Energies 13 02314

energies
Article
Power Substation Construction and Ventilation
System Co-Designed Using Particle
Swarm Optimization
Jau-Woei Perng 1 , Yi-Chang Kuo 1,2, * , Yao-Tsung Chang 2 and Hsi-Hsiang Chang 2
1 Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University,
Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; jwperng@faculty.nsysu.edu.tw
2 Taiwan Power Company Southern Region Construction Office, Kaohsiung 81166, Taiwan;
u744793@taipower.com.tw (Y.-T.C.); u785016@taipower.com.tw (H.-H.C.)
* Correspondence: a0917689485@gmail.com; Tel.: +886-3676901

Received: 19 February 2020; Accepted: 21 April 2020; Published: 6 May 2020
Abstract: This study discusses a numerical study that was developed to optimize the ventilation
system in a power substation prior to its installation. We established a multiobjective particle
swarm optimizer to identify the best approach for simultaneously improving, first, the ventilation
performance considering the most appropriate inlet size and outlet openings and second, the reduction
of the synthetic noise of the ventilation and power consumption from the exhaust fan equipment
and its operation. The study used building information modeling to construct indoor and outdoor
models of the substation building and verified the overall performance using ANSYS FLUENT 18.0
software to simulate the air velocity and air temperature distribution within the building. Results show
that the exhaust fan of the B1F cable finishing room and the 23 kV gas insulated switchgear (GIS)
room optimize the reduction of horsepower by approximately 1 Hp and 0.5 Hp. The combined noise
is reduced by 4 dBA and 2 dBA; the exhaust fan runs for 30 min, and the two equipment rooms can
cool down by 2.9 ◦ C and 1.7 ◦ C, respectively. Therefore, it is confirmed that the MOPSO algorithm
provides a more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly building ventilation environment.
Keywords: power substation; inlet and outlet openings; synthetic noise; multiobjective particle
swarm optimizer; exhaust fan; gas insulated switchgear
1. Introduction
Previously, because of proper architectural design and natural environment, natural ventilation
could be used to develop a healthy and comfortable living space. Nowadays, because of the
excessive consumption of natural resources, energy crisis, considerable reduction in natural resources,
and environmental degradation, we need to consider not only the impact and destruction of life
because of damage to the ecological environment but also the importance and necessity of sustainable
development. Previously, the ventilation of most residential buildings was dependent on the openings of
the building for natural ventilation; however, when the natural ventilation conditions were insufficient
to affect the comfort of indoor space, an air conditioner was used to decrease the discomfort for
building users. Because of the awareness of environmental protection, we advocate using natural
methods and replace the use of mechanical energy. Studies on natural ventilation and practical
application methods have been conducted for several years; however, these methods are often
difficult to operate because of differences in climatic conditions and microclimate environments
in various regions [1–6]. The “hybrid ventilation system” is based on the natural ventilation and is
supplemented by mechanical ventilation; moreover, it pursues the consumption of the least number of
Energies 2020, 13, 2314; doi:10.3390/en13092314 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2020, 13, 2314 2 of 27
resources to achieve the best indoor environmental quality for sustainability, low energy consumption,
and preservation of humanity. In addition to improving the quality of the environment, it also considers
both health and sustainability. Several researchers have published various algorithms to optimize
the ventilation efficiency and reduce engineering costs. For example, Petri et al. [7] introduced the
energy optimization of existing buildings using the building information modeling (BIM) software to
obtain the building and electricity consumption data related to the equipment used in the buildings’
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system in the building for a long term. They used
a multiobjective genetic optimization algorithm (NSGAII) to optimize the electricity consumption
of the HVAC equipment. Furthermore, based on the results, it was confirmed that the building
energy model showed that the established NSGAII algorithm could be used to build the HVAC
system and thus achieve a cost-effective economic benefit. Moreover, Ma et al. [8] proposed a dual
gradient search method for energy management based on temperature optimization, energy supply,
and price for constructed buildings (HVAC). Furthermore, Sporr et al. [9] used information from
BIM to design control strategies such as integrity checks and enhancements to the dataset from the
necessary information, as well as clarified how operational data from the energy system could be
used to modify the existing buildings and HVAC controller. Ke et al. [10] presented a cooling design
for a tunnel’s machine room at the Zhonghe Xinlu Line Xinzhuang Huilong Section of the Taipei MRT,
i.e., the side was installed with a vertical ventilation shaft. The results showed that the cross-sectional
area of the vertical ventilation shaft affected both ventilation volume and temperature of the tunnel
machine room. Moreover, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was used to simulate
the ventilation environment of the subway tunnel’s machine room to achieve the cooling system
design’s benefits. Furthermore, on both sides of each station in the Xinzhuang Huilong section,
tunnel ventilation and vertical wells were installed. This study is unique because the design of
ventilation and electromechanical equipment in the substation was optimized before the construction.
Ke et al. [10] also indicated that the ventilation opening area is inversely related to the indoor
temperature and air-exchange volume but that the ventilation opening area can be increased to enhance
the cooling effect. However, the ventilation opening area cannot be infinitely increased to affect the
civil structure. In future, the aim of the multiobjective particle swarm optimizer (MOPSO) optimization
design for the substation ventilation system will be to determine a balance between the civil structure
and electromechanical equipment design such that it reduces the cost of electricity and maintains the
ventilation system subsequent to completing the construction. In consideration of the varying land
sizes, climates, temperatures, and humidity in different countries, the voltage of transformer substations
is also different to avoid energy attenuation owing to the distance of power transmission from the
power plant to the transformer substation; consequently, the voltage grade, cable, and transformer size
of the transformer substation are also different. Therefore, the equipment may have different spaces
and heating values. As Taiwan’s voltage grade of a transformer substation is different from that of
global transformer substations, we are unable to compare the improvement effects of the ventilation
system in the same space, but we must compare the improvement methods for ventilation system in the
equipment room with global transformer substations. According to the improvement of ventilation
systems in transformer substations [11–15] reported by studies from other countries in recent years,
H. Liu et al. (2017) proposed a study on the application of COMSOL software in ventilation design
and application of transformer substations; they concluded that power consumption and synthetic
noise will be increased in the transformer substation if ventilation equipment is increased [11]. In 2018,
M. Kanaan et al. and FAS Bahri et al. reduced the temperature of the equipment room by changing the
position of the inlet/outlet [12,13] and simulated indoor cooling effects via fluid mechanics, but they did
not analyze the windward side of the building, power consumption of power equipment, and synthetic
noise. In 2019, Yun Liu et al. investigated the mean lowest temperature in the equipment room using
the variational method and adjusted the ventilation equipment; however, the sole objective of this
study was to optimize the indoor temperature of equipment to the lowest mean performance value
and re-plan the ventilation equipment, but no multiple-target optimization plan was prepared for
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 3 of 27
the power consumption and synthetic noise of ventilation equipment [14]. F Liu et al. studied the
synthetic noise of the equipment room [15]. However, all the above studies had no plans or designs on
reducing the temperature of the equipment room by optimizing inlet/outlet size via machine learning,
energy conservation design, or noise reduction of continuous cooling equipment. Besides, there are
many reports on application of machine learning in power systems [16–20], but they have not yet been
applied in the ventilation system of a transformer substation. The remainder of this paper is organized
as follows. In Section 1, we review the ventilation and cooling effects of the ventilation system
equipment used to prevent an increase in the temperature in the equipment room of the substation
and the generation of undesirable gases. In Section 2, we describe the materials and methods used
in the system structure. In Section 3, we report and analyze the simulation results. Finally, in Section 4,
we provide the conclusions and discussions of this study.
1.1. Establishing a Ventilation System to Prevent Increase in the Temperature in the Equipment Room
of the Substation and Generation of Adverse Gases
The substation buildings need to be provided with a number of inlet/outlet openings for ventilation
on both the inner and outer walls. Because ventilation facilities, such as ducts, need considerable
space, the ventilation design should consider the space required for the installation, maintenance,
and operation of the internal compartment configuration, ventilation facilities, and substation
equipment. The design of the ventilation equipment is closely related to the appearance of the
building, the firefighting equipment, the installation of the substation equipment, and the function of
the substation. Therefore, the planning and design of the ventilation system should be carried out
along with those of the building to minimize the revisions of the plan view and elevation view of
the building as well as facilitate the acquisition of construction permits. For the firefighting function,
both the air inlet and outlet ports in each fire and CO2 protection zone compartment (including its
buffer zone) shall be provided with an electric damper that can be automatically closed and shut
off before the CO2 fire-extinguishing agent is irradiated to ensure appropriate CO2 concentration is
obtained, which can be calculated using formulas (1)–(3) [21]. Furthermore, the fan, damper, and other
facilities can be manually turned on the total monitoring panel to discharge harmful gases such as CO2
to the outside.
G
CO2 concentration = × 100%, (1)
G+V
0.21 × V
O2 concentration = × 100%, (2)
G+V
V: Chamber volume (m3 ); G: (CO2 release, m3 ) = CO2 weight (kg) × volume factor (0.534 m3 /kg). (3)
In addition, fans, dampers, and other facilities can manually turn on the total monitoring panel to
discharge harmful gases, such as CO2 , to the outside.
The concentration of CO2 should not be less than 34% and that of O2 should not be greater than
13.86%.
Based on relevant building regulations, [22,23] the distribution room, transformer room, and reactor
room need to be equipped with a fire-venting damper that fulfills the requirement of firefighting
timeliness for 2 h or more; however, the remaining CO2 protection zone must be equipped with
a fire-venting damper that fulfills the requirement of firefighting timeliness for 1 h or more.
The ventilation of an indoor substation should be designed as natural air inlet/mechanical outlet
ventilation [24–32]. When each room is independently ventilated, the required fan is generally placed
outside the ventilation room or in space that does not affect the operation and maintenance of the
equipment in the same room to directly discharge hot air, outlet gas, etc. If necessary, the fan can be
located elsewhere and a separate duct or air duct can be set to guide the inlet/outlet. The ventilation
fan should have a safe maintenance working space without the need for a shutdown of the substation
equipment. The used cable processing room, transformer room, reactor room, GIS room, and system
capacity (SC) room at all levels should be equipped with two and more units of fans according to the
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 4 of 27
total air volume. The ventilation of the underground substation or semi-underground substation can
be designed using the natural air inlet/mechanical outlet or mechanical air inlet/mechanical outlet,
and a centralized air inlet duct and outlet duct shall be provided. The fans used in each room on each
floor are installed in the fan room in a centralized manner, and facilities such as air ducts, air channels,
and dampers are installed to guide the ventilation of each room. The inlet/outlet of each ventilation zone
should be independent and unaffected by other ventilation zones. The indoor reference temperature
(ti) is maintained at 40 ◦ C DB (dry bulb temperature), while the outdoor reference temperature (to) is
36 ◦ C DB.
The ventilation volume is calculated by considering the calorific value of the device
and the air-exchange times and considering the relative maximum air volume value.
Furthermore, the ventilation volume is calculated from the air-exchange times in the place specified
in Table 1 [33], and the ventilation volume of respective rooms in Tables 2 and 3 are calculated
using the calorific value of the device. The calculation formula of each ventilation volume has been
described below.
1.1.1. Air Change Rate Conversion Method

The calorific values of certain devices may not be considerable; however, they can produce
harmful substances such as odor, moisture, and corrosive gas. Moreover, there must still be sufficient
ventilation volume to be discharged to the outside to maintain the indoor air quality.
V×N
Qc = (4)
60
Qc : Ventilation volume (m3 /min; CMM)

N: Air change rate (times/h). See Table 1.
V: Indoor volume (m3 )
1.1.2. Calorific Value Conversion Method

The conversion formula (5) for obtaining the ventilation volume through the calorific value of the
device is as follows:
H × 860
Qh = (5)
(60 × 0.29 × ∆t)
Qh : Ventilation volume (CMM)
H: Thermal power emitted by the device (kW). See Tables 2 and 3.
∆t: Indoor and outdoor temperature difference, i.e., ∆t = ti − to .
1.1.3. Calculation of Ventilation Openings

To reduce water intrusion, the ventilating inlet/outlet opening should be waterproof
and splash-proof, and an appropriate silencing louver or the sound-reducing enclosure should
be provided according to the noise calculation. If the building design can meet the requirements of
waterproofing and noise reduction, these setups will be exempted. The opening size for mounting the
louver, the silencing louver, or the sound-reducing enclosure can be calculated as follows:
Q
V= (6)
60A × Percentage of Opening in the Louver
A: Wall opening area (m2 )

Q: Ventilation volume (CMM)
V: Louver conversion wind speed (m/s).
The speeds of the air inlet, outlet, and the roof exhaust fans should be <4 m/s, <6 m/s, <10 m/s,
respectively. The level of air pressure is related to the density of air. When the air is compressed
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 5 of 27
in a narrow space, the density increases, the weight of the air increases, the pressure per unit area
rises, and a high air pressure is formed and vice versa. The relation between wind and air pressure:
Air and water can flow similarly. Affected by gravity, the heavier will sink and the lighter will float.
If the high and low air pressures are in an up and down relation, the air will move up and down;
however, if the high and low air pressures are in the left and right relation, the air will move in parallel.
Note that this air flow is the wind; therefore, the greater the difference in air pressure, the greater is the
wind speed. The centrifugal fan uses the shaft power to rapidly rotate the fan blade, thus compressing
the air to the outer edge of the fan blade and forming a positive air pressure difference:
V2 r
P= (7)
2g
V: Louver conversion wind speed (m/s)

P: Static pressure of the opening (mmAq)
r: Air specific gravity = 1.2 kg/m3
g: Gravity acceleration = 9.8 m/s2
Table 1. Rate of air changes in each room/space.
Air Change Rate in Each Room/Space

Name of the Room/Space
(Number of Changes/h)
DC power supply room, pressure-regulating chamber,
16 and more
elevator machinery roomNote 1 , UPS room, toilet
Pantry, workroom, emergency generator roomNote 2 10 and more
Fire equipment room, underground walkway, tools room,
6 and more
pipe space, warehouse
Note 1: If the specified air changes rates can be achieved, the natural ventilation design can also be used.
Note 2: The air change rates of the elevator machinery room and emergency generator room are for indoor ventilation
only, and the ventilation volume required to eliminate the heat from operations of the elevator and emergency
generator (see Table 2). Proper inlet/outlet ventilation openings and related facilities should be set up.
For places not listed in Tables 1 and 2, if mechanical ventilation is required the ventilation
volume should be calculated based on six times of ventilation per hour (unless otherwise specified).
The surrounding conditions of the air inlet or outlet port should be considered, and the appropriate
mounting surface and height and set positions should be selected such that the ventilation short circuit
will not occur and the indoor air distribution will be uniform without local retention. The opening
height of the air inlet or outlet port should meet the following requirements: the top of the opening
of the outlet port should be 10 cm below the beam, while the bottom of the opening of the air inlet
should be 50 cm above the floor. When the air inlet is located on the wall adjacent to the road outside
the substation, the height of the bottom of the opening should be >2 m above the ground. When the
outlet port is located in a park or a square, the bottom height of the opening should be >3 m above
the ground to prevent the hot air from being directly blown to the pedestrian. It should be installed
at the bottom of the opening of the air inlet and outlet ports on the outer wall of the first floor and
placed at >100 cm above the floor. Moreover, anti-theft measures should be adopted, and the top of
the remaining outlet openings should be 10 cm below the beam, whereas the bottom of the air inlet
opening should be 50 cm above the floor.
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 6 of 27
Table 2. Calorific values for electromechanical equipment in a substation.
Name of the
Equipment Capacity Calorific Value (kw) Remarks
Room/Space
345 kV 500 MVA A.TR 135/set
345 kV 167 MVA A.TR 38/set
161 kV 200 MVA M.TR 62/set
Transformer room 161 kV 60 MVA D.TR 20/set(OIT), 30/set(GIT) Note 3
161 kV 30 × 2 MVA D.TR 30/set(OIT), 50/set(GIT)
161 kV 30 MVA D.TR 14/set
69 kV 25 MVA M.TR 9/set
33 kV 40MVAR SH.R 16/set
Reactor room 161 kV 40MVAR SH.R 18/set

Note 3
345 kV GIS 80/room
161 kV GIS 66/room
GIS room E/S(+D/S) Note 4
69 kV GIS 30/room
23 kV GIS 15/room
161 kV GIS 30/room
GIS room (D/S) Note 4
23 kV GIS 15/room
including 3 sets
69 kV 43.2 MVAR SC 7.2 + 25 × 3 = 82.2/set
of reactors
including 3 sets
69 kV 28.8 MVAR SC 4.8 + 3.7 × 3 = 15.9/set
of reactors
including 3 sets
69 kV 18 MVAR SC 3.0 + 3.7 × 3 = 14.1/set
of reactors
SC room
including 3 sets
23 kV 9000 KVAR SC 1.5 + 3.3 × 3 = 11.4/set
of reactors
including 3 sets
11 kV 6000 KVAR SC 1.0 + 1.4 × 6 = 9.4/set
of reactors
including 3 sets
11 kV 3000 KVAR SC 0.5 + 1.4 × 3 = 4.7/set
of reactors
345 kV GIS+A.TR −
Used cable 110/room
Cable
processing room Note 4
E/S(+D/S) 161 kV GIS + SH.R +
110/room
D.TR +23 KV GIS–Cable
Used cable 161 kV GIS+D.TR+23 kV

45/room
processing room GIS − Cable
Note 4
(D/S) 23 kV GIS − Cable 28/room
Note 3: The calorific values of the transformer and reactor do not include the heat discharged from the radiator. If the
radiator is placed indoors, its heat must be incorporated into the calculation of the ventilation volume. Before the
company provides the calorific value of the radiator, the manufacturer should design the ventilation facility of the
room by considering ten times the listed calorific value as the total capacity. Note 4: The calorific value of the GIS
equipment listed in this table and the cable in the used cable processing room is set with the specific equipment.
If the number of equipment or the cable length is different, it should be separately adjusted.
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 7 of 27
Table 3. Calorific values for transformers in the substation.
The Self-Supply Transformer

50 100 200 300 500 1000 1500 2000
Capacity in the Substation (KVA)
The calorific value (kW) 1.2 2.3 4 5.5 8 15 20 25
1.1.4. Fan Power Calculation

The power required by the fan is primarily increased or decreased according to the ventilation
volume required by the ventilation system and the pressure loss of the system. The required ventilation
volume can be obtained according to Equations (4)–(6), and the system pressure loss varies with
different ventilation equipment and the speed of wind. The pressure loss of each ventilation device
in the system must be listed in the calculation sheet for calculating the shaft power of the fan motor.
Note that the calculation formula (8) is as follows:
Q × TSP × SF
BHP = (8)
6120 × ESP
BHP: Shaft power (kW)
Q: Ventilation volume (CMM)
TSP: System pressure loss (centimeter water column, mmAq or mmWG)
SF: Safety factor (1.2 or more)
ESP: Static fan efficiency (%)
Considering factors such as an increase in the system pressure loss, the fan motor power should
have a margin of 10% or more. If a belt-driven fan is used, the fan motor must have another margin
of 3% or more to supply the required power loss. In air-conditioned places such as the control
room, communication room, and electrical relay room, CO2 automatic fire-extinguishing equipment is
required. According to the “Fire-fighting Installation Standard”, a special fan equipment for removing
the CO2 gas must be provided. The minimum ventilation volume should be calculated based on six or
more times of ventilation per hour. In each machine room, the synthetic noise value of the fan should
not exceed 82 dBA. The measurement height of the indoor noise should be 150 cm above the floor and
the vicinity of the synthetic noise should be in higher places. The indoor noise of the fan-dedicated
room may not be limited by the upper value of 82 dBA; however, the noise measured outside the fan’s
wall or door at a distance of 150 cm from the wall should not exceed 70 dBA, and the measurement
height should be 120 cm above the building floor. Except for the above outdoor areas, the noise in the
other places (such as ladders and workrooms) should not exceed 60 dBA; moreover, the measurement
height should be 150 cm above the floor, close to the point where the synthetic noise is the highest.
The synthetic noise value generated by all fans should not exceed 70 dBA outside the building.
This noise measurement should be near the center of the ventilation louver, and the point where the
synthetic noise is higher and 150 cm away from the outer wall of the building. Moreover, the synthetic
noise value of the fan on the roof should be <70 dBA. The noise measurement position should be
closest to the noise source on the parapet wall or at the point where the synthetic noise is the highest.
The measurement height should agree with the noise source height. The operations of the transformer,
reactor, 161 kV GIS, and emergency generators can continuously generate larger noises; thus, silencers
should be installed indoors or at the inlet/outlet openings or the building design should be used
to achieve a sound-absorbing function that complies with the design guidelines and noise control
standards. The fan types of models selected for use in the substation building listed below:
1. In-line fixed-load centrifugal fan: It is suitable for indoor use because it requires less space
for configuration. It can be used as an exhaust fan or blower.
2. Rooftop louver-type fixed-load centrifugal fan: It is suitable for roof installation and can generally
be used only as an exhaust fan.
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 8 of 27
3. Conventional vortex-type fixed-load centrifugal fan: It is suitable for indoor or outdoor use but
requires a large space for configuration. It can be used as either an exhaust fan or a blower.
To control the operation or stop the ventilation, all fans and their associated equipment must
be equipped with an electromagnetic switch on their power circuit, and the electromagnetic switch
selected must have appropriate overload, undervoltage, or under-equal protection for the fan motor.
Furthermore, the ventilation system should be equipped with the following control devices:
(a) Timed automatic control: Each ventilation zone must be equipped with a timed automatic
control facility to control the operation of the ventilation system. The timed control method
should be determined according to the characteristics of each site. In the electromechanical
equipment location with high calorific value (Table 2), in addition to the timed automatic control,
the indoor ventilation facilities must be equipped with automatic temperature control such that
the ventilation facilities can be automatically started and stopped according to the set temperature.
(The temperature control switch should be separated, the controller should be placed in the
room at a height of 1.5 m above the floor, the sensor should be placed 50 cm below the beam;
however, the sensors in the transformer room, reactor room, and the 69 kV, 161 kV GIS room
should be set at a height of 4.5 m above the floor.) The rest of the site may be exempted from
such installations.
(b) On-site manual control: Each ventilation zone should be located next to its outdoor door. At least
one place can be manually specified to manually start and stop the manual control switch of each
area of the ventilation facilities; moreover, the area can be automatically ventilated for 5 h after
the operation is manually started. If there is other automatic control, it should be restored to this
automatic control state.
(c) Total monitoring panel: The ventilation system should be equipped with a total monitoring panel.
The control panel of the ventilation equipment and the warning light number should be provided
for monitoring on the panel and installed in the stairwell of the non-main entrance and exit on
the first floor of the building.
2. Materials and Methods

In this section, we introduce the MOPSO intelligent optimization design of the substation
ventilation system along with BIM modeling and confirm both cooling and ventilation performance
of ANSYS FLUENT 18.0. This section is structured as follows. In Section 2.1, we discuss ways to
simulate mixed ventilation and verify the design inside and outside the substation. In Section 2.2,
we describe ways to use MOPSO for the optimization design of the ventilation inlet and outlet opening
areas in the equipment room of the substation. In Section 2.3, we introduce methods to calculate
synthetic noise. In Section 2.4, we introduce ways to use BIM to model the ventilation system of the
substation. Finally, in Section 2.5, we introduce methods to use ANSYS FLUENT 18.0 for analysis and
verify combined ventilation inside and outside the substation.
2.1. Mixed Ventilation Simulation Analysis and Optimization Design Inside and Outside the Substation
In the design stage, the purpose of indoor airflow simulation is to confirm and optimize the
efficiency of the mechanical ventilation system using MOPSO optimization and numerical analysis,
as well as confirm whether the short-circuit cycle occurs under the design conditions of the ventilation
equipment for the main equipment space of this study is the basis for optimizing the mechanical
ventilation design.
Based on CFD simulation analysis, we consider the outdoor natural wind and calculate the actual
air volume of the fan when the ventilation systems in various functional spaces are operating together,
the airflow organization and temperature distribution of each functional space in extreme conditions,
as well as verify the ventilation system design such as the rationality of the airflow organization,
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 9 of 27
fan selection, and indoor temperature distribution. Figure 1 shows the workflow of the optimization
design analysis of the ventilation system in the substation. The main process is as follows:
1. MOPSO is used to calculate the optimized ventilation and outlet opening area of the
equipment room.
2. Because we calculate the outdoor wind field of the building (the dominant wind conditions
in2020,
Energies summer),
13, x FORwe canREVIEW
PEER obtain the wind pressure distribution at the opening of the building 9shell
of 30
and evaluate the natural ventilation conditions when the fan is not turned on.
3. Under
Under thethe static
static wind
wind condition,
condition, we calculate the indoor airflow organization and ventilation
ventilation
amount
amount whenwhen thethe indoor
indoor fan
fan exhausts.
exhausts.
4. We calculatethethe
We calculate indoor
indoor airflow
airflow organization
organization and ventilation
and ventilation volume
volume under under conditions
combined combined
conditions of natural ventilation
of natural ventilation and mechanical
and mechanical ventilation.ventilation.
5. Based
5. Based onon the
the above
above simulation,
simulation, the
the optimization
optimization scheme
scheme isis then
then proposed
proposed and
and confirmed.
confirmed.
MOPSO design for

optimization of the
ventilation opening
in the substation
ventilation system
Airflow simulation
and analysis model
construction
Peripheral building
Construction of the Intake and exhaust
volume model
main building fan model
construction within
model construction
a radius of 300 m
Simulation,
calculation and Fan flow, distribution and jet angle
analysis of the parameters
outdoor natural
wind field
Indoor opening
differential pressure
parameter
Simulation,
calculation and
analysis of indoor air
velocity, distribution
and air
Optimization plan
Whether there is gas Yes development (Adjust
hysteresis or eddy current,to
equipment specifications.
affect the ventilation
Adjust the opening size or
efficiency area
position.)
No
End
Figure 1.1. Flowchart

Flowchartofof mixed
mixed ventilation
ventilation simulation
simulation analysis
analysis and optimization
and optimization designdesign inside
inside and and
outside
outside the substation.
the substation.
2.2. Optimization Design

2.2. Optimization Design of
of the
the Ventilation
Ventilation Inlet
Inlet and
and Outlet
Outlet Opening
Opening Areas
Areas in
in the
the Equipment
Equipment Room
Room of the
of the Substation Using MOPSO
Substation Using MOPSO
The evolutionary calculation simulates the natural world of natural selection and survival of the
The evolutionary calculation simulates the natural world of natural selection and survival of the
fittest, and uses the parallel best search process to determine the solution for the optimal combination
fittest, and uses the parallel best search process to determine the solution for the optimal combination
in several solution sets. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm [34–38] is primarily based
on the group behavior of birds and fish. Each bird or fish in a group resembles a particle; moreover,
its position and speed, adjusted by the adaptive function, is updated to a new position according to
the direction range. The particle refers to the past successful experience (Pbest) and the current best
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 10 of 27
in several solution sets. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm [34–38] is primarily based
on the group behavior of birds and fish. Each bird or fish in a group resembles a particle; moreover, its
position and speed, adjusted by the adaptive function, is updated to a new position according to
the direction range. The particle refers to the past successful experience (Pbest) and the current best
particle in the group (Gbest), and then obtains the new speed and location according to a set of updated
equations. Sporr et al. added a new parameter, the inertia weight ω, to the original equation [3].
The particle velocity was updated ω and the parameter range decreased from 1.4 to 0.2, and the
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 30
appropriate range was found to be between 0.4 and 0.9. The equation is updated as follows:

Vi+1
Vi+1 = ωV i +=Cω Vi +C
1 rand 1 rand(P
(P id − Xi )id+
) + C2Prand(P
−CX2irand i − Xi )
gd − Xgd (9) (9)
X = Xi + Vi + 1 (10)
Xi+1 =i+1
Xi + Vi + 1 (10)
where Vi is the original moving direction of particle i and Xi is its original position. The constants
where Vi is the original moving direction of particle i and Xi is its original position. The constants c1
c1 and c2 are learning factors set to 2, rand represents the (0, 1) random number, Pid is the best
and c2 are learning factors set to 2, rand represents the (0, 1) random number, Pid is the best position
position in the individual search, and Pgd is the best position in the group fitness value. Ke et al. [10]
in the individual search, and Pgd is the best position in the group fitness value. Ke et al. [10] reported
reported that the purpose of this inertia weight is to balance the abilities of global exploration and
that the purpose of this inertia weight is to balance the abilities of global exploration and local search.
local search. According to the ventilation design process, both the inlet and outlet opening area
According to the ventilation design process, both the inlet and outlet opening area required for the
required for the horsepower design value of the outlet system of the ventilation system is determined.
horsepower design value of the outlet system of the ventilation system is determined. Because there
Because there are multiple solutions to the ventilation system under the target value of the inlet and
are multiple solutions to the ventilation system under the target value of the inlet and outlet opening
outlet opening wind speed, it is necessary to design the inlet opening area to determine the search
wind speed, it is necessary to design the inlet opening area to determine the search range, as shown
range, as shown in Figure 2. Subsequently, we use the relation between the opening area of the inlet
in Figure 2. Subsequently, we use the relation between the opening area of the inlet air and the static
air and the static pressure, as shown in Equations (6) and (7), for the adaptive function calculation to
pressure, as shown in Equations (6) and (7), for the adaptive function calculation to determine the
determine the best air inlet static pressure. Moreover, it is possible to plan the venting area to
best air inlet static pressure. Moreover, it is possible to plan the venting area to determine the search
determine the search range, as shown in Figure 3, and then use the relation between the opening area
range, as shown in Figure 3, and then use the relation between the opening area of the outlet and the
of the outlet and the horsepower of the exhaust fan, as shown in Equations (6)–(8), for the adaptive
horsepower of the exhaust fan, as shown in Equations (6)–(8), for the adaptive function calculation to
function calculation to determine the power of the best exhaust fan.
determine the power of the best exhaust fan.
According to the
relationship between the Update the
Start
opening area of the air position and
intake and the static speed of each
pressure, the fitness function particle.
randomly generates the inlet
Set the particle opening static pressure
search range, the value and particle group
number of position and speed.
iterations, and the No
Determine if the
learning constant loop is over.
by the range of Calculate the fitness
the inlet opening function TSP for each
area particle (intake opening
surface wind speed Cv <
4m / s target
performance
specification value). End
Figure 2. Optimized design flowchart

Figure 2. Optimized for the equipment
design flowchart room inletroom
for the equipment opening
inletarea and static
opening pressure.
area and static
pressure.
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 11 of 27
According to the
relationship between the Update the
Start opening area of the position and
exhaust and the speed of each
horsepower of the particle.
exhaust fan, the fitness
function randomly
generates the exhaust
opening area value and
particle group position
and speed. Determine if the No
Set the particle loop is over.
search range, the
number of
Calculate the fitness
iterations, and the
function of each particle
learning constant
(Exhaust opening surface
by the area of the
wind speed Cv <6m / s,
exhaust opening
exhaust fan total static
area
pressure value and
exhaust fan horsepower
and other target End
performance
specifications).
Figure 3. Optimized design flowchart for the equipment room outlet opening area and the exhaust
Figure 3. Optimized design flowchart for the equipment room outlet opening area and the exhaust
fan horsepower.
fan horsepower.
2.3. Synthetic Noise
2.3. Synthetic Noise
Synthetic noise quantification uses the equivalent continuous sound pressure level [39]
Synthetic
for evaluation, noise
which is aquantification usesindex
noise evaluation the equivalent
recommended continuous
by ISO 1996sound pressure level
international [39] for
standard.
It is defined as the average energy value of the volume measured over a period of time and hasIt is
evaluation, which is a noise evaluation index recommended by ISO 1996 international standard.
beendefined
widelyasused
the by
average
countriesenergy value
around theofworld.
the volume
The N measured
A-weighted over a period
sound of time
pressure levelsand has
Leq,n canbeen
widely used by countries around the world. The N A-weighted
calculate the corresponding equivalent level according to formula (11) as follows:sound pressure levels L eq,n can
calculate the corresponding equivalent level according to formula (11) as follows:
N NL
 
 1 X eq,n 
L
synthetic noise = Leq = 10 log10  1 10 10 eq,n

(11)
synthetic noise= Leq = 10 log10 (N ∑ 10 10 ) (11)
N t=1
t=1
2.4. BIM
2.4. BIM
BIM is defined as an architectural engineering information model composed of complete
BIM is information
and sufficient defined as an to architectural
support newengineering informationmanagement;
product development model composed it canof be
complete
directlyand
sufficientbyinformation
interpreted to support new
computer applications. product
BIM helps development
assess the efficiency management;
of energy use it in
canthebedesign
directly
interpreted
phase by computer
[40–42]. Combined withapplications.
a professional BIM helps
energy assess thesoftware,
simulation efficiency
BIM ofcan
energy use insimulate
accurately the design
the phase [40–42].
mechanical, Combined
electrical, with a professional
and plumbing energyclimate
pipeline and indoor simulation
controlsoftware,
as well asBIM
providecandifferent
accurately
simulate
design choices theand
mechanical,
suggestionselectrical, and plumbing
to enhance performance pipeline and indoor
and efficiency climate control
of buildings. as well
To adapt to as
provide
different different design
climate-related choices
changes, and suggestions
considerable to enhance
equipment is used performance
to maintainand the efficiency of buildings.
indoor climate. For
To adaptdesigns,
sustainable to different climate-related
maintaining changes,
the climate change considerable
adaptability equipment is useddesign
through passive to maintain the indoor
or intelligent
climate.
devices For sustainable
is important. BIM candesigns,
estimate maintaining
the carbonthe climate
footprint change
during adaptability
concept design,through
which willpassive design
not only
or intelligent
provide a practical devices
solutionis for
important. BIM can estimate
future low-carbon cities butthealsocarbon
confirm footprint duringofconcept
the feasibility low-carbondesign,
which
design andwill not only
identify provide
the carbon a practical
reduction solution
potential for future
during low-carbonphase
the construction citiesorbut also confirm the
implementation.
feasibility
In addition of low-carbon
to the designemissions,
embodied carbon and identify the carbon
further control reduction potential during
of carbon emissions is an issuetheweconstruction
should
phase
focus or implementation.
on. Moreover, In addition
we must continue to the embodied
to perform carbon emissions,
carbon reduction actions untilfurther
carbon control of carbon
neutrality is
emissions
achieved is an issue we
for sustainable should focus
development. In on.
thisMoreover,
section, thewe must continue
MOPSO to perform
optimization result carbon
parametersreduction
of
eachactions
inlet anduntil carbon
outlet neutrality
opening area of is achieved for sustainable
the substation in Section 2.2 development. In this section,
are used to construct the MOPSO
the ventilation
optimization
structure result parameters
of the substation buildingof eachBIM
using inletand
andthe outlet opening area
surrounding of theofsubstation
structure the substation.in Section 2.2
are used to construct the ventilation structure of the substation building using BIM and the
surrounding structure of the substation.
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 12 of 27
2.5. ANSYS FLUENT 18.0

ANSYS FLUENT version 18.0 was used for indoor ventilation calculation. It contains a wide
range of physical models and can be used to simulate the flow, heat transfer, and reaction processes
for industrial applications [43,44]. It is one of the most extensively used CFD simulation software
for building ventilation. After establishing the indoor airflow analysis model in the substation,
the design parameters of the exhaust fan, such as the flow rate, distribution, and jet angle, are used to
simulate the air flow velocity, flow direction, and temperature distribution of each zone. Accordingly,
we can determine whether there is an area for airflow hysteresis and eddy current to affecting the
outlet gas efficiency.
3. Result
In this study, the 25 MVA main substation expansion project has three main floors, including one
floor underground and two floors above the ground.
The primary functional space on the basement level of the building is the used cable processing
room. The functional space on the ground floor includes the main transformer room, the GIS room,
and the generator room. Furthermore, the functional space on the above-ground second floor includes
the SC room, the fire equipment room, and the buffer room. Note that the substation adopts mechanical
ventilation and each functional space is equipped with independent ventilation equipment without
air-conditioning equipment. In Section 3.1, we simulate the ventilation using MOPSO, In Section 3.2,
the optimized ventilation system in mopso for verifying.
3.1. Optimization of the Ventilation System for MOPSO

In this study, Matlab 2015b is used to simulate the relation between the inlet and outlet opening
area of the ventilation system in the equipment room, the static pressure of the opening, and the
horsepower of the exhaust fan under the double MOPSO (Figure 4). In the substation optimization
results, in the B1F underground used cable processing room, the inlet opening area is ~2.5 m2 , the inlet
opening static pressure is ~0.49 mmaq, the outlet opening area is ~2.9 m2 , and the power of outlet
opening exhaust fan is ~0.803 Hp while that of the exhaust fan is only 0.75 or 1 Hp. To satisfy the
dynamic conditions, a power of 1 Hp was selected. In the 1F 23 kV GIS room, the inlet opening area
was ~2.5 m2 , the inlet opening static pressure was ~0.1 mmaq, the outlet opening area was ~2.8 m2 ,
and the power of the outlet opening exhaust fan was ~1.49 Hp while that of the exhaust fan machine
was only 1 or 075 Hp. To satisfy the dynamic conditions, two powers of 0.75 Hp were selected.
As for others in the equipment room, because the design already adopted a power of 0.5 Hp or less
for the minimum horsepower model of the exhaust fan, there was no planned double MOPSO for
optimizing the outlet power.
The equipment room has been optimized by the MOPSO of the fan equipment. The benefit
analysis of non-roof exhaust fan power reduction, the annual electricity cost of exhaust fan, and the
equipment cost reduction of exhaust fan are shown in Tables 4–6, respectively. Moreover, when the
power of the exhaust fan and the motor noise is reduced, the noise of the two exhaust fans in the
equipment room will naturally decrease. For the natural environment of the surrounding community,
it has the effect of achieving environmental protection and good neighborliness and complying with
the world’s green building energy- and carbon-saving.
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 13 of 27
Figure 4. Dual MOPSO optimization simulation results in the substation (red stars represent the local
best; black circles represent the global best).
Table 4. Benefit analysis of MOPSO optimization (roof fan).
Names of Original Design Fan Ventilation System MOPSO-Optimized Fan

Equipment Rooms Horsepower × Number of Sets Horsepower × Number of Sets (Red Box)
1.5Hp × 2 (synthetic noise =
1Hp × 2 (synthetic noise = 58 dBA,
B1F Used Cable 62 dBA, inlet opening area =
inlet opening area = 2.5 m2 , outlet opening
Processing Room 1.62 m2 , outlet opening area =
area = 2.86 m2 )
1.89 m2 )
1F No.4 main
0.5 Hp × 2 0.5 Hp × 2
transformer room
2Hp × 1 (synthetic noise = 64 dBA, 0.75Hp × 2 (synthetic noise = 62dBA,
1F 23 kV GIS room inlet opening area = 1.48 m2 , inlet opening area = 2.5 m2 , outlet opening
outlet opening area = 0.69 m2 ) area = 2.75 m2 )
1F generator room 0.5 Hp × 1 0.5 Hp × 1
2F Fire equipment
0.5 Hp × 1 0.5 Hp × 1
room
2F SC room 0.5 Hp × 2 0.5 Hp × 2
1F toilet 132 W × 1 132 W × 1
Because the ventilated roof exhaust fans are rated at three-phase 220 V, the 60 Hz model has a minimum-rated power
of 0.5 Hp. The main transformer room, generator room, fire equipment room, and SC room have the roof-type
minimum-rated power fans; therefore, no optimization is required. The toilet has a single-phase 220 V non-roof fan.
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 14 of 27
Table 5. Benefit analysis of annual electricity cost reduction in the MOPSO-optimized exhaust fan.
Annual Electricity Bill of the Original MOPSO-Optimized Annual Electricity

Design Fan (Fixed Value of kWh Bill (Fixed Value of kWh Consumed by
Names of Consumed by the Fan Each Year + the Fan Each Year + Power
Equipment Power Consumption of the Fan during Consumption of the Fan during the
Rooms the Summer Owing to Extremely High Summer Owing to Extremely High
Indoor Temperature + Standby Power Indoor Temperature + Standby Power
Consumption) Consumption)
B1F used cable
processing ~$60 USD (1.5 Hp × 2) ~40 USD (1 Hp × 2)
room
1F 23 kV GIS
~40 USD (2 Hp × 1) ~30 USD (0.75 Hp × 2)
room
2019/7/3 Exchange Rate: 1 USD = 31.365 NTD
Table 6. Benefit analysis of equipment cost reduction in the MOPSO-optimized exhaust fan.
Names of Equipment Original Design Fan MOPSO-Optimized Fan

Rooms Horsepower Price Horsepower Price
B1F used cable
~8928 USD (1.5 Hp × 2) ~7652 USD (1 Hp × 2)
processing room
1F 23 kV GIS room ~7652 USD (2 Hp = 1 Hp × 2) ~3794 USD (0.75 Hp × 2)
2019/7/3 Exchange Rate: 1 USD = 31.365 NT
3.2. The Ventilation System for Verification

For the BIM of the substation to be as close as possible to the real outdoor atmospheric environment,
the external overall calculation area is expanded further and the overall calculation area has dimensions
of 1000 × 500 × 100 m3 . Figure 5 shows the architectural model of the local area and the model of
the overall calculation area. For the calculated project building, the detailed building structure is
considered and the location area of the air outlet is separately divided. Note that for mesh division,
Integrated Computer Engineering and Manufacturing-CFD is used. Considering the calculation
accuracy and calculation time, the hexahedral structured mesh and tetrahedral unstructured mesh
are used for the division. Because of the small size of the local area, such as the air port of the project
building, the area mesh with a small local size is encrypted. The complex structure of the area near the
project building is difficult to realize because of the fully structured grid of the local area; thus, for the
surrounding area of the building, an encrypted tetrahedral mesh is used and a structured hexahedral
mesh is used in the surrounding area of the building. For the area near the ground, considering the
wind speed gradient of the atmospheric boundary layer, the grid of the ground area is encrypted.
Moreover, the total number of grids is 7.5 million, as shown in (Figure 6). In 2018, the dominant
wind direction of the substation area during summer and the whole year was the north wind, and the
average wind speed in June, July, and August 2018 was 2.83 m/s. Therefore, the north wind direction
is adopted for the calculation, and a wind speed of 2.83 m/s is used for analysis the condition of the
calculation domain; furthermore, the distribution of the atmospheric wind speed boundary layer
is considered.
ground area is encrypted. Moreover, the total number of grids is 7.5 million, as shown in (Figure 6).
In 2018, the dominant wind direction of the substation area during summer and the whole year was
the north wind, and the average wind speed in June, July, and August 2018 was 2.83 m/s. Therefore,
the north wind direction is adopted for the calculation, and a wind speed of 2.83 m/s is used for
analysis the13,condition
Energies 2020, 2314 of the calculation domain; furthermore, the distribution of the atmospheric
15 of 27
wind speed boundary layer is considered.
Local area model diagram Overall area model diagram
Energies 2020, Outdoor

13, x FORwind
PEERfield analysis chart
REVIEW Analysis domain boundary condition chart 16 of 30
Figure
Figure 5.
5. Architectural
Architecturalmodel
modelof
ofthe
theoutdoor
outdoorlocal
localarea
area and
and the
the model
model of
of the
the overall
overall calculation
calculation area.
area.
Local meshing results of the building Overall area meshing results
Figure 6. Grid analysis of local and overall areas of outdoor buildings.
By
By repeated
repeatedcalculations
calculationsusing
usingANSYS
ANSYSFLUENT
FLUENT18.0, the velocity
18.0, and pressure
the velocity fields fields
and pressure of the whole
of the
calculation regionregion
whole calculation were obtained. Figure
were obtained. 7 shows
Figure the velocity
7 shows distribution
the velocity andand
distribution velocity vector
velocity at
vector
aatheight
a height of 3 m around the building. The wind speed in the windward direction of the building is
of 3 m around the building. The wind speed in the windward direction of the building is
deflected because it is affected by the obstruction of the substation building. Furthermore, the wind
speed in the windward direction or on the north side of the building is ~1.5 m/s, whereas that in the
leeward or on the south side is 0.6 m/s or less. On the south side of the building, there is a recirculation
zone, which facilitates the formation of a large ventilation pressure difference between the windward
and leeward sides of the building. Figure 7 shows the surface pressure distributions of the windward
Local meshing results of the building Overall area meshing results
Figure 6. Grid analysis of local and overall areas of outdoor buildings.
By repeated calculations using ANSYS FLUENT 18.0, the velocity and pressure fields of the
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 16 of 27
whole calculation region were obtained. Figure 7 shows the velocity distribution and velocity vector
at a height of 3 m around the building. The wind speed in the windward direction of the building is
deflected because
because it is affected by the obstruction of the substation building. Furthermore, the wind
speed in the windward direction or on the north side of the building is ~1.5 ~1.5 m/s,
m/s, whereas
whereas that that inin the
leeward or on the south side is 0.6 m/s or less. On Onthe
thesouth
south side
side of
ofthe
thebuilding,
building, there
there is
is aarecirculation
recirculation
zone, which facilitates
facilitates the
the formation
formation ofof aa large
large ventilation
ventilation pressure
pressure difference
difference between the windward windward
and leeward sides of the building. Figure Figure 77 shows
shows the
the surface
surface pressure
pressure distributions
distributions of of the
the windward
windward
and leeward sidesof
leeward sides ofthe
thebuilding.
building.The
Thewind
windpressure
pressureononthe
the windward
windward side
side of of
thethe building
building is 0.0–2.0
is 0.0–2.0 Pa,
Pa, while
while thatthat on the
on the leeward
leeward side
side of the
of the building
building is between
is between −1.5and
−1.5 and−1.0
−1.0Pa.
Pa. Note
Note that
that the top of
the building
building is is in
in the
the negative-pressure
negative-pressure zone, zone, and
and the
the exhaust
exhaust fan
fan is
is primarily
primarily located
located at at the
the top.
top.
Therefore, for formechanical
mechanicalventilation,
ventilation,
thethe arrangement
arrangement of theofbuilding
the building
air portair
and port
the and
fan isthe fan is
beneficial
beneficial
to the use toof the use of thesurface
building building surfacedifference
pressure pressure difference
formed by formed by the
the outdoor outdoor
wind field.wind field.

Speed distribution around the building Velocity vector distribution around the building
Windward pressure on the windward side of the building Windward pressure on the leeward side of the building
Analysis of
Figure 7. Analysis of the
the outdoor
outdoor wind
wind speed and wind pressure outside the building.
Note that the pressure on the ventilation opening and the exit of the exhaust fan is evaluated.
Note that the pressure on the ventilation opening and the exit of the exhaust fan is evaluated.
Table 7 shows the static pressure of each air port, and the outlets of the roof fans are all under negative
Table 9 shows the static pressure of each air port, and the outlets of the roof fans are all under negative
pressure. Except for the air pressure at the outlet of the main transformer room and the toilet outlet
pressure. Except for the air pressure at the outlet of the main transformer room and the toilet outlet
with the absolute value of <0.5 Pa, the absolute values of the air pressure at the remaining air ports are
with the absolute value of <0.5 Pa, the absolute values of the air pressure at the remaining air ports
>0.5 Pa, which is beneficial to natural ventilation in summer and the transitional season. Note that the
are >0.5 Pa, which is beneficial to natural ventilation in summer and the transitional season. Note that
wind pressure calculation results of each air port will be used as the boundary conditions for indoor
the wind pressure calculation results of each air port will be used as the boundary conditions for
ventilation calculation; moreover, in combined operations, it used to calculate the airflow organization
indoor ventilation calculation; moreover, in combined operations, it used to calculate the airflow
with the indoor mechanical outlet and outdoor natural wind.
organization with the indoor mechanical outlet and outdoor natural wind.
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 17 of 27
Table 7. Building vent pressure calculation results.
Air Port (Fan)

Serial No. Air Port Location Pressure (Pa)
Code
Vent 1 EAAL-2 Outlet of the generator room −1.82
Vent 2 EAAL-1 Outlet of the generator room −1.82
Vent 3 EAL-3 Outlet of the GIS room −1.65
Outlet of the used cable processing room in the
Vent 4 Louver on the door −1.85
basement
Vent 5 EAL-1 −1.77
basement
Vent 6 EAL-4 −0.57
basement
Vent 7 IAAL-1 Outlet of the main transformer room 0.30
Air inlet of the main transformer room and the
Vent 8 IAAL-2 0.81
generator room
Vent 9 EAL-3 Outlet of the toilet 0.41
Air inlet of the used cable processing room in the
Vent 10 IAL-2 1.25
basement
Air inlet of the used cable processing room in the
Vent 11 IAL-1 −2.58
basement
Air inlet of the SC room and the fire equipment
Vent 12 IAL-3 −1.68
room
Vent 13 EF-02 Outlet of the main transformer room −2.52
Vent 14 EF-02 Outlet of the main transformer room −2.45
Vent 15 EF-05 Outlet of the fire equipment room −2.59
Vent 16 EF-06 Outlet of the SC room −2.59
Vent 17 EF-06 Outlet of the SC room −2.59
The indoor ventilation model is developed, and a three-dimensional (3D) model of the building
interior structure and ventilation system is established based on the building structure and ventilation
system drawings. Furthermore, in the calculation area, independent enclosed spaces, such as buffer
rooms and toilet areas with only a single outlet, are not considered. Figure 8 shows the 3D model
of the building’s interior. Considering the more complicated indoor structural forms of air ports,
fans, and equipment in the building and the large span of different structures when meshing, a complete
tetrahedral unstructured grid is used and a grid encryption method is adopted for local areas such as
an air port; moreover, the total number of grids is 6.5 million. Figure 9 shows the meshing results.
According to the boundary condition and type settings, the boundaries of the model include exterior
wall, floor, interior ventilation opening of adjacent rooms, ventilation opening on the exterior wall,
equipment surface, and fan. Table 8 lists the condition and type settings of each boundary. Under the
condition of outdoor natural wind, the indoor airflow structure is simulated only under the condition
that the indoor ventilator is turned on; moreover, the indoor airflow organization is simulated under
the condition that the indoor ventilator is turned on with outdoor wind in combined operations.
Both calculation models consider the thermal calculations, outdoor thermal parameters, and heat
dissipation of the indoor equipment. In these settings, the performance parameters of the selected
fan, the resistance characteristics of the air inlet, and the outlet, the thermal conditions of the wall
and the heat dissipation of the equipment are considered. By calculating the ventilation quantity
statistics, the air volume of each exhaust fan is obtained and compared with the rated air volume of the
fan. Moreover, we determine whether the fan model selected meets the requirements. Regarding the
conditions in which only the mechanical outlet is available and the mechanical outlet is combined
with natural ventilation, the simulation results of the outlet air volume of the fan are shown in Table 9.
Note that the actual outlet volume of the exhaust fan is higher than the rated air volume of the fan.
Considering the increase in the resistance of the filter during operation time, the current fan model
meets the design requirements. Under the condition where only the outdoor natural wind is available,
the outlet air volume of the exhaust fan is slightly higher than that under the condition that the outdoor
of the fan are shown in Table 9. Note that the actual outlet volume of the exhaust fan is higher than
the rated air volume of the fan. Considering the increase in the resistance of the filter during operation
time, the current fan model meets the design requirements. Under the condition where only the
outdoor natural wind is available, the outlet air volume of the exhaust fan is slightly higher than that
Energies the
under 13, 2314 that the outdoor wind in summer prevails without considering the natural 18
2020,condition of 27
wind,
where the fan outlet is promoted, but the effect is not obvious.
wind in summer prevails without considering the natural wind, where the fan outlet is promoted,
but the effect is not obvious.

Figure 8. Perspective view of three-dimensional model of project interior space.
Figure 8. Analysis of the outdoor wind speed and wind pressure outside the building.
Figure 9. Grid analysis of the overall area inside the building.

Figure 9. Grid analysis of the overall area inside the building.
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 19 of 27
Table 8. Boundary conditions settings.
Serial No. Boundary Boundary Conditions Specific Settings

Exterior For the third type of boundary conditions, considering the solar radiation, the corresponding air temperature is
1 Wall
wall 45 ◦ C, the wall heat transfer rate is 18 W/(m2·◦ C), and the wall thermal conductivity is 2.05 W/(m·◦ C).
Interior
2 Coupled wall
wall
According to the air inlet resistance coefficient, the relation between the air inlet resistance and air volume is set.
3 Air inlet Inlet vent Moreover, the air inlet pressure is set to 0 Pa for the independent operation condition of the fan, and the joint
operation condition is set according to the calculation result of the outdoor flow field.
According to the resistance coefficient of the outlet, the relation between the resistance of the outlet and the air
volume is set. Moreover, the pressure of the outlet is set, the inlet pressure of the independent operating condition
4 Air outlet Outlet vent
of the fan is 0 Pa, and the combined operating condition is set according to the calculation result of the outdoor
flow field.
Equipment
5 Wall The boundary is at a constant temperature, whereas the surface temperature is 45 ◦ C.
surface
6 Fan Fan The fan performance parameters are set according to the provided performance curve.
According to the resistance characteristics of the indoor ventilation opening, the setup parameters of the porous
Indoor air
7 Porous jump medium are calculated and the resistance characteristics of the medium surface are kept consistent with the
port
resistance coefficient of the ventilation opening.
Table 9. Outlet volume simulation results.
Mechanical Outlet + Natural Wind

Serial No. Fan Code Outlet Area Rated Air Volume (m3 /min) Mechanical Outlet (m3 /min)
(m3 /min)
1 EF-01 Used cable processing room 200 209 210
2 EF-01 Used cable processing room 200 204 204
3 EF-02 Main transformer room 60 65 65
4 EF-02 Main transformer room 60 64 65
5 EF-03 23 kV GIS room 95 97 98
6 EF-04 Generator room 60 67 68
7 EF-05 Fire equipment room 20 27 28
8 EF-06 SC room 60 66 66
9 EF-06 SC room 60 66 66
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 20 of 27
For indoor flow field analysis, the analysis of two different flow field conditions is conducted to
examine whether the indoor air inlet and outlet organization is reasonable and whether the existence
For indoor flow field analysis, the
theanalysis ofoftwo
twodifferent flow fieldfieldconditions isisconducted to
of a For indoor
short circuitflow
andfield
localanalysis,
wind speed analysis
is unreasonable. different
For theflowconvenience conditions
of analysis, conducted
the cross-to
examine
examine whether
whether the indoor
the indoor air inlet
air inlet and outlet
andbuilding organization
outlet organization is reasonable
is reasonable and whether
and whether the existence
the existence
section and longitudinal section of the are determined from a certain floor height. Figure 10of
ofa short
a short circuit and local wind speed is unreasonable. For the convenience of analysis, the cross-
shows circuit and local wind
the cross-sectional speed is
position; it unreasonable.
is 2 m from the For the convenience
floor. Note that theoftwo analysis, the cross-section
longitudinal sections
section
and and longitudinal section of the building are determined from a certain floor height. Figure 10
canlongitudinal section of
completely capture allthe buildingspaces.
functional are determined
Under thefrom a certain
conditions floor only
where height.
theFigure 10 shows
mechanical the
outlet
shows the cross-sectional
cross-sectional position; it position;
is 2 m fromit isthe2 floor.
m fromNotethethat
floor.
theNote
two that the twosections
longitudinal longitudinal
can sections
completely
is available and where the mechanical outlet and natural wind are both available, the wind speed
can completely
capture capture spaces.
all functionalUnderspaces. Under thewhereconditions where only the mechanical outlet
analysisallin functional
the basement, the ground the conditions
floor, and the second onlyatthe
floor mechanical
a height of 2 m outlet
from the is available
ground
isand
available and
where the where the
mechanical mechanical outlet and natural wind are both available, the wind speed
are shown in Figures 11 andoutlet and naturalFrom
12, respectively. windthe areairboth
inletavailable, the there
to air outlet, windisspeed
no shortanalysis
circuitin
analysis
the in the
basement, basement,
the ground the ground
floor, and floor, and
the second the second floor at a height of 2 m from the ground
in the main streamline structure; however, there floor at a height
are additional of 2eddy
local m from the ground are shown
currents.
are shown in
in Figures 11Figures
and 12, 11 and 12, respectively.
respectively. From the air From
inletthe
to air
air inlet
outlet,to there
air outlet,
is no there
short is no short
circuit circuit
in the main
instreamline
the main streamline structure; however, there are additional
structure; however, there are additional local eddy currents. local eddy currents.
Figure 10. Schematic of the section positions for result analysis.

Mechanical outlet - basement – height: 2.0 m from the floor - Wind speed vector distribution with mechanical outlet and
wind speed gradation map outdoor natural wind in combined operations - basement –
Mechanical outlet - basement – height: 2.0 m from the floor - height:

Wind 2.0 mvector
speed from distribution
the floor - wind
withspeed gradation
mechanical map
outlet and
wind speed gradation map outdoor natural wind in combined operations - basement –
height: 2.0 m from the floor - wind speed gradation map
Mechanical outlet – 1st floor – height: 2.0 m from the floor - Wind speed vector distribution with mechanical outlet and
wind speed gradation map outdoor natural wind in combined operations - 1st floor –
Mechanical outlet – 1st floor – height: 2.0 m from the floor - Wind speed vector distribution with mechanical outlet and
wind speed gradation map outdoor
Figure 11. Cont. natural wind in combined operations - 1st floor –
Energies 13, 2314
2020,2020,
Energies 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 of2130of 27
Mechanical outlet - 2nd floor - height: 2.0 m from the floor - Wind speed vector distribution with mechanical outlet and
wind speed
Mechanical gradation
outlet map - height: 2.0 m from the floor -
- 2nd floor outdoor
Wind natural
speed wind
vector in combined
distribution operations
with - 2nd
mechanical floor and
outlet -
wind speed gradation map height: 2.0
outdoor m from
natural the floor
wind - wind speed
in combined gradation
operations mapfloor -
- 2nd
Figure 11. Wind speed gradient distributions based on mechanical outlet or mechanical outlet +
outdoor
Figure
Figure 11. natural
11.Wind
Wind wind.
speed
speed gradient
gradient distributions
distributions based
based on mechanical
on mechanical outletoutlet outlet +outlet
or mechanical
or mechanical +
outdoor
outdoorwind.
natural natural wind.
Wind speed vector distribution of mechanical outlet - Wind speed vector distribution with mechanical outlet and
basement at a height of 2.0 m from the floor outdoor natural wind in combined operations - basement
Wind speed vector distribution of mechanical outlet - Wind speed
at a height ofvector distribution
2.0 m from the floorwith mechanical outlet and
basement at a height of 2.0 m from the floor outdoor natural wind in combined operations - basement
at a height of 2.0 m from the floor
Wind speed vector distribution of mechanical outlet - 1st Wind speed vector distribution with mechanical outlet and
floor at a height of 2.0 m from the floor outdoor natural wind in combined operations - 1st floor
Wind speed vector distribution of mechanical outlet - 1st Wind speed vector distribution with mechanical outlet and
floor at a height of 2.0 m from the floor outdoor natural wind in combined operations - 1st floor
Wind speed vector distribution of mechanical outlet - 2nd Wind speed vector distribution with mechanical outlet and
floor at a height of 2.0 m from the floor outdoor natural wind in combined operations - 2nd floor at
a height of 2.0 m from the floor
Wind speed vector distribution of mechanical outlet - 2nd Wind speed vector distribution with mechanical outlet and
Figure 12. Wind speed vector distributions based on mechanical outlet or mechanical outlet + outdoor
floor at a height of 2.0 m from the floor outdoor natural wind in combined operations - 2nd floor at
natural wind.
a height of 2.0 m from the floor
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 22 of 27
The results of indoor average temperature analysis under two conditions in the room are used to
calculate the average temperature in different spaces of the room (Table 10). At an outdoor temperature
of 36 ◦ C, the indoor temperature is up to 38.3 ◦ C and the design of the air volume meets the indoor heat
dissipation requirements. On the first floor, the 23 kV GIS room and the main transformer room have
the highest temperature. Under the conditions where mechanical outlet and natural wind are both
available, only the temperature of the used cable processing room is slightly lower than that in the case
where only the mechanical outlet is available; moreover, the indoor average temperatures under the
other two sets of working conditions are the same. Figure 13 shows the indoor temperature distribution
under the mechanical outlet conditions, the temperature at a height of 2.0 m from the floor on different
floors, and the temperature distribution of the overall longitudinal sections of the building. Because
the basement has no heat-generating equipment and the surrounding wall is underground, it is less
affected by the outdoor air temperature and solar radiation; therefore, the indoor temperature is lower
overall. The overall temperature of the ground floor and the second floor is higher than that of the
basement. The 23 kV GIS room on the ground floor has a large calorific value of the device; therefore,
the indoor temperature is relatively high. The longitudinal section’s temperature distribution shows
that the upper part of the stairwell is at a high temperature of up to 40 ◦ C because of the buoyancy
of the rising hot air flow; however, the upper part of the stairwell is an enclosed space where hot air
accumulates, resulting in a higher temperature in this area. We may consider adding a vent to the top
of the stairwell or adding the ventilation louver on the door leading to the outside balcony at the top
of the stair, which can both reduce the temperature in the top of the stairwell and use the chimney
effect of the stairwell to form a higher hot-pressure ventilation effect, thus increasing the amount of
natural ventilation.
Table 10. Indoor space average temperature analysis results under two conditions.
Indoor Temperature (◦ C)
Serial
Space Function (Calculation Sheet−Setup Average Temperature (◦ C)
No.
Temperature)
Mechanical Mechanical Outlet
Outlet + Natural Wind
Used cable
1 40 37.2 37.1
processing room
2 23 kV GIS room 40 38.3 38.3
3 Generator room 40 37.0 37.0
Main transformer
4 40 38.3 38.3
room
5 SC room 40 37.0 37.0
Fire equipment
6 40 37.5 37.5
room
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 23 of 27
Mechanical outlet - basement at a height of 2.0 m from the Mechanical outlet and outdoor natural wind in joint
floor - temperature gradation map operations - basement at a height of 2.0 m from the floor -
temperature gradation map
Mechanical outlet - Floor 1 at a height of 2.0 m from the floor Mechanical outlet and outdoor natural wind in joint
- temperature gradation map operations - Floor 1 at a height of 2.0 m from the floor -
Mechanical outlet - Floor 2 at a height of 2.0 m from the floor Mechanical outlet and outdoor natural wind in joint
- temperature gradation map operations - Floor 2 at a height of 2.0 m from the floor -
Mechanical outlet - building longitudinal section 1 - Mechanical outlet and outdoor natural wind in joint
temperature level map operations - building longitudinal section 1 - temperature
gradation map
Figure 13. Cont.

Energies 13, 2314
2020,2020,
Energies 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of2430of 27
Mechanical outlet - building longitudinal section 2 - Mechanical outlet and outdoor natural wind in joint
temperature level map operations - building longitudinal section 2 - temperature
gradation map
Figure
Figure 13. Indoor
13. Indoor temperature
temperature distributions
distributions based
based on mechanical
on mechanical outlet
outlet or mechanical
or mechanical + outdoor
outletoutlet +
outdoor natural
natural wind. wind.
4. Conclusions
4. Conclusions
4.1. 4.1.
TheThe
Study Results
Study Results
In this study,
In this thethe
study, MOPSO
MOPSO multi-target
multi-targetperformance pointerwas
performance pointer wasinitially
initially applied
applied forfor optimizing
optimizing
the the ventilation
ventilation system
system ofofthe theequipment
equipment room room in in Taiwan’s
Taiwan’s transformer
transformersubstations
substations ononthethe
premise
premise
thatthat
the the
air air inlet
inlet of of
thethe equipmentroom
equipment roomisis arranged
arranged on on the
thewindward
windwardside side and
and within
within1 m1 onm on the the
floor, the exhaust outlet (thermal convection) is arranged on the roof of the
floor, the exhaust outlet (thermal convection) is arranged on the roof of the equipment room and the, equipment room and the,
inlet/outlet
inlet/outlet is fixed.The
is fixed. Theoptimization
optimization of of inlet/outlet
inlet/outlet size
sizehelps
helpstotoreduce
reduce the
theindoor
indoor temperature,
temperature,
realize energy conservation of exhaust fans of cooling equipment, and reduce the synthetic noise of
realize energy conservation of exhaust fans of cooling equipment, and reduce the synthetic noise of the
the transformer substation; moreover, CFD software, which has been used in the reported
transformer substation; moreover, CFD software, which has been used in the reported investigations on
investigations on the ventilation system of transformer substations worldwide, was used for
the ventilation system of transformer substations worldwide, was used for verifying the performance
verifying the performance of the air inlet on the windward side of the building and indoor cooling,
of the air inlet
which is a on the windward
pioneering side of the
work among building
reports and indoor
on ventilation cooling,
systems ofwhich is a pioneering
transformer substations work
among reports on ventilation systems of transformer
worldwide. This is the scientific contribution of this study. substations worldwide. This is the scientific
contribution
Whileofresearchers
this study.such as Petri et al. [7] and Ma et al. [8] reduced the annual electricity bill based
onWhile researchers
intelligent such asscheduling
equipment Petri et al. [7]
forand
HVAC Ma etequipment
al. [8] reduced the annualthat
in buildings electricity bill based on
have completed
intelligent equipment
construction, scheduling
this study has been for HVAC equipment
incorporated in buildings
into the intelligentthat have
green completed
building energyconstruction,
design
thisbefore
study hasthe been incorporated
building was used.into the intelligent
Moreover, becausegreen building
researchers energy
have mixeddesign
genebefore
particlethegroup
building
wasoptimization,
used. Moreover, PSO, because
and generesearchers
optimizationhave algorithms
mixed to genecompare
particle convergence time and iteration
group optimization, PSO, and
genetimes [45], the results
optimization can betoprocessed
algorithms comparequickly according
convergence timetoand theiteration
current computer’s
times [45], CPU execution
the results can be
speed. Therefore, this study focuses on the reduction in the power of
processed quickly according to the current computer’s CPU execution speed. Therefore, this study the ventilation system using the
MOPSO
focuses on thealgorithm
reduction for cost
in the reduction
power of while
the maintaining the system’s
ventilation system usingperformance.
the MOPSOAfter the indoor
algorithm for cost
and outdoor models of the building substation are built using BIM, the results are simulated via
reduction while maintaining the system’s performance. After the indoor and outdoor models of the
ANSYS FLUENT 18.0 to verify the overall performance.
building substation are built using BIM, the results are simulated via ANSYS FLUENT 18.0 to verify
We use formula (5) and evaluate the heat generation of the equipment listed in Tables 2 and 3
the overall performance.
according to the equipment in the equipment room and the difference between indoor and outdoor
We use formula
temperatures (5) and
to calculate theevaluate
requiredthe heat generation
ventilation volume Aof ofthe
the equipment
equipment room.listedWe in use
Tables 2 and 3
formula
according
(4) and to thethe equipment
ventilation rateinofthe
theequipment
equipment room room and
(Table the1)difference
to calculatebetween indoor volume
the ventilation and outdoorB.
temperatures to calculate the required ventilation volume A of the equipment
Ventilation volumes A and B are selected to have the largest value for planning the horsepower room. We use formula
of
(4) and the ventilation
the mechanical exhaust rate
fanofin the
this equipment
equipment room; roomhowever,
(Table 1)the tocombined
calculatenoise
the ventilation volume B.
value of all exhaust
Ventilation volumes
fans in this A androom
equipment B aredoesselected to have
not exceed 70the
dBAlargest value fornoise
(the synthetic planning the horsepower
limit value). The exhaust of the
mechanical
fan for eachexhaust
equipmentfan inroomthismust
equipment
reduce theroom; however,ofthe
temperature the combined
exhaust gas,noise
and the value of all noise
synthetic exhaust
fansofinthe
thisexhaust
equipmentfan must
roombedoes less not
thanexceed
70 dBA 70to prevent
dBA the noise noise
(the synthetic generated
limitby its operation
value). The exhaustfrom fan
disturbing
for each the nearby
equipment roomresidents.
must reduce The next consideration of
the temperature is the
the exhaust
power reduction
gas, andofthe thesynthetic
ventilation noise
of the exhaust fan must be less than 70 dBA to prevent the noise generated by its operation from
disturbing the nearby residents. The next consideration is the power reduction of the ventilation
Energies 2020, 13, 2314 25 of 27
system. The exhaust fan in each equipment room has a daily fixed 30-min operational period. In
addition to ventilating and cooling the interior air of the equipment room, this restriction also prevents
damage to the exhaust fan equipment if it is left unused for some time. Furthermore, the exhaust fan
in the equipment room has a fixed temperature operation of 30 min. For example, the indoor exhaust
fan is set to operate at a fixed temperature of 40 ◦ C; as the summer is hot and the equipment in the
equipment room generates heat, the exhaust fan is often triggered to operate at a constant temperature.
Thus, the hottest time of the day in summer is at noon. If the daily scheduled operation is set to
noon, it can reduce the constant operational temperature of the equipment room from exceeding 40 ◦ C
during the hottest period of the day without the need to trigger the constant temperature and timed
operations. In one hour, the mechanical exhaust of the exhaust fan operates twice. It only needs to run
for 30 min at a time, which can reduce electricity bills over the year.
As proposed title in this thesis for power substation construction and ventilation system co-design
using particle swarm optimization, the best and most economical way is to use construction methods to
naturally reduce the power of the exhaust fan. This can save electricity costs and reduce the combined
fan noise to achieve the objectives of environmental protection, energy saving, and carbon saving.
4.2. Discussion
Because this study is used for ventilation planning prior to construction, it can, in the future,
be applied to buildings that have been in operation for many years. The machine learning MOPSO
algorithm is used to redesign the intake and exhaust ports and to focus construction around those
ports. This approach will reduce electricity costs and the noise of ventilation systems even in buildings
that have been operating for years. This study is relevant even to the current Coronavirus pandemic.
In indoor places (e.g., hospitals and other public spaces), ventilation effects require more attention to
reduce infection spread. A Coronavirus quarantine experiment box’s access and vent equipment are
used to avoid infecting nearby quarantine personnel. Thus, to optimize the air intake and exhaust
of buildings or of quarantine equipment, the mechanical exhaust method is used to safely exhaust
the indoor virus-containing air so as to prevent its accumulation indoors. To conduct research in the
future, one can start with the space of a coronavirus quarantine experiment box and then expand it
to the larger space of a hospital. However, currently, the amount of ventilation must be increased
to minimize the number of viruses or bacteria in a given space. Larger ventilation will increase the
exhaust horsepower. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the amount of ventilation, the number of
bacteria in the space, and the horsepower of the exhaust fan; these three indicators determine the
optimal ventilation inlet and outlet opening size.
Author Contributions: J.-W.P. and Y.-C.K. have made substantial contributions to the conception and design of
the work, along with the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data for the work. Y.-C.K. has contributed
in drafting the work and critically revising it for important intellectual content. Y.-T.C. and H.-H.C. facilitated
the final approval of the version to be published. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Funding: This study was funded by a grant from Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, under Grant no.
MOST 108–2638-E-009–001-MY2.
Acknowledgments: The authors appreciate the contributions provided from Chih-Tang Li and Te-Chung Huang
of Taiwan Power Company Southern Region Construction Office and Steve Haga of Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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energies

Energies 2020, 13, 2314; doi:10.3390/en13092314 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

1.1.1. Air Change Rate Conversion Method

Qc : Ventilation volume (m3 /min; CMM)

1.1.2. Calorific Value Conversion Method

1.1.3. Calculation of Ventilation Openings

A: Wall opening area (m2 )

V: Louver conversion wind speed (m/s)

Table 1. Rate of air changes in each room/space.

Air Change Rate in Each Room/Space

Table 2. Calorific values for electromechanical equipment in a substation.

Reactor room 161 kV 40MVAR SH.R 18/set

Used cable 161 kV GIS+D.TR+23 kV

Table 3. Calorific values for transformers in the substation.

The Self-Supply Transformer

1.1.4. Fan Power Calculation

2. Materials and Methods

MOPSO design for

Figure 1.1. Flowchart

2.2. Optimization Design

Figure 2. Optimized design flowchart

2.5. ANSYS FLUENT 18.0

3.1. Optimization of the Ventilation System for MOPSO

Table 4. Benefit analysis of MOPSO optimization (roof fan).

Names of Original Design Fan Ventilation System MOPSO-Optimized Fan

Annual Electricity Bill of the Original MOPSO-Optimized Annual Electricity

Names of Equipment Original Design Fan MOPSO-Optimized Fan

3.2. The Ventilation System for Verification

Local area model diagram Overall area model diagram

Energies 2020, Outdoor

Local meshing results of the building Overall area meshing results

Figure 6. Grid analysis of local and overall areas of outdoor buildings.

Figure 6. Grid analysis of local and overall areas of outdoor buildings.

Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 30

Table 7. Building vent pressure calculation results.

Air Port (Fan)

Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 30

Figure 9. Grid analysis of the overall area inside the building.

Table 8. Boundary conditions settings.

Serial No. Boundary Boundary Conditions Specific Settings

Table 9. Outlet volume simulation results.

Mechanical Outlet + Natural Wind

Figure 10. Schematic of the section positions for result analysis.

Mechanical outlet - basement – height: 2.0 m from the floor - height:

Figure 13. Cont.

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