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CHEMISTRY

HAPTER7d- and f-Block Elements and co-ordination Compounds


sutable exampies
Az picin Wemer's heory of coordnaãon compounds with
Ans: June-19, 1 3 j ( T S a r c - 1
C15 (TS] 15, 4IT
e e r s Theory of Complexes: Generally, this theory explains structures ot coordinatio

E e d s h i s compounds metal ions exhibits two types ofvalendes Ihey are,


Octahe

Primary valence and F o c l a

Sercndary valence (a adjacer

PTmary Vdence: The valence related to the oxidation number is called primary vaence(a
) Merldo-

ionisabie valence. It is satisfed by the anions or negative ions.


the m e
Secondary Vadence: The valence related to coordination number is calledsecondary valenoe
(or) non iornisable valence. It is satisfied by the negative ions (or) nèutral molecules The
secondary valence fulfllment is very essential
Example[CoNH),aja
The ions bounded by the secondary valence are arranged in different geometries based on
coordinaion numbers. The ions are directed towards the central metal ion. If complex contains4
as the coordination umber then, 4 valences are arranged in space in planar or tetrahedral form.

Exampies
22 ICo(NH,),cnc
1. ICo(NHJJC SAQ26. Usin
H
NH NH
NH
AH NH

Ce --C Co -a (AI)
Ans:
NH,
NH, NH NH, C Tetrahy
NH
The coordination number of cobalt is 6. It
q) Hexaam
Coordination number of cobalt is 6. It as
an octahedral shape. In this compound, the NH
has an octahedral shape. But these are only 5 NH
molecules. Thus, the chloride ion occupies the
(i) Potassiu
Ihus, the chloride ion occupiessh
and C1, satisfy molecules. w) Potassiu
igand satisfies secondary valency remained position. In this compound, one C ion
primary valency. satisfies both secondary and primary valencies. A027. WhM
isomerism in coordination compounds
glving suitable examples.
SAQ25. Explain geometrical
nis
compound, the NH
ligand satisfies secondary valency and C, molecules. Thus, the chloride ion OCcupies the
primary valency. satisfy
remained position. In this compound, one C ion
satisfies both secondary and primary valencies
SAQ25. Explain geomerical isomerism in coordination
Ans
compounds giving suitable examples
Geomefrical Isomerism: The
geometrical Isomerism occurs due to the different possible geoinetr
arrangements of the ligand in coordination complex. There are two types of geometrical isomers
They are cis and trans isomers.
(a) Cis isomers: If the ligands of same type are positioned adjacent in the sphere ot central metal
atom, is known as cis isomers.

(b) Trans-isomers: If the two ligands of same type are


positioned opposite to each other in co
ordination sphere, is known as trans isomers.
Example: A complex (MX, L) is a square planar complex, in which two ligands X can be
either in cis form trans form.
arranged or
NH
INTERMEDIATE(2 YEAR)
C1
NH,

rdina NH
Cis i o t e Trare i he

Octahedral co-ordination entities exhubit other type of grumetrikal isomerism.


They are,
(o) Faciol (tac) homer: It is an isomer in which three donor atms of same
ligands
ene occupy
adjacent positions at the corners of an octahedral face
(b) Merdonkal (mer) Isomer: It is an isomer in which the donor atoms occupy the
vae
the meridian of octahedral face.
positions at
les
NH NH
NO,
NH, NO,
NO
CO
sed
ta
NO, NH, NO NH,
lor
NO, NH,
Facial isomer Meridonial isomer
lCr(o,
SAQ27. Write any four characteristic properties of transition
elements. (TS) May-16, Q14

OR
Write the characteristics
properties of transition elements? tTS) Aug-22, a18 (TS) May-22. Q231
Ans: The characteristic properties exhibited by transition elements are,
) They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
(ii) They are hard and heavy with high melting and boiling points.
(ii) They form coloured hydrated ions or salts.

(iv) They have variable oxidation states.


(v) They exhibit catalytic properties.
(vi) They have ability to form alloys and complex compounds.
(vii) They exhibit para and ferro magnetic properties.

37
CH HC H
C C
C C
HC=C-CH=CH, HC CH
CH C C CHCH CH
Isoprene HC H

CHAPTER 9 Biomolecules Natural rubber


SAQ33. What are hormones? Glve one
example for each.
() Steroid hormones (U) Polypeptide hormones and (i) Amino acid derivatives
ETS) March-20, a17| (TS) May-18, Q17]
OR
What are hormones? Give one example for steroid hormones and
polypeptide hormones.
(TS) March-19, Q17
OR
What arehormones? Give one example for each of the following, (TS) May-16, Q17
(a) Sterold hormones (b) Polypeptide hormones.
(Refer Only Hormones, Types of Hoarmones (i), (i))
OR

39
CHEMISTRY
(TS) March-18, Q16
What are hormones? Give one example for each of the following:
derlvatives
(a) Steroid hormones.(b) Polypeptide hormones (c)Amirno acid
Ans
Hormones: The organic compounds that transfer biological information from one part into anoner

part in plant or animal body are called as hormones. It helps in maintaining balanced biological
activities in the body.
Examples: Thyroxine, parathyroxine, estrogen etc.
Types of Hormones
() Steriod Hormone: These hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex and gonads.
Example: Testosterone.
() Polypeptide Derivatives: It is produced by pancreas, parathyroid, pituitary and
mucosa. gastrointestinal
Example: Insulin, Vasopressin.
(li) Amino Acid Hormone: It is
produced by thyroid and adrenal medulla.
Example: Thyroxine.
SAQ34. Give the sources of the following vitamins and name the diseages caused by
deflciency A, D, E, K. thetr
(TS) June-19, Q15
OR
Give the sources of the
following vitamins and name th
deficiency. caused by their
(a) A (b) D (c) E (d) K
ns:
E(TS) Ma
17 51(
INTERMEDIATE (2 YEAR)
SAQ35. Explain the denaturation of proteins. (TS) Aug-22, a21

Ans: Denaturation is reversible or an irreversible change in the structure of the protein molecule
resulting in the reduction or loss of its biological properties.

Example: Coagulation of egg white, curdling of milk.


During this process, primary structure remains the same, but the secondary, tertiary, H-bonds
are destroyed.
Denaturation Agents
Heat, violent shaking, X rays, UV radiations are physical agents of denaturation.
-
-

Acids, alkalies, organic solvents, urea, salts of heavy metals are chemical agents of denaturation.
SAQ36. Write notes on aminoaclds.
Amino acids, which consists of amino (- NH,) and carboxyl (- COOH) as its functional
Ans
groups. The general structure is given as,
R

HN-C-COOH
H

Where, R can be an alkyl group.


There are about twenty natural amino acids. Some of them are alanine, arginine, asparagine,
14. Write the mechanism of hydration of ethene to yield ethanol.

A: Ethenie is comverted into alcohol by direct addition of water in the presenceof phosphoric Acid (H,PO4).
CH =CH +H20- H CH,CH,OH
Mechanism: The mechanism of the reaction involves the following three steps:
Step 1: Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic attack ofH0Ot
H2O+H® H,0
H H

# +H-O-HF H-C H+H20


H H
H H
Step 2: Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation.

H H H H
H-C cH+Hö=H H
H H H H
Step 3: Deprotonation to form an alcohol
H H H H :OH
H-C C H +H H-C-C-HH +H0e s t
H H e todoo H H
Ethanol
53. Explain the role of electron withdrawing and electron releasing groups on theacidityo
carboxylic acids.

A: The role of electron withdrawing group on the acidity of carboxylic'acids:


The electron withdrawing substituents tend to withdraw electrons away from the carboxylcarbon
This favours declocalisation of the negative charge. Delocalisation of negative chargestabilizes
the carboxylate anions and makes the release of H atom as Ht easier. Hence, the presenceofan
electron withdrawing substituent increases the acid strength of the acid.

G C-0 G=Electron withdrawing groupP


12.2. ALDEHYDES, KETONES&CARBOXYLIC ACID
The role of electron releasing 247
groups on the acidity of carboxylic acids
Alkyl groups, such as -CH3,-C2H; etc., are electron releasing groups.
The presence of electron releasing group tends to increase the
an
the oxygen atom of the anion. This localisation of
negative G
charge on
negative -H
charge on the oxygen of the carboxylic group destabilizes the anion. Due
to the increased electrostatic effects, the release of H atom of the
COOH group as a proton (H*) becomes more difficult. As a result, the G C
strength of the acid decreases. G-Electron releasing group

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