THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous Institute under VTU, Belagavi)

Mysuru – 570008 Karnataka

Laboratory Manual

Analysis of Electrical Machines

(Integrated Lab)

Course Code: 21EE3C03

Course Faculty:
Dr. Likith Kumar M V
Dr. R Chidanandappa

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous Institute under VTU, Belagavi)
Mysuru – 570008 Karnataka

2022-23
 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VISION

The department will be an internationally recognized centre of excellence imparting quality

education in electrical engineering for the benefit of academia, industry and society at large.

MISSION

DM1: Impart quality education in electrical and electronics engineering through theory and its
applications by dedicated and competent faculty.

DM2: Nurture creative thinking and competence leading to innovation and technological growth
in the overall ambit of electrical engineering.

DM3: Strengthen industry-institute interaction to inculcate best engineering practices for sus-
tainable development of the society.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO1: Graduates will be competitive and excel in the electrical industry and other organization.

PEO2: Graduates will pursue higher education and will be competent in their chosen domain.

PEO3: Graduates will demonstrate leadership qualities with professional standards for sustain-
able development of society.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

Our Electrical and Electronics Engineering graduates will have the ability to:

PSO1: Apply the knowledge of Basic Sciences, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Com-
puter Engineering to analyze, design and solve real world problems in the domain of
Electrical Engineering.

PSO2: Use and apply state-of-the-art tools to solve problems in the field of Electrical Engineer-
ing.

PSO3: Be a team member and leader with awareness to professional engineering practice and
capable of lifelong learning to serve society.

1
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fun-
damentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering prob-
lems.

PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of math-
ematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.

PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety and the cultural, societal and environmen-
tal considerations.

PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and re-
search methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and mod-
ern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to as-
sess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate the knowledge of and
need for sustainable development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a member or
leader in diverse teams and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations and
give and receive clear instructions.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the en-
gineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change

2
 List of Experiments

Sl.No COs Experiment Page No.

1 CO3 Open circuit and Short circuit test on a single-phase transformer

2 CO3 Sumpner’s Test

3 CO3 Speed Control of Three phase Induction Motor

4 CO3 V and Inverted V Curve of Synchronous Motor

5 CO3 Circle Diagram of Three-Phase Induction Motor

6 CO3 Scott Connection

7 CO3 Voltage Regulation using EMF and MMF Method

8 CO3 Voltage Regulation using ZPF Method

9 CO3 Parallel operation of two dissimilar transformers

10 CO3 Performance of Synchronous generator when connected to Infinite

Bus bar

3
 Course Outcomes:

On the successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:

COs Statements Bloom’s Level

CO1 Analyse different speed control methods of electrical motors. Apply

CO2 Evaluate various performance parameters of Electrical machines. Apply

CO3 Conduct experiment to analyse the performance of Electrical ma- Apply

chines.

Mapping with POs and PSOs:

COs PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 3 3 1 - - - - - - - - - 3 - -

CO2 3 3 1 - - - - - - - - - 3 - -

CO3 3 2 3 - - - - - 3 3 - 1 3 - 2

S – Strong (3) M – Medium (2) L – Low (1)

References

1. Bimbhra, P. S., & Garg, G. C. (2014). Electrical Machines-I. KHANNA PUBLISHING HOUSE.

2. Kothari, D. P., & Nagrath, I. J. (2004). Electric machines. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

3. Hussain, A. (2005). Electrical machines. Dhanpat Rai and Co., Educational and Technical Publishers, Delhi.

4
General Safety Precautions and Instructions

1. While performing experiments in the Electrical Machine Laboratory, you must follow
stringent safety rules and precautionary measures for your own safety as well as for
safety of your co-workers. Always remember that you are working at voltage levels much
higher compared to normal working voltage.

2. Don’t attempt to enter the lab except when asked for and accompanied by concerned Lab
Staff / Instructors.

3. Every student should obtain a set of instruction sheets entitled manufacturing processes
Laboratory.

4. The student should take the permission and guidance of the Lab Staff / Instructors be-
fore operating any machine. Do not attempt to operate any equipment yourself without
permission of the concerned teachers / instructors. You should never be in casual while
in the lab. Be careful that you don’t operate any button etc. by mistake: it may lead to
serious mal operation and hazards. Unauthorized usage of any machine without prior
guidance may lead to fatal accidents and injury.

5. Always maintain sufficient distance from the live objects to avoid electrical shock due to
induction.

6. Before taking entry in the lab, always double check that all the apparatus and equipment
are disconnected from supply and are properly grounded.

7. The students must submit Laboratory report on next working week. These have associ-
ated some grades.

5
6
7
 Experiment 01
Open circuit and Short circuit test on a single-phase transformer

Aim:

To conduct the open circuit and short circuit test on given single phase transformer and prede-
termine its efficiency and regulation at different loads.

Apparatus Required:

Apparatus Range/Specifications Quantity

0-1-2 A 1
Moving Iron Ammeter
0-2.5-5 A 1
0-150-300 V 1
Moving Iron Voltmeter
0-15-30 V 1
0-150-300 V,0-1-2 A, LPF 1
Wattmeter
0-15-30 V, 0-2.5-5 A, UPF 1
Autotransformer 230V/(0–270V) 1

Theory:

The open circuit and short circuit test are performed for determining the parameter of the
transformer like their efficiency, voltage regulation, circuit constant etc. These tests are per-
formed without the actual loading and because of this reason the very less power is required
for the test.

Open Circuit Test

The purpose of the open-circuit test is to determine the no-load current and losses of the trans-
former because of which their no-load parameters are determined. This test is performed on
the primary winding of the transformer. The wattmeter, ammeter and the voltage are con-
nected to their primary winding. The nominal rated voltage is supplied to their primary wind-
ing with the help of the ac source.

The secondary winding of the transformer is kept open, and the voltmeter is connected to
their terminal. This voltmeter measures the secondary induced voltage. As the secondary of
the transformer is open, thus no-load current flows through the primary winding.

The value of no-load current is very small as compared to the full rated current. The copper
loss occurs only on the primary winding of the transformer because the secondary winding is

8
open. The reading of the wattmeter only represents the core and iron losses. The core loss of
the transformer is the same for all types of loads.

Short Circuit Test

The short circuit test is performed for determining the below mention parameter of the trans-
former.

1. It determines the copper loss occur on the full load. The copper loss is used for finding
the efficiency of the transformer.

2. The equivalent resistance, impedance, and leakage reactance are known by the short
circuit test.

The short circuit test is performed on the secondary or high voltage winding of the trans-
former. The measuring instrument like wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter are connected to
the high voltage winding of the transformer. Their primary winding is short-circuited by the
help of thick strip or ammeter which is connected to its terminal.

The low voltage source is connected across the secondary winding because of which the full
load current flows from both the secondary and the primary winding of the transformer. The
full load current is measured by the ammeter connected across their secondary winding.

Procedure:

Open Circuit Test (Conducted on the LV side)

1. Record the name-plate readings of the single-phase transformer

2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram 1.

3. Variac position is adjusted to zero output position.

4. DPST switch is closed.

5. Variac output voltage is gradually increased until the value corresponds to the rated
voltage of the LV winding.

6. Readings of all the meters are noted down.

7. Output of the variac is reduced to zero and DPST switch is opened.

Short Circuit Test (Conducted on the HV side)

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram 2

2. Variac position is adjusted to zero output position.

3. DPST switch is closed.

4. Variac output voltage is gradually increased until the rated current flows in HV winding.

5. Readings of all the meters are noted down.

6. Output of the variac is reduced to zero and DPST switch is opened.

9
Tabular Column:

Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test

No-load No-load No-load Short Circuit Short Circuit Short Circuit
Voltage (Vo ) Current ( I o ) Power (Wo ) Voltage (Vsc ) Current ( I sc ) Power (Wsc )
(V ) ( A) (W ) (V ) ( A) (W )

Model Graphs:

Calculations:

Determination of Equivalent Circuit of the transformer referred to the LV Side:

Wo
1. No-load Power factor = cos φ o = Vo I o

2. Loss component of the no-load current = I µ = I o cos φ o

3. Magnetizing component of the no-load current = I m = I o sin φ o

Vo
4. Shunt resistance (referred to LV Side) = R o(LV ) = Iµ

Vo
5. Shunt Reactance (referred to LV Side) = X o(lV ) = Im

N HV 2
³ ´
6. Shunt resistance (referred to HV Side) = R o(HV ) = NLV R o(LV )

N HV 2
³ ´
7. Shunt Reactance (referred to HV Side) = X o(HV ) = NLV X o(LV )

Wsc
8. Equivalent resistance at HV side = R eq(HV ) =
I sc 2

10
 Vsc
9. Equivalent impedance at HV side = Z eq(HV ) = I sc
q
10. Equivalent reactance at HV side = X eq(HV ) = Z eq(HV ) 2 − R eq(HV ) 2

NLV 2
³ ´
11. Equivalent resistance (referred to LV Side) = R eq(LV ) = N HV R eq(HV )

NLV 2
³ ´
12. Equivalent Reactance (referred to LV Side) = = X eq(LV ) = N HV X eq(HV )

Performance Evaluation:

1. Predetermination of Efficiency:
The transformer efficiency at x times the full load and power factor = cos φ o is given by :

x. kV A × 1000 × cos φ o
ηx =
x. kV A × 1000 × cos φ o + Wi + x2 Wcu

where Wi = Iron Loss = Wo and Wcu = Full load copper loss = W ) sc

Calculate efficiency at various fractions of full load and power factor say y as given by
the course instructor.

Power factor = y
Fraction of Load (x) % Efficiency

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

2. Predetermination of Regulation:
The percentage regulation at x times the full load and power factor = cos φ o is given by:

x. I FL(LV ) ¡
R eq(LV ) cos φ o ± X eq(LV ) sin φ o × 100
¢
VLV

+ for Lag and – for leading power factor

kV A ∗ 1000
I FL(LV ) =
VLV

Calculate % regulation for a given x (fraction of load) value and at different values of
power factor.

11
 Fraction of Load = x
Power factor (x) % Regulation at % Regulation at
lagging power factor Leading power factor
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

Results:

Students should write the results obtained in not more than 2 lines.

Inference:

Students should write the inference in not more than 5 lines.

12
13
 Experiment 02
Sumpner’s Test

Aim:

To conduct Sumpner’s test on given two identical single-phase transformers and to predeter-
mine the regulation and efficiency of the transformer.

Apparatus Required:

Apparatus Range/Specifications Quantity

0-1-2 A 1
Moving Iron Ammeter
0-2.5-5 A 1
0-150-300 V 1
Moving Iron Voltmeter
0-600 V 1
0-150-300 V,0-1-2 A, LPF 1
Wattmeter
0-15-30 V, 0-2.5-5 A, UPF 1
Autotransformer 230V/(0–270V) 1

Theory:

The full load test on a small transformer is very convenient, but on the large transformer, it is
very difficult. The maximum temperature rise in a large transformer is determined by the full
load test. This test is called, back-to-back test, regenerative test or Sumpner’s test.

The two identical transformer is used for the back to back test. The primary windings of the
transformers are connected parallel to each other. The nominal rated voltage and frequency is
supplied to their primary winding. The voltmeter and ammeter are connected on their primary
side for the measurement of the input voltage and current.

The secondary winding of the transformer is connected in series with the each other but
with opposite polarity. The voltmeter V2 is connected to the terminal of the secondary winding
for the measurement of the voltage.

The series opposition of the secondary winding is determined by connecting there any two
terminal; the voltmeter is connected across their remaining terminals. If it is connected in se-
ries opposition, the voltmeter gives the zero reading. The open terminal is used for measuring
the parameter of the transformer.

14
Procedure:

1. Record the name plate deatils of the transformers.

2. Connections are made as shown in the figure.

3. Output position of the variac is set to zero and both the DPST Switches are kept open

4. DPST switch S 1 is closed to apply rated voltage to the parallel connected primary wind-
ings.

5. Voltage across each of the secondary is observed which should be equal and in phase
opposition. This is confirmed by observing the reading of the voltmeter V which should
indicate zero (Otherwise, the DPST switch S 1 is opened the connection of one of the
secondary winding terminals are inter changed then the DPST switch S 1 closed.)

6. DPST switch S 2 connected to the two secondary side is closed and then variac output is
adjusted to drive rated secondary current in the secondary

7. Readings of all the meters are noted down.

8. Variac voltage is reduced to zero, DPST switch S1 and S2 are opened.

Tabular Column:

No-load No-load No-load Short Circuit Short Circuit Short Circuit

Voltage (Vo ) Current ( I oT ) Power (WoT ) Voltage (VscT ) Current ( I scT ) Power (WscT )
(V ) ( A) (W ) (V ) ( A) (W )

Model Graphs:

15
Calculations:
WoT
Iron loss per transformer = Wo = 2
WscT
Full load copper loss per transformer = Wsc = 2

Determination of Equivalent Circuit of the transformer referred to the LV Side:

I oT
1. No load current for each transformer = I o = 2
Wo
2. No-load Power factor = cos φ o = Vo I o

3. Loss component of the no-load current = I µ = I o cos φ o

4. Magnetizing component of the no-load current = I m = I o sin φ o

Vo
5. Shunt resistance (referred to LV Side) = R o(LV ) = Iµ

Vo
6. Shunt Reactance (referred to LV Side) = X o(lV ) = Im

Wsc
7. Equivalent resistance = R eq(HV ) =
I sc 2

VscT
8. Equivalent impedance = Z eq(HV ) = 2× I sc
q
9. Equivalent reactance = X eq(HV ) = Z eq(HV ) 2 − R eq(HV ) 2

Performance Evaluation:

1. Predetermination of Efficiency:
The transformer efficiency at x times the full load and power factor = cos φ o is given by :
x. kV A × 1000 × cos φ o
ηx =
x. kV A × 1000 × cos φ o + Wi + x2 Wcu

where Wi = Iron Loss = Wo and Wcu = Full load copper loss = W ) sc

Calculate efficiency at various fractions of full load and power factor say y as given by
the course instructor.

Power factor = y
Fraction of Load (x) % Efficiency

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

16
 2. Predetermination of Regulation:
The percentage regulation at x times the full load and power factor = cos φ o is given by:

x. I FL(LV ) ¡
R eq(LV ) cos φ o ± X eq(LV ) sin φ o × 100
¢
VLV

+ for Lag and – for leading power factor

kV A ∗ 1000
I FL(LV ) =
VLV

Calculate % regulation for a given x (fraction of load) value and at different values of
power factor.

Fraction of Load = x
Power factor (x) % Regulation at % Regulation at
lagging power factor Leading power factor
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

Results:

Students should write the results obtained in not more than 2 lines.

Inference:

Students should write the inference in not more than 5 lines.

17
18
 Experiment 03
Speed Control of Three-phase Induction Motor

Aim:

To obtain Speed characteristics of three phase slip ring Induction motor by following methods:

1. Stator Voltage Control

2. Rotor Resistance Control

Apparatus Required:

Equipment Specifications Quantity

Voltmeter 0-600 V, MI 1
Ammeter 0-10 A, MI 1
External Resistance 0-40 Ω 1
Three phase Autotransformer - 1

Theory:

Speed control of three-phase induction motors is essential in various industrial applications

to meet specific operational requirements. There are several methods available for controlling
the speed of induction motors, offering flexibility and efficiency.

1. Stator Voltage Control: This method involves varying the magnitude of the stator
voltage to control the motor’s speed. By reducing the stator voltage, the flux and torque
produced by the motor decrease, resulting in lower speed. Conversely, increasing the
stator voltage boosts the speed. Stator voltage control is achieved using techniques such
as autotransformer-based voltage control or solid-state devices like thyristors or silicon-
controlled rectifiers (SCRs) to adjust the voltage supplied to the motor.

2. Rotor Resistance Control: In this method, the rotor circuit of the induction motor is
equipped with external resistors. By changing the resistance in the rotor circuit, the
torque and speed characteristics of the motor can be altered. Increasing the rotor resis-
tance reduces the slip and decreases the speed, while decreasing the resistance increases
the slip and raises the speed. Rotor resistance control is typically achieved using exter-
nal resistors that can be switched or adjusted as needed.

3. Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs): VFDs are widely used for speed control of induc-
tion motors. They provide variable frequency and voltage to the motor, allowing precise
control of the motor speed. By adjusting the frequency, the motor’s synchronous speed
can be varied, enabling a wide range of speed control.

19
 4. Pole Changing: This method involves changing the number of poles in the motor’s
stator winding. By switching between different pole configurations, the motor’s speed
can be adjusted. However, this method is limited to a few discrete speed settings and
requires mechanical switching, making it less flexible.

Procedure:

Stator Voltage Control:

1) Record the name plate readings of the Induction Motor (IM).

2) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

3) The external rotor resistance is kept in zero position, the three -phase autotransformer
is adjusted to a voltage of about 60 V. The mechanical load is kept in released position.

4) By closing TPST, the supply is given to the stator of induction motor through three-phase
autotransformer. The auto-transformer output voltage is increased and brought to the
rated voltage of the Induction motor.

5) The mechanical load on Induction motor is increased and it is adjusted to about 50% of
rated load.

6) Reading of applied voltage and speed are noted down. The applied voltage is decreased
in steps and at each step the applied voltage of motor and corresponding running speed
is to be noted down. At each step, it is ensured that the load remains constant at 50%
rated value.

Rotor resistance control:

1) Continuing from step no.6 the voltage applied to the motor is brought back to its rated
value.

2) The external rotor resistance is increased in steps and at each step the value of external
rotor resistance and the corresponding running speed of the motor are noted down. It is
ensured that at each step the load of the motor remains constant at 50% rated value.

3) The mechanical load on the motor is released to zero value, the external rotor resistance
is brought to zero value, the auto transformer is brought to zero output position, the
TPST is opened and supply is turned off.

Tabular Column:

a) Stator Voltage Control:

Sl. No. Voltage Current Speed

(V) (A) (RPM)

20
 b) Rotor resistance control:

Sl. No. Voltage Current Speed Resistance

(V) (A) (RPM) value (ohm)

Model Graphs:

Results:

Students should write the results obtained in not more than 2 lines.

Inference:

Students should write the inference in not more than 5 lines.

21
22
 Experiment 04
V and inverted V curves of Synchronous Motor

Aim:

To determine the characteristics of Armature current Vs Field current (V curve) and Power
factor vs Field current (Inverted V curve) at constant power output of a synchronous motor.

Apparatus Required:

Equipment Specifications Quantity

Voltmeter 0-600 V, MI 1
Ammeter 0-5 A, MI 1
Ammeter 0-1 A, MI 1
Ammeter 0-2 A, MC 2
Wattmeter 0-300 V, 0-5 A, UPF 1
Variable Rheostat 230 Ω, 1.7 A 1
Three Phase Transformer - 1

Theory:

The performance characteristics of a synchronous motor are obtained by v-curves and inverted
v-curves. Synchronous machines have parabolic type characteristics (the graph drawn is in
the shape of parabolic). If the excitation is varied from low (under-excitation) to high (over-
excitation) value, then the current Ia also changes i.e., becomes minimum at unity PF and
then again increases. But at starting lagging current becomes unity and then becomes leading
in nature. V-curves and inverted V-curves of a synchronous motor are used to analyze efficiency
on no-load and on-load conditions.

V-Curves of Synchronous Motor :

If the armature current Ia is plotted against excitation or field current for various load condi-
tions, we obtain a set of curves known as ’V-Curves’ clue to their shape similar to english letter
V. V-Curve of a synchronous motor shows how armature current Ia changes with excitation for
the same input, at no-load, half full-load, and full-load.

From V-Curves it is observed that the armature current has large values both for low and
high values of excitation (though it is lagging for low excitation and leading for higher exci-
tation). In between, it has a minimum value corresponding to the unity power factor (normal
excitation).

23
Inverted V-Curves of Synchronous Motor :

If the power factor is plotted against excitation for various load conditions, we obtain a set
of curves known as Inverted V-Curves. The inverted V-Curves of synchronous motor shows
how the power factor varies with excitation. From inverted V-curves, it is observed that the
power factor is lagging when the motor is under excited and leading when it is over-excited. In
between, the power factor is unity.

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as shown in the figure.

2. TPST and DPST switches are kept in open position. SPST switch is in closed position
and the autotransformer is in zero output position.R f is in cut in position.

3. TPST switch is closed and with the help of three phase autotransformer, about 60% of
the rated voltage is applied to the stator of the motor to start the induction motor.

4. The field winding of the synchronous motor is energized by closing the DPST switch, by
which the motor runs as synchronous motor.

5. Using the auto transformer, rated voltage of the motor is applied.

6. The field current, I f is increased in steps by cutting out the rheostat R f and at each
step, the readings of all the meters are noted down. It is to be noted that in the process
the armature current as read by the ammeter A 1 decreases from a maximum value,
reaches a minimum value & then further increases to the maximum value. The point
corresponding to the minimum armature current has to be noted accurately by recording
from the ammeter A 2 after opening the SPST switch.

7. With the increase in the field current, the armature current starts decreasing and reaches
a minimum value.

8. The correct reading of the minimum armature current is read by opening SPST across
the ammeter A 2 .

9. After noting the minimum current, SPST switch is closed and the readings are noted in
ammeter A 1 .

10. The field rheostat is further cut-out and readings of all the meters are noted down in
steps. The armature current which had reached a minimum value, starts increasing.

11. Sufficient number of readings are taken in the region where armature current starts
increasing with the increase in the field current.

12. The field rheostat R f is brought to cut in position. The auto transformers brought to zero
output position. The DPST and TPST are opened.

13. The readings are tabulated and a plot of Armature current I a vs Field current I f and
a plot of power factor vs Field current I f at a constant power output of the motor are
plotted, which resembles the alphabet "V" and inverted "V" respectively.

24
Tabular Column:

Sl.no Voltage(V) Power output (W) I f (A) I a (A) cosφ

Model Graphs:

Calculations:

3×W
Power factor cosφ = p
3 × V × Ia
Plot I a and I f and cosφ vs I f .

Results:

Students should write the results obtained in not more than 2 lines.

Inference:

Students should write the inference in not more than 5 lines.

25
26
 Experiment 05
Circle Diagram of Three-Phase Induction Motor

Aim:

To conduct no load test and blocked rotor test on delta connected Induction motor and prede-
termine its performance indices by drawing the circle diagram.

Apparatus Required:

Equipment Specifications Quantity

Voltmeter 0-300-600 V, MI 1
Ammeter 0-2.5-5 A, MI 1
Wattmeter 0-600 V, 0-2.5-5 A, UPF 2
Wattmeter 0-150 V, 0-5 A, LPF 2
Three phase Autotransformer - 1

Theory:

A circle diagram is a graphical representation of the performance of an electrical machine.

It is commonly used to illustrate the performance of transformers, alternators, synchronous
motors, and induction motors. It is very useful to study the performance of an electric machine
under a large variety of operating conditions.

A phasor diagram gives relation between current and voltage only at a single circuit condi-
tion. If the condition changes, we need to draw the phasor diagram again. But a circle diagram
may be referred to as a phasor diagram drawn in one plane for more than one circuit conditions.

We have to perform no load and blocked rotor test in an induction motor. In no load test,
the induction motor is run at no load and by two watt meter method, its total power consumed
is calculated which is composed of no load losses only. Slip is assumed to be zero. From here no
load current and the angle between voltage and current required for drawing circle diagram
is calculated. The angle will be large as in the no load condition induction motor has high
inductive reactance.

In block rotor test, rotor is blocked which is analogous to short circuiting secondary of
a transformer. From this test, we need to calculate short circuit current and the lag angle
between voltage and current for drawing circle diagram. Also, we need rotor and stator copper
loss.

27
Procedure:

No Load Test:

1. Record the name plate details of the Induction Motor (IM).

2. Connections are made as shown in the figure.

3. The TPST switch is kept open and the output of three phase variac is kept zero.

4. Supply switch is closed and the variac output is gradually increased until the rated volt-
age of the motor is applied to the stator winding.

5. Readings of all the meters and speed of the motor are noted down.

6. Variac output is reduced to zero and supply switch is opened.

Blocked Rotor Test:

1. Connections are made as shown in the figure.

2. The TPST switch is kept open & the output of three phase variac is kept zero.

3. The rotor is held in standstill condition and not allowed to rotate.

4. Supply switch is closed and the variac output is gradually increased until the rated cur-
rent of the motor flows through the stator winding.

5. Readings of all the meters are noted down.

6. Variac output is reduced to zero and supply switch is opened.

7. Removing the connections, stator AC resistance per phase is measured.

Tabular Column:

No Load test: Vo (V)= I o (A) = Wo (W) =

Blocked Rotor test: Vsc (V)= I sc (A) = Wsc (W) =

28
Calculations: Construction of Circle Diagram

1. Choose a suitable current scale and draw the vector I O = O A at an angle:

Wo
µ ¶
−1
φ o = cos p
3 × Vo × I o
2. Calculate short circuit current corresponding to normal rated voltage

Vrated
µ ¶
I SN = I SC
VSC
3. Draw the vector I SN = OB at an angle:

WSC
µ ¶
−1
φSC = cos p
3 × VSC × I SC
4. Join AB and draw a horizontal line from the tip of vector OA. AB represents the output
line of the motor.

5. Draw the perpendicular bisector of the line AB to meet the horizontal line drawn from A
to C.

6. With C as center, CA as radius draw the semicircle.

7. Locate the point F on the line BD such that :

WSC − 3 × I 2sc ph × R 1
¡ ¢
BF Rotor Cop per loss
= =
3 × I 2sc ph × R 1
¡ ¢
FD Stator Cop per loss

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 ( I SC )Line I Line
NOTE: For a Delta connected machine, ( I sc ) ph = p = p
3 3
For a Star connected machine, ( I sc ) ph = ( I SC )Line = I Line

R 1 = Stator AC resistance/ph = 1.4R DC.

8. Calculate power scale using WSN

¶2
Vrated
µ
WSN = × WSC is equival ent to Length o f BE in Circl e D iagram
VSC

WSN in watts
P ower scal e (3 − phase) = watt/ cm
BE in cm
9. Joint points A and F. The line AF is known as torque line which gives the torque devel-
oped by induction motor.

Determination of various quantities for the given the operating condition given

by p.u value of load:

10. Calculate the 3-phase power output of the motor using:

P out = x × Rated 3 − phase P ower Output ( As per name plate details)

x is the operating condition (p.u value of load) at which the performance of the machine
is to be determined.
P out
11. Extend the vertical line EL to EL′ such that BL′ =
P ower Scal e
12. From the point L'draw the line L'L parallel to output line which intersects the semicircle
at L.

13. From L drop a perpendicular line on x-axis which meets the X-axis line at K and inter-
sects various lines at points M,N and J.

14. Joint O and L. OL gives the input current for the given operating condition. And the
angle made by line OL with Y-axis gives the power factor angle at which the motor is
operating.

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15. The other quantities are given as following:

LK × power scale = Input to the motor in watts. (3-phase)

KJ × power scale = Iron loss (3-phase)

JN × power scale = Stator copper losses (3-phase)

LN × power scale = LK-KJ-JN

= Input -Iron losses - Stator copper losses

= P2 = Power transferred to the rotor (3-phase)

NM × power scale = Rotor copper loss (3-phase)

LM × power scale = Output power (3-phase)

BF × power scale = Starting Torque in Synchronous watts

BF × power scale
= Starting Torque in N-m
2π N s
Output Power LM
= = Efficiency
Input Power LK
Rotor Copper Loss NM
= = Operating Slip in p.u.
Power Transferred to the Rotor LN
LK
cos φ = = Operating power factor
OL
LN × power scale
= Operating Torque in N-m
2π N s

16. Maximum Quantities

Maximum Torque:

Draw a line tangent to the circle and parallel to the Torque line. This line intersects the
circle at point Q. From Point Q draw a perpendicular line intersecting torque line at Q'.

QQ ′ × power scal e
Maximum Torque in N-m =
2π N s

Maximum Output Power:

Draw a line tangent to the circle and parallel to the output line. This line intersects the
circle at point P. From Point P draw a perpendicular line intersecting output line at P'.

PP ′ ∗ power scal e
Maximum Output power in watts =
2π Ns

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Results:

Students should write the results obtained in not more than 2 lines.

Inference:

Students should write the inference in not more than 5 lines.

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