Arab Open University

Faculty of Computer Studies

MT101 - General Mathematics
2
SECTION R.1 Sets and the Real Number Line

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SECTION R.2 Models, Algebraic Expressions, and
Properties of Real Numbers

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SECTION R.3 Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation

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 Scientific Notation Examples

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SECTION R.4 Rational Exponents and Radicals

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SECTION R.5 Polynomials and Multiplication of Radicals

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 Addition and subtraction of polynomials:

To add or subtract polynomials, combine like terms.

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SECTION R.6 Factoring

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SECTION R.7 Rational Expressions and More
Operations on Radicals
 A rational expression is a ratio of two polynomials.
Values of the variable that make the denominator equal to
zero are called restricted values of the variable.

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 Rationalizing the denominator:

Removing a radical from the denominator of a fraction is called rationalizing the

denominator.

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 Arab Open University
Faculty of Computer Studies
MT101 - General Mathematics

1
 Chapter 1

Linear Equations and Rational

Equations

2
SECTION 1.1 Linear Equations and
Rational Equations

3
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5
A conditional equation is an equation that is
true for some values of the variable but false for
others.
A contradiction is false for all values of the
variable.
An identity is true for all values of the variable
for which the expressions in the equation are
well defined.
Solve a rational equation by multiplying both
sides of the equation by the LCD of all fractions
in the equation.

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 SECTION 1.2 Applications and
Modeling with Linear Equations

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SECTION 1.3 Complex Numbers

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Multiply complex numbers by using the distributive
property.

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SECTION 1.4 Quadratic Equations

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SECTION 1.5 Applications of Quadratic
Equations

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SECTION 1.6 More Equations and Applications

Solving polynomial equations:

A polynomial equation with one side equal to

zero and the other factored as a product of
linear or quadratic factors can be solved by
applying the zero product property.

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• Solving equations in quadratic form:
Substitution can be used to solve equations that are in
quadratic form.

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SECTION 1.7 Linear Inequalities and Compound
Inequalities

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 Arab Open University
Faculty of Computer Studies
MT101 - General Mathematics

1
 Chapter 2

Functions and Graphs

2
SECTION 2.1 The Rectangular Coordinate
System and Graphing Utilities

3
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SECTION 2.2 Circles

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SECTION 2.3 Functions and Relations

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SECTION 2.4 Linear Equations in Two Variables and
Linear Functions

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SECTION 2.5 Applications of Linear Equations and
Modeling

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SECTION 2.8 Algebra of Functions and Function
Composition

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31
 Arab Open University
Faculty of Computer Studies
MT101 - General Mathematics

1
 Chapter 3

Polynomial and Rational Functions

2
SECTION 3.1 Quadratic Functions and
Applications

3
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SECTION 3.2 Introduction to Polynomial Functions

8
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SECTION 3.3 Division of Polynomials and the
Remainder and Factor Theorems

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SECTION 3.6 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities

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SECTION 3.7 Variation

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EXAMPLE 4
Solving an Application Involving Inverse Variation
The loudness of sound measured in decibels (dB) varies
inversely as the square of the distance between the
listener and the source of the sound. If the loudness of
sound is 17.92 dB at a distance of 10 ft from a stereo
speaker, what is the decibel level 20 ft from the
speaker?

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Example 5
Solving an Application Involving joint Variation

27
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With the value of k known, the model E = kwv2
can be written as E = 0.045wv2.
We now find the kinetic energy of a 0.5-lb stone
traveling 120 mph.
E = 0.045(0.5)(120)2 = 324
The kinetic energy of a 0.5-lb stone traveling 120
mph is 324 J.

29
Skill Practice 5
The amount of simple interest earned in an account
varies jointly as the interest rate and time of the
investment. An account earns $200 in2 years at 4%
interest. How much interest would be earned in 3 years
at a rate of 5%?
I = kRT
200
200= k (0.04)(2), K= = 2500
(0.04)(2)
I = 2500 R T
For T=3 and R= 0.05, I= 2500(0.05)(3) = $375

30
 Arab Open University
Faculty of Computer Studies
MT101 - General Mathematics

1
 Chapter 4

Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions

2
4.1 Inverse Functions

3
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SECTION 4.2 Exponential Functions

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SECTION 4.3 Logarithmic Functions

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SECTION 4.4 Properties of Logarithms

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A sum or difference of logarithms can be written as a
single logarithm

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SECTION 4.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

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SECTION 4.6 Modeling with Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions

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 Arab Open University
Faculty of Computer Studies
MT101 - General Mathematics
 Sets
 Set Properties and set notation
A set is any collection of objects specified in such a way that we can tell
whether any given object is or is not in the collection. Each object in a
set is called a number or element.
‘’ a is an element of set A’’ means a∉ A
‘’ a is not an element of set A’’ means a ∈ A
A set without any elements is called a empty, or null, set, denoted by
∅.
A set is described either by listing all its elements between { } or by
enclosing a rule within braces that determines the elements of the set
or by using Venn diagrams.

2
 Example
 Let G be the set of all numbers such that 𝑥 2 =9
1. write G by the rule method.
2. write G by the listing method.
 Answer:
1. G={ x | 𝑥 2 =9 }
2. G={ -3,3}
Note that the set G is finite set.

3
 Subsets
 If each element of a set A is also an element of a set B, we say that
A is a subset of B.
Example:
Given A= { 0, 2, 4, 6} and B={ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},C={2, 6, 0,4}
then A is a subset of B, denoted by A ⊂ 𝐵
The two sets A and B have exactly the same elements, so these two
sets are said to be equal, denoted by A= B
Remarks.
1. ∅ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 subset of any set A.
2. Any set is a subset of itself.

4
 Set Operations
 The union of sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ 𝐵, is the set of all
elements formed by combining all elements of A and all elements
of B into one set.
 A ∪ 𝐵= { x | x ∈ 𝐴 or x ∈ B}, note that or means x may be an
element of a set A or set B or both.

B
A∪ B
5
 Set operations
The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B, is the set of
elements in a set A that are also in set B.
A∩ B={ x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}

A A∩ 𝐵 B

6
 Set Operations
 If A and B are two sets such that A∩ 𝐵 = ∅, then A and B are said
to be disjoint.

A B

A∩ 𝐵 = ∅

7
 Set Operations.
 Remark:
 The set of all elements under consideration is called the
universal set 𝑈.
 The complement of the set A is the set of elements in U that are
ഥ
not in A, denoted by 𝐴.
 𝐴ҧ ={ x ∈ 𝑈 | x ∉ 𝐴}

𝐴ҧ
A

8
 Example
 If A={ 3, 6,9}, B={ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, C={ 4, 5, 7}, and
𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, then
 1. A∪ B={3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
 2. A ∩ B= {3, 6}
 3. 𝐵ത ={ 1, 2, 8, 9}
 4. A ∩ C =∅
 Rules
 1. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 =𝐴ҧ ∪ 𝐵ത De Morgan’s law
 2. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 =𝐴ҧ ∩ 𝐵ത De Morgan’s law
 3. 𝐴ҧ =A complementation law

9
 Basic Counting Principles
Counting technique, a method for determining the number of
elements in a set without actually enumerating the elements one by
one. Set operations play a fundamental role in many counting
techniques.

Addition Principle (for counting): for any two sets A and B, n(A ∪
B)= n(A)+n(B)- n(A∩ B)
If A and B are disjoint, then
n(A ∪ B)= n(A)+n(B)

10
 Example
 According to a survey of business firms in a certain city, 750 firms offer
their employees health insurance,
640 offer dental insurance, and 280 offer health and dental insurance. How
many firms offer their employees
health insurance or dental insurance?
Solution:
Let H is the set of firms that offer their employees health insurance, and D
is the firms that offer their employees
Dental insurance
n(H ∪ D)= n(H)+n(D)-n(A∩D)
n(H ∪ D)= 750+640-280= 1,110
Therefore, 1110 firms offer their employees health insurance or dental
insurance.

11
 Example
A city has two daily newspapers, the Sentinel and the Journal. The
following information was obtained from a survey of 100 city
residents:
35 people subscribe to Sentinel, 60 subscribe to the Journal, and 20
subscribe to both newspapers.
a. How many people subscribe to the Sentinel but not to the
journal?
b. How many subscribe to the Journal but not to Sentinel?
c. How many do not subscribe to either paper?
d. Organize this information on a table.

12
 Solution
a. n(U)=100, n(S)= 35, n(J)=60, n(S∩ J)=20
n(S∩ 𝐽)=ҧ n(S)- n(S∩ J)= 35 – 20 = 15
b. n(𝑆ഥ ∩ 𝐽)= n(J)- n(S∩ J)= 60-20 =40
c. n(𝑆ҧ ∩ 𝐽)ҧ = n(𝑆 ∪ 𝐽) =100 – n( S ∪ 𝐽) = 100 –( 35+60-20)= 25
Subscriber, J nonsubscriber,𝐽ഥ Total

Subscriber, S 20 15 35
Nonsubscriber, 𝑆ҧ 40 25 65
Total 60 40 100

13
 Multiplication Principle For Counting
 If two operations 𝑄1 and 𝑄2 are performed in order, with
𝑁1 possible outcomes for the first operation and 𝑁2 possible
outcomes for the second operation, then there are 𝑁1 x
𝑁2 possible outcomes of the first operation followed with
the second.
 In general, if n operations 𝑄1 , 𝑄2 , … … . , 𝑄𝑛 are
performed in order, with possible outcomes 𝑁1
, 𝑁2 ,…… … , 𝑁𝑛 respectively , then there are 𝑁1 x 𝑁2 x
……x 𝑁𝑛 possible combined outcomes of the operations
performed in a given order.

14
 Example
 How many 3-letter code words are possible using the first 8
letters of the alphabet if
a. No letter can be repeated?
b. Letters can be repeated?
c. Adjacent letters cannot be alike?
Solution:
a. There are 8x7x6=336 possible code words
b. There are 8x8x8=512possible code words
c. There are 8x 7x7= 392 possible code words.

15
 Permutations and combinations
The multiplication principle discussed in the preceding section can
be used to develop two additional counting techniques, permutations
and combinations. Both of these techniques use factorial.
Factorials
The product of the first n natural numbers is called n factorial and is
denoted by n!.
For a natural number n,
n!= n(n-1)(n-2)……3.2.1
1!=1
0!=1
4!=4x3x2x1=24
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 Example
 Compute:
 1. 5!
 2. 7!/ 6!
 3. 8! / 5!
52!
 4.
5!47!
20!
 5.
3!17!

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 Permutations
Definition: A permutation of a set of distinct objects is an
arrangement of the objects in a specific order without repetition.
Theorem 1:
The number of permutations of n distinct objects without repetition,
denoted by 𝑃𝑛,𝑛 = n!
Example:
The number of permutations of 7 objects=
𝑃7,7 =7!=7x6x5x4x3x2x1= 5040

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 Permutations
 Definition: A permutation of a set of n objects taken r at a time
without repetition is an arrangement of r of the n objects in a
specific order.
 Theorem 2:
 The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time
without repetition is given by
𝑛!
𝑃𝑛,𝑟 = 𝑛−𝑟 !

19
 Examples
1.Find the number of permutations of 13 objects taken 8 at a time.
Solution:
13! 13!
The number of permutations=𝑃𝑛,𝑟= 𝑃13,8 = = =
13−8 ! 5!
51,891,840

2.Given the set { A, B, C, D}, how many permutations are possible

for this set of 4 objects taken 2 at a time?
Solution:
4!
The number of permutations= 𝑃4,2 = = 4!/2!= 12
4−2 !

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 Examples.
Ex1: License plates are to be made using three letters followed by three
digits. How many different plates are possible, if:
i. Repetition is allowed ii. Repetition is not allowed
Solution: i. number of different plates = (26)(26)(26) (10)(10)(10) =
17,576,000
ii. Number of different plates = (26)(25)(24)(10)(9)(8) = 11232000

Ex2: How many different arrangements are there of the letters in the word
drive?
Solution: Number of different arrangements =𝑝5,5 = 5! = 120 different
arrangement.

Ex3: How many 6-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 4,5,6,7,8
and 9 (without repetition)
Solution: number of arrangements = 𝑃6,6 =6! =720

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 Combinations

Example: Suppose that an art museum owns 8

paintings by a given artist and another art
museum wishes to borrow 3 of these paintings
for a special show. In how many ways the 3
painting can be selected for shipment?
Answer:
8!
Number of different ways= = 56
3! 8−3 !

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 Example
 1.Acompany has 7 senior and 5 junior officers. It wants to form an
ad hoc legislative committee. In how many ways can a 4-officer
committee be formed so that it composed of
a. Any 4 officers?
b. 4 senior officers?
c. 3 senior officers and 1 junior officers?
d. 2 senior and 2 junior officers?
e. At least 2 senior officers?

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 Solutions
 a. the number of different 4-member committees=𝐶12,4 =
12 12! 12!
=4! 12−4 != 4!8! = 495
4
7!
 b. the number of different committees= 𝐶7,4 = =
4! 7−4 !
=35
c. The number of different ways= 𝐶7,3 𝐶5,1 = 175
d. The number of different ways= 𝐶7,2 𝐶5,2 = 210
e. The number of different ways= 𝐶7,4 + 𝐶7,3 𝐶5,1 + 𝐶7,2 𝐶5,2 =
35+ 175+210=420

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 Arab Open University
Faculty of Computer Studies
MT101 - General Mathematics
 MT101

Probability

2
 Outline
 Sample Spaces, Events, and Probability

 Union, intersection, and complement of an event

 Conditional Probability, intersection, and independence.

3
 Probability
 Experiment: A process that leads to the occurrence of one and
only one of several possible results.
 Outcome: A particular result of an experiment
 Sample space: if we formulate a set S of outcomes of an
experiment in such a way that in each trial of an experiment one
and only one of the outcomes in the set will occur, we call the set
S a sample space for the experiment. Each element in S is called
simple outcome(event).Hence the set of all possible outcomes of a
statistical experiment is called the sample space(S).
 Event: A collection of one or more outcomes of an experiment.
An event E is any subset of S.

4
 Examples
 Consider the experiment of rolling a die, the sample space is
S={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
 Consider the experiment of rolling two dice.
The number of all outcomes of S= 6 x6=36
The sample space={ (1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4), (1,5),
(1,6),……….,(6,5),(6,6)}
What is the event that corresponds to each of the following
outcomes?
a. A sum of 7 turns up.
b. A sum of 12 turns up.
c. A sum less than 4 turns up.
5
 Probability of an event
 Probabilities for simple events
Given a sample space
S={ 𝐴1, 𝐴2, 𝐴3, …𝐴𝑛 }
With n simple events, to each simple event 𝐴𝑖, we assign a real
number denoted by p(𝐴𝑖 ), called the probability of the event 𝐴𝑖 .
These numbers can be assigned in an arbitrary manner as long as the
following conditions are satisfied:
1. 0≤ 𝐴𝑖 ≤1

2. P(𝐴1 )+P(𝐴2 )+…………….+ P(𝐴𝑛 ) = 1

3. P(S)=1

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4. P(∅) = 0
 Example 1.
A balanced coin is tossed three times. What is the probability that at
least 1 head occurs?
Answer:
The sample space = S ={HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT,TTH,
TTT}
Since the coin is balanced, each of these outcomes is equally likely to
occur. Therefor, we assign a probability of w to each simple event. So
8w=1, or w=1/8.
A: the event that at least 1 head occurring,
A={HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT,TTH}
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
P(A)= + + + + + + =
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

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 Example 2.
A die is loaded in such a way that an even number is twice as likely to occur
as an odd number. If E is the event that a number less than 5 occurs on a
single toss of the die, find P(E).
Answer:
The sample space S={1,2,3,4,5,6}
Let p(odd number)=w, so p(even number)=2w
P(S)=p(1)+p(2)+p(3)+p(4)+p(5)+(p(6)
1=w+2w+w+2w+w+2w= 9w
1/9=w
E={1,2,3,4}
P(E)= 1/9 + 2/9 +1/9 + 2/9 = 6/9= 2/3

8
 Probability of an event.
If an experiment can result in any one of N different equally likely
outcomes, and if exactly n of these outcomes correspond to event A,
𝑛
then the probability of an event A is: P(A)=
𝑁
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example:
A statistics class for engineers consists of 25 industrial,
10 mechanical, 10 electrical, and 8 civil engineering students. If a
person is randomly selected by the instructor to answer a question,
find the probability that the student chosen is:
a) An industrial engineering major.
b) A civil engineering or an electrical engineering major.

9
 Rules of Probability
The complement of an event E is the set of outcomes in the sample
space that are not included in the outcomes of the event E. The
complement is denoted by 𝐸. ത
Rule for complementary events:
ത 1- P(E) or P(E)= 1-P(𝐸)
P(𝐸)= ത
Or P(E) + P(𝐸) ത =1
------------------------------------------------------------------
Example:
If the probability that a person lives in an industrialized country of
the world is 1/5. Find the probability that a person does not live in
an industrial country.
Answer:
P(not living in an industrialized country)= 1-1/5 = 4/5
10
 Rules of Probability
Two events are mutually exclusive events if they cannot occur at the
same time(they have no outcomes in common).
Addition Rule(1).
When two events A and B are mutually exclusive, the probability that
A or B will occur is:
P(A or B)= P(A ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵).
----------------------------------------------------------------
Example:
A day of the week is selected at random. Find the probability that it
is a weekend day.
Answer:
P( Friday or Saturday)= =P(Friday)+P(Saturday)=1/7+1/7= 2/7

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 Rules of Probability
Addition Rule 2:
If the two events A and B are not mutually exclusive, then P(A or
B)= P(A ∪ B)= P(A)+P(B) – P(A∩ B)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
For three events A, B, and C that are not mutually exclusive,
P(A ∪ 𝐵 ∪ C)= P(A)+P(B)+P(C) –P(A ∩ B) - P(A ∩ C) - P(B∩
C) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C ).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
P( A ∩ 𝐵ഥ )= P(A) - P(A ∩ B)

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 Example
What is the probability that a total of 5 or 12 when a pair of dice is
tossed?
Answer:
Let A be the event that 5 occurs and B the event that 12 comes up.
4
A={ (1, 4),(4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2) }→ 𝑃 𝐴 =
36
1
B= {(6, 6)} →P(B)=
36
4 1 5
P(A or B) = P(A ∪ B)= P(A)+P(B)= + =
36 36 36
Are the two events A and B, mutually exclusive events? Justify your
answer?

13
 Example:
Jon is going to graduate from an industrial engineering department
in a university by the end of the semester. After being interviewed at
two companies he likes, he assesses that his p
probability of getting an offer from company A is 0.8
And his probability of getting an offer from company B is 0.6. if he
believes that the probability that he will get offers from both
companies is o.5, what is the probability that :
a) He will get at least one offer from these two companies;
b) He will get an offer from only one company.

14
 Answer:
a) P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B)- P(A ∩ B)= 0.8+0.6-0.5=0.9
b) P(A ∩ 𝐵 ഥ ) + P(B ∩ 𝐴ഥ ) =(0.8 -0.5) +(0.6 -0.5)= 0.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example:
If the probability that an automobile mechanic will service 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, or 8 or more cars on any given workday are, respectively, o.12,
o.19, 0.28, o.24, 0.10, o.o7, what is the probability that it will
service at least 5 cars on his next day at work?
Answer:
Let E be the event that at least 5 cars are serviced.
P(E)= 1 –P(𝐸ത )
P(𝐸ത ) = 0.12+0.19=0.31
P(E) = 1-0.31 = 0.69
15
 Multiplication Rule and Independent
Events
Definition: Two events A and B are independent events if the fact
that A occurs does not affect the probability of B occurring.

Multiplication Rule (1):

When two events are independent, the probability of both occurring
is P(A and B)= P(A ∩ B)= P(A) . P(B)

16
 Example.
A coin is flipped and a die is rolled. Find the probability that of
getting a head on the coin and a 4 on the die.
Answer:
P( head and 4)= P(head).P(4)=( ½) . (1/6)=1/12
______________________________________
Example:
Approximately 9%of men have a type of color blindness that
prevents them from distinguishing between red and green. If 3 men
are selected at random, find the probability that all of them will have
this type of red –green color blindness.
Answer:
Let A denote red-green color blindness
P(A and A and A)= P(A).P(A).P(A)=0.09 x 0.09 x 0.09=0.000729

17
 Conditional probability
The conditional probability of B, given A, denoted by P( B| A), is
𝑝(𝐴∩𝐵)
defined by P( B| A)= , provided
𝑃(𝐴)
P(A) > 0.
_________________________________________
Multiplication Rule (2):
When two events are dependent, the probability of both occurring
is P(A and B)=P(A ∩ B)= P(A). P(B| A).

18
 Example:
A recent survey asked 100 people if they thought women in armed forces
should be permitted to participate in combat.
The result of the survey are shown.

Gender Yes No Total

Male 32 18 50

Female 8 42 50

Total 40 60 100

19
Example
Find the following probabilities:
a) The respondent answered yes, given that the respondent was a
female.
b) The respondent was male, given that the respondent answered
no.
Answer:
M= respondent was a male
F= respondent was a female
Y= respondent answered yes
N= respondent answered no
P(Y ∩ F) 8 50
a) p(Y 𝐹 = = ( ) / ( ) =8/50= 0.16
𝑝(𝐹) 100 100

P(M ∩ N) 18 60
b) p(M 𝑁 = =( ) /( ) = 18/60= 3/10=0.3
20
𝑝(𝑁) 100 100