FTTH Handbook 2021-200-326

Section 11.
3
Testing FTTH Networks
During and After
Construction
During network construction, some testing occurs in the outside plant. When fibre is laid down, new
splices are made and tested using an OTDR. The OTDR injects optical pulses into a fibre and extracts
light that is scattered or reflected back from points along the fibre, using this to characterize the fibre. Link
length and stress are very easy to read from the resulting trace. Today’s OTDRs also produce an icon-
based link map identifying each detected event, colour-coded to indicate pass/fail status when evaluated
against splice or connector loss and reflectance limits. Testing with OTDRs is a practical and accurate
method of checking the link in a uni-directional or bi-directional way. Bi-directional OTDR measurements
are preferred where possible.
Test Methods
For acceptance, it is important to test each segment of the network. There are several testing methods,
some of which are presented here. Each has specific advantages and disadvantages. Selecting the most
appropriate method depends on the constraints faced, such as labour costs, loss budget, testing time
combined with service activation time and maximum acceptable measurement uncertainty.
An additional factor that must be considered when determining the extent of testing are technician’s skill
levels. Employing unskilled technicians during the construction phase could become very costly if mistakes
need to be rectified before or after service is added.
Method 1: Using a power meter (and a light source)

This is probably the simplest method to check that the link is within the designated loss budget. A light
source, for example at 1490 or 1550nm, is connected at the exchange. It is then possible to check if light
levels are being received at different points in the network. If the launch power is known, an approximate
loss to that point in the network can be calculated. Alternatively, the OLT can be used as the light source
and an absolute (dBm) measurement can be taken and compared to the minimum sensitivity level of the
ONT. If enough power is being received, the link will work. If sufficient power is not being received then an
additional test using an OTDR will be required to locate the fault. It may also be that several additional or
even all links will have to be tested in such a scenario. However, this simple method of using a power meter
is not enough and other testing strategies should be explored.
Method 2: Using optical loss test sets

This is a more accurate version of the method described above. This involves using an optical loss test set
(OLTS), comprising two test sets that bi-directionally measure the insertion loss (IL) and optical return loss
(RL).
200 Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe

When two fibres are joined, dirt or scratches may result in a portion of the light becoming diffused and
reflected. Optical Return Loss (RL) measures the ratio of injected light to light reflected back to the source,
due to backscatter and connector reflections. This is expressed in decibels (dB). The lower the RL, the
higher the total reflection. Just as insertion loss evaluates the overall loss of the link, RL is a measure
of the overall reflections within the link. When measured RL is too low, one or more excess reflections are
present in the link. An OTDR is required to identify and locate the source(s) of excess reflections.
First, the units should be referenced prior to measuring IL.
Figure 11.3
Test sets should be referenced prior to measurement
Measurements can now be taken on the end-to-end network or any individual installed segment, such as
the fibres between the FDH and the drop terminal. The purpose of the test is to identify any transposed
fibres and to measure the IL and RL to guarantee that the loss budget has been met.
Figure 11.4
Measuring distribution fibre IL and RL using two OLTSs
The following table illustrates the expected RL values for the network:
These values take only two connections into account. However, FTTH networks are comprised of multiple
connection points and, as reflectance values are very sensitive to dust and scratches, these values can
easily be influenced by bad connections. For example, a single connector may generate a RL of 40dB,
which would exceed the expected value for the entire network. For Point-to-multipoint networks, the RL
contribution of each fibre is attenuated by 30 to 32 dB due to the splitter’s bi-directional loss.
Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe 201

Method 3: Using an OTDR
Unlike an OLTS, the OTDR can identify and locate the position of each component in the network. The
OTDR will reveal splice loss, connector loss and reflectance, as well as the total end-to-end loss and RL.
Figure 11.5
OTDR measurement can identify and locate all network components.
All fibres between the OLT and before the first splitter (transport side) may be tested to characterize the
loss of each splice and locate macrobends. The test can be conducted to cover both directions. Post-
processing of the results will be required to calculate the real loss of each splice (averaged between each
direction).
The engineer can measure the loss of the splitter and the cumulative link loss, as well as identifying
whether any unexpected physical event has occurred before, or after, the splitter. Construction testing can
significantly reduce the number of problems that occur after subscriber activation by certifying end-to-end
link integrity.
If tests can be performed in two steps, for example a test of the feeder portion first and then a test of the
distribution portion, OTDR tests are quite simple.
If tests can only be performed from one end (most likely because the splitters are spliced), the
recommended process is to use an OTDR test from the distribution/ONT location. Optimized settings
have to be made on the OTDR side, to provide as much information as possible along the link.
Depending on the split ratio, accurate detection and measurement of events will require the use and
analysis of multiple pulses.

When testing through the splitter, useful test results can only be obtained by testing upstream from the
subscriber location or an access point towards the splitter. If an OTDR test is attempted downstream from
the OLT, useful results to the splitter can be obtained, but the results beyond the splitter represent the
summed contributions from all fibres connected to the splitter. Breaks or serious faults in one fibre may
not be detected due to the summed backscatter from all other fibres. For the same reason, bi-directional
averaging when testing through this splitter is not possible.
When testing uni-directional the true splice loss cannot be measured. In this case a greater allowance
must be made for the uni-directional loss of splices because of potential Mode Field Diameter (MFD)
mismatches between the fibres being spliced together. With the increased use of G.657 Bend insensitive
fibres in the access side of the network, which have different MFDs to G.652 standard single-mode fibre,
greater attention must be given to where this splice is because it is possible to see quite considerable
exaggerated apparent losses at this point. A separate pass/fail criterion may be required for this splice.
Guidance for OTDR Assessment of Fusion Spliced Single-mode Fibres
Figure 11.6
PON OTDR traces
To help in the characterization of PON networks some OTDRs can automatically perform acquisitions
at multiple pulse widths. With this type of OTDR, the fibre before the splitter, the splitter loss and the
remaining link after the splitter(s) are all characterized with the optimal pulse widths. In this type of
measurement the results are usually presented in an ‘Icon’-based view, showing each element in the
network and whether it has passed when compared to maximum splice, connector and/or splitter loss and
reflectance limits. For optimum network qualification, some operators are using tools that can manage
both OLTS (method 2) and OTDR (method 3).

Section 11.4
Service Activation
Service activation is associated with what is known as ‘home-connect’ service turn-on. This process includes
the connection between the fibre distribution terminal and the optical network terminal (ONT) at the
customer’s premises.
This phase may seem very straightforward at first. However, this task should not be underestimated as this
is the moment at which the subscriber experience begins. The process varies depending on the topology
of the fibre network.
Since service activation is often performed by subcontractors, reporting and data authenticity protection
are important, especially in deployments where hundreds of results may be generated for a single PON
activation. Routinely following the correct steps during service activation ensures smooth workflow and
high productivity.
Multiple Testing Locations with a Power Meter

Verifying optical levels at various locations along the same fibre path assists the test engineers in
pinpointing problems and/or defective components before activating a subscriber’s service. Since FTTH
network problems are often caused by dirty or damaged connectors, component inspection greatly
reduces the need for troubleshooting, as power levels are verified for each network section. It is strongly
recommended that cleaning and inspection of each connection point be conducted using a fibre inspection
probe before each power measurement.
Figure 11.8
Testing points in PON (1,2,3)
Testing Points
1. Performing a power-level certification at the splitter, or more specifically at the output, enables
technicians to verify if the splitter branch is working properly. This simple assessment makes it possible to
confirm whether all network components from the CO (including the feeder fibre) to the splitter output are
in good condition. Typically, the FDH includes SC/APC or LC/APC connectors but may also include fusion
splices.

2. By conducting a power-level certification at the drop terminal, engineers can characterize the distribution
fibre and the drop terminal ports. Often, a splice tray is included within the drop terminal, which can cause
macrobend problems.
3. The fibre connecting the drop terminals and the subscriber’s premises is usually installed during service
activation. To ensure reliable services to the subscriber, the network and the subscriber ONU must meet
specifications. The best method of guaranteeing this is to perform a pass-through connection to fully
characterize all operating wavelengths (upstream and downstream) in the PON. This can only be achieved
at service activation using a dual-port PON power meter supporting the deployed PON technology with a
pass-through connection. A normal power meter can certify downstream signals from the CO when only a
single downstream wavelength is present.
Figure 11.9
Pass-through testing of all wavelengths (Typical PON up to 1 Gbps)
Testing with a Centralised OTDR

Another technique to measure the end-to-end loss of the fibre is to use a centralized OTDR technique.
Here the OTDR is based in the same location as the OLT and tests downstream. This technique usually
works at 1650nm which is ‘out of band’ and does not interfere with the transmission wavelengths being
used on the PON. Being ‘out of band’ allows new users to be added after the PON has gone live.
The engineer measures the loss up to their location by connecting a Highly Reflective Device (HRD) to the
network and uses a smart phone to trigger a test. The centralized OTDR will then measure the loss to the
point of the HRD. The engineer can remove the HRD and use it in another test at another install location or
it can be left in the network and used as a demarcation point for future monitoring (Explained further in
Chapter 15 on Monitoring & Troubleshooting).
Figure 11.10
Link certification in a PON architecture with end-to-end connectivity using a
HRD & centralised OTDR

Using a filtered OTDR
Using a PON power meter or a centralized OTDR test system will allow the loss of the link to be checked
but it cannot provide the exact location of any fault if it is after the splitter. To pinpoint the location of a
fault, the technician must use a PON-optimized OTDR which will test at 1625 or 1650nm with a port that
incorporates a filter that rejects all unwanted signals (1310, 1490 and 1550 nm) that could interfere with the
OTDR measurement.
Figure 11.11
Measurement with a Filtered OTDR
Testing next generation PON

Next generation PON networks (such as XGS-PON, NG-PON2 - see Chapter 5) will in most cases use the
existing outside plant infrastructure already in place for current PON subscribers and be deployed as an
additional layer. Operators may deploy across their network various mixes of PON layers, such as
GPON + RF overlay + XGSPON or GPON + NG-PON2.
This brings another dimension of complexity to PON testing. Additional XGSPON wavelengths or
NG-PON2 wavelengths will reach the end-user at the service location. This requires an instrument
capable of identifying the actual mix of PON layers. Measuring the corresponding discrete power from
each layer is essential if false positives are to be avoided. An acceptable next-generation compliant
PON power meter should feature additional composite detectors dedicated to their specific upstream
and downstream wavelength region. A 1650 nm PON OTDR or Troubleshooter with an integrated
downstream PON Power Meter capable of separately measuring GPON and RF video or next-generation
PON wavelengths may also be used.

Service activation reporting
Service activation test reports are required. These results can later be used to pinpoint problems such as
power degradation. Operators may also use this information to keep track of subcontractor performance.
A service activation report will typically include:
• Subscriber name, service adress and/or phone number

• Power level for each wavelength and each location
• Time stamp for each measurement
• Pass/warning/fail status compliant to standards such as GPON or EPON
• Thresholds used to perform the pass/warning/fail assessment
Figure 11.13
Typical service activation report
Once the service activation report has been received from the installer, the operator can start billing.

Chapter 12
Geographic
Information System
(GIS)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Data Quality and Management
12.3 The Plan > Design > Build > Operate Lifecycle
12.4 Summary
Section 12.1
Introduction
A geographic information system (GIS) captures, stores, checks, and displays data related to positions
on the surface of the earth. A GIS can display many different kinds of data on a single map. This makes it
possible to analyse and understand relationships between different items.
In the context of FTTH networks, a GIS is critical to successful network deployment and future operations.
A GIS is all about understanding the location and accessibility of a thing, such as a network asset, in the
world, and how that asset is connected to other assets. This information is displayed on a map background,
providing real-world context for users. Fundamental understanding of where a network is (or will be) and
how it is connected is essential to successfully delivering broadband services to businesses and consumers.
“A geographic information system (GIS) is a conceptualized framework that provides the ability to
capture and analyse spatial and geographic data. GIS applications (or GIS apps) are computer-based
tools that allow the user to create interactive queries
(user-created searches), store and edit spatial and
non-spatial data, analyse spatial information output,
and visually share the results of these operations by
presenting them as maps.”
Wikipedia.org
The Wikipedia entry also explains the history and

diverse uses of GIS in many different industries.
An excellent primer if you are new to GIS.
The digital representation of a physical object or process is often referred to as a ‘digital twin’. In this sense,
the GIS manages the digital twin of the telecommunications network. It allows the operator to understand and
manage physical assets in order to successfully deliver a service to end customers - the ultimate objective of
any network.
As introduced in Chapter 7, multiple systems make up an operator’s overall systems landscape. The TMForum
standards provide an excellent frame of reference for how the different applications relate to operational
processes. Within this context, a GIS can be considered part of the Resource Inventory Management and
specifically the physical resource inventory. Also known as Physical Network Inventory (PNI), this covers all
physical resources, including outside plant (all equipment in the street) and inside plant (all equipment inside
a building), as shown in the diagram below.
TMForum.org

How GIS Supports Each Stage in the Lifecycle
The GIS has a part to play in the Plan, Build, and Operate network lifecycle phases.
Plan
The first question to be answered by any network operator looking to deploy FTTH is: where to begin?
Start-up organisations as well as existing operators need to decide which geographic areas present the
best commercial opportunity. This decision relies on:
• Analysis of geographic data that covers the location of potential customers and their
demographic profiles
• The location of any existing network that could be used
• Area layout data: road networks, physical barriers such as rivers or railways
Build
Once an area and technology have been selected, the network must be designed and constructed. A
GIS stores all required data and the resulting low-level network design. In most cases, it will generate
the information needed to construct the network. During construction, any deviations to the as-designed
network can be captured in the field by construction teams accessing GIS data on mobile devices. In this
way, they can ensure the GIS data reflects the final ‘as-built’ network to support future network operations.

Operate
Knowing where the network is ‘on the ground’ is fundamental to ensuring smooth operations. A GIS
enables operators to
• Understand the locations at which service can be provided

• Physically offer diverse connections to important customers
• Allow other utilities to understand where the network is to avoid damaging it during other
underground work
• Quickly pinpoint fault locations
All of these processes rely on knowing where the network is and how it is connected together, displayed
against a map background. Later in the chapter we will discuss the role of GIS in each part of the lifecycle
in more detail.
Background mapping data

As GIS are fundamentally map-based, the background map used to overlay the network data is essential.
Background map data can come from a range of sources, such as:
Google Maps and Microsoft Bing

Both companies provide mapping data that can be purchased for commercial use in GIS. These providers
have the advantage of offering satellite images as well. Google’s Street View provides users in the office
with an easy way to see the situation on the ground. However, the accuracy of the mapping data may not
be sufficient to use as a basis for network construction and operations.
OpenStreetMap
For some regions, open source data from OpenStreetMap may be a good starting point. Usually, a
commercial reseller of OpenStreetMap will be required to ensure good performance.
National mapping agencies

In many countries a national mapping agency provides highly accurate data that is better suited to low-
level network design and operations. The UK’s Ordnance Survey is one example. The data provided has a
high level of accuracy and is more intelligent so it can be used for more advanced processing than a simple
map background.
GIS software vendors

Some GIS software vendors offer data that can be used within their GIS platforms. A wide range of
commercial data providers offer data that can be used for network planning, building and operations.
These data providers may provide much more than simple background mapping. They also offer enhanced
data services such as overhead/satellite and street-level images captured from vehicles and drones.

An increasingly common source of data is high-resolution panoramic photography combined with LiDAR
data. Often called mobile mapping, this is the process of collecting geospatial data from a moving vehicle
or drone fitted with a range of time-synchronized photographic, radar, laser, or remote sensing systems.
The objective of using this data is to enable planners/designers based in the office to get a much better
view of the real-life situation in the field avoiding costs for field visits.
The primary output from such systems includes GIS data, digital maps, and geo-referenced images and
video. These sources can provide users with images at very high resolutions combined with accurate
location information, which enables measurements to be taken remotely at centimetre-level accuracy.
This data can be embedded into the GIS so that best use of it can be made in an integrated environment.
Mobile mapping data is normally more up-to-date and it is also quicker to access than manual survey data.
Examples of LiDAR data
Customer Location Data

A fundamental element in designing and operating FTTH networks is the location of end customers. This
refers to the geographic location as well as its textual description in the form of an address for residential or
commercial properties. Understanding exactly where the demand for fibre is located is essential to creating
an accurate and feasible design that allows successful delivery of service to end customers without costly
re-builds or network extensions.
Address data can be obtained from several sources. Purchasing address information from a government
agency can be a valid option, as this will generally ensure the correct syntax and the most detailed
and up-to-date information. Later, these addresses can form the main address database for all related
departments, including customer care, billing and marketing.
Other sources of information may include in-house databases (in the case of existing service providers)
or commercial GIS databases. In a growing number of regions, open source data can also be used to
extract building locations. In many cases, it is also possible to identify buildings based on satellite images
and establish address points manually using the appropriate GIS tools. This method is commonly used
to validate data obtained from other sources. Missing buildings can easily be added to improve the data
quality.
Probably the most difficult data to obtain is information about building types and the number of housing
units or homes within each building. In early stage planning, this can sometimes be accessed from higher-
level information, such as house number ranges or population densities. It may also be possible to obtain
more detailed information from the local energy or utility supplier (for example, number of registered
electricity meters per building). If no suitable information source is available, the only option is to physically
visit every building and count the number of dwellings. This detail is essential to ensuring the network is
correctly sized for expected demand.

Geo-Marketing Data
In the very early stages of network planning, a basic question is where to build the network to generate
the greatest Return on Investment? Or, perhaps more accurately, where to start building the network to
generate the greatest Return On Investment as quickly as possible?
To help with this analysis, geo-marketing data is extremely useful. Geo-marketing data refers to any
information that allows the planner to gain an indication of the differing market potential within the area
under consideration. Such information can include:
• Survey results showing willingness of families to sign up for FTTH offers
• Certain types of subscribers in different regions (for example young families with children,
elderly people)
• Housing density
• Historical adoption of new (broadband) services in certain regions (for example DSL or
digital TV)
• Information relating to household income and spend on broadband services such as

Average Revenue Per User (ARPU)
• Information relating to businesses use of communications and Internet services
This data can be purchased from specialist data providers. In some cases, it may be necessary to
commission a specific survey to collect it. The information can then be used to adapt the model and
assess the best potential adoption and revenues in each region. When combined with cost information for
deploying the network per region, this data supports an ROI-optimised strategy.
Existing Network Infrastructure

Today, there is likely to be some pre-existing network infrastructure available in virtually all areas. This could
potentially be re-used for new FTTH deployments. It may be a copper network for which a FTTH over-build
is planned, or other infrastructure that can be leased/rented from other operators through wholesale access
agreements.
In cases where the infrastructure is already owned by the operator, for example fibres, ducts, or poles, re-
using as much infrastructure as possible offers a significant benefit when it comes to reducing construction
costs. This data should be relatively easily available for planning purposes.
In many European countries, incumbent network operators have a legal obligation to share their passive
infrastructure, such as poles and duct space, with other operators. This avoids continual disruption with
network construction and ensures a more level playing field for all competitors in a given area.
Obtaining this data usually requires the new operator to register with the infrastructure provider. The
operator can then request data for areas of interest, which is returned in a geospatial data format that can
be imported into the GIS. Various processes (that vary from country to country) must then be followed to
register specific assets for use within the new network.

The accuracy of planning results can be enhanced by using additional data, such as:
• Information about existing utilities infrastructure that can be used to determine potential
routes. This also indicates the likelihood that permission for digging will be granted.
• Suitable locations for a point of presence (POP) or fibre concentration point (FCP).
• Other elements such as existing non-crossable obstacles (to avoid evaluating impossible
pathways), type of street surface (to better estimate the cost of digging and to balance
one- or two-side digging options).
• Information about existing wayleaves/rights of way that may influence the design.
This additional data may be harder to obtain so consideration should be given to assessing the effort
involved.
As-Built Network Data

The outcome of the design and build process is a fully constructed and operational network. A further key
deliverable of this phase is an accurate model of the constructed network captured in the GIS - the digital
twin of the network that will form the basis for all future operations.
The network model should cover the complete network from the central office all the way to the customer
termination points and capture all the connectivity of the network in between. This digital twin is a key
benefit of using GIS-based auto-design tools, as the output from the design can be seamlessly transitioned
into the as-built record of the Network. By utilising direct updates from the construction teams in the field,
the data can be updated to reflect the as-built network versus the as-designed data.
The digital twin should accurately model all of the following data:

Within the GIS this may appear as shown below:
Typical end to end view of a FTTH network covering ISP & OSP
With the digital twin the foundations are laid for successful future network operations. However, it is important
to consider how to manage the data.

Section 12.2
Data Quality and
Management
Data Quality and Levels of Detail
The IT phrase ‘garbage in, garbage out’ applies just as much to GIS in the context of FTTH as it does to
any other system.
The level of detail needed can vary through the Plan, Build, and Operate processes. Some detailed
information can be approximated in the early stages. In fact, it is possible to start high-level planning with
minimal GIS data covering customer locations and the road network. However, since more accurate data
will be required in later planning stages, it is generally recommended, for the sake of better strategic
decisions, to gather high-quality data in the early stages as well.
Detailed low-level network design requires as much information as possible. It can be worthwhile spending
time checking and ‘cleaning’ data, using satellite images or field surveys for example, to ensure quality is
sufficient. Data generated during the plan and build phases become the basis for future operations, once
the network has been constructed. This is a significant opportunity to maximise the investment in the data
up to this point and ensure a smooth handover into network operations.
Data Management
A significant investment will be required in data needed to successfully plan, build and operate a FTTH
network. The network ultimately derived from that data will require an even greater investment. Therefore,
it is critical to understand the importance of that data and ensure it is adequately managed, protected and
maintained.
The digital twin of the network held in the GIS will be fundamental to future network operations after
construction. It underpins many of the operational processes such as service fulfilment, service assurance
and further network design and build. GIS data will be used by teams across the business and via APIs to
other systems to enable process automation.
New build construction process with quality gates
Therefore, within the GIS, consideration should be given to ensuring that poor quality data or loss of data
accuracy do not dilute the system. It is also essential to ensure changes meet the expected quality. This is
generally achieved through application of rigorous data maintenance processes along with the definition of
quality control and assurance (QA\QC) rules within the GIS.

Key Capabilities
Previously we discussed (i) what a GIS is in generic terms, (ii) the data managed in a GIS, and, (iii) at a high
level, how a GIS fits into the overall network lifecycle. However, we also need to understand) the type of
functionality that a GIS should provide to effectively support the network lifecycle.
Several key capabilities are needed to successfully manage the network and support business processes.
Below is a (non-exhaustive) list of typical capabilities. Not every capability will be needed by every
operator, but this is a good starting point. A GIS should be able to:
• Provide basic functions such as map navigation and viewing.
• Allow configuration of the visual appearance of the map and network assets, for example,
colour and line styles.
• Allow users to build a catalogue of all equipment within a data-driven catalogue system.
• Import/export data.
• Visualise 3D data such as LiDAR and panoramic imagery alongside physical network data.
• Support workflow to create projects and apply a lifecycle to those projects so that progress
can be tracked and understood.
• Document and manage the strand and structure of the network, for example trenches,
ducts, sub-ducts and blown fibre microducts to manage the capacity of the network.
• Capture fibre infrastructure present in the strand and structure - essentially the fibre optic
cables, optical splice closures, splitters, etc. that make up the network. Users need easy-to-
use tools that allow them to quickly modify and create the fibre infrastructure.
• Model and manage full end-to-end network connectivity down to the individual fibre level
from a customer premise, through any splitters and back to primary serving locations.
• Undertake network tracing analysis and display results geographically and textually.
This provides support for service assurance in identifying the location of breaks in fibre
networks using measurements from OTDR equipment.
• Record ownership of assets throughout the system, for example on structures and cables
and related equipment. This should enable users to easily see the locations of their own
organisation’s infrastructure as well as any leased infrastructure to make more informed
design decisions.
• Generate standard reports for items such as Bill of Materials / quantities and flexible ad hoc
reports to enable users to explore data and respond to business queries quickly and easily.
• Provide printing capabilities to generate hard and soft copy output of maps, schematics,
cable-pulling diagrams, etc. typically using pre-defined templates to ensure standard
information is included in the output. This is particularly important in the generation of
information for construction teams to use to build the network quickly and
accurately.

These functional capabilities are supplemented by a wide range of non-functional capabilities, such as:
• A user authentication and authorisation system that controls access to application

functionality and data, typically through integration with corporate user
management systems.
• Functionality to allow many users to operate on the network database without the need to
‘lock’ geographic areas.
• Extension of the data model used to allow system administrators to extend the supplied
data model to define customer-specific attributes and entities.
• An easy-to-use and easy-to-deploy web-based user interface. The interface should be

usable on laptops, tablets and smartphones.
• A rich set of APIs that enables data access and functionality to support system
integration and process automation. The APIs are required to facilitate interfacing with
systems using common standards.
• Compliance with common security guidelines to ensure data managed in the GIS is
protected. This is particularly relevant if any personally identifiable information is held in
the GIS (which is often not the case).
• A reliable deployment model that ensures system availability and uptime to meet expected
demands, given the 24/7 nature of business today.
Assuming a GIS with the necessary capabilities has been established our focus shifts to how the GIS can
support the Plan > Design > Build > Operate lifecycle covered in the next section.

Section 12.3
The Plan > Design > Build
> Operate Lifecycle
In both Chapter 7 and this chapter, we see how the GIS is used across the Plan > Build > Operate lifecycle.
This section looks at each part of the process from the perspective of GIS and describes the key workflows
that a GIS must support to ensure successful network deployment and ongoing operations.
Plan
Fundamental at this stage are (i) determining which areas are the most interesting to deploy fibre and (ii)
calculating a detailed cost for network deployment in the target areas.
Data aggregation
In this context GIS typically serves as the platform to collate the relevant data. Background mapping
data is essential at this stage, since this provides the foundation for the actual network design, such
as road centrelines and land parcel data. The GIS aggregates different data sources into a coherent
set of information that can then be used as the basis for automated network design calculations. This
aggregation process may involve manipulating the source data by combining it or undertaking analysis to
extract different information. This is particularly the case with extremely rich geo-marketing data. Analysis
of the various source inputs will provide the clearest indication of the best areas to target for a network
deployment.
Auto-design integration for high-level planning

An automated design tool can now be used to automatically calculate the most cost-effective high-level
network design to meet the design criteria as described in Chapter 9.
The GIS provides the front-end user interface for the planner to define the geographic area for the design
and then visualise the results from the automated design tool. In most cases, the planner will want to make
a few tweaks and changes to the high-level design to take into account local situations that the automated
design may not have been able to consider. The ability to see the design and inspect its components
provides the planner with the most effective way to validate it and apply their experience to ensure the
best possible outcome.
At this stage, the high-level design and related business case will usually go through an approval process.

Design
Next, the high-level design is turned into a more detailed low-level design that provides sufficient
information for construction teams to deploy the network infrastructure.
Data validation & contractor support

The designer will typically identify any errors in the data used as the basis for the design. Automated
quality assurance tools are used to identify and resolve potential problems. It is also common for operators
to outsource network design work. The external contractor will provide the design in a spatial data format
that can be imported into a GIS for the operator to verify and construct. This is why the GIS needs to
support standard APIs so that data can be used between different GIS platforms. Quality assurance tools
within GIS become particularly important as various checks can be run to ensure the design meets the
specified rules, and that the data meets the agreed quality level.
Diagram showing impact of data quality. The QA process acts as a ‘gatekeeper’ for quality.
Field surveys
At this point, it may also be necessary for a field survey to be undertaken to ensure data held in the GIS is
correct, for example that house counts are accurate. With the increasing use of third-party infrastructure
(particularly manholes and ducts/conduits) it is prudent for an operator to survey this infrastructure to
ensure that the resulting design only uses ducts that actually exist and are in good repair. Design errors at
this stage can be very costly to rectify, so a field survey can save costs in the long run. Providing field teams
with access to data held in the GIS in an easy-to-use interface that seamlessly updates the source GIS data
should make this survey process as efficient as possible. Introducing spreadsheets, or complicated export
and import processes, for example, can reduce efficiency and data quality.
Low-level design & construction documentation

Once the designer is confident that the source data is as accurate as possible, the low-level design can be
created. This may be done by:
• An automated design tool integrated into the GIS, as described here

• By the designer directly in the GIS
• An external design consultancy

In most cases, the result of the design should be captured in the GIS. The only exception is where
both the design and network build have been outsourced to an external contractor. In this case, the
contractor’s responsibility is to provide a documented record of what was actually constructed and the
interim design details are not needed by the operator.
If the design is held within the GIS, the primary outputs are the work instructions for the construction
teams to build the network. These will include
• A Bill of Materials
• Map-based views that show the construction teams where to dig trenches
• Details of where and how fibre optic cables are to be spliced
• Other relevant information such as health and safety considerations
Producing these documents can be a time-intensive activity so this should be automated and data
shared automatically with other relevant systems (such as workflow and procurement systems) via APIs.
Ideally, the construction information would be provided to the field teams digitally on a mobile device
to see what needs to be built and update the data to reflect what was actually built as discussed in the
following section.
Build
With the design complete, the next stage of the lifecycle is network build. The main outcomes required
are (i) an accurate record of what the final constructed (as-built) network actually looks like and (ii) the real-
world location and connections of equipment and cabling.
This information is essential to enable successful operation of the network and realise the Return On
Investment expected in the original business case.
Field updates
Streamlining the process of updating the low-level design in the GIS during construction is especially
important to ensuring successful operational processes. This can be achieved by enabling construction
teams to update the GIS data directly in the field. These changes can then be made available to all other
GIS users. In general, this can be achieved using the same tools as described for field surveys in the
Plan section. Tools should have seamless access to GIS data as well as additional functionality to capture
location information from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (such as GPS) or other survey instruments.
It is now also possible to use augmented reality approaches to capture dimensional information from
smartphones equipped with laser measurement capabilities.
Augmented Reality (AR) for data capture

Photos are a common method for field users to capture a record of changes that have been made. This
makes it simple for other GIS users to quickly understand where and how the network was constructed. This
is also important where third-party infrastructure is used: before and after photos may be required by the
infrastructure owner as evidence of the work done.
Field management solutions

Specialist field management solutions can be used as well. While often GIS-based, these tools introduce
additional support for managing external contractors, for example to report on construction progress.
When selecting such a solution it is important to pay particular attention to how contractors can access
systems in a secure, reliable way.
Seamless data update

Regardless of the toolset used, all data should be automatically updated in the GIS, based on the
workflow management milestones. Automated quality assurance checks should be executed to ensure
changes conform to the organisation’s data quality standards. Accurate network data will ensure that the
service provisioning process has the best chance of success. This is essential in today’s highly competitive
environment.
Operate
The key output from the GIS in the design and build process is a set of addresses where FTTH service
can be offered. As a minimum this set of addresses must be provided from the GIS into the downstream
OSS systems to allow those systems to receive customer orders and provide service. These processes
and software are described in the following chapter. GIS contributes to the operational processes, since
knowing where the network is and how it is connected (as represented in the digital twin) underpins
processes such as service fulfilment, service assurance, network maintenance, regulatory reporting and
company reporting.
Key OSS processes in which GIS plays a part:
Fulfilment
• Service feasibility relies heavily on network data managed in the GIS. Service feasibility
requests may be handled by front office staff looking at a range of data sources overlaid on
a map to understand the costs of offering service for a given location. For certain scenarios,
this process can be fully automated through API calls accessing the GIS.
• In many FTTH network deployments the GIS holds the record of the splitter port from
which a customer will be served. To fulfil a B2C customer connection request, the upstream
fulfilment system will access a GIS API for the relevant connection information for a given
customer address. The GIS will then be automatically updated (new cables installed, status
of equipment updated, etc.) if that service is delivered.
• In many cases for B2B connections, some additional network build is needed. This will
trigger a design and build activity within the GIS to complete this work and notify the
upstream fulfilment system when the work is complete.
• Operators may offer physical diversity for B2B services and parts of the FTTH feeder and
distribution network may also require physical diversity. This relies upon the GIS to provide
both the network data and analysis of the proposed routes to ensure physical diversity is
achieved, and - importantly - maintained over time.

Assurance
• Understanding the precise location of a fault within the network is essential to timely
remediation. Since GIS holds the location and connectivity of the network, it can support
the assurance process. A typical example relates to OTDR (see Chapter 11). The OTDR
provides the distance to the fibre break and the GIS can convert that distance into a real-
world location and provide the coordinates to field teams. Again, this may be automated
via APIs or can be accessed by a simple GIS user interface for the Network Operations
Centre or field users.
• Restoring service will often involve making changes to the physical network. In this case,
providing field teams with direct access to network data in the GIS is of enormous benefit.
The field teams can (i) easily understand where the network is (ii) determine options to
manage any fibre break (iii) easily update the GIS data to reflect the final state of the
network post restoration to ensure the location and connectivity is represented correctly for
other processes.
• The relationship between service and physical network is also vital to the assurance
process. Understanding which services, and hence which customers, are impacted by a
fibre break is a critical part of the process. The GIS provides support by providing the
relationship between the physical fibre network and the services delivered over that
network. This relationship is the basis of integration between the GIS and OSS.
Other operational processes

• Network maintenance processes need to understand where a certain network component
(such as a network card) is located. For example, it may be necessary to replace or upgrade
a certain type of equipment. GIS is able to retrieve a list of the locations where that specific
equipment is installed.
• Certain infrastructure elements must be inspected regularly. Poles are a good example: the
regulator will expect poles to be inspected every few years to ensure they are safe. The GIS
provides the pole locations and can document past inspections to manage this process.
Field teams can capture inspection data directly into the GIS via dedicated inspection tools,
or via APIs, and quality assurance processes can ensure data is error-free.
• Many operators will be subject to regulations (both operational and financial) that require
reports about the infrastructure that they operate to be submitted on a regular basis to the
regulator, or to local or regional government bodies. Using the GIS to automate production
of these reports so users do not have to spend time collating data and generating the
report manually can be a considerable efficiency benefit.
• There will also be many reports required for internal use within the operator about the
network related to company performance (such as homes passed per month, or kilometres
of fibre installed per year).
• In many countries, operators have to share information about the location of their
network with utilities, local or regional governments, and other organisations, to enable
collaboration. This ensures disruption to the public due to construction in the same area is
minimised.

Section 12.4
Summary
In this chapter we have explored how GIS supports many aspects of the Plan > Build > Operate network
lifecycle. As the digital twin of the network, it acts as the source of truth for information about the location
of the network and how it is connected at the physical layer. This data is fundamental to these wider
processes. The ability to seamlessly access the data and capability of the GIS, while preserving a high data
quality, is the basis of efficient network operations.
Sharing the network’s location and connectivity with the OSS allows the relationship between the physical
network infrastructure and customer-facing services to be maintained. This is the foundation to the wider
set of operational processes described in the following chapter.

Section III:
Operate
In this section, we take a closer look at network operations, maintenance, monitoring and troubleshooting.
These factors are already considered from the earliest stages of network planning and design.
In this section of the Handbook, we will examine:
• Delivering QoS, introducing flexibility and scalability and overcoming challenges by

implementing Operations Support Systems (OSS) and Business Support Systems (BSS)
• Selecting and implementing OSS and BSS
• Operations and maintenance strategies and best practices
• Information and procedures vital to ensuring network operations
• Preventive and corrective maintenance planning and execution
• Network monitoring and troubleshooting- approaches and tools
All of the above are vital to providing the Quality of Service users expect, and accommodating future
expansions and enhancements, changing user requirements and new technologies.

Chapter 13
OSS/BSS
13.1 Introduction - Why OSS/BSS Matters
13.2 What are OSS/BSS?
13.3 OSS/BSS Landscape Strategy
13.4 What can OSS/BSS do for You?
Section 13.1
Introduction -
Why OSS/BSS Matters
Building a FTTH network and business requires a long-term, high-tech investment. Once the network is
in operation, the investment you commit to when planning and building needs to yield adequate returns.
This chapter focuses on how OSS/BSS software solutions can help you operate your business efficiently,
monetise your network, and meet business objectives.
Ambitious growth targets, increasing competition, and the implicit complexity of the business makes it easy
to become overburdened. A few examples of challenges that operators face:
• Inability to scale due to operational inefficiency

• Manual or redundant handling of daily tasks which could be automated, leading to
unnecessary OPEX
• Long time-to-market when launching new services or addressing new customer segments
• Inability to provide an excellent customer experience, which impacts brand value
In this chapter, we will explore how these challenges can be addressed by utilising OSS/BSS software
solutions, thus helping to grow a profitable FTTH business.
OSS/BSS are complex system solutions. Understanding them requires experience and know-how. This
makes the assessment and comparison of various alternatives challenging.
Unfortunately, the need for OSS/BSS when starting a new fibre business is often overlooked. However,
the benefits and value of an OSS/BSS investment definitely manifest over time as the business grows. The
importance may appear low at first, but OSS/BSS is essential to avoiding rapidly increasing costs due to
operational inefficiencies.
Many operators that do not invest in an OSS/BSS solution from the outset hit a brick wall once they
become overburdened. The importance of this topic cannot, therefore, be overstated.

Section 13.2
What are OSS/BSS?
OSS/BSS are software systems that operators use to operate their business and networks. The distinction
emphasises a separation of concerns between operational and business aspects.
• Operations Support Systems (OSS)
Traditionally used by network engineers, service designers, architects, and technical support. Product
managers and senior staff that answer to the CTO or COO may also use or rely on OSS to some extent.
• Business Support Systems (BSS)
Typically used by business managers, commercial managers, and product managers.
OSS functions
Software applications that support back-office activities related to operating a telco network, provisioning
and maintaining customer services. Typical OSS capabilities include:
Resource/Network Inventory
A repository of all network resources, planned or in use. This is used to keep track of resource allocation
and usage.
Monitoring
Collecting, aggregating, storing, providing, and acting on performance information from network
resources.
Service provisioning
Usually includes a service catalogue where services are modelled, including the way in which they are
provisioned.
Device and network management

Interfacing with and configuring network elements.
BSS functions
BSS deals with issues such as taking orders, payment issues and revenues. It comprises four processes:
Product management
Product management supports product development, product sales, offers and bundles to businesses
and consumers.
Customer management
This can be regarded as a fully-fledged customer relationship management system implemented to help
customer care agents handle customers in a more informed manner.
Revenue management
Revenue management focuses on billing, charging and settlement.

Order management
Order management encompasses four areas:
Order decomposition details the rules for decomposing a Sales Order into multiple work orders or
service orders.
Order orchestration is an objective application used by Telcos to precisely manage, process and
handle customer orders across complex fulfilment and order capture systems.
Order fallout helps fully resolve order failures through detection, notification and recovery, helping
the order to be processed sustainably and precisely.
Order status management as a starting point for assurance is normally associated with OSS, but
BSS is often the business driver for fulfilment management and order provisioning.
Excerpt from Wikipedia which provides a good breakdown of typical BSS capabilities.
Wikipedia.org
Differences between OSS and BSS

To explore the difference between OSS and BSS, let’s look at the TM Forum’s eTOM model (Business
Process Framework). The Business Process Framework is an operating model framework for telecoms
industry service providers. The model describes service providers’ required business processes, and defines
key elements and how they should interact.
‘Business Process Framework (eTOM)’. Wikipedia (2021).
At a high level, OSS addresses Service and Resource-related Domains, while BSS covers Marketing and
Offer Management and Customer Relationship Management.
Supply Chain, Supplier / Partner Management, and Enterprise Management are typically covered by an
ERP system.

About TM Forum
TM Forum, a global industry association for telecoms service providers and suppliers, supports
members’ digital transformation initiatives and stimulates collaboration. TM Forum does this
by providing an open, collaborative environment and practical support which enables CSPs
and suppliers to rapidly transform their business operations, IT
systems and ecosystems to capitalise on the opportunities presented
in a rapidly evolving digital world. The Forum’s work includes Open
Digital Framework, Open Digital Architecture, REST-based Open APIs,
Frameworx, Business Process Framework (eTOM), Frameworx Shared
Information/Data Model (SID) and Telecom Application Map (TAM]
TMforum.org
Historical differences
The following, based on an excerpt from OSS Line (https://www.ossline.com/2010/12/definition-
oss-bss.html), provides a historical context on the difference between OSS and BSS.
OSS/BSS were previously more clearly separated. A common job, such as capturing and
provisioning a customer order, required a simple BSS-to-OSS interface: ’Deliver product X to
customer Y’. BSS would capture the order, set up billing, and pass the order to OSS for fulfilment.
Now, networks and services are more complicated and flexible. What’s more, Telcos offer a
range of differentiated products. OSS and BSS must liaise over what could be ordered by the
customer, based on, for example, what services they already have, the network they use, available
resources, or the client’s distance from the telephone exchange. Today, offering a customer a
service is a negotiation between the commercial products managed by BSS and the ability of
OSS (and the local network) to deliver certain products.
As a result, a number of systems now straddle OSS/BSS:
• Service Assurance systems are now integrated across OSS/BSS to track service
performance and ensure customer service-level agreements (SLA) are met. Service Assurance may
also pro-actively identify network failures, initiating resolution action and notifying high-priority
customers.
• Service Catalogues (Product Catalogues) provide Telcos with a single place to list
products offered to customers and define which network resources can be used to deliver the
service. Service Catalogues allow product managers to join up service offering and fulfilment
processes across BSS and OSS.
• Service Management applications allow greater interaction between OSS and BSS
processes when the service order and fulfilment process is complex. If a service order comprises
multiple technical resources delivered by multiple OSS systems, Service Management is
responsible for orchestrating the fulfilment process and keeping the customer-facing team
informed about progress, changes or delivery issues.

Section 13.3
OSS/BSS Landscape
Strategy
Build or buy?
A decision most businesses face at some point is whether to build or buy a piece of required software. This
decision has lasting consequences and is not easy to make. To a degree, the decision will be influenced
by individual preconceptions, preferences, and aspirations. It should, however, be driven strictly from a
business perspective.
A good approach is to investigate the three decision aspects Cost, Risk, and Value.
Cost
Cost should be the first concern. What is the cost of building the system? What is the cost of buying a
vendor product? To answer these questions, one needs to understand that there are different kinds of costs
and the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is the true metric.
Buying software usually includes license and service costs. License costs can turn out higher than expected
if a clear understanding of how license costs are calculated is lacking. Commercial software is almost never
plug-and-play and needs to be installed, configured, and integrated. The services required for that drive
additional costs.
When an enterprise builds its own system, there are no license fees. The only costs/payments are for the
man-hours and infrastructure needed. In some cases, this can make calculation easier, but in other cases
it may be extremely difficult to estimate accurately. Building can be expensive if the software is large or
complex, and its creation requires a large development team. When projects take longer than expected,
more money will need to be spent before the software is ready for use. Also, the cost of maintaining the
software over time needs to be factored in. It is vital to have a clear view of TCO over time.
Risk
The second aspect of the ‘build vs. buy’ decision is risk. This is the likelihood and potential impact of
something going wrong. Each choice entails different risks, and it is up to the operator to decide which
matter the most.
A large risk when building a piece of software is whether it will be delivered and put into production.
Software projects are often delivered late, or not at all, in spite of large investments. OSS/BSS is complex
and building software in an unfamiliar domain can result in difficulties and considerable expense.
Risk rears its head to a considerable degree when the ‘buy’ option is selected. The main risk is the presence
of a piece of software in the business network that the business does not fully control. There may also be
no access to the source code, making the business dependent on the software supplier to fix bugs and
provide support.
Any time a piece of software that is not fully controlled is introduced into a business environment, risk is
increased. This includes the inherent risks of a Software as a Service (SaaS) solution, which houses key data
in a third-party data centre.

Value
The last but perhaps most important factor is the value that the choice will bring. When building a solution,
this is straightforward. The value is directly related to solving the problem addressed by the solution as
designed.
When buying a system, the situation is different. Besides the direct value of solving problems, the
relationship with the supplier will probably also provide value. The supplier can guide the purchaser and
provide valuable best practices and know-how.
A standard commercially available system seldom perfectly matches a buyer’s current needs and problems.
That should be taken into consideration and may be an argument against buying. However, the system
may incorporate features that will provide value in the future. The ongoing improvement and enhancement
typically associated with commercial systems can be another valuable aspect of buying.

Section 13.4
What can OSS/BSS do
for You?
In this section we will explore what OSS/BSS can do for you. We will examine challenges FTTH operators
face and how OSS/BSS can help overcome these and build a better business. Several business aspects
affect the challenges faced and, consequently, what OSS/BSS can do for:
• Business model
• Target customers
• Service offerings
• Technology and supplier selection
Among these variables, one thing remains consistent: customers have to be acquired, served, and
supported. For that reason, this section is structured in alignment with the customer journey, as
illustrated below.
Figure 13.2
The customer Journey
Different fibre businesses will be at different stages of development. When starting a new fibre business,
the key focus is typically on customer acquisition, in order to secure revenue and market share.
In the beginning, a great deal can be done manually, such as delivery-related tasks. However, as customer
volume gradually grows, it becomes more and more important to operate efficiently through automation.
Initially, many fibre businesses have the luxury of being the only available fibre provider in their area.
However, to achieve maximum penetration and remain competitive you need to become increasingly
aware of how satisfied and loyal customers are. Customers are the best ambassadors of a business.

Growth
When launching a fibre business, many potential problems may arise, such as slow expansion, low market
penetration, difficulty convincing customers to switch infrastructure, or long delivery lead times.
Resolving these key challenges requires:
Understanding the market

This, in turn, requires market insight. One common OSS/BSS solution is to capture interest from potential
customers via an online portal. Combined with demographic market data and information about
competitors, this helps understand where to prioritise your efforts.
Presenting offerings which attract customers

Having the right offerings requires structured modelling, publishing, and reporting on the success of your
offerings in the form of products. In most OSS/BSS solutions this is done in a product catalogue.
Generally speaking, customers demand choice. Depending on your specific situation, your business could
benefit from opening your network to other providers. By providing wholesale access to other Retail
Service Providers (RSPs) many operators give end-customers on their network a wider choice of services,
which has a positive effect on market penetration.
Reaching out to the market

There are several ways of achieving this. OSS/BSS can support you with features such as an online portal
that makes it easier for customers to see and purchase your offerings. OSS/BSS can also help coordinate
other types of sales efforts, including field sales.
Operational Excellence
Shifting of focus
When you first start building your network, certain things may be easily overlooked:
• Volume-related issues
• Daily operational tasks
• Process support for events that occur only occasionally
Usually, the focus is on sales and initial growth. However, it is vital to consider what happens thereafter.
Good strategy decision-making requires being proactive rather than solving problems in an ad hoc
manner as you grow. Focus needs to shift from growth to operational excellence.
A rapidly growing customer base will introduce numerous tasks and problems if you do not plan for this
from the outset. Operational efficiency and performance might seem like minor issues during the initial
growth stage but left unchecked this can have serious consequences for the business. Typical issues
include:
• Increasing OPEX due to manual processing

• Stress and low morale amongst staff due to high workloads
• Poor customer experiences due to ad hoc handling of their issues

As the customer base grows, the operational expenses of service fulfilment increase exponentially if
handled inefficiently, or if a great deal of manual processing is involved. Furthermore, a significant portion
of all network outages is caused by manual error.
Once the business has grown to a few thousand customers, certain processes will require significant
resources and effort. Some examples of business processes that will put operational efficiency to the test as
the number of subscribers rise are:
• Troubleshooting
• Customer installations
• Service provisioning
• Billing issues
• Trouble tickets
The key to solving these operational challenges and achieving operational excellence is automation. And
this is where OSS/BSS can really create a great deal of value.
Automation roadmap
It is vital that OSS/BSS can automate processes and actions whenever the need arises. Looking forward and
knowing the exact automation needs is very difficult when a FTTH business is launched. Therefore, support
systems must be able to handle anything that has not been anticipated - this is where OSS/BSS really start
to deliver value.
To be proactive, create an automation roadmap. What is the big picture according to the build plans, when
it comes to business and operational processes? What processes should be automated when customer
numbers reach 10,000, 100,000 and 1,000,000?
Automating gradually as the business grows is a smart choice. However, without a foundation or a good
toolbox, problems related to resource allocation and high operational costs will occur. Having an OSS/BSS
stack that can scale and adapt to the automation plan is key to avoiding a situation akin to trying to change
the tyres on a car while driving on the highway.
Customer Loyalty
The economic realities of customer care are harsh. Every call to customer service is expensive. A few
minutes can reduce profits already built up. For this reason, it is critical for operators to reduce the number
of service calls to a minimum.
Customer care is often restricted by complex service diagnostics and troubleshooting technical systems.
Most requests are forwarded to technicians, which can result in unnecessary delays and higher costs.
When a customer is experiencing a problem with a service, a large amount of technical data must be taken
into consideration. The issue for many operators is the fact that vast amounts of data are located across
multiple systems, so that drawing any conclusions from it is very complicated or even impossible.
Smart aggregation of service performance data and easy-to-use service assurance tools empower and
equip customer care to tackle a large proportion of all trouble tickets. Examples of service performance
data are traffic, network jitter and packet loss. Presenting an aggregated overview of all available service
performance data with a focus on the most important factors is a good idea.
Faults that result in customers experiencing problems should be detected and handled as soon as possible,
as these have a dual impact- direct profit reduction (SLA breach penalties) and loss of customer loyalty.
The illustration below shows an example of key entities in a fibre business. An OSS/BSS solution should
offer a good overview of the relationships between these entities. This is another reason why separating
OSS and BSS is not a good idea. A clear relationship between the operational and business aspects makes
it easier to serve customers and gain their loyalty.

Figure 13.3
The relations between different entities in a fibre busines
Common Pitfalls in OSS/BSS Strategy

Delay in automating
As volume increases, manual processing will lead to customer dissatisfaction, human errors, spending
a great deal of time on routine tasks, and unnecessary staff expansion. This, in turn, results in rollout
delays, changes of plan, stressed software design decisions, and a focus shift from network rollout to the
management of resources and IT.
Automating only for the initial deployment

The design fails to address occasional tasks that become daily tasks as volume increases. Unidentified costs
and other surprises come along later along with volume.
Automating for the current access technology and vendor

What effect will introducing a new vendor and access technology have? Will it bring cost increases and
surprises in the long run because of vendor lock-in or non-flexibility in design?
Lack of automated feasibility and availability processes

It may become impossible to differentiate offerings by area or by campaign. There may also be no
possibility to inform people about network build-out plans or products reaching end-of-life. This leads to
lost momentum compared to competitors, with the risk of losing market share and spending a great deal of
time communicating with customers about network rollout plans.

Trying to build the fibre business using generic IT solutions
Using ITIL ticketing tools (designed for datacentres and IT organisations), CRM systems, or ERP systems,
and integrating them using an Enterprise Service Bus (rule-based architecture which allows integration of
numerous applications), for example, will lead to significant integration costs and complexity in the long
term. This is due to lack of fibre business domain functionality and continual integration work.
Automating only residential services

This can lead to identifiable costs as the network grows. A substantial proportion of business customers
or IoT services will need appropriate automation support or even self-service. To remain competitive and
increase margins, the operator needs to automate for business as well as residential customers.
Adding service provider(s) when running a wholesale business

The business might start out with one or two providers but needs to add more - which can be difficult if
automation support, data separation and self-service are lacking. Heavy investments in these systems, for
example the development of API or self-service portals, may be required to manage this.
Not investing long-term

The largest part of system TCO is not the initial investment, but system and maintenance costs in the long
term. What happens if the business plan changes along the way? What happens if key resources leave?
How to ensure IT security aspects are covered? How are legal changes and regulations to be handled?
Can internal resources stay up-to-date with the latest technology and automation best practices? All these
factors can lead to significant costs and re-planning.
Conclusion
Operation Support System (OSS) software helps organisations manage their networks. Business Support
System (BSS) are used to manage all business activities such as orders, customers, products, or revenue.
The combination of OSS and BSS allow network operators to reliably offer services to vast – and growing -
numbers of subscribers. OSS/BSS systems help improve profitability, make planning easier, eliminate errors,
reduce sales cycle times, implementation times and help meet customers needs.
OSS/BSS needs to be considered at the outset of FTTH network design and business. Otherwise, planning,
provisioning, fulfillment, sales, billing and promoting end-user services will become increasingly difficult
as subscriber numbers grow. Without an adequate, scaleable solution, operating expenses and the risk of
error will increase exponentially as more manual processing is required. There is also a risk that customers
will receive more or less than what they are paying for. Resource allocation and network expansion will
become difficult due to a lack of visibility.
There is a considerable cost involved at the outset and a build-or-buy decision needs to be made. The time
it takes to recover this investment depends on several variables, particularly end-user uptake. However,
the investment will be lower than the cost of doing everything manually as the network expands and new
services are introduced.

Chapter 14
Operations &
Maintenance
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Strategy for Network OAM
14.3 Operating the Network
14.4 Maintaining the Network
14.5 Network Upgrades and Expansion

Section 14.1
Introduction
Operations and Maintenance (OAM) issues have become more significant in recent years as FTTH networks
have grown and as the number of customers connected has increased. These issues are likely to become
even more important in the post-Covid-19 world as people increasingly work from home.
It is a prerequisite to have well-documented policies, procedures, and processes to effectively operate and
maintain the network. These can help operators optimise their return on investment while delivering
on QoS.
This chapter provides an overview of the OAM aspects of a FTTH network infrastructure. While each
network design is different, OAM best practices remain a common requirement. This chapter will also
distinguish between the requirements for wholesale and retail users of the network. The ultimate aim of
OAM is to run the network reliably, efficiently and cost-effectively by using optimum processes
and procedures.
As FTTH networks grow, the number of customers connected increases and bandwidth requirements
change as a result of trends and technology developments. Operating and maintaining networks is
becoming increasingly important. Developing an effective OAM strategy needs to start during the initial
stages of network planning and design. The consequences of decisions made at the earliest stages need to
be considered. Well-documented policies, procedures, and processes are also essential, and help deliver
on QoS. It is vital to consider different rollout and access models, business aims, OPEX, the possibility of
sharing the network, and communication with service providers.
The operations structure needs to ensure FTTH networks are up and running 24/7/365, delivering the best
possible service to all users. This requires considering information from as-built drawings, GIS, document
management systems, services plans, policies and procedures, commissioning, testing and completion
documentation, type of network, construction and assets. Health & Safety considerations are also important
in planning, building, and operating the Network.
When planning network upgrades and expansions, all of the above needs to be taken into account. Finally,
regular preventive maintenance needs to be scheduled. Processes for this and corrective maintenance
need to be designed and implemented.

Section 14.2
Strategy for Network OAM
OAM strategy begins with key decisions that must be taken during the initial stages of network planning
and design. It is important that planners are aware of the implications of their decisions for OAM. Key
decisions include:
Business model options

FTTH network deployment may require costly construction in both MDU and SDU scenarios. These high
costs can make deployment difficult, especially, if the same costs have to be borne by every competing
operator. Therefore, one key question to be answered before implementation is - will the FTTH networks
only serve one operator or provide open access to others? This question leads to these three FTTH
rollout models:
• Open access model - supporting wholesale operations

• Vertically integrated model - dedicated to retail
• Mix model - supporting wholesale and retail operations within one organisation
Optical fibre resources are well suited for sharing in a wholesale model. Service providers (wholesale
clients) can help increase network penetration level. However, wholesale business requires a
different approach:
• Tailored to the needs of service providers

• Appropriate wholesale pricing models
• Additional technical services that may incur higher operating costs
Consideration of a wholesale business model is increasingly important to the investment case and market.
Regulators are often looking for ways to encourage new deployments to meet national Gigabit Society
targets, thereby allocating public funds to networks that must be made available to operators under non-
discriminatory conditions.
Business aims and OPEX considerations

Several parameters influence the business case of a given FTTH network. Each area requires a separate
analysis as the business perspective is highly dependent on actual competition in that area. Apart from
competition, there are various operational parameters that need to be considered. Appropriate sensitivity
analysis should be performed to analyse how they affect the business case. Examples of the key parameters
to be considered include:
• SLAs
• QoS levels
• Capacity utilisation & delivery
• Maintenance (corrective & preventative)
• Asset management

Implementation of open-access models
Open Access Network means a telecommunications network that is made available to different service
providers (wholesale clients) other than the owner, under fair and non-discriminatory terms. In other words,
the terms and conditions for access should be the same for all service providers. The cost of utilising an
open access network should be lower than the cost of building a separate infrastructure.
Fibre access networks are well suited to the wholesale open access model due to the abundance of
available bandwidth. This makes active sharing methods such as BSA (Bit Stream Access) possible
(see below) even in the presence of several service providers on a single network. Moreover, the PON
architecture, due to its passive design, which does not require any active distribution elements, allows the
use of passive sharing methods as described below. In general, wholesale products are offered at different
tiers of telecommunications infrastructure. There are various methods for classifying open access services.
The first method is based on the type of shared resource:
Passive Open Access - Ducts, sewers, poles, and dark fibre, offers telecommunications operators the
opportunity to share passive infrastructure. However, service providers must deploy their own active
equipment to provide telecommunications services to end users.
Active Open Access relies on active services such as TCP/IP model Layer 2 or Layer 3. The scope of
these services may vary and may even include white label internet service that could be offered to service
providers who do not possess a telecommunications infrastructure.
The second classification method, often used by regulators, is based on the location of the point of
interconnection in relation to homes passed provided by the shared infrastructure:
Wholesale Local Access (WLA) - Involves sharing the last drop connection between the local
serving distribution point and end users.
Wholesale Central Access (WCA) - refers to sharing the access providing connectivity to end
users and the networks connecting at a central serving node (higher in the network hierarchy).
WLA and WCA can offer similar wholesale service. However, due to the regional and national coverage of
WCA, it is a type of active open access. WLA, on the other hand, requires the service provider to have its
own access devices such as OLT in proximity, thus WLA is mainly a type of passive open access.
The most common technical services provided by open access operators are:
Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) - passive access service offered as WLA consisting of the local fibre optic
loop (from the end user premises to the local distribution point).
Bitstream Access (BSA) - an active access service offered primarily as a WCA consisting of an active Layer
2 or Layer 3 service from the end user to the central point of interconnection.

BSA is typically implemented as a Layer 2 (VLAN) service. If BSA is configured to provide internet-only
services, a dedicated VLAN is provisioned for each operator for each access node (most often OLT).
However, if BSA is configured to provide triple play services (Internet, TV, Telephony), then for each access
node (OLT) there are three separate VLANs per operator (one VLAN for Internet, one for TV, and a third for
Telephony). The diagram below illustrates the configuration of BSA service for a given SP (Service Provider).
A BSA specification usually includes QoS policy, security mechanisms (IP and MAC anti-spoofing) and
service client endpoint authentication.
Multi-vendor strategy and interoperability
A multi-vendor strategy allows telecom operators to buy equipment from multiple vendors, so that the
company does not become dependent on an individual supplier. Such a strategy not only allows the
operator to negotiate equipment prices with multiple parties, but also enables the implementation of a
robust supply chain and mitigation of technical problems.
Interoperability between equipment of different CPE and access equipment providers is important for
telecom operators. From the operator’s point of view, it is important to be able to have multiple sources of
access equipment and multiple sources of CPE.
For FTTH operators, the implementation of the multi-vendor strategy is not a trivial task if they have decided to
implement GPON (or XG-PON / XGS-PON) networks. The interoperability test plans have been defined by Broadband
Forum for GPON as TR-255 and for XG-PON / XGS-PON as TR-309. However, the lack of strict implementation
guidelines for the OMCI and PLOAM layers meant that suppliers have a lot of freedom in deciding the implementation
details. Therefore, if an operator wants to achieve differentiation between OLT and ONT providers, it should only focus
on ONTs that have passed the Broadband Forum BBF-247 ONT certification program. In addition, it is recommended
to use OMCI to configure Layer 2 parameters only, while configuration related to more advanced Layer 3 features (eg
Wi-Fi) should be done using separate configuration protocols such as TR-069.

Open API between wholesale and retail operators
Communication between an open access operator and service providers must be organised in such a way
as to enable smooth integration of processes on both sides. The communication channel must facilitate:
• Checking the availability of the service at the indicated location

• Scheduling of technician’s visit to the customer
• Device activation and deactivation
• Verification of the technician’s work status
• Sharing the technician team’s calendar
• Sending information about planned works and mass network disruptions
• Exchange of documents
There are two common approaches to organising this communication:
• Web portal - created by an open access operator for all service providers, through which the service
provider can place service orders, forecasts, submit complaints, modify services, etc.
• API – Programming interfaces which facilitate integration between IT systems of an access operator and
service providers. A comprehensive set of TM Forum’s open APIs was developed in collaboration with
operators. It covers most of the required communication between an open access operator and service
providers. Therefore, it is recommended to use TM Forum APIs listed on: https://projects.tmforum.org/wiki/
display/API/Open+API+Table in order to improve integration between operators as well as improve the
end customer experience.
A web portal is a good solution for organising communication when the number of orders is relatively
small. However, in the case of large service providers and large volumes of orders, it is recommended to
integrate IT systems with the open access operator via APIs. The portal is also useful during the period in
which a large service provider is adapting its IT systems to integrate with the API. Sometimes integration
takes several months, so by using a portal the service provider can quickly establish cooperation.
With this in mind, an open access operator should provide both forms of communication to enable
cooperation with large and small service providers.
tmforum.org
projects.tmforum.org
Sustainability and carbon footprint reduction

FTTH networks can be operated with significantly lower carbon emissions than legacy competing networks
such as copper or HFC.
There are two primary reasons for this: Reliability and Power Consumption.
FTTH networks are more reliable than their legacy competitors. This results in fewer faults which in turn
means far less resource is required to deal with network faults and customer issues. The Fiber Broadband
Association in North America has found that “Truck Rolls” and “Customer Churn” are responsible for 85%
of Access Network OPEX on average across all technologies. However, FTTH networks OPEX is significantly
lower because they do not experience the same level of Customer Churn or the same level of faults. The
reduced fault levels lead to reduced Truck Rolls and therefore a reduction in carbon emissions attributable
to the network. The graphs on the following page show the anticipated OPEX saving derived from FTTH.

Source: Fiber Broadband Association.
Secondly, FTTH networks require less electrical power. This is primarily because FTTH networks require
fewer active elements than legacy copper/HFC networks. Breko (a broadband industry association based
in Germany) has published a study comparing the energy consumption of these networks and found that
GPON is the best FTTH network in terms of sustainability, followed by FTTH Point-to-point and XGS-PON.
If all households in Germany were supplied (given a 100 % capacity rate) with GPON, this could save
almost 240 MW compared to FTTC. Based on a sum data rate of one Gbit/s, a full supply of FTTH point-to-
point systems can save almost 1100 MW in power compared to FTTC.
As Europe moves towards a carbon-neutral society in the coming years it will be important for operators to
accurately monitor and record the carbon emissions of their networks. This will be of significant importance
for incumbent operators who migrate their networks from traditional copper technologies to fibre and will
be a driver to accelerate their efforts to switch off copper networks.

Section 14.3
Operating the Network
FTTH networks need to operate round the clock and must consistently deliver high quality service to
all users. In order to ensure that the requisite performance is delivered, it is necessary to implement an
appropriately resourced operations structure. The establishment of such a structure requires the sourcing
and management of various items of information:
Details of the network and type of construction

In order for the operations team to carry out their role and associated tasks effectively and efficiently they
need to know the kind of network that has been implemented and how it was constructed (see earlier
Chapters in this Handbook). This will involve knowledge of and access to a wide range of data associated
with the network so that the operator can run and maintain it as efficiently as possible. The sustainability
of the network in being able to deliver the services required can be seriously undermined due to a lack of
effective and well-resourced OAM. Lack of, or poorly conceived, OAM systems will contribute to a cycle of
underperformance that can lead to poor service delivery.
As-built drawings / GIS mapping

To this end, as-built drawings in an agreed format supported with GIS mapping data are vital. This is the
focus of Chapter 12. A key consideration is the location of all the network assets as well as their proximity
to other utilities. A comprehensive IT Systems support structure will include the necessary Physical Network
Inventory as detailed in Chapter 7.
Services plans
Customer service plans are the policies and procedures put in place to establish, maintain, and enhance
the relationship between the network operator and its customers. These plans will include a number of
key elements such as customer types and profiles, past and current billing information, agreed SLAs of the
service offering, customer service support and so on.
Physical Network Inventory

Such a register of equipment, cables, and ducts is clearly important not only from an operational
perspective but financially. Not only that, maintaining this register is important to keep pace with all moves,
adds and changes. Technicians working in the field need good information about the equipment on which
they are going to work. The asset register should include associated information such as manufacturers’
instructions especially for active equipment as well as the associated guarantees and warranties.
Policies and procedures for OAM

It is a prerequisite that every operator or CP has robust policies and procedures for how they deal with
OAM on their network. This will form the basis of their SOP (Standard Operating Procedures) manual. It
provides the necessary guidance as to how issues are dealt with on a routine basis. As with all policies and
procedures they will require regular review and updating.

Document management system (DMS)
All the relevant documentation aimed at explaining “how to carry out activities” should be written bearing
in mind specific stakeholders (for example, field technicians, NOC operators, Customer Operators/SPs).
They should also be organised in a way which reflects the appropriate level of detail.
To meet the above-mentioned requirements, a reference documentation scheme should be adopted.
The figure below shows an example of a reference schema.
SP
Figure 14.1 - Document Reference Schema
This schema can be implemented in IT systems such as a Document Management Systems (DMS) or
company Intranet that can also be open to external users by means of secure and profiled link accesses.
Moreover, to improve the field experience, access to the DMS can be embedded in a Field Activities
Management Mobile App.
Figure 14.2 – Documentation access on the Field Activities Management Mobile App

The following examples, related to service activation, explain the hierarchy of the reference documentation
schema.
Receiving and accepting orders - every Order sent by the Requester must pass formal and meaningful
checks executed by CRM/SP Gateway System. If the check is OK, the Order Management system accepts
the order.
Customer Operator - check on the formal name and on the current availability of a commercial
agreement
POP/central office - check on the formal name aimed at verifying the actual belonging of the POP
to the Network Coverage
Building ID - check on the formal code aimed at verifying the actual belonging of the building to
the Network Coverage
PAD - Planned Activity Date: congruence check with commercial SLAs. In case of at least one failed
check, the Order will not be acquired in the Order Management System and instead go into the
“Acquired OK” state. If all the information checks are OK, the Order Management System acquires
the Order which goes in the “Acquired” state
Network Infrastructure Provisioning - the Order Management system sends relevant Order Information
to Physical Network Inventory/DB which performs a Passive Network Resources Availability check. If this is
OK, the Physical Network Inventory/DB reserves the network resources needed for the order provisioning,
thus generating a Circuit/Resource ID.
If the check is not OK, the Order Management suspends the Order. This triggers the Passive Infrastructure
Upgrade Process.
Field task Planning - In this phase, date and time slots for field tasks are planned, and coordination with
the final customer takes place. This engages the technician operating in a particular geographical location.
Service Activation - In this phase, new and existing services to multiple end-user devices are activated
simultaneously. It is vital to follow scheduled steps accurately as hundreds of results may be generated for
each PON activation, which is often taken care of by third parties / subcontractors.
Order Closing - The task is marked as closed, and important information is captured and added to the
network database, possibly including photographs and relevant documentation for future reference. If
required, a signature from the customer is obtained to validate closure.
Standard Delivery Operating Procedure - end-to-end “how to do?”

Operating instruction Optical Link Acceptance -> specific task detailed “how to do?”
During the Service Activation Phase of the Delivery Process, the field technician must assess the Optical
Quality of the FTTH Link under activation.
Preliminary task - App Configuration

Select server (for example from a from drop down box.)
- IP Adress: 100.100.10.100
- Port number
Step 1: App configuration Step 2: OTDR test with Reflector

in Optical Socket
The field technician will perform an OTDR acceptance test inserting the Line ID in the relative field and
clicking on the “Test” button.
In order to accept the Link, the field technician must assess wether the end-to-end attenuation of the link is
equal to or less than the agreed power budget threshold.

Commissioning and testing results and certificates
Optimal network monitoring and maintenance requires accurate commissioning and test results to be used
as reference data/values. For this reason, line/circuit reference data storage is a fundamental step of the
service activation phase of the Delivery Process.
Essential reference data/values consist of optical end to end attenuation and optical distance. These data
are typically acquired by means of an OTDR system. Further parameters such as downstream throughput,
upstream throughput, latency/ping time and jitter may also be considered. To obtain the optical quality
parameters, the OTDR system should “know” the optical path related to the line/circuit to be activated.
This is a 2-step process:
Step 1: a logical description of the ODN is needed. For this reason, the OTDR EMS is regularly populated
with network topology data from the PNI.
Step 2: when an Order is received, a logical description of the Line/Circuit under activation is needed. To
obtain this, the OTDR EMS (after Field Task Planning is completed), is specifically loaded with the unique
Circuit/Resource ID coming from the Order Management System.
Figure 14.4 – Preliminary tasks for line/circuit reference data storing after Service Activation during the Delivery Process
At the end of the Service Activation Phase the technician performs an OTDR test in order to verify that the
end-to-end attenuation of the link is equal to or less than the Power Budget Threshold.
If the attenuation exceeds the power budget threshold, the technician must assess the quality of the physical
infrastructure (too much bending, cleanliness of connectors) and take the appropriate corrective action. If the
attenuation falls within specification, the technician will create logical matching between the new reflective
event (properly highlighted in the Field Task Management Mobile App) and the Circuit/Resource ID loaded
by the Order Management System thus saving this Reference Data.
Upon Order completion, the end-to-end Order Management System will be automatically updated with the
relevant optical parameters - attenuation and optical distance of the new reflective event.

Completion Certificates
Certificates provide specific and accurate information about Delivery or Assurance task completion. This
information may from link quality data to details of the CPE.
Below is an example of a Completion Certificate.
Figure 14.5 - Example of completion certificate
Health & Safety

Every operator, CP and contractor should have regard to Health & Safety, for which they should have
developed the appropriate policies and procedures. Health and Safety is not the responsibility of the FTTH
Council Europe therefore nothing is this Handbook should be construed as an instruction in that regard.

Section 14.4
Maintaining the Network
Maintenance falls into two broad categories: preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance.
Preventive maintenance is scheduled periodically. It is designed to prevent operational failures and detect
defects before they cause failures. Corrective maintenance is carried out in the event of a failure or a
network defect that could potentially cause a failure. Corrective maintenance often needs to be carried out
on an ‘emergency’ basis in order to restore service to customers.
Maintenance
Preventive maintenance
Preventive maintenance is aimed at proactive monitoring tasks to assess the network’s general status in
order to fix potential problems and assure optimal network operating conditions.
The figure below shows a general reference process.
Figure 14.6 – Preventive Maintenance Process
These tasks are usually carried out on a periodic basis. For this reason, it is important to keep track of issues
indentified on network elements and, any corrective action taken. To do this, appropriate information
systems management is essential.
Examples of activities are listed in the table below.

Preventive maintenance task planning
The PNI (or specific network views created by means of Business Intelligence tools) periodically selects
items to be scheduled for preventive maintenance. This could be done by setting several parameters such
as a timestamp of the last preventive maintenance task.
Selected network items are sent to the Trouble Ticket Management System (TTM) which automatically
creates a Ticket. The TTM engages field technicians or the central OTDR EMS. Work is assigned to field
technicians based on their geographic location and that of the network element.
Preventive maintenance task execution

The field technician completes the maintenance task information required in the Field Activities
Management Mobile App, attaching relevant documents such as photos of the inspection. The technician
then closes the task on the App leading to the simultaneous updating of the Ticket in the TTM which finally
sends a specific tag (timestamp) to the PNI.
Figure 14.7 – Preventive Maintenance System Information Flow
In the case of fibre performance monitoring, the TTM directly engages the central OTDR EMS to send the
Fibre Link name/Link ID as an input parameter.
Example - Leak test on junction box

1. The Field Technician uses the Field Activities Management Mobile Application
2. To recieve the Maintenance Task and reviews network item information (network ID, geographical
position, etc.)
3. Executing the leak test:
a. Calibration of the gas detector to the environment in which the junction box is positioned,
making sure no leaks are detected.
b. Introduce helium into the junction box, to 700hPa pressure; wait for dispersion of
any gas leaks during the operation.
c. For at least 15 minutes, check for any leaks of helium.
3. Insert requested information into the Mobile App.

Figure 14.8 – Preventive Maintenance Task example: pneumatic test
on junction box
Corrective tasks identified during preventive maintenance
If the output of the preventive maintenance task identifies corrective work, the technician notifies the NOC
operator who will open a specific ticket on the TTM system. The preventive task ticket is suspended and
will be closed when the corrective task is completed.
Corrective Maintenance
Corrective maintenance is typically addressed in two ways:
Reactive: In the case of Trouble Tickets opened by the Customer Service Team as a result of Service
Outage or Degradation.
Proactive:
o In response to alarms coming from monitoring systems , which can potentially

affect network services, such as Fault Management Systems giving rise to an
Incident Trouble Ticket
o As a result of an of Internal Trouble Ticket opened by NOC operators in response to

scheduled maintenance activities such as network expansions or civil works. The figure
below shows a general reference QA flow diagram of a Corrective Maintenance process.

Figure 14.9 – Corrective Maintenance Process Flow Diagram
Recieve Trouble Ticket (TT)

For reactive cases, every TT sent by the Requester must pass formal checks executed by the CRM Gateway
System. If the check is positive, the Trouble Ticket Management system (TTM) takes control of the TT. The
most relevant critical information is the unique Circuit/Resource ID of the line affected by service outage or
degradation.
For proactive cases, the Fault Management system intercepts alarms coming from several sources, thus
generating an Incident TT in the TTM System.
The table below shows some alarms which can be taken into account.
Information Interrogation and Collection

In this phase, using the Circuit/Resource ID, the TTM populates the TT with data from several sources in
order to initiate the subsequent phases with useful and relevant information.
The table below shows some data which can be gathered from several sources.

Meanwhile, the TTM correlates the current TT with others that can can be associated with it to better
manage all the necessary corrective tasks. Indeed, correlation can enable the TTM to identify a common
root cause across multiple TTs.
Diagnosis
The NOC operator takes charge of the TT and analyses the information in order to assess whether:
• The outage or degradation stated by the Customer Operator/Service Provider in the TT must be
addressed.
• The problem can be solved remotely or requires field mobilisation
In case of an alarm the NOC Operator must assess whether:
• The alarm must be addressed or not, thus closing the TT
• The problem can be solved remotely or requires field mobilisation
For every TT:
• For a problem that can be solved remotely, the NOC operator identifies the
appropriate stakeholder (second level technicians, vendor technicians, etc.) to be engaged.
• Where a mobilisation is required, the NOC operator can better understand and identify the
location of the problem by analyzing the OTDR results, thus adding useful information to the TT.
If the TT is related to an active service, the NOC operator can perform further tests (for instance on the OLT
configuration).
Corrective Task Planning

By using SLA data, the TTM defines the deadline for TT resolution and engages the resource responsible
for the corrective task. In particular, the TTM engages field technicians by creating a specific task in the
Field Activities Management Mobvile App taking into account their geographical distribution.
For TTs that can be solved remotely, the NOC operator engages the appropriate stakeholder (second level
technicians, vendor technicians, etc.)
Corrective Task Execution

The field technician travels to the location as described in the task information in the Field Activities
Management Mobile App. Fault locations fall into two categories:
- Locations which do not involve the engagement of the end user- for instance, when the fault is at
the cabinet or in the POP/central office.
- Locations that do require the engagement of the end user- for instance, when the fault is at the
drop, or equipment (CPE) location.
Depending on the case, the technician performs all the necessary repairs. If the problem is on the physical
passive infrastructure, the technician performs an OTDR test to verify that the end-to-end attenuation of
the link is equal to or less than the Power Budget Threshold.
For TTs that can be solved remotely, the appropriate stakeholder (second level technicians, vendor
technicians, etc.) works on the issue under NOC supervision.

Closing Trouble Ticket
The field technician enters the information required on the Mobile App (for instance the serial number/
barcode of the replaced CPE) and closes the task. The NOC operator verifies whether the issue solved.
In the case of a remote TT, the NOC operator closes the TT upon validation of task completion and
service restoration.

Section 14.5
Network Upgrades
and Expansion
Network upgrades and expansions will require similar procedures and processes in order to ensure that
they are correctly implemented. It is vital that these activities do not impact or disturb operation of the
existing network. Accordingly, a comprehensive set of MACs processes and procedures similar in structure
to those outlined above must be developed.

Chapter 15
Network
Monitoring and
Troubleshooting
15.1 Centralised Network Monitoring
and Troubleshooting
15.2 Troubleshooting
15.3 Optical Testing Tools
15.4 Optical Intrusion Detection Monitoring

Section 15.1
Centralised
Network Monitoring and
Troubleshooting
For FTTH network monitoring, the ONT Management and Control Interface (OMCI), as specified by ITU-T
Recommendation G984-4, defines the performance and fault management of the OLT, ONT and the
physical layer. However, the OMCI requires communication between the OLT and the ONT. If the ONT is
not responding, it is impossible to determine whether a problem stems from the ONT or the physical layer.
For this reason, many operators use an external physical monitoring system that can carry out tests on the
physical layer when the ONT cannot be reached.
An OTDR test from the OLT is often capable of pinpointing the location of faults in the FTTH network and
determining the quality of workmanship involved in the installation. The goal of the monitoring process is
to isolate and locate fibre degradations and faults - not to qualify the FTTH network.
Distinguishing Between the Different Segments of

a PON using an OTDR
Distinguishing the different segments of a FTTH network can be challenging when testing with an OTDR.
Figure 15.1 shows the OTDR trace for a simple 1x2 splitter when only one segment is connected. The
different lengths enable identification of the two segments.
Fig. 15.1 OTDR trace with a 1x2 splitter and only one connected segment

If the second segment is connected, the contributions of both segments appear on the trace, as seen below.
Fig. 15.2 OTDR trace with a 1x2 splitter and 2 segments of different lengths
If each segment is the exact same length, the OTDR trace will appear similar to that shown in Figure 15.3.
Fig. 15.3 OTDR trace with a 1x2 splitter and 2 segments of equal lengths

Several network topology parameters complicate testing with an OTDR. This should be considered when
designing the FTTH network:
• The distances between the last splitter and subscriber ONTs can be equal, as subscriber
residences are typically located at about equal distances from the splitter.
• Splitting ratios are not typically 1x2 but rather 1x16, 1x32, or 1x64, increasing the splitter loss.
For example, the typical loss of a 1x64 splitter is 18-20 dB.
The figure below shows an OTDR measurement from a 1x32 PON that has multiple segments after the splitter.
Fig. 15.4 OTDR measurement of a 1x32 splitter with close segments
The ideal PON OTDR would have a very high dynamic range, making it possible to detect optical events
on the fibre branches beyond the splitter, as well as very short dead zones to differentiate between
terminations (ONTs), which are usually not reflective. The multi-pulse OTDRs available today adress this to
some extent, but not fully. Consequently, it is necessary to add a reflective optical element (also referred
to as a reflective filter) at each ONT. When the reflective filter is present, the OTDR can distinguish this
element from noise using a very short pulse width, as shown in Figure 15.5.
Fig. 15.5 OTDR trace on PON equipped with reflective filters

PON troubleshooting and monitoring can be performed while the PON network is in service, as the OTDR
uses a wavelength that is different from the one used by traffic. The latest ITU-T G984.5 recommendation
allocates the bandwidth for test as 1625 - 1670 nm. The monitoring system inserts the test wavelength by
adding a wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) close to the OLT. ITU-T recommendation G984.5 states
that the ONT must not be sensitive to test wavelengths.
Automated Provisioning and Troubleshooting

In the context of setting up a centralised and automated testing and troubleshooting system in FTTH, an
optical switching unit is usually added. This is capable of testing multiple OLTs/PONs with the same OTDR,
as shown in Figure 15.6. Such an approach enables a single OTDR to handle the testing of an entire site.
With the installation of reflective filters at terminating locations one can discern each leg of a PON, based
on distance. Additionally, it is possible to test them in order to enable fault isolation, as well as capture
changes in end-to-end loss and determine whether a power drift can be attributed to the fibre layer or
active equipment.
Fig. 15.6: PON Test System integrating a switch and reflective termination filters that can be used as demarcation devices.
Figure 15.7 shows how to use the system for provisioning.
(i) Technicians log into the application from their smartphones. This mobile app can be either
delivered with the test solution or created by the network operator using open APIs typically
available with enterprise-class element management software.
(ii) The second step typically involves selecting the termination piece of inventory down to port level
where the high-reflectance demarcation filter (HRD) is permanently installed.
(iii) The PON test system automatically recognises the new peak and records its position and
attenuation in dB from the central office to this point in the network. It is possible that two
reflectors fall at the exact same position (typical limit for two reflectors to be discriminated is 50cm).
It can be expected that the test solution provides feedback if this occurs.
(iv) Reflectors can be installed at different interfaces- the drop terminal, second splitter location, the
subscriber premise, or directly at the input of the ONT. At the time of registration by the field
technician, the reflector is linked to a unique ID enabling on-demand testing and monitoring to
apply to the physical or inventory domain.

(v) This provisioning activity is typically conducted at the same time an end-to-end build or customer
connection activity is completed. It can serve as a validation that there is end-to-end connectivity,
that the build was conducted on the right PON and end-to-end loss falls within the expected
optical budget.
Fig. 15.7: Provisioning a high-reflectance demarcation filter
Troubleshooting
Figure 15.8 shows how to use the PON test system for troubleshooting.
Fig. 15.8: Automated troubleshooting scenario with fault detection analysis

(i) An alarm is opened that affects one or many OLTs and ONTs and an operation support system
(OSS) determines the OTDR port or route on which to trigger an automated trouble-shooting test.
(ii) Typically, the disappearance of a peak indicates that there is a fibre cut along the Network,
whilst a higher loss than expected indicates a bend or degradation.
(iii) In case no changes are detected, the OSS can escalate to additional verification and validation
steps to identity a possible cause of failure, and eventually open and assign a ticket or work
order with the required information.
(iv) Should the issue be confirmed as affecting any fibre section prior to the high-reflectance
demarcation filter, the location of the fault can be found by comparing the results obtained after
the alarms to the reference results obtained during system provisioning.
(v) The performance obtained in fault location after a splitter will vary from isolation only (i.e. from first
stage splitter to the reflector location) to a more precise measurement of distance from the splitter
or the OTDR depending on these key factors:
- Number of legs contributing to Rayleigh back-scattering at length of fault
- Whether high reflectance demarcation filters installed on other legs and set prior to
fault location are reflecting or not at the fault location test wavelength (if yes, they typically
create various deadzones)
- If the fault is reflective or not, and its reflectance level
- Whether or not automation is used to scan multiple OTDR pulses to improve the fault
detection analysis
Proactive Monitoring
Operators deploying a centralised test system to support automated troubleshooting can use the same
OTDR-based equipment to routinely test the fibre network. In FTTH networks, connecting a new area is
a progressive activity. After construction work is completed new connections can be added as required
over the life of the network. Some delivery points, homes, distribution terminals or entire PONs will not be
connected to ONTs as of yet. This limits the operators’ capability to monitor and validate the status and
quality of some fibres and their terminations.
The PON legs to be monitored must be equipped with high-reflectance demarcation filters, whether
it is used for efficient troubleshooting or monitoring. P2P fibres can be directly checked remotely and
monitored using standard OTDR test methods.
Monitoring essentially means pre-programmed tests running 24/7 in order to proactively detect and
report failures on one or multiple PON branches, as well as measure small and progressive increases in the
end-to-end loss, creating an alarm or alert for a change of 1dB or less, if required. Those fluctuations in
end-to-end loss or in peak level (depending on the test solution), can be tracked down using open-source
dashboarding tools such as Grafana, as seen below. Time-based analysis of an OTDR event such as a
degradation, leads to more accurate root cause analysis. A more complete and reliable diagnosis can be
obtained by using these OTDR ‘metrics’ in conjunction with other available time-series datasets, from an
external source or from OLT/ONT equipment.

Fig. 15.9 Analytic tools can be used to better understand event build-up over time.
Monitoring therefore not only applies in an ‘operation and maintenance’ context but also as a validation
tool to predict whether a new event (such as an increase in optical loss) could cause network failure now or
in the future.
In broad terms, monitoring of the fibre network without the OLT/ONT equipment enables its quality
behaviour to be reported as a function of numerous related and external data:
• Time elapsed, so how aging affects the end-to-end loss
• Environment, such as temperature and exposure to extreme cold or heat
• Type of installation – aerial vs buried
• The party that was responsible for construction
• Work orders that took place in the same area
• ONTs received power for the same PON (if present)
Monitoring a FTTH network where each central site can optically connect 100s to 1000s of fibres requires
the test system to cope adequately with scale, but also with the following:
• Strategic placement of high-reflectance demarcation filters on the PONs
• Fast testing, so that each fibre can be tested several times per day for the largest sites.
• Faster testing enables a small number of fibres within the same cable or area to be
analysed frequently for the impact of temperature change. This can fluctuate significantly in
a sub-hour period.
• OTDR and reflectors must be stable over time and temperature – temperature variations in
the network should not affect the end-to-end loss

Section 15.2
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting of an out-of-service FTTH network can be conducted simply with the use of a power meter
or OTDR.
However, most of the time, not all subscribers (ONTs) are affected. therefore it may be necessary to
perform in-service tests. Troubleshooting a live PON network with portable instruments requires a PON
power meter using through-mode to investigate which signals are out of tolerance. To pinpoint fibre
breaks, macro-bending, faulty splices or connectors, an OTDR with a live testing port (also called a filtered
port) must be used from the subscriber’s location.
Figure 15.10 shows how to perform PON network troubleshooting:
(i) Ensure the fibre length corresponds to the length in between the drop cable output and the splitter
location. If not, this indicates a problem (break or macro-bend) is present at this location.
(ii) If the length measurement is correct, every splice point should be checked to see that it does not
exceed the normal splice values.
(iii) Any point exhibiting an excessive loss value will indicate the presence of a macro-bend or kink in
the fibre or a bad splice.
Figure 15.10: PON network troubleshooting

Locating and resolving problems within Customer Premises
Typically, the in-house fibre installation is carried out under a great deal of time pressure. The most
common issues are related to badly terminated cable (bad splice for splice-on connector, bad mechanical
assembly) or fibre that is broken when the cable is pulled.
An Optical Fibre Multimeter (See Chapter 11) will quickly and easily verify that the link inside the unit is OK
to avoid the need to re-enter the premises. Typically, no reporting is needed for this.
It is important to carry out validation all the way from the endpoint to the basement or Distribution Point.
Check there is a properly working connector in the optical outlet (1). If there are any faults or concerns,
the technician will have the right equipment at hand and can replace it right away. Also check there are no
breaks in the cable inside the living unit (2). Again, the technician still has the opportunity to replace this
while inside. Finally, check whether there are bad splices or cabling faults between the dwelling unit and
the basement. Not only will the technician have the right tools available, but they will still be inside the
building and pathways will still be open.
Fig. 15.11 Validation at the customer premises

Section 15.3
Optical Testing Tools
Test Equipment Function Use
Inspection scope Visual inspection of connectors, Fibre connector assembly check and
this with automates Pass/ troubleshooting
Fail analysis according to IEC
standard
VFL (Visual fault locator) Continuity check up to 5km, Fibre link construction and troubleshooting
break/bend visual identifier for at locations where fibres are accessible
fibre along patch panel/hub areas
Optical talk set Enables communication between When two engineers are required for end
engineers using cable link to end test
Light source/power meter or Measures fibre link insertion loss, Fibre link construction, acceptance testing
bi-directional loss test set return loss and tests continuity and troubleshooting
Power meter Only Measure power output level of Equipment and fibre link turn up and
equipment troubleshooting
Power meter with clip-on Estimates optical power in link Equipment and fibre trouble-shooting at
device any location where fibres are accessible,
even when connectors can not be accessed
Clip-on fibre identifier Non-intrusively identify and track Equipment and fibre trouble-shooting at
live traffic or test tone on a fibre; any location where fibres are accessible,
May also estimate relative power even when connectors can not be accessed
along the link
1310/1490/1550/1270/1577 Measures power levels of Equipment and fibre trouble-shooting at

selective power meter with equipment and fibre link when any location where fibres are accessible,
through mode OLT/ONT connected even when connectors can not be accessed
ORL meter Measures overall optical return Fibre link and equipment (ONT/OLT) turn-
loss up and troubleshooting
OTDR Measures fibre link characteristics Fibre link and equipment, acceptance and
troubleshooting
Centrally operated OTDR Spine, first stage splitter and Auditing network using a smartphone
and optical switch PON legs testing in service from application connected to central, trouble-
central office shooting and proactive monitoring of fibre
networks to locate fibre breaks or fibre/
element degradations
OFM - Optical Fibre Measures fibre length, loss and fibre health check, acceptance and
Multimeter optical return loss (ORL) in under troubleshooting
3 seconds

Section 15.4
Optical Intrusion
Detection Monitoring
Monitoring fibre access chambers and outdoor distribution systems in the field are becoming ever more
important as the infrastructure takes on a critical role in sustaining the economy and society. Operators are
well aware of the adverse effects of targeted vandalism that occurs to predominately outdoor distribution
cabinets and occasionally to access chambers. Optical intrusion detection methods offer an additional layer
of security with peace of mind for those responsible for safeguarding overall network performance.
As described in previous Chapters, remote optical fibre intrusion detection systems will easily detect
network fibre damage with exact fault location and will furthermore enable security breach detection
of critical infrastructure. In most cases OSP fibre infrastructures, such as access chambers and outdoor
cabinets, have no dedicated AC/DC power supply for electrical contacts monitoring. Alternative battery-
operated solutions present a real maintenance challenge. In such cases an all-optical intrusion detection
sensor coupled with an OTDR-based monitoring system can be of some assistance. Optical intrusion
detection has the following unique advantages:
• Optical monitoring systems are not easily manipulated by an outside intruder without
the manipulation attempt itself being detected.
• Magnetic, EMP or sudden power disruptions at the monitored site cannot affect an
optical system.
• Maintenance-free solution – No batteries required
• Warning notices of unintended access to monitored objects is immediately available.
• Optical monitoring does not evaluate packet data on the fibre link- it directly monitors
reflected light of selected wavelengths.
• Detection of any new devices added to the fibre link.
• Detection of remote tampering, whether intentional or unintentional.
• No payload signal jamming possible as fibre data traffic is left untouched.
• Operates on fully functional PON networks by utilising WDM filters.
• Sensors operate on a splitter based PON network.
• Sensors can be cascaded on a single fibre link (to monitor multiple points using
asymmetrical splitters).
• Theoretical optical span is governed by optical budget and OTDR dynamics.
Operators planning to monitor their OSP fibre assets will choose to run the optical sensors on a dedicated
fibre to separate security from actual services. This method helps to separate the responsibilities in
maintenance cases. However, an optical intrusion detection system is not limited to dark fibre monitoring
as it can also be used to monitor in-service active fibre systems using standardised ITU-T defined passive
WDM filters.

Basic System Function
Either a wavelength selective reflector or wideband reflector is used to monitor the state of the fibre
link. The optical reflection (attenuation / time) is evaluated by an OTDR and the calculated insertion loss
is typically measured at 1650nm (OTDR reserved wavelength) or measured in a wideband if no other
wavelengths are present. The reflection results are constantly compared against stored initial reference
values of the system from first commission.
The actual measured OTDR event is typically a loss or strong attenuation of the reflected light. Optical
intrusion detection sensors are based on manipulating the attenuation/return loss of light from the reflector
device. In principle this can be achieved either by deforming/stressing the fibre (macrobending) until no
light can travel back to the OTDR due to internal losses or by removing the reflector altogether from the
fibre itself, in this case light will just be lost at the open end.
Any unauthorised manipulation of the fibre infrastructure (such as intrusion to an access chamber) is thus
detected and if necessary alarmed (within set and stored tolerances). External alarms can be triggered by
stand-alone systems or integrated (customised) to an existing NMS and GIS (for visualisation and location).
The network operator is able to evaluate the operational capability or quality of his infrastructure himself
and does not depend on the judgement or evaluation given by third parties (for example, fitting and
installation companies or the lessee of the infrastructure or the subscriber).
Fig. 15.12 Basic Operating Principle of the Optical Intrusion Detection system

Epilogue
We hope you have enjoyed reading this edition of the FTTH Handbook, and that it has contributed to your
understanding of planning, designing, building, and operating a fibre network.
Of course, we’d be interested in receiving your comments, questions, and suggestions about the
handbook, which will be regularly updated.
More info about the D&O Committee and the Council can be found on the FTTH Council website. We will
be happy to address any of your questions related to this. Please don’t hesitate to get in touch!
Vincent Garnier
Director General, FTTH Council Europe

Appendix I
Fibre, Connectors
and Splicing
A1.1 Optical Fibre
A1.2 Connectors, Patchcords and Pigtails
A1.3 Fibre-Optic Splicing
Section A1.1
Optical Fibre
Optical Fibre Basics
Optical fibre is effectively a ‘light pipe’ carrying pulses of light generated by lasers or other optical sources
to a receiving sensor (detector). Transmission of light in an optical fibre can be achieved over considerable
distances, supporting high-speed applications unsustainable by today’s copper-based networks. Conceived
in the 1960s, optical fibre has undergone major development and, as it is now standardised, has become a
reliable and proven foundation of today’s modern telecommunication transmission systems.
Fibre is manufactured from high purity silica. Initially

formed into glass rods, they are drawn into fine
hair-like strands and covered with a thin protective
plastic coating. Fibre consists of a core, cladding
and outer coating. Light pulses are launched into
the core region. The surrounding cladding keeps
the light travelling down the core and prevents
it from leaking out. An outer coating offering
mechanical protection to the glass, usually made of
a polymer, is applied during the drawing process
Fibres are subsequently packaged in various cable

configurations before installation. Details relating Figure A1.1
to the cables are available in other chapters of this Standard Single-mode fibre
handbook.
Whilst there are many different fibre types, this document concentrates on fibre for FTTH applications.
The fibre core is where light is guided and can be designed in various geometrical sizes which, depending
how the light pulse travels, produces different optical performances.
More in depth information on further aspects of single-mode fibre geometries can be read here
SINGLE-MODE FIBER GEOMETRIES
A number of parameters determine how efficiently light pulses are transmitted down the fibre. The two
main parameters are attenuation and dispersion.
Attenuation is the reduction of optical power over distance. Even with the extremely pure materials used
to manufacture the fibre core and cladding, power is lost over distance by scattering and absorption
within the fibre. Fibre attenuation limits the distance light pulses can travel and still remain detectable.
Attenuation is expressed in decibels per kilometre (dB/km) at a given wavelength or range of wavelengths,
also known as the attenuation coefficient or attenuation rate. Attenuation can also be caused by factors
external to the fibre such as bending.
ATTENUATION

Dispersion can broadly be described as the amount of distortion or spreading of a pulse during
transmission. If pulses spread out too far, the detector at the other end of the fibre is not able to distinguish
one pulse from the next, causing loss of information. There are three main dispersion types:
Modal dispersion is the most severe ‘speed limiter’ of the dispersion types and occurs in Multimode fibre.
The light modes travel along the fibre using different paths resulting in signal spreading due to the varying
distances/speeds travelled.
Chromatic dispersion occurs in all fibres and is caused by the various colours of light (components of a light
pulse) travelling at slightly different speeds along the fibre.
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) occurs in single-mode fibre when two polarization modes travel at
different speeds through the fibre due to random imperfections and asymmetries.
Dispersion is inversely related to bandwidth, which is the information carrying capacity.
DISPERSION
There are many other parameters, which affect fibre transmission performance. Further information can be
found in IEC 60793 (Optical Fibres) series of specifications.
Choice of FTTH Optical Fibre

Several types of optical fibre are available. FTTH schemes are usually based on single-mode fibre;
however multimode fibre may also be used in certain situations. The choice of fibre will depend on several
considerations. The list below is not exhaustive; other factors may need to be considered on a case-by-case
basis.
• Network architecture – The choice of network architecture affects the data rate that needs to be
delivered by the fibre as does the available optical power budget of the network. Both factors affect the
choice of fibre.
• Size of the network – Network size can refer to the number of premises served by the network.
However, in this context it refers to the physical distance across the network. The available power budget
will determine how far the POP can be located from the subscriber. Power budgets are influenced by all the
components in the optical path including the fibre.
• The existing network fibre type – If an existing network is expanded, the optical fibre in the new
network segments must be compatible with the fibre in the existing network.
• Expected lifetime – FTTH networks are designed with a lifespan of at least 30 years. Therefore, it is
imperative that investments in the FTTH infrastructure are suitable for future needs as changes to the
choice of fibre during the expected lifespan of the FTTH network are not always a realistic option. Fibre
reliability is also of high importance to the user.
FIBER RELIABILITY

Single-mode Fibre
Single-mode fibre has a small core size (<10μm) that supports only one
mode (ray pattern) of light. The majority of the world’s fibre systems
are based on this type of fibre.
Single-mode fibre provides very low optical attenuation loss and very Figure A1.2
high bandwidth transmission carrying capacity. Single-mode fibre Singlemode fibre
systems incur higher equipment cost and support longer transmission
distances than multimode fibre systems.
For FTTH applications, the ITU-T G.652 recommendations for single-

mode fibre are sufficient to cover the needs of most networks. For
quite some time now a newer type of single-mode fibre has been
available on the market that reduces optical losses at tight bends.
These fibres are standardised in the ITU-T G.657 recommendation. Figure A1.3
The in-force version, edition 4, was published in November 2016 and Multimode fibre
can be downloaded at:
Characteristics of a bending-loss insensitive single-mode optical fibre and cable
Graded-index multimode fibres

Multimode fibres have a larger core size (50 or 62.5μm) that supports many modes (different light paths
through the core). Depending on the launch characteristics, the input pulse power is divided over all
or some of the modes. The different propagation speed of individual modes (modal dispersion) can
be minimised by adequate fibre design. Multimode fibre can operate with cheaper light sources and
connectors. However, the fibre itself is more expensive than single-mode. Multimode fibre has a lower
bandwidth capability than singlemode fibre as well as a restricted transmission distance. It is used
extensively in data centres and sometimes in campus networks where such limitations are less of a concern.
The ISO/IEC11801 specification describes the data rate and reach of multimode fibre grades, referred to
as OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4 and OM5. OM1 and OM2 are no longer supported for new installations within
ISO/IEC 11801-1:2017.
Bend insensitive fibre

Inside buildings, many areas prove difficult to cable with conventional fibres, resulting in in the possibility
of poor optical performance, due to the minimum bend radius of G.652.D fibres being exceeded.
To avoid this, very careful and skilled installation practices are required or special fibre protection is
needed with ducts and cable designs. However, for some time now, fibre types meeting the ITU-T G.657
recommendation have been widely available that allow fibre-optic cables to be installed as easily as
conventional copper cables. The fibres inside these cables, which are termed ‘bend- insensitive’, are
capable of operating at a bend radius of 7.5mm, with some fibres fully compliant at 5mm.
The recommendation G.657 describes two categories of single-mode fibres. A & B are suitable for use
in access networks and contain sub-categories which differ in macro-bending loss due to the difference
between them in their permissible bending radius:

Category A (see table below) contains the recommended attributes and values needed to support
optimised access network installation with respect to macro-bending loss. However, the values for the other
attributes remain within the range recommended in G.652.D and emphasises backward compatibility with
G.652.D fibres. This category has two sub-categories with different macro-bending requirements: G.657.A1
fibre and G.657.A2 fibre.
Category B (see table below) contains the recommended attributes and values needed to support very
low bending radii particularly applicable to in-building installations. For the mode-field diameter and
chromatic dispersion coefficients, the range of values might be outside those recommended in ITU-T G.652
and thus NOT necessarily backward compatible. However, for some of these fibres, the only parameter
keeping them from being G.652 compatible is the Chromatic Dispersion – and as they tend to be used in
the “drop” or “in-home” section of the network, the length will typically be significantly less than the 10-
40km fibre length in which the higher Chromatic Dispersion may typically start presenting problems. There
are two sub-categories with different macro-bending requirements: G.657.B2 fibre and G.657.B3 fibre.
The table below shows equivalent IEC terminology for bend insensitive fibre and recommended minimum
fibre bend radius requirements for cable applications.
Deployment of G.657 fibres, especially G.657.A2 and G.657.B3, is recommended for indoor cables. Both
grades protect transmission over the whole 1260 - 1650nm window from the impact of tight bending
that may be introduced during in-building installation. 200 μm coating
versions of G.657.A1 and G.657.A2 grades are also available and deliver
higher fibre packing density in high-fibre count cables used outdoors.
These bending performances are of particular importance for installation

and maintenance operations for inside networks (central offices, multi-
dwelling units, apartments, individual houses) as well as covering
outdoor deployments (splice enclosures, joints, mid-span access, street
cabinets and similar).

Colour Coding of Fibres
Fibres within buffer tubes, as well as buffered fibres, are colour coded to differentiate the fibres within the
cable. This colour coding allows installers to easily identify fibres at both ends of a link. It also indicates the
appropriate position of each fibre in the cable. IEC 60304 defines the 12 colours (Blue, Yellow, Red, White,
Green, Violet, Orange, Grey, Turquoise, Black, Brown, Pink) for fibre identification, but does not specify
which colour is for which fibre.
For fibre counts above 12, additional groups of 12 fibres should be identified by combining the 12 current
colours with an additional identification (for example, ring marking, dashed mark or tracer). Some regions
have identified a further 4 colours for fibres 13-16 (Olive, Magenta, Tan, Lime) which can also be used.
A number of schemes for fibre identification have evolved in various regions but attempts to unify the
schemes have not yet been successful as they are embedded in the system architecture. IEC TR 63194
gives examples of regional colour codes used throughout the world.

Section A1.2
Connectors, Patchcords
and Pigtails
After the termination of OSP cables, individual fibres need to be accessible for distribution and/or
connection to active equipment. The transformation of cable bundles to individual manageable circuits is
achieved by splicing each individual fibre from the OSP to a fibre optic ‘pigtail‘. A fibre pigtail is a single,
short, usually tight-buffered, optical fibre that has an optical connector pre-installed on one end and a
length of exposed fibre at the other end.
Additional distribution and/or connection between these fibres to/from the active equipment requires
‘patchcords’ which are fibre optic cables with connectors installed on both ends. Pigtails and patchcords
are generally available in (but not limited to) the following two constructions:
Buffered fibre: consits of one or more layers of inert material with a nominal diameter of 0.3 to 0.9 mm
and specified as either ‘tight’, ‘semi-tight’ or ‘loose’ depending on the buffer stripability length.
Figure A1.4
Cross section buffered fibre
Ruggedised fibre: where further protection is provided to one or more fibres/ buffered fibres/ribbons
with non-metallic strength members within a sheath of suitable material. These are typically 1.2 to 4.8mm in
diameter.
Figure A1.5
Cross section ruggedised fibre
In contrast to their electromechanical counterparts, there is no differentiation between plug and jack with
fibre optic connectors. Fibre optic connectors contain a ferrule to accommodate for the exact positioning
of the fibre end and are attached to one another via a coupler or adapter with a sleeve. A complete plug-
in connection consists of the combination connector/coupler/connector. The two ferrules, with the fibre
ends, must mate as precisely as possible inside the connection to minimise the loss of light energy or its
reflection (return loss).
The extremely small core diameters of optical fibres demand the highest mechanical and optical precision.
With tolerances of 0.5 to 0.10µm (much smaller than a grain of dust), manufacturers operate at the limits of
precision engineering.
Manufacturers inspect connectors using specialist kit designed for the purpose. Core diameters of 8.3µm
for single-mode and ferrules with 2.5mm or 1.25mm diameter make a visual inspection of the connector
impossible. Naturally, it is possible to determine if a connector is correctly snapped in and locked.
However, for all other characteristics – the ‘intrinsic values’ – for example insertion loss (IL), return loss (RL),
or mechanical stability, users must be able to rely on the manufacturer’s data.

Common Connector Types
ST connector (also known as BFOC, IEC 61754-2)
Connectors with bayonet lock were among the first PC connectors (1996) and, their extremely robust
design, they can still be found world-wide in LAN networks (primarily industrial).
Figure A1.6 Figure A1.7

ST connector AT adaptor/coupler
DIN/LSA ([German: fibre-optic cable connector], version A, IEC 61754-3, DIN 47256)
These compact connectors with threaded couplers are predominately used in German-speaking countries.
SC connector (IEC 61751-4)
This type of connector with a quadratic design and push/pull system is recommended for new installations.
The compact design of the SC allows a high packing density and can be combined with duplex and
multiplex connections. Although it is one of the oldest connectors, due to its excellent properties, the SC
continues to gain in popularity to this day. SC is still the most popular WAN connector world-wide. SC is
also used widely in the duplex version, particularly in local area networks.

SC connector SC adaptor/coupler
MU connector (IEC 61754-6)
Among the first small form connector, it is based on a 1.25 mm ferrule and its appearance and
functionality is like the SC but is half the size.

FC (Fibre Connector, IEC 61753-13)
A first-generation connector that is robust and proven. This is the first true WAN connector still in
use in millions of applications. However, due to its threaded coupling it is not optimal in cramped
circumstances, and therefore not popular in modern racks with high packing density.

FC connector FC adaptor/coupler
E-2000 ™ (LSH, IEC 61753-15)
The LSH has an integrated protective shutter that guards against dust and scratches as well as laser
beams. The connector is fitted with a locking latch retention mechanism that is both colour and
mechanically coded.

E-2000™ Connector E-2000™ adaptor/coupler
MT-RJ (IEC 61751-18)
The MT-RJ connector is commonly used in LANs and has a similar appearance to that of the RJ45
connector found in copper networks. It is used as a duplex connector.
LC connector (IEC 61754-20)
Developed by the company Lucent it is part of the new generation of compact connectors. The
construction is based on a ferrule with a 1.25 mm diameter. The duplex coupler is the same size of an
SC coupler (SC footprint) thus allowing for very high packing density and making it attractive for use in
data centres and central offices.

LC duplex Connector LC duplex adaptor/coupler
F-SMA (Sub-Miniature Assembly, IEC 61754-22)
Threaded connector without physical contact between ferrules. Today is only used for PFC/HCS or POF.
BLINK (IEC 61754-29)
This is a small form connector with the same ferrule (1.25mm) as LC and is designed and best-suited for the
connection between the OTO (Optical Telecommunication Outlet) and the ONT or CPE. The BLINK has
integrated automatic shutters that protect against dust and scratches as well as laser beams. Furthermore,
it has an automatic self-release mechanism to prevent damage of the OTO or the ONT/CPE.
Figure A1.16 Figure A1.17 Figure A1.18

BLINK Connector BLINK to LC hybrid adaptor/coupler BLINK to CLIK hybrid adaptor in
Keystone- format
LX.5 (IEC 61754-23)
Similar in size to the LC with the same 1.25mm ferrule. The duplex coupler is the same size as an SC
coupler (SC footprint).

LX.5 Connector LX.5 adaptor/coupler
SC-RJ (IEC 61754-24)
As the name implies, this product is based on the RJ45 format. Two SC’s form a unit the size of an RJ45.
This is equivalent to the SFF (Small Form Factor). The 2.5mm ferrule sleeve technology is more robust
and reliable than the 1.25 mm ferrule. The SC-RJ impresses not only with its compact design, but also
its optical and mechanical performance. Seen as an all- rounder, its versatility means it can be used
in many areas, from Grade B to M, from single mode to POF, from WAN to LAN, from laboratory to
outdoors.

SC-RJ Connector SC-RJ adaptor/coupler
In contrast to their electromechanical counterparts, there is no differentiation between plug and jack
with the fibre-optic connectors. Fibre-optic connectors contain a ferrule to accommodate for the exact
positioning of the fibre end and are attached to one another via a coupler or adapter with a sleeve. A
complete plug-in connection consists of the combination connector/coupler/connector. The two ferrules,
with the fibre ends, must mate as precisely as possible inside the connection to minimise the loss of light
energy or its reflection (return loss).
The extremely small core diameters of optical fibres demand the highest mechanical and optical precision.
With tolerances of 0.5 to 0.10µm (much smaller than a grain of dust), manufacturers operate at the limits of
precision engineering.
Manufacturers inspect connectors using specialist kit designed for the purpose. Core diameters of 8.3µm
for single-mode and ferrules with 2.5mm or 1.25mm diameter make a visual inspection of the connector
impossible. Naturally, it is possible to determine if a connector is correctly snapped in and locked.
However, for all other characteristics – the ‘intrinsic values’ – for example insertion loss (IL), return loss (RL),
or mechanical stability, users must be able to rely on the manufacturer’s data.
Return Loss (RL) due to Reflection

As a result of contaminants at the junction between the two fibres,
eccentricities, scratches, and contaminants, portions of light or modes
are diffused at the coupling point (red arrow). A well-polished and
cleaned PC (physical contact) connector exhibits approx. 14.7 dB RL
against air and 45-55 dB when plugged in.
With the APC (angled physical contact) connector, although the modes Figure A1.23a (PC)
are reflected, they occur at an angle greater than the acceptance
angle for total internal reflection due to the 8 or 9 degree angle of the
ferule face. The advantage is that these modes are not carried back in
the fibre.
A good APC connector exhibits at least 45 dB RL against air and 65-90

dB when plugged in.
By comparison, the fibre itself has an intrinsic return loss of 79.4dB

at 1310nm, 81.7dB at 1550nm and 82.2dB at 1625nm (all values at a Figure A1.23b (APC)
pulse length of 1 ns).
Return loss (RL) due to reflection
Insertion Loss (IL)

For losses at the connection of two optical fibres, a distinction is generally made between ‘intrinsic’ losses
due to the fibre and ‘extrinsic’ losses resulting from the connection. Losses due to the fibre occur, for
example, when different core radii are used, with different refractive indexes or eccentricities of the core.
Losses resulting from the connection occur due to various reasons including reflections and roughness
on the end faces, pointing errors or radial misalignment. The following notes and information refer to
connection losses; not considered are the influence of fibre tolerances and fibre-optic cable quality.
The technical transmission grade of a fibre optic plug-in connector is primarily determined by two
characteristics - the insertion loss IL and the return loss RL.
Insertion loss is a measurement of the losses that occur at the connection point. It is calculated from the
ratio of the light power in the fibre cores before (PIN) and after (POUT) the connection and is expressed
in decibels. The smaller the value, the lower the signal losses. Typical IL values lie in the range from 0.1 to
0.5dB.
In the marketplace, specifications with the designation -dB in Attenuation and +dB in Insertion Loss are
also used; for example, a patch cable could be specified with -0.1 dB in attenuation or 0.1 dB Insertion
Loss. In both cases, the physical loss is identical.

Extrinsic losses
Less light energy is lost if the fibre cores meet more precisely. For this reason, high-precision fibres are
glued or epoxied in precise ceramic ferrules. The connection-dependent extrinsic losses result from
reflections, roughness on the end faces, angular errors (angular pointing error) or radial misalignment
(concentricity). Reflections and roughness play a subordinate role in the loss. Primary causes are
misalignment and pointing errors.
The ferrule hole must be larger than the fibre to allow the fibre to be inserted. As a result, the fibre always
has a certain clearance in the core. This causes additional concentricity, but also a pointing error.
Angular pointing error
The so-called angular pointing error should be <0.3°. Greater pointing errors cause stress on the fibre that
can lead to fibre breakage.
Figure A1.24
Angualr pointing error
Concentricity:
‘Concentricity’ refers to the positioning of a cylinder along the axis of another cylinder. The concentricity
of optical fibre cores determines the quality of light transmission and affects insertion and return loss.
According to IEC 61755-3-1 & 2, the maximum concentricity may be, depending on grade, between 1.0
µm and 1.6 µm (measured from the fibre axis to the ferrule exterior diameter).
Figure A1.25
Concentricity

Alignment
Figure A1.26
There are three possible types of

misalignment which may occur when
jointing compatible optical fibres: (a)
logitudinal misalignment; (b) lateral
misalignment; (c) angular misalignment
If two ferrules or plug-in connectors are plugged together without taking additional steps, there is a risk
that the concentricity and angular pointing error together increase the loss.
To minimise insertion loss of plug-in connections, the radial misalignment of two connected fibres must
be as small as possible. This is achieved by defining a quadrant of the ferrule in which the core must lie.
Connectors which can be tuned make it possible to turn the ferrule in 60° or 90° steps. When two tuned
connectors are connected to each other, the deviation of the core position is reduced in the ferrule,
leading to significantly improved performance compared with untuned connectors.
An angular pointing error >0.3° should be avoided to prevent stress on the fibre. Stress loads reduce the
service life and optical properties of the fibre – particularly BER (Bit Error Rate), modal noise and high-
power tolerance.
Precision work, first-class materials and total quality control are required for the manufacture of reliable
high-performance fibre-optic plug-in connectors. Stresses on the tiny components of a fibre- optic
connector are highly demanding. Products should be constructed for a service life of 200,000 to 250,000
hours, or 25 years. For patching, the connectors must also withstand high shearing forces and should easily
withstand 500 plug cycles.
Quality Grades for Fibre-Optic Connectors

The standard IEC 61753 series describes application-oriented grades for connection elements in fibre-
optic networks (see table below). Clear grade identification and necessary IEC test methods aid planners
as well as those responsible for networks during the selection of plug-in connectors, patch cables,
and pigtails. Data centre operators and telecommunications companies can determine the fibre-optic
assortment according to usage and make faster and more informed purchasing decisions. This also avoids
purchasing of over-specified products that do not deliver the expected loss values claimed.
The current requirements list is based in part on IEC 61753 which defines loss values. Additionally, the
standards IEC 61755-3-1 and IEC 61755-3-2 play a role as they define geometric parameters for fibre-
optic plug-in connectors. The interaction of these standards forms the basis for the compatibility of fibre-
optic plug-in connectors from different manufacturers and for the determination of manufacturer-neutral
loss values.

Table: Overview of performance criteria of the new performance grades for data transmission in fibre- optic connections according
to IEC 61753. The definition of Grade A* has not yet been defined. Criteria for multi-mode fibres are still under discussion.
Theoretically, the attenuation grades (A* to D) can be mixed at will with return loss grades. However, some
of these mix combinations would not make sense, and for this reason the following common combinations
have been established:
Each-to-each or Random Mate Values

The loss values specified in IEC 61753 are also referred to connector as each-to-each (or random mate)
values. Instead of plugging every connector to a reference connector and measuring loss, you take a batch
and measure every possible connection. The rational for this model is: loss values generated according
to the IEC specification for random connector pairs is much closer to actual operating conditions than
manufacturer-specified loss values that, in many cases, are based upon a best-case measurement under
factory or laboratory conditions where the connector is measured against a reference cable.
How are Mean Values Calculated?

A new development resulting from grades is the use of mean values instead of max values in optical link
budgets. This provides an optimal basis for the calculation of link attenuation and is particularly relevant in
large networks. The use of mean values (rather than maximum values as used in the past) results in more
efficient and realistic link attenuation budgets. This also eliminates unneccesary cost. This can be clearly
seen in the table below:

The causes of loss are known to the IEC standardisation committees. For this reason, they defined the
parameters H, F, and G presented below:
Figure A1.27
Tunes vs. Untuned
Geometric parameters for fibre-optic connectors according to IEC 61755-3-1 and 61755-3-2

Manufacturer Specifications and Real Life Conditions
The following is taken from real life and demonstrates why the use of grades is so important: A network
operator uses a patch cable with an insertion loss specified by the manufacturer of 0.1 dB. During
measurements on the ground, the patch cables exhibit values between 0.2 and 0.3 dB. Where do these,
(often occurring in real life), serious discrepancies originate?
The manufacturer had determined the value found in the product specification in a reference
environment. Used in this scenario are low-loss reference or master cables to achieve the lowest possible
value during insertion loss measurement. However, if the patch cables are connected each-to-each or
random mating, this value can no longer be reproduced and typically will be significantly above the best-
case measurement result.
This unrealistic, but unfortunately still common measurement method, has consequences. Unaware of
the precise measurement conditions for manufacturer’s specifications, network planners often purchase
expensive and over-specified products only to discover that the calculated insertion loss budget cannot
be met. Delays in initial start-up and expensive replacement purchases become unavoidable. In this
context, it is important to note that installation of fibre optics and the handling of connectors in daily
practice requires special expertise and extensive training. Therefore, the appropriate certification of the
specialist firm or personnel should be considered.

Section A1.3
Fibre-Optic Splicing
Two technologies are common for splicing fibre to fibre: fusion and mechanical.
Fusion Splicing
Fusion splicing requires the creation of an electric arc between two electrodes. The two cleaved fibres are
brought together in the arc, so that both ends melt together.
Figure A1.28
Fusion splicing machines
Optical losses of a splice can vary from splicer to splicer, depending on the alignment mechanism. Splicing
machines with active core alignment match up the light-guiding channel of the fibre (9µm core) to one
another. These machines produce splices with losses typically in the region of <0.03dB.
Figure A1.29 a,b

Fusion splicing in progress
Some splice machines with active clad alignment, match up the fibre cladding (125um) to one another
instead of aligning the cores. These machines produce splices with losses typically in the region of
<0.05dB.
Finally, fusion splicers using the passive fixed v-groove method (smaller handheld versions or ribbon fibres
splicers, for example) splice fibres with no active alignment. The fixed v-groove machine is an inexpensive
technology and is a good termination tool for the last mile splicing in FTTH deployments.
Ribbon splicers, utilising the same fixed v-groove technology, can splice up to 12 fibres simultaneously and
save a lot of operational time. Typical insertion loss values for fixed v-groove splice machines are better
than <0.1dB.

Figure A1.30
Mass (ribbon) fusion splicing
Splicing compatibility between different fibre types

The splicing of different fibre types with different mode field diameters and tolerances may result in higher
splicing losses. Therefore the splicing machine needs to be set properly in each case. To determine the
correct splicing loss a bi-directional OTDR measurement should be performed. In practice the splicing loss
limit is set at ≤ 0.1dB.
IEC TR 62000 gives guidance for combining different single-mode fibre sub-categories.
Mechanical splicing
Mechanical splicing is based on the mechanical alignment of two cleaved fibre ends to allow a free flow of
light. This also applies to terminating fibres onto connectors. To facilitate light coupling between the fibres,
an index matching gel is often used. Manufacturers have different methods to terminate the fibres in the
mechanical splice.
Mechanical splices can be angle cleaved or non-angle cleaved, but the former has a higher return loss. The
insertion loss of a mechanical splice is typically <0.5 dB.
Figure A1.31
Mechanical splicers

Field-installable connectors
Field-installable connectors generally take the form of a standard connector body with a pre-prepared and
polished ferrule with a fibre stub inside. A mechanical splice is included within the body of the connector.
The installation process involves preparing the field fibre, inserting it into the rear of the connector,
activating the mechanical splice and, finally, mechanically locking the fibre and cable to the connector
body, normally with a crimp mechanism.

Cutaway of a field installable connector Field installable connector installation tool
A range of installation tools that support the installation process are available. Normally, these are
proprietary to different manufacturers’ connector types. Certain tools can provide an indicative result for
the performance of the assembled connector.
Splice-on connector
‘Splice on’ connector (SOC) is a solution combining fusion splice and connector together. This technology
allows users to splice fibre to the fibre stub (tail) of a pre-polished ferrule and assemble it into a connector
(any type, including MPO), wherever it is needed.
With these connectors, the ferrule contains a factory-installed stub fibre, which is fusion-spliced onto the
field fibre using a fusion splice machine. Normally a special adaptor is required to hold the connector in the
machine during the splicing process. A small heatshrink sleeve protects the fusion splice. Finally, the plastic
connector body parts are clipped into place onto the ferrule assembly covering the heatshrink sleeve. It
resolves pre-connectorised jumper’s length management issue, while delivering a similar insertion loss
(<0.3dB).
Figure A1.34
Splice-on connector

Appendix II
FTTH Standardisation
and Terminology
A2.1 Introduction
A2.2 Major Standardisation Activities and Guidelines
A2.3 Selection of Relevant Standards
Section A2.1
Introduction
The background of this chapter of the FTTH Handbook is to provide an overview of the relevant
standardisation bodies associated with FTTH.
FTTH has come a long way in recent years. New applications have driven bandwidth demand, with fibre
not only being brought to the home, but inside too due to innovative ideas and technical solutions. Some
parties active in this market still may not fully comprehend the ramifications in over specification or even
the risks involved in operating without proper specifications. There are also some builders of small networks
who may have insufficient understanding of the suitability and need for standardisation.
A standards guidance will help define system architectures, basic functionalities and product requirements
thus ensuring the appropriate selection of solutions, products, and suitable network quality. A clear
definition of the minimum quality standard of the access network will facilitate deployment and the
operation of reliable networks, especially as economic and every-day life is highly dependent on an
uninterrupted service delivery. Minimum quality levels should be guaranteed by incorporating standardising
test methods with functional product specifications that include minimum values for all the relevant product
parameters.
Through standardisation the industry will ensure a competitive market for components and subsystems for
the infrastructure.
Standardisation should reflect the consensus of the market and the voice of the users. Approved
standards should be flexible enough to allow developers the opportunity to implement their products and
incorporate innovative solutions to the overall system.
During network deployment minimum best practice standards should be followed. This is especially
relevant when installing cables for example, and also in matters relating to health and safety, such as laser
safety particularly when optical fibre solutions enter the home.
When developing standards, it is essential to ensure the vast number of terms and abbreviations in use
are used by everyone. An overall list of terms and abbreviations is published in the IEC (International
Electrotechnical Commission) “Electropedia” with the aim of providing all parties with the same technical
language and standards. The Electropedia (also known as the “IEV Online”) contains all the terms and
definitions in the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV). It is the world’s most comprehensive online
terminology database on “electrotechnology”, containing more than 22 000 terminological entries. The
Electropedia, which is available for free can be consulted by anyone.
The IEC is the world’s leading organisation that prepares and publishes International Standards for
all electrical, electronic, and related technologies. Close to 20 000 experts from industry, commerce,
government, test and research labs, academia and consumer groups participate in IEC Standardisation
work through their national electro technical committees (IEC National Committees).
Standards should specify the minimum functions and performance of subsystems and the basic interfaces
(hardware and software) between the various parts of the infrastructure, such as the mating interface
between cabling outside and inside buildings.

Since the complete network infrastructure is being considered, the way in which standards are imposed
will depend on the minimum requirements related to the specific area within the infrastructure and can be
subdivided into several areas:
1. The central office.
2. The outside plant (OSP): standards should relate to both environmental and optical performance as well
as lifetime requirements, without impacting on actual design.
3. Shared building space in an MDU deployment and basement equipment: standards should relate to
both environmental and optical performance as well as lifetime requirements, without impacting on actual
design.
4. In the home and public space: this is a new area which may require more activity as the public could be
affected by deployment and connectivity, essentially creating new demands (and therefore new standards)
on the products to be used.
Electropedia.org

Section A2.2
Major Standardisation
Activities and Guidelines
Several standardisation activities are in progress on international and national levels. Working groups
in the ITU, IEC, ISO/IEC JTC1, CENELEC and IEEE, as well as organisations such as the FTTH Council
are providing guidance for the design and implementation of fibre optic access networks. In addition,
standardisation activities are also taking place on the national level. The following is an overview of
key workgroups.
IEC TC 86 (and subcommittees SC 86A, SC 86B,

SC 86C)
Technical Committee 86 (“Fibre Optics”) and its Subcommittees SC86A (“Fibres and cables”), SC86B
(“Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components”) and SC86C (“Fibre optic systems and
active devices”) prepare standards, specifications and technical reports for fibre optic based systems,
subsystems, modules, devices and components. These are primarily intended, but not exclusively,
for use with communications equipment. This activity covers terminology, characteristics, related
tests, calibration and measurement methods, functional interfaces, and optical environmental and
mechanical requirements with the aim of ensuring reliable system performance.
SC46C/SC86A JWG8, hybrid cables

This group are creating documents related to hybrid cables intended to contain any combination of
optical fibres, twisted pair/quad, co-axial and current-carrying electrical conductor elements. Hybrid
cables are convenient for networks and customer premises wiring that transmit data, telecommunications
and signaling services over optical fibre, metallic twisted pairs, and/or broadband data over coaxial units,
and retains the option of supplying electrical current to remote equipment. The current work program
consists of:
IEC 62807-1: Hybrid Telecommunications cables – Part 1 – Generic Specification
IEC 62807-2: Hybrid Telecommunication cables – Part 2 – Indoor hybrid cables
IEC 62807-3: Hybrid Telecommunication cables – Part 3 – Outdoor hybrid cables
IEC 62807-3-10: Hybrid Telecommunication cables – Part 3-10 – Family specification for FTTA (Fibre to
the Antenna) hybrid communication.

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC25 write Cabling system standards for information and communication technology
(ICT), in all types of residential, commercial, and industrial environments for the design, planning and
installation, test procedures, automated infrastructure management systems and remote powering, most
notably ISO/IEC 11801 - Generic cabling for customer premises.
ITU-T
The Study Groups of ITU’s Telecommunication Standardisation Sector (ITU-T) assemble experts from
around the world to develop international publications known as ITU-T Recommendations which act as
defining elements in the global infrastructure of information and communication technologies (ICTs).
Unlike IEC and other well-known standards, these Recommendations are free to download. The ITU-T
Recommendation series structure can be found at the bottom link below.
ITU-T Study Groups
ITU-T Recommendations
ITU-T Recommendations Structure
ITU-T Handbook on Optical fibres, cables and systems

The Handbook is intended as a guide for technologists, middle-level management, as well as regulators,
to assist in the practical installation of optical fibre-based systems. Throughout the discussions on the
practical issues associated with the application of this technology, the explanations focus on how ITU-T
Recommendations address them. It provides the organised insights of those who have created and lived
with the evolution of the technology for several decades.
The 2015 ITU-T Handbook, Technical Report on Optical fibres, cables, and systems is available in the
link below.
ITU-T TR on Optical Fibres, cables and systems
Note: The soft-copy of this publication is downloadable free of charge.
ITU-T Study Group 15

The ITU-T Study Group 15 is concerned with optical transport networks and access network infrastructures
(further information available from ITU-T Study Group 15 at a glance). In its work, SG15 considers related
activities in other ITU study groups, standards development organisations (SDOs), forums and consortia,
and collaborates with them to avoid duplication of effort and identify any gaps in the development of
international standards.

ITU-T Recommendations under Study Group 15 responsibility can be found in the link below.
TU-T Study Group 15 at a glance
The work of Study Group 15 is subdivided into ‘Study Periods’ lasting 4 years, which are further subdivided
into “Questions” e.g., Q5/15 focuses on Characteristics and test methods of optical fibres and cables and
installation guidance, Q2/15 focuses on Optical systems for fibre access networks e.g., G-PON (G.984
series) and XG-PON (G.987 series).
The “Questions” for SG15 for the study period 2017-2020 can be found In the link below. The next study
period is 2021 to 2024.
SG15 - List of Questions and Rapporteurs
CENELEC
CENELEC is the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation and is responsible for
standardisation in the electrotechnical engineering field. CENELEC prepares voluntary standards,
which help facilitate trade between countries, create new markets, cut compliance costs and support
the development of a Single European Market.
CENELEC creates market access at European level but also at international level, adopting
international standards wherever possible, through its close collaboration with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), under the Frankfurt Agreement. (previously known as the Dresden
Agreement). This is an IEC - CENELEC Cooperation Agreement on common planning of new work
and parallel voting.
Frankfurt Agreement
Along with its sister organisations CEN (European Committee for Standardisation) and ETSI (European
Telecommunications Standards Institute) they compose the so-called European Standards Organisations
(ESOs).
European Standards Organisations
The three CENELEC technical committees listed below, are involved in work relating to fibres, cables, and
cable accessories (such as mechanical splices, connectors, and enclosures).
Activities in CENELEC Technical Committee CLC/TC86A –

Optical Fibres and Optical Cables
Subcommittees and working groups/activities include:
• CLC/TC 86A/JWG TC46X – Fire Issues
• CLC/TC 86A/JWG TC86A/TC86BXA - Interaction between connectors and cables

• CLC/TC 86A/WG 04 - Ad-hoc working group for the revision of CLC/TR 50510. This is a
guide to building FTTX fibre optic networks. It provides information about the passive
infrastructure layers of a fibre access network as well as a glossary of terms.
• CLC/TC 86A/WG 05 - Topics covering the repair of optical fibre cables.
• Preliminary work on new items:
o Push Force - to determine how much force can be applied to the

cable when installed by blowing, especially for cables <3mm.
o New blowing route – there is a need for a more realistic blowing
route to be used for cable qualification.
CENELEC Technical Committee CLC/TC 86BXA – Fibre Optic

Interconnect, Passive and connectorised Components
• CLC/TC 86BXA/JWG TC86BXATC86A - Interaction between connectors and cables

• CLC/TC 86BXA/WG 01 - Fibre optic connectors & passive components
• CLC/TC 86BXA/WG 02 - Fibre management systems and protective housings
CENELEC Technical Committee CLC/TC 215 – Electrotechnical

Aspects of Telecommunication Equipment
The IEEE 802.3 Working Group develops standards for Ethernet networks. They have several active projects
and study groups as listed below:
• IEEE P802.3ck 100 Gb/s, 200 Gb/s, and 400 Gb/s Electrical Interfaces Task Force.
• IEEE P802.3cp Bidirectional 10 Gb/s, 25 Gb/s, and 50 Gb/s Optical Access PHYs Task Force.
• IEEE P802.3cr Isolation (Maintenance #14) Task Force.
• IEEE P802.3cs Increased-reach Ethernet optical subscriber access (Super-PON) Task Force.
• IEEE P802.3ct 100 Gb/s over DWDM systems Task Force.
• IEEE P802.3cu 100 Gb/s and 400 Gb/s over SMF at 100 Gb/s per WavelengthTask Force.
• IEEE P802.3cv Power over Ethernet (Maintenance #15) Task Force.
• IEEE P802.3cw 400 Gb/s over DWDM systems Task Force.
• IEEE P802.3cx Improved PTP Timestamping Accuracy Task Force.
• IEEE P802.3cy Greater than 10 Gb/s Electrical Automotive Ethernet Task Force.
• IEEE P802.3cz Multi-Gigabit Optical Automotive Ethernet Task Force.
• IEEE P802.3da 10 Mb/s Single Pair Multidrop Segments Enhancement Task Force.
• IEEE P802.3db 100 Gb/s, 200 Gb/s, and 400 Gb/s Short Reach Fibre Task Force.
• IEEE 802.3 Beyond 400 Gb/s Ethernet Study Group.
• IEEE 802.3 New Ethernet Applications Ad Hoc.
• IEEE 802.3 PDCC Ad Hoc.
The IEEE GET Program TM allows free downloads of standards after they have been published for six months.
All standards available in the IEEE GET 802™ program will remain in the program until they are replaced by a
superseding document or are withdrawn. Drafts are not part of the program.
IEEE GET 802 Program

Broadband Forum
The Broadband Forum is a non-profit industry consortium dedicated to developing broadband network
specifications. Members include telecommunications networking and service provider companies, broadband
device and equipment vendors, consultants, and independent testing labs (ITLs).
Broadband Forum’s projects span across 5G, Connected Home, Cloud, and Access. Projects can be accessed
in the link below.
Broadband Forum
ETSI
ETSI produces globally applicable standards for Information and Communications Technologies (ICT),
including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, aeronautical, broadcast and internet technologies and is officially
recognised by the European Union as a European Standards Organisation.
ETSI standards are available free of charge and can be downloaded from the ETSI website. Over 1800
standards are published annually.
ETSI Website
The Technical Committee (TC) ATTM addresses Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing including
all aspects within the ETSI scope - cabling, installations, signal transmission, multiplexing and other forms
of signal processing up to digitalisation in private and public domain; excluding those aspects that relate to
Hybrid Fibre-Coaxial cable networks which are covered by TC Cable.

Section A2.3
Selection of Relevant
Standards
IEC Fibre optic - Terminology IEC TR 61931 Int
IEC Optical Fibres IEC 60793 Int

IEC 60793-1-1 - General & Guidance
IEC 60793-1-xx - Test Methods
IEC 60793-2 - Product Specifications
IEC Guidance for combining different single-mode fibre types IEC TR 62000 Int
IEC Optical Fibre Cables IEC 60794 Int

IEC 60794-1-1 - General
IEC 60794-1-2 - Test Methods
IEC 60794-1-3 - Ribbon Specs
IEC 60794-2 - Indoor Cables
IEC 60794-3 - Outdoor Cables
IEC 60794-4 - Aerial Cables
IEC 60794-5 - Microduct Cables for installation by blowing
IEC 60794-6 - Indoor/Outdoor Cables
IEC Fire Performance of communication cables installed in buildings IEC TR Int

62222
IEC Reliability of fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive IEC 62005 Int
optical components
IEC Semiconductor optoelectronic devices for fibre optic system IEC 62007 Int
applications
IEC Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – IEC 62074 Int
Fibre optic WDM devices
IEC Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components IEC 62134 Int
– Fibre optic protective housings. Ed2 Withdrawn, Ed3 at CD
stage as of Jan 2021.
IEC Fibre optic active components and devices – Package and IEC 62148 Int
interface standards
IEC Fibre optic active components and devices – Performance IEC 62149 Int
standards

IEC Fibre optic active components and devices –Test and IEC 62150 Int
measurement procedures
IEC Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – IEC TR 62627-01 Int
Part 01: Fibre optic connector cleaning methods
ISO/IEC Information technology – Generic cabling for customer premises ISO/IEC 11801 Int
Part 1 – General Requirements
Part 2 – Office premises
Part 3 – Industrial premises
Part 4 – Homes
Part 5 – Data centres
Part 6 – Distributed building services
ISO/IEC Information technology - Implementation and operation of ISO/IEC 14763 Int

subscriber premises cabling
ITU-T Characteristics and test methods of optical fibres and cables G.65x series Int
ITU-T Transmission characteristics of optical components and G.671 Int

subsystems
ITU-T Construction, installation and protection of cables and other L. xy series Int
elements of outside plant
ANSI Telecommunications pathways and spaces ANSI/TIA/ Reg

EIA 569
ANSI Residential telecommunications infrastructure standard ANSI/TIA/ Reg

EIA 570
ANSI Administration standard for telecommunications infrastructure ANSI/TIA/ Reg

EIA 606
ANSI Generic Telecommunications Bonding and Grounding (Earthing) ANSI/TIA/ Reg

for Customer Premises EIA 607
ANSI Customer-Owned Outside Plant Telecommunications ANSI/TIA/ Reg

Infrastructure Standard EIA 758
ANSI Structured cabling infrastructure standard for intelligent building ANSI/TIA/ Reg
systems EIA 862
CENELEC Fire classification of construction products and building EN 13501-6 Reg

elements Part 6: Classification using data from reaction to fire
tests on electric cables
CENELEC Information technology – Generic cabling systems EN 50173 Reg
CENELEC Information technology – Cabling Installation EN 50174 Reg
CENELEC Telecommunications bonding networks for buildings and other EN 50310 Reg
structures

CENELEC Information technology – Cabling installation – Testing of EN 50346 Reg
installed cabling
CENELEC Connector sets and interconnect components to be used in EN 50377 Reg

optical fibre communication systems - Product specifications
CENELEC Common test methods for cables under fire conditions – Heat EN 50399 Reg
release and smoke production measurement on cables during
flame spread test – Test apparatus, procedures, results
CENELEC Fibre organisers and closures to be used in optical fibre EN 50411 Reg
communication systems – Product specifications
CENELEC Simplex and duplex cables for use in terminated cable EN 50551 Reg
assemblies
CENELEC Power, control and communication cables – Cables for general EN 50575 Reg
applications in construction works subject to reaction to fire
requirements
CENELEC Optical fibres - Measurement methods and test procedures EN 60793-1 Reg
CENELEC Optical fibres - Product specifications EN 60793-2 Reg
CENELEC Optical fibre cables EN 60794 Reg
CENELEC Generic cabling systems – Specification for the testing of EN 61935 Reg
balanced and coaxial information technology cabling

Appendix III
Subsidy Programs:
Germany as a Case Study
High-performance telecommunication network infrastructure (Next-Generation Access) provides a basis for
developing society’s knowledge and economic potential, which has become a matter of strategic economic
importance. Therefore, the goal is to implement future-proof, sustainable, user / vendor neutral, open-
access passive networks based on fibre in underserved so-called ‘white areas’ and ‘grey areas’.
In 2013, The European Commission issued the ‘EU Guidelines for the application of State aid rules in
relation to the rapid deployment of broadband networks’. These guidelines defined to facilitate the
development of NGA broadband networks - access networks that rely wholly or partly on optical elements
(FTTx) - to meet targets as defined in ‘Digital Agenda of Europe 2020’ with the support of public funds.
The importance of using high-capacity broadband access is emphasised in strategic documents, which
recognise that future access networks will include fibre as an essential part of the network infrastructure in
order to meet the growing need for bandwidth.
Next Generation Access (NGA) networks are fibre based networks (e.g. FTTC, FTTN, FTTP, FTTH and
FTTB), advanced upgraded cable networks (e.g. DOCSIS 3.0 and above) and certain advanced wireless
access networks capable of delivering reliable high speeds per subscriber. To define which areas are
eligible for funding, fixed broadband area mapping has to be applied, defining the so-called NGA zones
showing existing NGA network(s) in scope:
• White NGA zones - no NGA networks at present (capable of delivering reliable download
speeds of at least 30 Mbps) and unlikely to be developed within three years. No broadband
market / competition is considered to exist and the area is eligible for public funding
support. This is particularly applicable for rural areas that remain underdeveloped and
unattractive for private investments due to market conditions. Therefore, FTTx deployment,
especially in rural areas is dependent partially or fully on government funding.
• Grey NGA zones - areas where only one NGA network is in place or is being deployed in
the upcoming three years and where no operator plans to deploy additional NGA network
in the coming three years. Subsidies for the construction of an alternative network could
distort market dynamics. Therefore, support for the deployment of alternative broadband
networks in ‘grey’ areas is only justified when it can be clearly demonstrated that a market
failure persists. A more detailed analysis will be necessary.
Subsidised NGA networks in Germany should be planned according to EU / German funding regulatory
frames / decisions:
• EU Guidelines for the application of State aid rules in relation to the rapid
deployment of broadband networks
• Federal Funding Guidelines (Förderung zur Unterstützung des

Breitbandausbaus in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland‘)
• Federal Regulation NGA Framework (Rahmenregelung der Bundesrepublik

Deutschland zur Unterstützung des Aufbaus einer flächendeckenden Next
Generation Access (NGA) – Breitbandversorgung)
• Project-specific grant decision (Der Zuwendungsbescheid des

Bundesministeriums für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur)

Preparing the Installation
In accordance with Federal Regulation NGA Framework and EU Guidelines, the NGA network has to be
planned as an Open-access network and has to be leased under non-discriminatory wholesale principles.
Furthermore, planning of such networks has to fulfil requirements according to:
• Specifications for the dimensioning of passive infrastructure in the context of subsidised

broadband deployment (Vorgaben für die Dimensionierung passiver Infrastruktur im
Rahmen des geförderten Breitbandausbaus)
• GIS Auxiliary Provisions (GIS-Nebenbestimmungen)
• Uniform material Concept (Einheitlichen Materialkonzepts)
Network planning in this context requires coordination with owners of third-party infrastructure systems
(gas, water, electricity) in order to gather the necessary data and plan NGA network elements (duct/
conduit systems, street cabinets / manholes (FCP), handholes) accordingly.
Network planning must allow non-discriminatory access for multiple providers. This is ensured by sufficient
dimensioning of the conduits and distribution points as well as by enabling equal access to the passive
collocation, without any discrimination for buyers of wholesale products.
NGA Network planning has to be in accordance with all the legal and technical requirements, as well as the
latest worldwide FTTH/B trends in order to develop state-of-the-art NGS networks.
The following requirements should be considered when planning the network:
• Dimensioning of ducts/ conduits should be large enough to cater for several cable
networks and to host point-to-multipoint as well as point-to-point solutions.
• Laying and dimensioning of new empty ducts /conduits as well as the construction
of distribution points, manholes, handholes and other related infrastructure must be
carried out in a way that the later expansion of the implemented cable network or the
development of alternative cable networks is ensured.
• Distribution and access points should be dimensioned in a way that the installation
of passive and active components for different network structures is possible (e.g.
components for the operation of FTTC, FTTB and FTTH networks).
• All the network components used should be vendor-neutral, with a possibility to be used by
different providers and having corresponding certificates and product labels
• Network planning approach has to ensure non-discriminatory access to a passive

collocation for multiple providers and sufficient dimensioning of the ducts/ conduits and
distribution points
During the planning process, both Point-to-point (P2P) and Point-to-multipoint (P2MP) topology options
based on open access, should be considered.

Figure A3.1
Network Topology in line with Regulation - Example
Passive collocation with network access can be ensured in 2 possible locations:
• Point-of-presence (POP) – access to P2P fibres or P2MP fibres (centralised splitter location
in POP)
• Fibre Concentration Point (FCP) – typically the street cabinet with access to P2MP fibres
(distributed splitter location). Sufficient duct/conduit capacity should be reserved for the
access seeker’s feeder cables from POP to FCP.

Appendix IV
OSS BSS
A4.1 Introduction
A4.2 Older Standards
A4.3 Emerging and Current Standards
Section IV.1
Introduction
Standardisation in the OSS/BSS domains is not new and always in development. In certain areas, such as
network management, standardisation is more developed. For example, Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP) or Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF), two well-known standard protocols,
simplify interoperability between network management software and network devices. Other higher-level
aspects are generally less standardised, although TM Forum Frameworx, for example, provides a good
reference framework.
This chapter does not describe each standard in detail but rather serves as a reference list.

Section IV.2
Older Standards
The following are examples of standards that are less frequently discussed and utilised today but worth
mentioning. They have developed into the newer standards we see today.
TMN (Telecommunications Management Network)

from ITU-T
Telecommunications Management Network - Wikipedia
“The Telecommunications Management Network is a protocol model defined by ITU-T for

managing open systems in a communications network. It is part of the ITU-T Recommendation
series M.3000 and is based on the OSI management specifications in ITU-T Recommendation
series X.700.”
Illustration – ‘Telecommunications Management Network’.
FCAPS Model
FCAPS - Wikipedia
“FCAPS is the ISO Telecommunications Management Network model and framework for network
management. FCAPS is an acronym for fault, configuration, accounting, performance, security, the
management categories into which the ISO model defines network management tasks. In non-billing
organisations accounting is sometimes replaced with administration.”

Illustration – ‘The FCAPS model’.

Section IV.3
Emerging and Current
Standards
The following are examples of standards which have gained significant popularity.
TM Forum Open Digital Framework & Architecture

TM Forum Open Digital Framework & Architecture
“The TM Forum Open Digital Framework (ODF) provides a migration path from legacy IT systems
and processes to modular, cloud native software orchestrated using AI.
The framework comprises tools, code, knowledge and standards (machine-readable assets, not
just documents).”
TM Forum - ODA
“The TM Forum Open Digital Architecture (ODA) is a blueprint for modular, cloud-based, open digital
platforms that can be orchestrated using AI.
ODA replaces traditional operational and business support systems (OSS/BSS) with a new approach to
building software for the telecoms industry, opening a market for standardized, cloud-native software
components, and enabling communication service providers and suppliers to invest in IT for new and
differentiated services instead of maintenance and integration.”
Illustration – ‘TMF Open Digital Framework & Architecture’.

TM Forum Frameworx (Business Process Framework
eTOM, Information Framework SID, Application
Framework TAM, Framework Metrics)
TM Forum - Frameworx homepage
“Frameworx is created and evolved by TM Forum members who participate in the Forum’s
Collaboration Community. It continues to evolve to meet new business challenges introduced by
the cloud-native, 5G era.
It provides hundreds of standardized Business Metrics that have been embraced by the industry
and allow for benchmarking, as well as a suite of Open APIs that enable integration across systems
and platforms. Frameworx also includes adoption best practices to help companies implement and
use the standards and management best practices to ensure ongoing conformance.”
Illustration – ‘TM Forum The Applications Framework (formally

Telecom Application Map (TAM)).’
TM Forum Open API
TM Forum - Open API
“TM Forum’s suite of 50+ REST-based Open APIs has been collaboratively developed to be used in
a range of scenarios, internally enabling service providers to transform their IT and operational agility
and customer centricity, while externally delivering a practical approach to seamless end-to-end
management of complex digital services.”

The MEF standards
mef.net
MEF - MEF Standards
“The MEF develops standards which, once approved by the MEF membership, are published to the
public domain for voluntary adoption and for the benefit of the whole industry. There are currently
over 70 MEF standards covering MEF 3.0 orchestrated SD-WAN, IP, Carrier Ethernet and Optical
Transport services.”
ITIL and ITSM

Axelos - Best Practice Solutions
“ITIL is the most widely accepted approach to running effective IT/digital services and has been
adopted by individuals and organisations across the world. ITIL helps define the direction of the
service provider with a clear operating model and aligns services to the business strategy and
customer needs.
ITIL also provides a common language for businesses and professionals using IT-enabled services.”

Passionateaboutoss.com - oss/bss 1.4
“ITSM is a structured model for managing and delivering Information Technology (IT) services
to customers, both internal and external to an organisation. As more organisations become
dependent on their IT solutions, the field of IT Service Management (ITSM) gains further relevance.
For many e-businesses or service providers, the ITSM touch-points ARE the customer’s experience.
Whilst many OSS approach network, services and systems management from a technology
perspective, ITSM is a more process and people-centric approach.
ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) is rapidly emerging as the leading framework.
The main elements of ITSM are:
• Incident Management
• Problem Management
• Change Management
• Asset Management
• Knowledge, Policy and Procedure
• Service Catalog
• Service Desk”

Appendix V
Network Evolution
Impacting Active
Equipment
Image credit: CommScope

Multiple converging business and technology shifts are affecting Service Providers currently deploying
FTTH networks. These are resulting in changes for all parties involved in the FTTH network build and active
equipment selection, from a conceptual and architectural point of view.
The first of these changes is related to 10Gbps as the baseline capacity for upcoming FTTH network
buildouts. The first FTTH networks were deployed at the beginning of this century, primarily using first-
generation technologies such as EPON and GPON. Those technologies continue to provide the backbone
of most FTTH networks today, but subscriber demand for bandwidth is quickly pushing towards the
adoption of 10Gbps technologies, mainly XGS-PON.
With 10Gbps PON capacity, Service Providers can stay ahead of the bandwidth consumption curve for
longer, while focusing on integrating open data centre technologies to improve the speed with which they
can deliver new services.
The adoption and integration of those open data centre tools and techniques represent the second
current major technological shift, followed up both by the Open Networking Foundation (ONF) and by the
Broadband Forum Organization (BBF).
Regular capacity increase is a constant change in broadband networks, resulting in ongoing network
upgrades and expansions for Service Providers. The combination of 10Gbps PON technologies and cloud-
based architectures will make it possible for Service Providers to address capacity growth more quickly and
economically. Additionally, Service Providers will be able to layer on more services without having to invest
in costly equipment upgrades. This is partly thanks to the abstraction of software drivers and applications
from underlying hardware, as well as the containerisation of applications running on top of that network
element’s hardware.
This section will focus on the key aspects of carrier network industry evolution scenarios that impact FTTH
network solutions
• Network disaggregation
• White box economics
• Software defined standards
• Open source software use
Disaggregated and Whitebox HW

A number of Operators have been advertising their research work on whitebox-OLT designs and SDN-
enabled components that make up a whole new architecture as described above. On the other hand,
the Operator community in united by the more general concept of Access Disaggregation as a network
transformation path encompassing the following:
• Introduction of distributed-OLT (dOLT) systems to more flexibly, nimbly and sustainably

evolve and manage the access network assets
• Re-organisation and modernisation of the aggregation infrastructure towards

bandwidthflexible Leaf/Spine architectures to follow service and traffic needs with a
scalable, invest-as-you-grow path
• Migration from traditional Delivery and Assurance chains to unified, multivendor and
multitechnology, automated SDN platforms to manage and control the underlying network
assets and service flows

Disaggregation in the access domain ties in with major disruptive industry trends related to Access/
Aggregation HW products and SW applications inside and outside the network elements, that is:
• HW simplification and modularity: HW designs based on merchant/proprietary chipsets

Reference Design and, for OLT applications, isolated per-port OLT MACs fitting a variety
of applications
• Programmable and re-purposable HW: hardware devices supporting an open installation

and execution environment (for example, Open Compute Project’s Open Network Install
Environment, ONIE), preferably based on an independent Network Operating System
(NOS) running on top of general-purpose processors
• SW modularity and openness: ability to move network functions from devices into the
cloud; this aspect backs HW simplification and programmability
By disaggregating application and control planes from the underlying infrastructure, Service Providers have
to worry less about how inevitable technology changes will impact their network platforms as well as their
technology suppliers, while their time-to-market for new services and applications will be greatly reduced.
The new disaggregated OLT architecture usually consists of data centre-influenced standalone OLTs paired
with non-blocking leaf-spine fabric and aggregation switching. A key characteristic of these leaf-spine
switching networks is that all leaf switches have full meshed connectivity to the spine switches.
One key value of these programmable network elements is the fact that they scale horizontally: as
the number of Ethernet aggregation ports grow, spine and leaf switches are added and the meshed
connectivity stays in place. The leaf and spine switching functions are sized to accommodate this growth
and can be easily upgraded as required, independently of the chosen vendor and technology.
SDN/NFV and Cloud technologies

Software-defined networking (SDN) and network functions virtualization (NFV) were introduced by Service
Providers who wanted to gain flexibility and programmability in existing networks. The goal was to enable
timely creation and deployment of new applications and services in days or weeks, as opposed to months
or years.
SDN was devised by researchers who were frustrated by the need to upgrade or change out software
in network hardware devices every time they wanted to try something new. They introduced the idea
of programmable, centralised control of the network and its elements. To achieve this, they separated
control and forwarding functions from the network and used well-defined interfaces to enable
programmable behavior of the network and its elements.
SDN initially proved its great value in cloud data centres. The ONF Consortium has been working for
some years now, on an effort called central office Re-architected as a Data Centre (CORD), which uses
SDN, NFV and Cloud to deliver data centre economies of scale and cloud-style agility to Service Provider
networks.
For more information on what SDN is and where the evolution of the SDN stands at this point, please
refer to
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) Definition
Ongoing ONF projects related to Broadband networks are named SEBA and VOLTHA.
SEBA consists of a platform that utilises open source components to build a virtualized PON network to
deliver residential broadband and mobile backhaul.

SEBA - Open Netwoking Foundation
VOLTHA is a hardware abstraction system architecture, providing a common control and management
framework shared by all OLTs and ONUs of the network
VOLTHA - Open Netwoking Foundation
Software-Defined access is an evolved access network strategy that uses open, modular, component based
architectures that leverage the vast open source market, reducing service integration cycles and minimising
service disruption as new applications are created and deployed. This approach represents a major shift
from closed, monolithic systems controlled by multiple misaligned vendor-specific management systems.
The image below illustrates a traditional telco environment with management silos that limit the ability to
automate servers with vendor- and device-specific APIs:
Networks of the future will see a shift from closed, vendor-locked systems to open, multi-vendor, multi-
technology networks programmed via SDN controllers as shown in the image below:
Software-Defined access networks are highly agile with the automation and scalability needed to support
mass market residential service deployments. This agility enables Operators to retain their current market
share and compete for new services revenue. Highly programmable Software-Defined access networks
support the adoption of network automation and simplified service orchestration.

The benefits:
• Reduced service provisioning times, human error and IT complexity.
• Enabling customer self-service capabilities.
• Enabling rapid service creation and time to market through an open micro-services
architecture which allows network operations and IT development teams to align. This
evolution enables Operators to vastly lower their cost to build, operate, innovate and
maintain their network.
Open source SW
With an open architecture approach, Service Providers have the freedom to choose best-of-breed elements
and control the introduction and rollout of new customer applications and broadband technologies,
eliminating high overhead costs.
The first Open source SW community to act was the previously mentioned ONF Consortium with its two
ongoing Broadband projects SEBA and VOLTHA, both based on open source Software components that
are made available by members of the Consortium to all members free of charge.
Sometime later the Broadband Forum Organization understood that “the future of Broadband will be the
result of the marriage between the flexibility, innovation, and speed of ‘open software’ and the discipline,
efficiencies, and global scale made possible by ‘open standards’.”
By bringing together the best open source ideas with the interoperability and standards required for mass
market solutions, the Broadband Forum Organization started the so-called Open Broadband initiative with
the intent to bring open source and open standards together, paving the way to dramatically change the
industry and bring the full promise of broadband to fruition.
More information about the projects in the umbrella of the Open Broadband Initiative by Broadband
Forum Organization
Initiatives - Open Broadband Software
Fixed Access Network Sharing

Software-Defined access enables an enhanced form of network infrastructure sharing known as Fixed
Access Network Sharing (FANS), allowing competing Service Providers to operate independently on
shared, open infrastructure.
Broadband Forum is defining Fixed Access Network Sharing to offer a highly enhanced form of virtual
unbundling of broadband access networks, enabling cost sharing and enhancing the dynamics of a
competitive landscape.
FANS target is to automate and harmonise data, control, and management interfaces among wholesale
Infrastructure Providers (InPs) and retail Virtual Network Operators (VNOs).
FANS logically partitions and isolates network resources shared among VNOs. This sharing can split the
cost of network upgrades among several entities. FANS works with virtualisation: control-plane functions
are migrated from dedicated network equipment into software running on commodity hardware, with FANS
providing Network as a Service (NaaS).

More information about FANS can be found at the Broadband Forum Organization website where various
papers are available:
• The Marketing Report https://www.broadband-forum.org/marketing/download/MR-453.

pdf describes Broadband Forum standards supporting FANS, use cases, FANS
components, and details of the architectures supporting FANS
MR-453 PDF
• The Technical Report https://www.broadband-forum.org/download/TR-370.pdf specifies

technical aspects associated with FANS, that involve the access network, including access
nodes and aggregation nodes. The report focuses on the cases of Passive Optical Network
(PON) and DSL and G.fast access technologies
TR-370 PDF

ABOUT THE DEPLOYMENT AND OPERATIONS COMMITTEE
The Deployment and Operations Committee discusses all technical aspects of fibre networks. This includes
the passive and active parts of the network as well as the deployment methods, network architectures and
new fibre technologies. The Deployment & Operations Committee has created white papers in the last
year based on innovative FTTH deployment technologies. The Committee is also responsible for producing
and revising the FTTH Handbook, which was created to help network operators understand the options
available for fibre access network infrastructure.
Contributors
FTTH HANBOOK EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Tom Bambury
Head Optical Network Solutions at Fujikura | D&O Committee
Chair, FTTH Council Europe
Tom is head of the Optical Network Solutions team at Fujikura Europe.

Prior to this he has held a number of business development and
operations roles at AFL – a wholly owned subsidiary of Fujikura. He has
over 20 years’ experience in the optical communications industry and
previously worked at ESB Telecoms in Ireland, as well as Corning and
Nortel Networks in the USA.
He has been heavily involved in a number of FTTH projects at AFL and

Fujikura in recent years and was elected as Chair of the FTTH Council
Europe Deployment and Operations Committee in May 2019.
Paul Ekpenyong
Paul has over 30 years’ experience in business development,
marketing, and sales with a wide range of international technology
companies. Most recently he was Marketing Projects Director with
PPC Broadband Fiber, the successor company to m2fx where he held
several senior positions and spearheaded the market development for
the Miniflex range of products.
Prior to that, he held general management positions in USA, Europe,

and UK in which roles he drove operational improvements to deliver
bottom line results as well as developing, acquiring, and sustaining
corporate customers. He has also worked in publishing and qualified
as a Maths teacher.

John Edwards
Sonix Communications
John is founder and owner of Sonix Communications, an agency

specialising in communications and strategy for the global hi-tech
sector, with an emphasis on fibre-optic and broadband networks. He
has some 20 years of experience working for the world’s largest fibre
cabling and equipment companies, as well as several FTTH Council
chapters.
Prior to this, he has held management positions with leading media

and marketing agencies, as well as in private banking and healthcare.
SPECIAL THANKS TO:
FTTH COUNCIL
Vincent Garnier
Director General
Michele Nardi
Communication & Digital Marketing Specialist
Emilija Borchers
Administration & Membership Officer
Marcus Benson
Conference and Membership Director
CONTRIBUTORS
Jose Luis Gonzalez
FTTH Network Architect, EMEA
CommScope
Phil Ward
Product Line Manager EMEA
PPC Broadband
Jonas Verstuyft
Fiber Product Manager
Comsof
Adrian Amezcua Correa

MMF Product Line Manager
Prysmian Group
Dorin Coman
Technical Sales Support Telecom Networks
Prysmian Group

Jan Schindler
Market Intelligence Manager Telecom Business
Prysmian Group
Barbara Tonarelli
Technical Sales Manager Broadband Access Networks
Adtran
Michael Timmers
Technology Strategist, CTO Office
Nokia
Karol Kowalik
Technology Development Manager
Fiberhost
Carlo Salatino
Technical Process Specialist - Network & Operations
Openfiber
Edoardo Fagiolini
European Affairs Specialist
Openfiber
Marcin Grochocinski
Technology & Innovation Director
Inea
Alessandro Quagliarini
Program Manager, PMP, MBA
Openfiber
Mike Harrop
Fibre Quality & Governance Delivery Manager at Virgin Media O2 (CURRENT POSITION)
formerly EXFO
Kai Grunert
Managing Partner
Detecon International GmbH
Boushra Kanj
Senior Consultant
Detecon International GmbH
Henrik Thurén
Product Evangelist
Netadmin Systems
Ulf Lindberg
CEO
Netadmin Systems
Christian Till
Senior Member Technical Staff / Subject Matter Expert
EXFO
Rachel Willetts
Technical Marketing Manager
OFS

CONTRIBUTORS / PEER REVIEWERS
Mike Knott
Market Development Manager – FTTH
Corning Optical Communications
Kelly Fournier
Head of Client Acquisition
Comsof
James Wheatley
Product Line Manager at GE
GE Digital
PEER REVIEWERS
Graham Bolton
Account Director
CommScope
Andreas Rüsseler
Chief Marketing Officer
R&M
Ané Nel
Europe and Africa Sales Manager Test & Inspection Division
AFL Global
Christophe Canepa
Product and standardization corporate manager
Groupe ACOME
Colin Kirkpatrick
Solutions Director
Emtelle
Mark McNeela
Head of Active Plan & Design
SIRO
Amanda Glancy
Director of Corporate Affairs
SIRO

DESIGN
Felix van Loon
Lead Designer
Sonix Communications / New Light
SUPPORT GRAPHICS AND IMAGES

Dennis Slobodian
Corporate Communications
Deutsche Glasfaser Unternehmensgruppe
Christof Sommerberg
Head of Public Affairs
Deutsche Glasfaser Unternehmensgruppe
Erica Monti
Head Corporate Communications
R&M
Bruna Chitoni
Business Communications Manager
Prysmian Group
Agnieszka Dul
Regional Marketing Specialist Broadband Network - Europe
CommScope
Arria Giulian
Senior Global Leader Strategy & Marketing
CommScope
Samantha Gorczowski
Digital Marketing Specialist
CommScope
Selected images provided by

Martin Wissen for Deutsche Glasfaser
Pages 8, 44, 161, 171, 172, 179, 182, 238

The FTTH Handbook is intended to be a source of valuable information for the reader. The provided
information is of a general nature only and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any
particular individual or entity. It is not meant as a substitute for professional or legal advice, or as a step-
by-step manual. Every care has been taken to verify that all information presented is up to date and
correct, and the Handbook will be updated on a regular basis. However, owing to fast-moving technical
and legislative developments, sections may not be complete or accurate. The FTTH Council accepts no
responsibility or liability whatsoever with regard to the information. Without this list being exhaustive, FTTH
Council assumes no responsibility for errors, inaccuracies, omissions, or any other inconsistencies herein
and disclaim any liability for loss, damage, or disruption attributable to these.
All rights to the FTTH Handbook are reserved for all countries. No part of this publication may be
reproduced (including photocopying), modified, published, stored in a database or any other information
storage or retrieval system, made available to the public, or distributed in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, without the prior written consent of the
FTTH Council.

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Section 11.

Method 1: Using a power meter (and a light source)

Method 2: Using optical loss test sets

200 Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe

First, the units should be referenced prior to measuring IL.

Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe 201

202 Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe

Guidance for OTDR Assessment of Fusion Spliced Single-mode Fibres

Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe 203

Multiple Testing Locations with a Power Meter

204 Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe

Testing with a Centralised OTDR

Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe 205

Testing next generation PON

206 Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe

A service activation report will typically include:

• Subscriber name, service adress and/or phone number

Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe 207

The Wikipedia entry also explains the history and

Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe 209

210 Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe

• Understand the locations at which service can be provided

Background mapping data

Google Maps and Microsoft Bing

National mapping agencies

GIS software vendors

Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe 211

Examples of LiDAR data

Customer Location Data

212 Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe

• Survey results showing willingness of families to sign up for FTTH offers

• Information relating to household income and spend on broadband services such as

• Information relating to businesses use of communications and Internet services

Existing Network Infrastructure

Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe 213

As-Built Network Data

214 Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe

Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe 215

New build construction process with quality gates

216 Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe

• Provide basic functions such as map navigation and viewing.

Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe 217

• A user authentication and authorisation system that controls access to application

• An easy-to-use and easy-to-deploy web-based user interface. The interface should be

218 Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe

Auto-design integration for high-level planning

Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe 219

Data validation & contractor support

Low-level design & construction documentation

• An automated design tool integrated into the GIS, as described here

220 Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe

Augmented Reality (AR) for data capture

Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe 221

Field management solutions

Seamless data update

Key OSS processes in which GIS plays a part:

222 Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe

Other operational processes

Full fibre for a digital and sustainable Europe 223