L3HARRIS CENTRE OF AVIATION ENGLISH AVIATION ENGLISH COURSE ICAO LEVEL 4 (to Level 5) Student’s Bookee ne errr ee rere cree ccee eee @& L3HarRis” Contro of Aviation English LESSON1 Course Introduction and the ICAO rating scale 4. Introduction 4.1 What are your expectations for this course? 1.2 What are your strengths and weaknesses? ea T TTT CYT a 1.3 How will this course help you with your work? 2. Getting to know one another 2.1 You will be given a list of topics. Think of possible questions to ask your partner related to each topic. Take it in turns to ask and answer the questions. 2.2 Finally, report back to the class on some of the things you found out about your partner. 3. Language leart 3.1 Speaking activity a) Part 1: Answer the questions and then compare your answers with a partner. b) Part 2: Interview your partner. Does your partner think the sentences are True (T), False (F) or Not Sure (NT)? Why? How can you really learn a language? c) Part 3: What can you do in English? Can you do these things when you speak? Yes (Y) or No (N) 4. Video: Unfriendly Skies of Argentina 4.1 You are going to watch a short TV programme about communication problems between an Air Traffic Controller and a Pilot. As you watch, answer the following questions: a) The controller said “Ascend to 045 level, transition level 045 and proceed to chart number 5". Why do you think the pilot did not understand? Do you think the controller's pronunciation is clear? lock - ity Meavomsswonth b) Ihen did the Instrument Landing System for Runway 35 stop working? Se eae . Ha c) Why did the plane have to land at Runway 357 Cowtaalla. saad Keak ik uno optiobicelt fod wenRen d) The pilot asks if the ILS at Runway 35 is available. Does the controller understand the question?No « 1 e) Prlowilal controller ir ha | i the via at th a is rome ia do you think the pilot felt?@) L3HARRIS™ Centro of Aviation English f) Alter waiting in a holding position the pilot declares low fuel. Does the controller respond immediately? Nig g) Does the controller respond quickly to the request for priority landing? Nb h) How does the pilot feel by the end of the video? What action is he going to take? He. Hides Hol oer, daspenad rnbebiooalde W's gong le-f0l a cupoct i)" (Complete the sentence) The presenter says the aes ran out of fuel because of an ILS that had been unserviceable for years and a controller who ( Speak . Discussion 5.1 What are the benefits if everyone in Aviation can speak English to Operational Level 4? 5.2 When have you needed or used plain English, in addition to standard phraseology, to communicate in wviation? 5.3 Has a lack of English ever caused a problem at work? 5.4 Which accents do you find difficult to understand? How can you improve your understanding of these accents? . Getting to know the ICAO Rating Scale 6.1 Look at the descriptors for Levels 3 - 6 6.2. Now, note down the Key Words that appear for Level 5 under the following headings: Areas evaluated ICAO Level 5 - Key Words Pronunciation Structure Vocabulary Fluency Comprehension Interaction@) L3HARRIS" Centre of Aviation English 7. Examples of the different levels (4 listenings) 7.1 Listen to these speakers. What level do you think they are? Justify your answers by referring to the descriptors. Speakers / Pronunciation Structure Vocabulary Fluency Comprehension | Interactions Esmael Andrey Barbara | Jean 7.2 Now compare your answers with the correct scores. How similar are they?FF FO OOO UE EEUU UUUUEEUE UU UU Ue eee &} L3HarRis™ Cont of Aviation Engen Getting to know one another List of Topics (think of possible questions to ask your partner) 1. | Job 2. | Hometown 3. | Family 4, | Music 5. | Sports 6. | Hobbies / Interests 7. | Travel experience 8. | Languages 9. | Reasons for studying English 11. | In five years time (in the future) 12. 13.eee OU UU UU UU UU UU UU UU uu © Maclin Publishers Lid 2008, ‘Taken from the Speaking section in yw onestopen lish con one(@})english com Slaton for English Teaching Learning a Language A Speaking Class NAME; PART ONE: LANGUAGES Answer these questions and then compare answers with a partner. How many languages do you speak? Have you studied other languages? Which ones? Do you like learning other languages? Do you want to study another language apart from English? Have you visited an English speaking country? Have you lived in an English speaking country? Do many people around the world speak your language? Do you think your language is in danger from other languages? A %ee FPO OU UU UU UU UU UU UU UU UU UU *- oxtlndilerat Oe K " : li gf nl coe Dervish PART TWO: LEARNING A LANGUAGE a Interview a partner. Does your partner think these sentences are T, F or NS (not sure)? Why? English difficult to lear: Your language is very difficult to learn. More difficult than English? ‘You can only really learn a language if you live in the country where it is spoken. You can lear a language by yourself with a book and some tapes. You need to have a teacher to learn a language. PART THREE: WHAT CAN YOU DO IN ENGLISH? Work with a partner. What can you do in English? Can you do these things when you speak? Puta ¥ for Yes and an N for No. Compare your answers with a partner. Can you spell your name aloud and give your telephone number? Can you ask simple questions to get information from another person? Can you talk about what you like and don't like? Can you express your opinions comfortably? Can you talk about the news? Can you talk about your life and your work? Can you talk about changes in your life from the past to the present? « Can you make plans with somebody to meet them in the future? * Can you have a long conversation with another person or group of people? + Can you talk about complicated or sensitive issues?uu UUUuUuUoOoOUueUuUuUuUuUuUueUuUeUUuUuUuUueUUUU se necavona 3 Pronunciation, stress, rythm, ‘ad intonation ae influenced bythe first language or ‘regional variation and ‘roquoiy interfere with ease ‘of understanding. Basie grammatcs! structures and sentence Error roquonty intertore ‘to communiate onten inappropriate unable to paraph ‘common, concrete, oF work Telaed tops but range fs limited and the word choice iflclert! ianguage, but phrasing and ing are oan inappropriate. 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Look at the picture of another F15 aircraft. What could 42. Watch the first part of the video clip. Are the following sentences true or false? 1. Captain Zivi Nedivi was on a training mission J 2. He shot a missile at another plane 3. The two planes could see each other all the time X 4, There was a mid-air colision 5, Captain Zivi Nedivi's aircraft was spinning 6. The navigator ejected X 7. The pilot could see the damage to the aircraft *@& t3Harris” 43. Watch again and put these events into the correct order. The pilot asked the wingman to inspect the damage The crew prepared to eject The “enemy” plane climbed The pilot saw an “enemy” plane The pilot shot a missile The F-15 was flying with its nose down 30 degrees The pilot opened the afterburners and the plane flew level The two planes collided 13.1 Watch again to check your answers 14. Watch part 2 and correct the mistakes in these sentences. a) The pilot crossed the threshold at a speed of 21 ee 0 - 260 b) The plane stopped about 20 feet affer the barrie ©) Onlya-féw other aircraft could land safely with that much damage 0 ) The F-15 has a very narfow body. wade 15. Put these verbs into the past simple: Tear Cte) ) Can't Go See Treeis this wo Tell Ine Contre of Aviation Englis nnnninentinnnianhinnnaninnnninwtnhinmwtnanantinnananaenanananraenrnaVPVUUUUUUUUUUEUUEYUUUUUUEEEEEEUEEeeee @® L3HARRIS™ Centre of Aviation Englis, 15.1 Now put them into the correct place in these sentences. 1a) The hook is not built for those speeds and the hook basically. ven off the airplane. b) There was a cable at about a third of the runway and we th A into that cable. co)! tow myself with a thirty degrees nose down attitude. ¢)|_AQuy the number three eI the tailhook down fl my wingman to come close and to inspect me. 9) There _‘\LA _a huge spray of fuel that was being drawn out of the wing. h) Their first inclination was it was a taxiing accident. It _CDU bd L_ happen in the air. i) | was around 13-14 thousand feet and | Ab jt ___amissile 15.2 Watch the whole video. Check your answers AND write the order of the sentences. 15.3 The previous exercises focused on the past simple of irregular verbs. Now let's have a look at regular verbs. As the name indicates, they follow a rule: they all end in ‘-ed’. The pronunciation of that ending, however, differs. Put the verbs into groups according to the sound of their ending: contacted departed established tried calculated followed tasked arrived approached ® CG 66 YoU wy @ 1.10) 2M 3. Aid! 15.4 Analyse the PowerPoint and answer the questions. 16. Discussion a) How would you feel if you were the pilot in this situation? b) What would you have done? = God Comannic bin . OssepAsnoe ¢) How do you prevent mid-air collisions in your job? ~ 6-7. 7 - Bee Duly gien Dy htc d) Have you been involved with or heard about a difficult landing? What happened? "@& t3narris™ LESSON 4 Hypersonic Travel 1. Fly to Australia in under five hours * ppathel e Ablit, 1.4 Look at this picture. Describe ittoa partner. 4 30 ou [(5 1.2 What are the differences between the plane on the left and the one on the right?& i3narris | Cant of Aviation Eng 2. Key words | 2.1 Fill in the sentences using these key words: t funding reusable demand spinoff vast hite conventional ; impact hypersonic claustrophobia 1. means “extremely large”. 2A Ad is a problem which is not particularly serious. 3. If something is —puunobly , ittcan be used again, often more than once. is another word for “effect” or “influence”. 5. A ss speed is a speed which is several times faster than sound. 6. If something is Cerwenl, mal, it is of the usual, traditional or accepted type, instead of being new or different. 7. Ifthere is dhinaail. fore product or service, alot of people want t 8. O is the money that a government or organization provides for a particular purpose. 9. UL is the fear of being in a small or crowded place. 10. A i “of is something good or useful that happens because of something else. 3. What do you know? 3.1 The text is about a hypersonic passenger aircraft. Which of these statements do you think are True and which False? 1. Hypersonic air travel would make it possible to fly from Europe to Australia in less than A hours. 2. Ahypersonic plane would not use aviation fuel, but liquid hydrogen. |. 3. hypersonic plane would not be able to have windows for the passengers. | 4, The plane would fy at the height of the ozone layer. 7 5. A hypersonic passenger plane could be operating within years F 6. The route to Australia would take the plane over the Sodth Pole. € Naty AARA ARAMA AAA MA ARAAHRARAARHRARARARARARAaeeere 2uuu > —> —> —= = —> —> = = = = = => = => => = > > > > > > > > > J ) © L3Harris" 3.2 Check your answers in the text. Contre of Aviation Englis! 4. Comprehension check 4.1 Why would the route to India be less attractive for hypersonic flights? a, Because it is not far enough to be economical. b. Because the planes would need to make long detours. \/ c. Because there would not be enough demand. 4.2What is the main function of Skylon? a. To make hypersonic passenger flights possible. / b. To transport cargo into space. c. To fly without a pilot. 4.3 Why wouldn't the hypersonic plane have windows? a. Because travelling at such high speeds would mean the windows would have to be very heavy to be secure. \/ b. Because looking out of the windows at such high speeds would make the passengers ill. c. Because it would be cheaper to use flat-screen panels, 4.4 What is the next stage in the development of the A2? a. To develop the necessary technology to build the engines. b. To design an engine that will run on liquid hydrogen. c. To assess its possible effect on the environment. 5. Vocabulary - Find the word 1. A two-word expression meaning a picture showing what a new machine or building will look like. (paragraph 1) alist uimynesoun 2. A three-word phrasal verb meaning to think of something such as an idea or plan. (paragraph 1) hm verve, snl, ri up 7 j 3. A two-word phrasal verb meaning to advance. (paragraph 1) rub } 4. A three-word expression meaning in comparison to what happens now. (paragraph 3) 4@&) L3HARRIS” Cente of Aton En 5. A two-word expression meaning the amount of carbon dioxide a particular activity produces. (paragraph 4) 1 Loy t unk 6. A two-word phrasal verb meaning fo emit. (paragraph 4) "|. ¢ 7. Anoun meaning a window on a plane or ship. (paragraph 5)” A ‘ 6. Structure - Adverbs 6.1 Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the adverbs from the text potentially ‘commercially conventionally environmentally technically closely excitedly 1. Some people are worried that the A2 might be JiWiv)yn_ damaging. A 2. The technology used in the A2 is moran associated with space travel. 3. A hypersonic plane is possible, but'it might be too expensive to produce it w 4. ttwoutd have to fly over populated areas like the USA. 5. People have been talking about the project on internet message boards. 6. Liquid hydrogen is pial greener than conventional aviation fuel. 6.2 Complete the table - word formation (some words may have more than one option to each type) NOUN ADJECTIVE ‘ADVERB Environmentally Shion Impressive Unpicrristi Excitement Ec Le [aud | t Cort wk Cowra edie Technical Tedonc Flight 7.Discussion Do you think the A2 is likely to happen in the next 20 years? What are the advantages and disadvantages of hypersonic passenger travel? Why might people not want to fly in this aircraft? Would you? 8. Many people would be afraid to fly in an unmanned aircraft. The pilot's speech ‘This is your captain speaking...’ is meant to add a human touch and to reassure the passengers, so that they know that everything that will happen during the flight is normal and under control. 18 ( i A A RA RA A RAPA A ARARRMRAMA MARR AMARARRARRRKRRKRRKHKHRLKHLKLKEDPOU UU UU UU UU UU UU UU UU UU uuu uuu @& L3HarRIS” Cont of Aviation Eng To describe an activity that will occur in the future and which will continue for a certain period of time, we use the Future Continuous Tense. e.g. Wi be flying over the Atlantic Ocean for three hours. Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense: the Present simple, the Present Perfect, the Future ‘Simple, or the Future Continuous. Sometimes more than one tense is possible. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome on board this British Airways flight to Rome. In a very short, time, just as soon as we (1) (receive) permission, we (2) willie tok uf (take off). When we (3) (reach) our cruising speed of 550 miles an hour) wé (4)/ (fly) at 35,000 feet. Our flight time today is two and a half hours, so we (5) (be) in Rome in time for lunch! The cabin crew (6) Le Yeretiusl (Serve) refreshments during the flight, so just sit back and relax. We hope you (7) (enjoy) the flight. If you (8) _ Awe (need) any assistance, just press the button and a fight attendant (9)1s¢) Coa 2 (come) to help you. (Later on during the flight) If you (10) Lach (look) out of the right-hand side of the plane, you (11) wall peo (see) Mont Blanc. In a few, moments’ time, the crew (12) (come) round with duty-free goods. We (13) also be 4 (give out) immigration forms. When you (14) (il) them In, please place Them in your passpor. They (18) all (collect) as you (16) (go) through passport control. a p In twenty minutes’ time we (17) (wil (land). Please put your seats into the upright Position. You are requested to remain seated until the plane (18) Aan Wome (come) to a complete standstil. Before you(19)___Dynwe (leave) the plane, please look around to make sure you (20) Api f Lf (nat leave) any of your possessions behind you. We hope you (21) ust fh i - (fly) again soon with British Airways. 8.1 Listen and check your answers. 8.2 A little humour... A plane was taking off from Kennedy Airport. After it reached a comfortable cruising altitude, the captain made an announcement over the intercom, ‘Ladies and gentlemen, this is your captain speaking. Welcome to Flight Number 293, nonstop from New York to Los Angeles. The weather ahead is good and, therefore, we should have a smooth and uneventful flight. Now sit back and relax... OH, MY GOD!" Silence followed, and after a few minutes, the captain came back on the intercom and said, "Ladies and Gentlemen, | am so sorry if | scared you earlier. While | was talking to you, the flight attendant accidentally spilled a cup of hot coffee in my lap.” Source: hit fata com/forum/travel636456-funny-announcements-heard-passengers travel-humor him Do you know of any stories like this one? 16Fly to Australia in under five hours UK firm unveils exploratory plans for a 3000mph eco-friendly passenger jet The artist's impression looks like something out of a science fiction film. But a hypersonic passenger plane that could fly to Australia from northern Europe in less than five hours has been designed in Britain. With funding from the European Space Agency, a team of engineers and scientists has come up with the A2, a plane they believe could carry 300 passengers at a top speed of more than 3 000mpnh. The project is part of an EU drive to push forward the boundaries of air travel. Scientists were asked to find out if it was possible to build a commercial plane that used the sort of technology more closely associated with travel to the edge of space and beyond. UK-based Reaction Engines designs and develops space transport and hi-tech propulsion systems. Its directors are experts in fields ranging from space rockets and weapons systems to nuclear power. One of the firm’s main projects is the development of Skylon, an unpiloted reusable space plane intended to provide inexpensive and reliable access to space, which is expected to take approximately ten years to develop and be capable of transporting 12 tonnes of cargo into space. Alan Bond, a senior engineer and managing director at the company, said the A2 could be operating within 25 years if there was demand for it. Bond said “The A2 is designed to leave Brussels international airport, fly quietly and subsonically out into the north Atlantic at mach 0.9 before reaching mach 5 across the North Pole and heading over the Pacific to Australia. The flight time from Brussels to Australia, allowing for air traffic control, would be four hours 40 minutes. It sounds incredible by today’s standards but | don’t see why future generations can’t make day trips to Australasia.” Reaction Engines estimates that the cost of the flight would be similar to a current first class fare. Moreover, the company claims, the plane would not leave much of a carbon footprint. They key to the design is the fuel it would use. Conventional fuels would not be able to get the A2 up to the necessary speed, and so Reaction Engines has designed an engine that would run on liquid hydrogen. A spin-off is that liquid hydrogen is potentially much greener than conventional fuel — rather than producing vast amounts of carbon emissions, it gives off water vapour and nitrous oxide. Another advantage of the design is that, while the 132 metre-long A2 is much bigger than conventional jets, it would be lighter than a Boeing 747 and could land on current airport runways. But there are a few hitches. For one thing, the A2 might not be great for anyone who suffers from claustrophobia, as it does not have portholes. The heat generated by travelling so quickly makes it difficult to install windows that are secure and not too heavy. One solution Reaction Engines has proposed is to install flat screen panels where the window would be, showing images of the scene outside. ) MAYFLOWER cim @QOO < COLLEGE Level 4 TEST OF aNOLIEH FOR AVIATION6. Inrecent days the design has been discussed excitedly on science and environmental talkboards. Some believe it would be too expensive to produce commercially. There is also concern that producing the liquid hydrogen could prove to be more environmentally damaging than Reaction Engines believes, And there are fears that because the plane. would fly at around the height of the ozone layer, it could cause damage to the atmosphere. 7. Still, Bond said that within 25 years 10% of air travel could be hypersonic. Some routes, such as Europe to India, would not work so well, because the plane would have to go a long way round to avoid having to travel at supersonic speeds over populated areas. But hhe thought the A2 could get to California by travelling hypersonically across the Atlantic, then conventionally across the US. Reaction Engines claims it would be quieter than Concorde ever was. 8. Bond accepted the project was stil at the early exploratory stages. The next phase is more work on the A2's environmental impact. Bond said: “Our work shows that itis. Possible technically; now it's up to the world to decide if it wants it.” ‘Steven Morris, Guardian Weekly Copyright Guardian News & Media 2008 B MAYFLOWER — COLLEGE ure ee 0 re ee eee ee ee eee eeeee POU OU UEEEUEU UU UYU UU uuu uuu © L3HaRRIS” Contre of Aviation English LESSON 5 Adverse Weather Conditions and Climate Change 1. Rearrange the words to make questions. 1) de-iced / airoraft / why /'s / the,/ being / 2 ) 5) place / where / taking / activity /is / this)? 7 1.1 Picture description. Describe the picture. You can use the questions above and the words in the box below to help you. Departure spray fluid melt de-icing unit hose basket crane/ boom lift 1.2 Now listen to a possible answer. 2. Listening for gist. Listen to a type rating instructor talking about an icing event. Put the correct order. a. The pilot contacted ATC. @ b. The pilot stated he would fly until conditions improved. 3 c. The aircraft rapidly began losing sirspeed()) d. Ice began building up on the wing. @ e. the pilot made an emergency descent. @ 7@&) L3Harris” 2.1 Listening for detail. Listen ay z b) 8 oat Fl Pid OAS bask : e) 1,200 4. 9) 11, VAIN town of docu YH ho doncondad be 3. Radiotelephony — listening. Listen to the dialogue. Put the events in the correct order. Contre of Aviation English in and decide what thi numbers mean. a) 28D gets control of the aircraft at 6,500ft b) 28D says they would like to continue the approach. ©) A Dornier, call sign 28 D, makes an uncontrolled descent. 4d) The ATCO thinks the ice is causing problems for communication. e) The ATCO suggests 28D's airspeed instrument is malfunctioning. Pier er ) United 883 is issued approach clearance. 9) The ATCO wars 28D about the possible icing conditions ahead. h) United 883 reports icing conditions to the ATCO. 4, Vocabulary check. Fill in the gaps with the following words. Pick up (v) build up (v) boot(n) freeze up (v) melt(v) vibrate (v) accumulate (v) heat (n) Me x x x x x x x Ice in flight is bad news. Ice (1) bo lds p on every exposed frontal cura ie ethene It) ACC iwsibaé: where no (3) dAuot can (4) it, and where (5) can't break it. This is not just the wings, propeller, and windshield, but also on the antennas, vents, jntakes, and cowlings. It can cause pitot tubes to (6) fis 2 Ap and antennas to (7) A so severely that they break. In moderate t6 severe conditions, a so much ice that continued flight is impossible. light aircraft can (8) nth sop the words related with weather conditions under the appropriate headings: Kaye de raige sludge frostbite hurricane floods sunstroke g drizzle drought frost mis “Blue ice 5. Writ windmilling hypothermia sandstorm slush jetstream freezing = =&} 3HarRis™ 7.2 Watch the video. Tick the topics above that are mentioned Contre of Aviation English 7.3 This summary contains 4 factual mistakes. Can you find them? Cheaper flights means we're all flying more, which is noxious for the environment and climate stability. Planes burn vast amounts of fuel at high altitudes but the emissions arevincluded in European treaties. The goverment says npfes sense for avon fo be ouside he omesons agreement The government am reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future, but aviation could be the biggest polluter by the middle of the next century. A report says that new runways wilskeip climate change. pj — Lkly Could rine Pa epee. hs helo 7.4 Now watch again and check your answers, 8. Discussion How have low-cost airlines changed air travel? How important are more runways to the aviation industry? How would a tax on jet fuel affect the industry? Will you benefit from the growth in aviation? Why / why not? 9. Look at the pictures below. Work with your partner. Can you explain what is happening? LE OES 10. Can you explain the meaning of: a) a carbon footprint? b) carbon neutral? 20© L3HARRIS™ Centre of Aviation English 41. Watch the first part of the video about Manchester Airport and decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F). A dese 12 ‘Gre change protesters blocked the entrance to the departure lounge at Manchester Airport this ‘morning, 2. Travelers called the protest ginecessary disruption. 3. The protesters formed a human chain in front of the security area. 4, Individual UK airports pump out igs CO2 than an African country. MOL 12. Watch the whole video clip and answer the questions. a) What did environmentalists claim about Manchester and Liverpool airport? f. dune poms amounts of c) How many people travelling through the UK are making connecting flights? 5()’/, 4) According to the World Development Movement, how many tonnes of CO2 does Manchester Airport emit 2 _ every year? 3, S im Cameo CO vie e) Whe Sees the apart feel opel of World Development Movement's statement about CO2 emissions? > ove te vwld. vga Si iene Af Ponte aS 13. Can you remember how these people felt about the situation at Manchester Airport? Match the photo with the correct opinion. Os - Passengers could travel by train rather than plan (Re = There are already enough delays at airports. Protesters are making it worse. (C2 - This is not the right way to get the message across. People are trying to get to work. a Pee UU UU UU UU UU UU UU UU UU UU@® i3yarris™ 14, Environmental Debate Work with your group and try to build a good argument to illustrate your viewpoints, Both teams should think about: carbon footprint CO2 emissions emissions trading fuel tax cheap flights more passengers jobs airport expansion other means of transport global warming @ of Aviation English Team 1 - The Environmentalists ‘Say what damage aviation does to the environment ‘Say how you think the industry could do more to help Team 2 - The Airline representatives Explain how people benefit from aviation. Say what the industry is doing to help the environment 2SPOUSE UUEUEUEUEUEEUUUUUUUUUeuuuud @® L3Harris" Can of Aviation English LESSON 6 Safety over Europe’s busy skies 1. Discussion a) What are your biggest fears up in the sky? b) Which consequences a busy sky can have? c) What safety measures can be taken while fiying in a busy sky? 2. Key Vocabulary. Fill in the gaps using these words and phrases: cope with ‘congested collision close shave * consternation * x x No-frills x up to speed proliferation x x 3 1. Ifyou are 2 you know everything you need to know about something, 2AC is @ situation in which you only just avoid something dangerous or unpleasant. R 3 is another word for ‘crowded’ and is often used to refer to roads or airports. 4A airline is one which offers cheap fares and no extra services, 5. Conuttounalumis a feeling of extreme worry or concern. a difficult situation, you deal with it successfully, is a crash between two or more vehicles. is a sudden increase in number or amount. 3. Have a Guess! See if you can guess the answers to these questions. 1. How many flights cross Europe in a typical 24-hour period? 29,000 5) 2,800 ) 100,000 2. How many aircraft are in the sky above Europe at any daytime moment? a) 10,000 3,500 ©) 50,000 Fy@® L3HARRIS™ Contre of Aviation English 3. How many passengers are in the sky above Europe at any daytime moment? a) 980,000 b) 90,000 (©)400,000 ‘one in ten five in ten c) Bin ten 4. a percentage of flights is operated by so-called ‘no frills’ budget airlines? a 3.1 Now read the text to find the real amount. 4. Check Comprehension. Match the beginnings and endings of these sentences: 1. Ifthe present rate of growth in air traffic continues... @ 2. If air traffic control in some of Europe's new member states does not improve. @ 3. While air traffic in Britain and France will only increase by a small amount.{©) 4. According to Eurocontrol, the European air traffic control agency, ... ® 5. One of the main problems facing the aviation industry is. 6. The Swiss are under particular pressure because...(©) 7. The crash over Uberiingen was caused by... &) Ye 8. Experts expect that much of the growth in low-cost ailines..()) (© a. ...will come from East European countries. b. the shortage of air traffic controllers. c. ... in some east European countries it will rise by more than 5%. d. experts say there will be a problem. e. ...their country is @ key corridor for aircraft passing over the heart of Europe. f. _...Europe’s skies will become ‘full in just over 10 years. g. ...6 countries in Europe have unacceptable safety management levels fh... mistakes made by an air traffic controller. 24 nnnnnannnnnnannananannnnnannnnnnvnenntintnnnhnnanVPUUUEUUUUUELEUUUUUEEUUUUUUUuuuuuuUue @ tanarris” 2 f fled d bonds 5. Vocabulary — Collocations Match the words in the left-hand column with the words they ‘collocate’ with in the right-hand column. Contre of Aviation English 1. fierce sa fo &. shift 2. inadequately y/o. airline 3. close Af, %. expert 4. disastrou: ow soles ‘6. controversy 5. night Het &. accident 6. safety 2X/" shave 7. budget oF &f staffed 8. fatal acadint™ ‘A. consequences 6. Find in the text the following words: . anoun that means ‘large groups of insects flying together’. (paragraph 1) - /YWwOOv™ 2. anoun that means ‘10 years’. (paragraph 1) — duods 3. an adjective that means ‘very shocking’. (paragraph 2) = forests ol 4, anoun that means ‘large numbers’ and literally means ‘groups of 20’. (paragraph 5) - Scows of 5. a word that is another word for improvement’. (paragraph 6) = dndvancomenk 6. another term for ‘a close shave’. (paragraph 8) ~ /VUO- wes 7. avverb meaning ‘to attack with a knife’. (paragraph 8) - Nabbed 8. an adjective that means ‘worried’. (paragraph 9): (encoynecL 7. Structures — Passive Sentences (alternative passive) Look at this example from the text: Much of the growth is forecast to come from east European states. ‘is forecast to come’ is a passive sentence, using the verb ‘forecast’. Itis a more official way of saying ‘Much of the growth will come from east European states’ We often use passive sentences with verbs like: forecast ‘it is forecast to... / that...” predict ‘it is predicted to... / that...” expect ‘it is expected to... / that... believe ‘itis believed to... / that...” think ‘itis thought to... / that... reckon ‘it is reckoned to... / that...” 25& L3HARRIS™ Centro of Aviation English Rewrite these sentences with an appropriate passive form using the verb in brackets. 1. Air traffic will double by 2020. (predict) 2. Safety will be a major concern. (expect) 3. Europe's skies will become full in little more than a decade. (expect) 4. Human error was the cause of the Uberlingen crash. (think) 5. Extra services will increase the number of flights over Ukraine by 7%. (forecast) 6. Experienced controllers are moving in search of better pay. (believe) 7. Six states have safety management below ‘acceptable’ levels. (reckon) 8. The quality of air traffic control in some countries is variable. (think) 8. Discussion a) What is the balance between safety and cost? When does cost become more important than safety, and why? b) What should Eurocontrol do, if they are concerned about the quality of ATC in some countries? c) Is there anything they can do? What is the solution to this problem? d) Do you think that the skies are likely to become ‘full in the near future? Why (not)? e) If the skies become ‘ull’ and the number of ATCs does not increase in line with this, what will happen? What should happen? Is there a technological solution? Whose responsibility is it to implement these solutions? 9. Security vs. safety. There is a significant difference between security and safety. How would you define each of them? 26 A ARR AA A A A A A ARAMA AMRARARARAARARARRRKRARKRKRKHKERLEEDnoertionm Salat = eclidonk overdone f Seaidy = Ou “ ft . on te @ tamannis: i cee au ties ape Aa vd ae on — iat fet) 8. 5 i as * fa aa est Kes (orrwe | otigg avec et = pak ou ! => » . > > > > > > > » ) e tail (reivianas 11. What is the best way for airlines to maintain security? 12.In order to increase security, many airports have implemented the use of full body scans. Watch the following 3 videos on the issue. Take notes on the opinions expressed 13. Class debate. Read the handout on language functions (expressing opinion, agreeing and disagreeing) and hold a class debate on ‘passenger security vs. civil rights of passengers’. 27Safety fears over Europe’s busy skies 1. The swarms of brightly painted budget aircraft flying over Europe are busier, cheaper and more plentiful than ever. But they are creating a painful headache for air traffic controllers, who face a challenge in coping with skies packed with a record number of flights. At the present rate of growth, Europe's skies will become “full” in little more than a decade, with current procedures unable to cope, according to Europe's top air traffic controller. 2. The warning has reopened fierce controversy over the safety of the continent's congested skies. It came just days ahead of the publication of an official report that is likely to blame failures in air traffic control for one of the most devastating European air disasters — a mid-air collision over Lake Constance in 2002 that claimed 71 lives. National control centres across the continent are coordinated by a network run by a Brussels-based agency, Eurocontrol, which matches take-off and landing slots in 33 countries from Ireland to Ukraine. Eurocontrol looks after 29 000 flights in a typical 24- hour period. Despite a slowdown in air travel after September 11 2001, it predicts that annual traffic across Europe will double to 16 million aircraft by 2020. 3. Victor Aguardo, director general of Eurocontrol, said: “In the middle of the next decade, we will reach capacity using the present systems. Beyond that, we'll need something else which today’s technology can’t provide.” To cope with the flights boom, minimum height separation between aircraft was cut from 2000ft to 1000ft. Safety experts are now working towards “self-separation” technology that will limit the role of controllers by improving electronic equipment that allows aircraft to set safe paths away from each other automatically. 4. At any daytime moment there are 3500 aircraft over Europe, carrying some 400 000 people. One in ten is operated by low-cost airlines. To the consternation of experts, much of the growth is forecast to come from east European states, where budget airlines are looking for new destinations. Safety chiefs have warned that the standards of air traffic control in some of Europe’s new member states is variable. Scores of companies have entered the no-frills market, including nine budget airlines based in Germany alone. A Hungarian carrier, Wizz, recently entered the battle, offering flights from Luton in England to Budapest and to Katowice in Poland. 6. While annual growth in traffic is set to be 3% in Britain and 2.9% in France, a proliferation of services is forecast to increase flights over Ukraine by a massive 7%, over Belarus by 5.5% and over Turkey by 6%. Erik Merckx, Eurocontrol’s Head of Safety Enhancement, said “If we don’t get these new states up to speed with the increasing traffic levels, we're predicting we'll have a problem”. 708 AVIATION Bs MAYFLOWER ous oeod , y COLLEGE Level 4 TEST OF EMOLIEH7. Eurocontrol reckons six states have safety management that is below “acceptable” levels, although it declines to name them. Unions warn that progress could be tough, as free movement of labour within the European Union means experienced controllers can move abroad in search of better-paid vacancies. Shane Enright, aviation secretary of the International Transport Workers’ Federation said "There's a Europe-wide shortage of controllers. There needs to be harmonisation of pay and conditions, otherwise these new member states are going to lose out’. Cost pressures are tight: no-frills carriers are reluctant to pay for any air traffic control measures that they can avoid. 8. Swiss air traffic control reported several near-misses in its airspace in April alone. A close shave between an Iberia passenger plane and a business jet over Zurich could have had “disastrous consequences" according to a Swiss newspaper report. The Swiss, who handle a key corridor for aircraft passing over the heart of the continent, will come under further pressure this week. German investigators are due to publish the results of a two-year examination of the Uberlingen disaster, in which a DHL freight aircraft crashed into a charter flight packed with Russian schoolchildren. The accident is expected to be blamed on mistakes by Peter Nielsen, a controller working the nightshift at an inadequately staffed Swiss control centre. Mr Nielsen was stabbed to death in February by a grieving Russian father who lost his wife and two children in the crash. 9. The Uberlingen crash was Europe's third fatal accident in three years caused by errors in air traffic control. It followed collisions on the ground at Paris's Charles de Gaulle airport in 2000 and Milan's Linate airfield in 2001. The sequence ended a 16 year run without any deaths. Eurocontrol admits itis concemed about the trend. Andrew Clark, Guardian Weekly Copyright Guardian News & Media 2004 ) MAYFLOWER © Climb “ COLLEGE Level 4 ANnANRARARARARARAARARRRARARARRARHKRKRARAKRAKHKABRABAAHRARAABERR RR RER RRR RRR eRe eee ee ee @ ianarris™ Contre of Aviation English LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS EXPRESSING OPINION In my opinion, * Aslseeit, + Inmyview, = strongly believe = [definitely think "Well, if you ask me, it all depends on = Tomy mind = It'seems to me that * I couldn't agree more + 'mafraid | have to disagree + I'm absolutely convinced that = Ihave no doubt that = As faras I'm concerned, = Ireckon + [feel that AGREEING AND DISAGREEING How to Agree Strongly with an Opinion. 1. I couldn't agree more! 2. That's absolutely true! Absolutely! | agree with your point. I'd go along with your point. I'm with you on that point. That's just what | was thinking. That's exactly what | think. That's a good point. 10. That's just how I see it. 11. That's exactly my opinion. Prvouee How to Half Agree with an Opinion. Yes, perhaps, however ... Well, yes, but .. Yes, in a way, however Hmm, possibly, but Yes, | agree up to a point, however .. Well, you have a point there, but ... There's something there, | suppose, however. | guess your idea could be right, but . Yes, | suppose so, however .. 10. That's worth thinking about, but. PRNOVaeNE How to Disagree Politely with an Opinion. 1. 1am not so sure. 2. Do you think so? Well, it depends. I'm not so certain. Well, | don't know. Well, I'm not so sure about that. Hmm, I'm not sure your idea is right. I'm inclined to disagree with that idea. No, | don't think so. Sewanee How to Disagree Strongly with an Opinion. 1. Idisagree. 2. Idisagree with your idea. 3. I'm afraid | don't agree. 4, I'm afraid your idea is wrong. 5. I can't agree with your idea. 6. I couldn't accept that idea for a minute. 7. You can't actually mean that. 8. I wouldn't go along with your idea there. 9. You can't be serious about that point. 10. You must be joking, 11. It's possible you are mistaken about that.WUUUUUUUU UU UU uuu UU uuu uuu uuu & ianarris™ Centre of Aviation English LESSON7 Budget Airlines |-e=/ Budget is the name of the airine. Nobody ‘said anything about cheap fights." Fly Dubai TAAG EasyJet London Executive Aviation Ryanair AirFrance-KLM Volotea Qantas Virgin Atlantic Royal Air Maroc British Airways Nefjets — Hifly 1. Categorize these airlines into: a) budget airlines: b) national airlines: dua ©) other: fl fuk rae hee ul 2. Discussion 1 ars phos In groups, ask and answer the questions: Wet Aa d - ante 4. Why are people flying more nowadays? Can you think of several reasons? -pe Vidtimpbiina. Kauai, palota, 2. Itis relatively cheap to fly from the UK to other destinations in Europe, much pens the recent past. What are the eu his? k Sitiline dare spend snorsy ing dag Lin ln %@&} L3HARRIS™ Centre of Aviation English 3. A recent websearch reveals that you can fly from London to Istanbul (approximately 2500km) for around £100 including taxes, You can fly from London to Sao Pap (approximately 9500km) for around £1000 including taxes. _ fas Gu Amirlyers — = fplual Aunyning grlalion Ly tom The distance is greater by a faucet volt the price iS groater bf a lor of 10. What is the explanation for this? . Reading 3.1 Pre-reading: a) In the news recently, there have been cases of many small airlines going out of business. Can you think of any examples? What caused the airlines to have these problems? b) Why might ‘budget travel’ be coming to an end? What are the budget travel companies doing to avoid this? Discuss in small groups. 3.2 Now quickly read the article ‘Is This The End of Budget Travel?’ to see how many of your ideas are mentioned. 3.3 Key Words. Find words in the text that mean: fl 1. An adjective meaning cheap, used before a noun: - (title) . An adjective used to describe a person or company who has admitted they have no money - (paragraph 1) 3. A financial term that means the product is being put under pressure from both ends of the market (supply and demand) leading to a price increase: Sia (paragraph 1) 4. This is what happens to a company when it loses alll its money and ceases to operate: e - (paragraph 2) 5. When a company does this, they neither make a profit nor lose money: Ish wor. (paragraph 2) 6. When something is this, it is almost certain to happen or occur in the near tutwre: Maud, (paragraph 4) an te havjen 7A is a regular or important feature of something. (paragraph 5) A suing an additional amount on the price of something. (paragraph 6) 9 is the practice of making advance purchases of fuel at a fixed price for future delivery to protect against anticipated price increases. (paragraph 7) 10. This word has a double meaning. Either a confusing or uncontrolled situation, or sudden violent movements of air: paragraph 8) 29MUU UCU UU UU UU UU eee @® tsnarris” Contre of Aviation English (paragraph 8) uy own 12. A cofppany which is in severe trouble, but still with some hope of recovery may be put info wWiWal(paragraph 8) 13. To have enough money to pay for something Ei taves vakstoororaph 9), (4 Saving money by taking a lower quality product or one that has less extras and costs less: 4. Comprehension Check 1 3. Before British people buy second homes in Europe, they usually... a) check oil prices icheck if budget airlines fly there check train fares d) check with Credit Suisse National airlines are initially trying to find a way through the crisis by... a) running fewer planes b) charging for drinks ¢) charging for baggage check-in If this doesn’t work, they will consider charging for.. a),fuel hedging Geos and baggage ¢) life jackets 4) checking-in If oil prices go above $130 a barrel, most airlines. a) will go bust won't be able to carry baggage won't be able to cover costs will have to sell their planes ‘An industry can only survive if it can... a) trade down b) go into administration c) go bust ® cover costs@® L3narris” Cant of Aviation English 5. Vocabulary — Collocations Match the following words into pairs. Explain how they are used in the text: weekend frvoko carrier continental Lovey? \rules dominant (Qwi~ X surcharges hotel hana Europe airline alli \ breaks. membership )\ul Db x bookings fuel attacks ont oes” xalliances 5.1 Complete each idiom in bold with an appropriate word from A, B or C. Each idiom is explained in italics after each sentence. 1) Thanks to CL \ Ate budget airlines, it is now possible to get a cheap flight to most European destinations. (very cheap) A.cut-price B. cutthroat C. cut-and-run 2) Pilots and other crew members seem to spend most of their life living out of a duilcnsl. (to be away from home a lot) A.bag B. suitcase C. rucksack 3) Applying for a visa often involves dealing with a tot of Add, tape. (bureaucracy) A.blue B.white C. red 4) We arrived in Singapore at an unearthly fs JL. (very late at night / very early in the morning) A.moment B. minute C. hour 5) My flight from London to Singapore went round the ues: we stopped over in Dubai, Karachi, Colombo and Kuala Lumpur. (to go to a lot of places before reaching your destination) A.houses 8. buildings C. apartments 6) Some passengers are never happy. They like to pick Ls in everything, (complain, usually about small, unimportant things) A.gaps B.cracks C. holes 7) He's always going on holiday to interesting and exciting places. He's such a glob Judtin . (somebody who travels a lot) A.runner B. hopper C. trotter 8) | always try to travel when | go on holiday. | usually just take a very small suitcase and nothing else. (fo take very litle luggage with you when you travel) A. light B. gentle C. easy 3 AARNRAARAARAARAAAARAARARARANRARAARARARAARARARRARARKRARPe UU UU UU UU UU UU uuu uuu 10. @©& tanarris” Contre of Aviation English Watch two videos about budget airlines. Take notes of the techniques mentioned to lower their ticket prices and/or to increase their profits. Pairwork. Take it in turns to describe to your partner the card your teacher is going to give you. 7.1 Discuss your pictures with the rest of the class. If you were the chairman of a budget ai company if the price of fuel continued to rise? e, how would you try to guide your What ideas do you have to make the company more attractive than a national carrier or large fleet? . Read the article published by The Telegraph to confirm if any of your ideas are mentioned. Discussion 2 What will happen to the aviation industry if many small airlines go bust? How will an increase in airfares and surcharges for baggage and food influence people's decision to fly on holiday or on a business trip? What other factors could influence them? 32Is this the end of budget travel? Bankruptcies increase as major airlines consider charges for baggage and food 1. The list of bankrupt airlines is growing by the week, but the biggest casualty of the oil squeeze in the industry could be cheap fares and the holiday plans of a generation of people who grew up with affordable flying. A decade of low ticket prices has enabled people to fly easily to other countries for weekend breaks and has made Ryanair an unlikely factor in the market for second homes in continental Europe. But airline executives warn that fares have to rise. 2. Ryanair warned that the high cost of oil would force it to raise fares by about 5% this year. The budget airline, which has claimed that many of its rivals may soon go bust, admitted that it will only break even this year if oil remains around $130 a barrel. Ryanair and easyJet are dominant carriers in the European budget segment and rely on low fares to fill their aircraft, squeezing more money out of passengers by charging for add-ons such as luggage check-in and hotel bookings. 3. British Airways, Air France — KLM and Qantas are hoping to find their way out of trouble by raising fares, although a leading industry executive warned that established carriers could also start charging passengers for baggage check-in and food amid soaring oil prices. The head of one of the world's biggest airline alliances, oneworld, whose members include BA and Qantas, said the group would consider changing membership rules to allow budget-style charges. 4. “If the industry moves to a standard of charging for an apple juice in economy class, the alliance will move in that direction too,” said John McCulloch, coneworld’s managing partner. Asked if baggage check-in charges were also on the horizon, he added: “Airlines would argue that it's the right way to do it. It's £20 a bag, £10 a meal. We are going to see much more of that.” 5. Add-on fees for bags and refreshments are a staple of the budget airline industry, but long-established airlines have, up to now, refused to charge for these services in case they lose out to competitors. 6. Echoing recent remarks from the BA boss, Willie Walsh, McCulloch said fares would also have to rise if airlines were going to stay in business. With oil trading near $130 a barrel, most airlines are technically unprofitable. BA and Virgin Atlantic have increased fuel surcharges over the past week in an attempt to cover their costs. 7. According to analysts at the investment bank Credit Suisse, the budget airlines will have to take action. “Without the benefit of fuel hedging we do not believe that any airline can be profitable in the medium term — not even easyJet and Ryanair,” said Credit Suisse B MAYFLOWER @ux COLLEGE Level 48. Ryanair's chief executive, Michael O'Leary, said on Tuesday that the airline, which cut fares by around 1% last year, would survive and profit through the “People are getting more price sensitive, they're trading down and flying with us, ata time when the business-only airines are going bust,” said Cleary, referring to Silveret’s fall nto administration last Friday. Siverjet, @ UK-based transatlantic airline, became the latest airline to enter administration due to financial problems, joining eight US airlines and two other airlines that ‘operated fights from the UK. turbulence 9. “Inthe long term, no industry can exist if it doesn't cover its costs," said Toby Nicol, easyJet's director of communications. Fuel accounts for about a third of airline budgets, and the recent steep price increase is causing enormous problems for an industry that had barely recovered from the impact of the 9/11 attacks. Dan Milmo, Guardian Weekly Copyright Guardian News & Media 2008 S, MAYFLOWER @uc COLLEGE ARAAAA A A A A A A A A A RA ARARAMARMRMRAMARAMAKRAKAKAKRBKRAARARA(® ‘Commercial Training Solutions Contre of Aviation English The Telegraph Friday 01 April 2011 Ryanair to sell £5 tickets for standing-room only flights Ryanair is planning to run flights where passengers stand during the journey at a cost of just £5 per ticket. Michael O'Leary, the airline's chief executive, will set out proposals today that include charging customers to use the loo. He said that charging customers £1 to make use of facilities would encourage travellers on one hour flights to use lavatories at the airport instead of on the aircraft. The Irishman said he intended to introduce coin- operated loos and added: "The other change we've been looking at is taking out the last 10 rows of seats so we will have 15 rows of seats and the equivalent of 10 rows of standing area." Astanding area with "vertical seats" will be introduced at the back of its fleet of 250 planes. ‘A Ryanair spokesman said that Boeing had been consulted over refitting the fleet with "vertical seats" which would allow passengers to be strapped in while standing up, which would cost between £4 and £8 per person. However, a spokesman for the Civil Aviation Authority said the plans would struggle to meet safety requirements. “4 ZL He said: "It's aviation law that people have to have a seat-belt on from take-off and landing so they would have to be in a seat. | don't know how Mr O'Leary would get around that one. During turbulence passengers also have to have a seat-belt on.” Mr O'Leary was interviewed for ITV's How to Beat the Budget Airlines which airs on Thursday night at 7.30pm. Source: http://www.telegraph.co.ukVUUUCEEU UU UCU UU UUUU UU UU uu uuuuuduu ® i3narris™ Centre of Aviation English LESSON 8 Perception and Senses 1. The 5 Senses 1.1 Name the 5 senses. Have you ever thought of | which one of your senses would be worst to lose? ‘Think about Itright now. Most people would agree. 4.2 Write different words related with the senses under the following headings. Sight Taste Hearing Smell Touch i E = Sats : feat PLS ae agit [fee eae part Eisepe Char - Sty 4 dr 33@& i3narris™ Contre of Aviation English 1.3 Put the words from the box into the appropriate category. bumpy light sweet slippery ear-splitting aromatic sour polished silent grainy acidic rattling irregular bitter rough screaming salty shouting bland burnt whirring spicy blaring dark putrid quiet fragrant bright deafening shining faint smooth acrid muffled scent whispered rancid hushed numb damp wet other Sight Taste Hearing Smell Touch 1.4 Now decide whether the sounds in the ‘hearing’ column are loud or soft. Write L (loud) or S (soft) after each word. 2. Listen to some sounds and put them in the order that you hear them. Pop Creak = (uncin Squeich = AyCUiew Buzz Pound 2 flown Ticking Drill Bel PH || tek 2.4 In what aviation situations would you hear these sounds?See UU UU UU uuu uuu @& tanarris” of Aviation English 3. Vocabulary — Collocations. 3.1 Match the two halves of the following collocations related to sight. 2) Abeamof 41. dark b)Acandie flick —2.twinkles o)Piteh dlavl, 3. glow 4d) Afaint 4. flickers e)Astar tiw 5. of light 3.2 Divide the collocations into those that have a positive meaning and those that have a negative connotation. acrid smoke appetising aroma foul-smeliing chemicals fragrant perfume noxious fumes overpowering stink™ revolting stench fresh scent 5 proneunr® POSITIVE NEGATIVE 4 appelvrng Bema LOC Amish = Mag frag Beet ape pum Fics amalle chmcial, WOK tA fu pment Minh 4, Picture description. Imagine you are in these pictures. What can you see, smell, hear, taste, and feel?© L3HarRIs” Contre of Aviation English 5. Listening - Flying a Stearman aeroplane 5.1 Listen to a pilot's description of flying his Stearman aeroplane. How does he feel about flying? | the same way about aviation? 5.3 Look at the following extracts from the listening. Which sense do they refer to? hare e 2 ae the engine dies (1) (34) ee Oe the grass and earth resp eed) the heat o Q the song of the engine 6 | gaze at the motionless prop (3) the hangar door squeaks as | open it(]) the silence 5.4 Listen to the recording again and number the sentences above as you hear them. 6. Vocabulary and Speaking — use your imagination 6.1 Imagine you're in the picture. Describe what you can hear, see, smell, and feel. 6.2 Describe your first flight or the best flight you have ever had. Try to use the lesson’s vocabulary. 36POU C EU EEUU EEUU UEC UU Ue Ue @& L3HARRIS™ 7. Listening — The Senses Centre of Aviation English 7.1 Listen to someone talking about the senses and fill in the missing words. The Senses We perceive the outside word through our senses. During fight, our Zin 4/S _ can give us false information. The senses provide the body with information about its environment. There are several sense organs, such as the — Look — bucly ana Alums within these organs, sensory i iforination is received by sensory receptors. Nerve impulses travel to the _/\ain) _ to be interpreted. The sense organs that pilots rely on most are the In daylight and good weather, pilots receive up to 70% of their information needed for situational awareness through their Aiud, At night, pilots must lear fo use their eyes, in a different way and utilize their b vision. In bad weather, that requires instrument flying, pilots must ‘and rely on their instruments. Their senses can mislead them. 8. Speaking - Emergency situations 8.1 Work in pairs / small groups. You will be given a card which describes an emergency situation. Make notes on what you would be able to see, hear, smell or feel. Be as accurate as you can. Choose one of these roles: Captain, First Officer, Flight Attendant, or Passenger. Make a general statement about what is happening. Your partner is going to ask questions to find out more about the situation. e.9, Was it a man or a woman? What can you see from where you are? What else can you hear? 9. Which sense do you think is most important for an air traffic controller? Why? 9.1 Shared dictation. In pairs, dictate the text to each other. 9.2 Would you trust a blind air traffic controller? Why or why not? If not, give examples of situations that might be difficult for a blind ATCO to manage. aYou are cruising at 37000 feet when a frightened passenger enters the flight deck and throws himself across the controls. You are unable to control the plane which climbs and falls 8000 feet. This happened on BA2069 London Gatwick to Nairobi on 28 December 2000. A volcano has erupted and you are flying through volcanic ash. From the flight deck it looks like an electrical storm, but no storm cells appear on the radar. The ash enters the air conditioning system and cuts out all four engines. The plane is unable to maintain altitude. At 14000 feet you are free of the volcanic ash, the engines restart and you make an emergency landing. BA 009 London to Auckland 24 June 1984. It was the visual perceptions of the First Officer who identified the “storm” that first alerted the crew that something was wrong. You may also like to point out that there was a communication problem on this flight. The crew informed Jakarta control that they had lost all 4 engines but the controller misheard and thought they had lost number 4 engines. This misperception continued for some time until another pilot on the same frequency was able to explain the Situation to control You are cruising at 39000 feet. Suddenly you feel vibrations and hear a strange noise. The plane rolls and then goes into a vertical dive. It breaks the sound barrier and is going so fast there is very high g-force. The undercarriage is lowered to slow the plane and you manage to make an emergency landing. At the airport you have a massive fuel leak and conduct emergency evacuation procedures. TWA flight 841 New York to Minnesota. The causes are unclear and remain controversial. One theory is that the leading edge slats were extended at high altitude causing the plane to bank and dive out of control. A chemical fire in the cargo hold sends thick grey smoke through the aircraft. It is difficult to see or breathe and the fire is noisy. The heat is so strong that the floor of the cabin begins to melt. You have to make an emergency landing. Based on South African Airways Flight 295 Taiwan to South Africa 28 November 1987.Seu @ ianarris™ Centre of Aviation English Vocabulary Collocations + Look at the following words. Which one best matches the words below? If necessary, use a dictionary to help you complete the table and say which sense (sighsound/smellfee!) you connect the vocabulary with. Leaking dripping flashing ratting shaking vibrating burning Example: warning signal (ight/sound) light ( ) rubber ( ) cabin ) __ tap ( seat ( ) window ( ) fuel tank ( ) + Now complete the sentences: + We can see a warning signal. + can hear a tap + It sounds like there's a window + It smells like rubber + We could feel the cabin It looks like the fuel tank is | could feel my seat Look, there's a light. + Think about in which aviation situations you might find this vocabulary. What would happen in those situations? Example: If there was severe turbulence and the cabin was shaking, the passengers would have to sit down and fasten their seatbelts,B L3HARRIS™ Centre of Aviation English LESSON 9 Danger and Hazard 1. Which of these things would happen if there was a gas leak at an ATC Centre? Controllers become ill Possible danger to aircraft passengers Traffic diverted ATC Centre closed Fresh air pumped into the building Fire Service called ATCs go to hospital Off-duty controllers called in to work Building checked carefully for safety Can you think of any other things that would happen? 2. Now watch the video and tick the things that happened. 3. Can you remember? a) Where did the carbon monoxide come from? b) Why wasn't the fire service called? c) What safety checks were there after the event? 4. In the video clip you will hear 3 people talking about the gas leak: e Ray Maldonado. ATCO. * Dean lacopelli. Tracon Union President. «Dr. Thomas Carracio, Regional Long Island Poison Control Center. Can you remember who used these words and phrases? nausea are fatigued Sw hundreds of people die every year with this k Dr, inability to focus ~ sleepy x ATL2 /TW confused x A(Co / WA) tired. Arto something that should not be taken lightly by anyone. X eoceeree ee Watch the first part again and check. 38@& i3narris” 5. Which words in the box have the same meaning? Contro of Aviation English unable to concentrate* disorientated* tired* inability to focus * fatigued ® confused ° 6. Discussion a) Were these controllers safe to work? b) Do you think the FAA made good decisions? ©) Ifyou were in charge, would you have done anything different? 7. Join these words with their meanings. 1) staffing cutbacks 2) potentially dangerous 3) the controllers have recovered 4) lots of ramifications from this event (2) a) a complicated result or serious consequence b) possibly, likely to be ©) reductions, often to save money @) got better after an iliness 8. Watch the video again. Decide if these sentences are true or false. a) Staffing cutbacks have had no effect on controller error‘(F) b) Something potentially dangerous could have happened but nothing di (D c) Mgsf of the controllers have recovered and are now back at wor) d) This évent will have lots of ramification: 9. Read the small texts your teacher is going to gi 10. Discussion * Do you work in a safe, healthy environment? * How should your company react to allegations of an unsafe working environment? * How important is good health for your job? * How is your health checked? * Who should be responsible for your health — you or your company? 39Pee UU UU UU ue 11. You are going to read dangerous goods incident reports from the Aus! Authority. L3HARRIS” 94442 +24 41d thr 1 10 Centre of Aviation English n Civil Aviation Read the stories and match each incident with a story. Write A-H. In which incident: BVAMAYN= was fire started by metal touching metalAl) did someone try to illegally ship explosive powder?(C) did the movement of the aircraft cause a fire? did leakage cause a dangerous chemical reaction’ was a fire discovered after landing? (j) did heat from a chemical reaction start a fre) did an explosion in the hold cause a plane to crash?(}) did a passenger accidentally bring a dangerous item on board?())& i3anarris” Contre of Aviation English 12. Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F). Then read the text again to check. Inincident A, the cigarette lighter caught fire firs. In incident 8, a spark may have set the perfume alight In incident C, the courier driver had fireworks in his truck. In incident D, the passenger was a taxi diver, In incident E, the shipper hadn't taken any precautions In incident F, heat trom the aircraft ignited oxygen. Ii incident G, the goods were incorrectly loaded in the hold, In incident H, ground staff immediately knew the cause of the fre, exnonsens TRE 1 3. Match the words on the left with the ones on the right to make collocations from the incident reports. 1 comate a. circuit 2 tre b reaction 3. cowosive Ou © liquid 4 igion() extinguisher 5 Sone Bonk mn e solids 6 1 lighter 7 pile pr 9 source 8 dangerous h_ material 9 explosive in) i goods 10. short &) yuu | detector 14, Listen to a spokeswoman from the Australian CAA commenting on the dangerous goods reports. Underline the correct information. 1. ddamy / Not many passengers fly with dangerous goods by mistake. 2. Correctly declared goods cause hardly any /smest fires. 3. Airport staff should possibly be better trained in dealing with fire dargeroesrgands— 15, Below are some words and phrases for describing fires. Put each one into the correct column. spread contain afire extinguishafire setsomethingontie ignite put outa fire goout burn spray fire-retardant liquid smoulder catch fire explode start continue set something on fire Jyown aSOU UU UU UU ® t3narris" 16. pM loesen, Contre of Aviation English When a fire is discovered during a flight, is it more important to fight the fire or land the plane? Why? 17. Listen to intra-cockpit and radio: phony communications from a B747 in the cruise phase Of flight. Tick the things that the crew do 3 a) Puton the oxygen masks. V b) Inform air traffic control about the problem. ¢) Investigate the cause of the fire. V 4d) Try to extinguish the fire. V ) Make an announcement to passengers. f)_ Initiate an emergency descent. . Listen again and answer the questions. | hipped a) How do the crew first realize there is a problem? 3 coual uate Ria ped. b) What does the pilot think the cause could be? A fou NY) awe b y ©) Where is the smell coming from? aor, |bolaens fem he watson d) How do they deal with the passengers who feel uncomfortable? Hye. flax ow Yt ur e) What two possible causes does the cabin crew manager mention? =" v q oul ) What equipment does the cabin crew manager put on before investigating again? cas . Discussion. What do you think is the most common cause of fires on board planes? What incidents caused by fire have you heard about? ‘What training have you received for dealing with fires? What fire equipment do aircraft usually carry? What are the effects of heat, smoke and fire on humans? 2South Florida Tower In several airport control towers the poor environmental conditions represent a potentially serious Situation, not just to the employees, but to the flying public. An example is the recurrence of condensation on the windowpanes of tower cabs in South Florida, causing reduced visibility, which can be extreme and unsafe. Visually identifying aircraft and vehicles and ensuring that control surfaces stay clear during aircraft operations is the single most effective means of reducing runway incursions and surface accidents. The picture shows that due to the condensation on the South Florida tower windows, air traffic controllers are sometimes ‘blind’ without the ability to scan the runways or taxiways. A wrong turn by an aircrew could be disastrous. Nothing has been done about this problem as yet. Blinding conditions from condensation in South Florida. re fom aviaTLon MAY FLOWER © Climb eed "= COLLEGE Level 4Detroit Air Traffic Control Tower In several airport control towers the poor environmental conditions represent a potentially serious situation, not just to the employees, but to the flying public. In the Detroit Air Traffic Control Tower two years ago, over 6,000 square feet of mould-contaminated material were identified which included black toxic mould (Stachybotrys) as well as several other toxic mould types. A chemical spray was used to eradicate the mould however the spray was so toxic it resulted in eight employees requiring medical treatment. Employees continue to experience respiratory infections, asthma-like symptoms, rashes, nose bleeds, fungal infections on vocal cords, possible nerve damage, and various other issues. ‘Black mould inthe elevator in Detroit Control Tower ‘A rath caused by the chemical spray in Detroit Climb eGo Level 4 AANRAARAARAAHRAARAARARARANRARARARARARARAHRAKRARAKRRKRAOe ee eee Atlanta ATC Centre In several airport control towers the poor environmental conditions represent a potentially serious situation, not just to the employees, but to the flying public. Facility condition reports conducted by NATCA reveal that airport control towers and radar rooms across the nation have serious external leaks. Many of these leaks are into equipment rooms and jeopardize expensive and vital safety equipment. In many cases these external leaks lead to the growth of dangerous mould. NATCA field representatives have relayed that the Atlanta Centre has had water issues in the facility for a number of years. In some instances it is so bad controllers have to hold an umbrella over the radar scope in order to see the planes and hope they do not get electrocuted while working. Leaking roof ot the Atlanta Centre AA, mavetower @un oeo® EA COLLEGE Level 4 Tesycreecueejacksonville TRACON In several airport control towers the poor environmental conditions represent a potentially serious situation, not just to the employees, but to the flying public, On Feb. 28" 2007, a botched roofing project and failed cleanup efforts at Jacksonville TRACON resulted in employees having to breathe toxic odours. Controllers began to suffer from various side effects: dizziness, nausea, skin tingling, and chest pains. Local FAA management was approached repeatedly about this issue, but they refused to acknowledge that the harmful vapours existed in the TRACON part of the facility. By the 10th day of the ordeal, controllers were beginning to suffer the effects of being exposed to these dangerous chemicals for a long period of time. To date, five controllers are still out of work and being treated for asbestos poisoning by the Mayo Clinic. \Jecksonvile TRAGON curing bulking maintenance MAYFLOWER Climb Ol 2 » COLLEGE © aan ‘Ear orsonen 2 © @ 8 @ DO SB Beets. eeeProblem Effects Solution? __| Poon vat Fee Ete | Be oe prune Trower. Uppic odious |- 4 Dango? cim §QOAQ MAYFLOWER © Level 4 ‘TEST oF ==. COLLEGE incon TOM AVIATION,=» => —> a) —» =» —»> —» —» —> —> =2 => —=> —> = => => => = => > > 2 > > > =) D> 2 > > D > Online Aviation English - English Teacher Oxford - www englishteacheroxford.co.uk Fire on board. Describe the picture below. What is happening? Where is it? Do you think it is a real fire or a training exercise? Why? What are the fire brigade doing? What type of aircraft is it? What are the firemen wearing? What liquid are they using to put out the fire? Is the fire under control or out of control? What could have caused the fire? © Copyright English Teacher Oxford 2009Online Aviation English - English Teacher Oxford - www englishteacheroxford co.uk Vocabulary smoke smell oxygenmask — warning light fire brigade choke escape chutes evacuate burn source out of control under control Match the words in the box with the meanings below: 1. remove people to a safe place due to danger - evacuate 2. the fire has been contained 3. the origins of the fire 4. emergency slide 5. the fire is spreading rapidly 6. grey fumes created by fire 7. an injury received from fire 8. breathing equipment 9. people who put out fires 10. odour 11. light that tells you about a serious problem 12. have breathing difficulties Vocabulary exercise Complete the sentences with a suitable word. 1.1can burning butIcan'tsee any 2. Can you identify the of the fire? 3A has just come on, indicating there is a fire in the washroom. 4. The passengers are due to the thick smoke. 5, Tell the passengers to put on their 6. The fire is and the flames have gone out. 7. The fire is and the flames are spreading. 8. We need to the passengers as soon as possible. 9. We request the on landing 10. Release the for immediate evacuation . 11. We have a passenger with severe who requires immediate medical assistance. ‘© Copyright English Teacher Oxford 2009 ee ee eee MO MOM MOMMA ARMM MRAMAAMARKRAMAAKAaAKAAKAAMA AAAOnline Aviation English - English Teacher Oxford - www.englishteacheroxford.co.uk Questions: choose the best question 1 You want to know if there is a smell of smoke in the cabin. a. Can you smell smoke? b. Do you smell smoke? 2 You want to know where the fire is coming from. a. What is the source of the fire? b. What does the source of the fire come from? 3. You want to know if the warning light is on a. Does the warning light come on? b. Has the warning light come on? 4. You want to know if the passengers can breathe properly. a. Are the passengers choking? b. Do the passengers choke? 5. You want to know if the fire is spreading a. Does the fire out of control? b. Is the fire out of control? 6. You want to know if the pilot intends to use the escape chutes. a. Are you going to use the escape chutes? b. Do you use the escape chutes? 7. You want to know if the pilot requires the fire brigade on arrival a. Do you require the fire brigade on arrival? b. Are you requiring the fire brigade on arrival? 8. You want to know if any passengers are injured a. Do any passengers burn? b. Have any passengers received burns? 9. You want to know if it is a good idea to use oxygen masks. a. Are we using oxygen masks? b. Should we use oxygen masks? 10. You want to know if it is necessary to evacuate the passengers. a. Do we need to evacuate the passengers? b. Are we needing to evacuate the passengers? Now read the situations and ask your colleague appropriate questions. You want to know if there is a smell of smoke in the cabin. You want to know where the fire is coming from. You want to know if the warning light is on. You want to know if the passengers can breathe properly. You want to know if the fire is spreading. You want to know if the pilot intends to use the escape chutes. You want to know if the pilot requires the fire brigade on arrival. You want to know if any passengers are injured. You want to know if it is a good idea to use oxygen masks. You want to know if it is necessary to evacuate the passengers. NOMeRONS Ow ses © Copyright English Teacher Oxford 2009Online Aviation English - English Teacher Oxford - www.englishteacheroxford.co.uk Onboard fire equipment smoke detector portable fire extinguisher _ fire axe fire protection gloves smoke hood smoke goggles _ fire blanket a. d e. f 9. What is the above equipment used for? Match the sentences. 1. Use the smoke goggles to.... a. put out fires. 2. The smoke alarm is used to... b. protect your hands. 3. Use the fire axe to. c. suffocate the fire. 4. Use the fire extinguisher to... d. help you breathe. 5. Use the smoke hood to. e. protect your eyes. 6. Use the fire blanket to... f. detect fires, 7. Use the gloves to. g. smash through panels. Speaking: now test your partner. Eg. Whats a fire blanket used for? What would you use if you wanted to smash through a panel? What would you put on if there was smoke in the cabin? © Copyright English Teacher Oxford 2009Online Aviation English - English Teacher Oxford - www.englishteacheroxford.co.uk Important verbs break out catchfire putout setonfire set off Match the words in the box with the meanings below: 1. The fire brigade extinguished the fire. 2. The cigarette smoke made the smoke alarm ring. 3. Engine number one ignited on take-off. 4. The fan in the washroom / toilet ignited due to the electrical fault. 5. A fire started during the flight. Mid-air cockpit fire causes Jetstar Airbus emergency landing An Airbus owned by a budget Australian airline with over 200 people on board has made an emergency landing on the remote island of Guam after a fire broke out in the cockpit as the plane flew over the western Pacific Ocean. The A330-200 Jetstar aircraft - the same model as the fatal Air France plane which crashed off the coast of Brazil last week — was carrying 190 passengers, including two Britons, and 13 crew, when the fire broke out mid- air about four hours after it had taken off from Japan. In the early hours of Thursday, the pilots on Flight JQ20 smelt smoke and saw flames licking the side of the right hand cockpit window and immediately began to put out the flames with a fire extinguisher. They then placed a mayday call and prepared for an emergency landing in Guam, a small US territory which forms part of the Micronesia island chain in the Pacific region, about 1300 miles east of the Philippines. The aircraft landed without incident and there were no injuries among the passengers — the majority of whom were Japanese and Australian - or crew. The cause of the fire is unknown at present. © Copyright English Teacher Oxford 2009cnglishteacheroxford.co.uk Online Aviation English - English Teacher Oxford - www, Speaking Explain why the following sentences are false. 1. The fire broke out in the cabin “The fire didn’t break out in the cabin. It br captain discovered the fire.” roke out in the cockpit. The 2. The fire broke out over the Atlantic Ocean. 3.The fire broke out just after the Airbus had taken off from Japan. 4, The steward smelt smoke and saw flames coming from the washroom. 5. A passenger put out the flames with a fire blanket. 6. The pilot didn’t declare an emergency and continued on its journey to Australia. 7. The plane crashed on landing. 8. Several passengers were injured and were taken to hospital. ‘© Copyright English Teacher Oxford 2009 nmnanananknnnannnnnnnnhnnnntnnrinananannnnininanananaOnline Aviation English - English Teacher Oxford - www englishteacheroxford,co.uk Causes of fire on board Read the following incidents where a fire started or smoke was detected on board. What was the cause of the smoke / fire and what action did the pilot take? 1. An ATR 42. was en-route to the Isle of Man when an AFT SMK warning was triggered on the flight deck, indicating there was smoke in the toilet compartment at the rear of the aircraft. The cabin crew member carried out the fire fighting procedure and the smoke cleared. The cover on the illuminated RETURN TO SEAT sign in the toilet had overheated and the bulb filaments had failed, producing smoke. 2. During taxi to Runway 27R, a wheel fire on a Boeing 747 was seen by the crew of another aircraft who reported it to ATC. The commander of Boeing 747 brought it to a stop and requested the assistance of the fire service. When the fire service arrived, they saw smoke coming from the No 7 wheel but no fire. The wheel was removed and the aircraft towed to a stand where the passengers disembarked. The cause of the fire was attributed to a failure of the outer bearing in the wheel; this resulted in a loss of support and caused the rotating wheel hub to rub against the axle. 3. A Bombardier CL600 was on a scheduled flight from London Heathrow to Dusseldorf. Shortly after take-off, the Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System (EICAS) gave a “SMOKE CARGO” warning. The crew carried out the appropriate emergency procedure, declared an emergency and returned to London Heathrow airport. Following a search of the cargo hold, no sign of fire or smoke was found and the aircraft was towed to a parking stand where the passengers were disembarked normally. The investigation concluded that the warning was spurious; probably caused by the smoke detector reacting to dust, condensation or electromagnetic interference. This aircraft had been fitted with a new design of smoke detector, which was intended to reduce its susceptibility to these factors. 4. During cruising flight at Flight Level (FL) 330, the crew of a Beech King Air 350 reported an electrical burning smell and smoke in the cockpit, and diverted to Cardiff Airport. The cause was subsequently found to have been caused by electrical shorting due to moisture ingress into the right circuit breaker panel, located directly below the direct vision (DV) panel in co-pilot’s side window. Before the flight, the aircraft had been parked outside for two days at Galway, during which time it had rained. 5. Prior to the flight the aircraft was de-iced due to snow accumulation. During a ‘No Engine Bleed Air Takeoff, in which APU bleed air was in use, fumes and smoke entered the cockpit and cabin causing some passengers to suffer from eye and throat irritation. After isolating the APU bleed air and selecting engine bleed air the fumes dissipated. The aircraft returned to Newcastle and the passengers were offered medical attention. The fumes were as a result of de-icing fluid entering the APU air inlet during the initial climb out. © Copyright English Teacher Oxford 2009