=3 4 s=3 5 u=3 6 w=3 7 x=3 8 x=8 9 x=1 10 x=2 11 x=2 12 x=2 13 x=2
14 x=3 15 x=2 16 x=4 17 d=6 18 g=2 19 x=1 20 h=3 21 h=2 22 n=12 23 p=3 24 y=5 25 a=2 26 w=1 27 y=2
28 t=6 29 m=1 30 x=1
Exercise 12.6 1 Plot the points (1,3.3), (2,4.6), (3,5.9), (4,7.2), (5,8.5) 2 Plot the points (1,6.5), (2,9),
(3,11.5), (4,14), (5,16.5) 3 Plot the points (1,250), (2,300), (3,350), (4,400), (5,450)
4 Plot the points (1,350), (2,450), (3,550), (4,650), (5,750) 5 Plot the points (1,100), (2,140), (3,180),
(4,220), (5,260) 6 Plot the points (1,140), (2,220), (3,300), (4,380), (5,460) 7 Plot the points (1,80), (2,160),
(3,240), (4,320), (5,400) 8 Plot the points (1,90), (2,180), (3,270), (4,360), (5,450)
9 10 Plot the points (1, -225), (2,-200), (3,-175),
(4,-150), (5,-125) 11 Plot the points (1,130), (2,160), (3,190), (4,220), (5,250) 12 Plot the points (1,152),
(2,154), (3,156), (4,158), (5,160)
Exercise 12.7 1a $20.60 1b 11km 2a $950 2b 18 3a $430 3b 7hrs 4a 400km 4b 3hrs 15mins 5a 100secs
5b 9donuts 6a 6tonnes 6b 61cartons 7a 150mins 7b 3.25kg

Answers 303