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Chapter - Carbon and its

Nat
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Compounds
:
Introduction
The element carbon is non-metal. Its symbol is C.

Carbon is a versatile element the percentage of carbon present in carth

crust in form of mineral is 0.02% and in atmosphere as CO, is 0.03%.
All the living things, plants and animâls are made úp of carbon based
compounds
:
Carbon always form covalent bonds
The atomic number of carbon is 6.
Electronic configuration:
K L

C(6) 2 4

How carbon attain noble gas configuration ?

(i) Carbon is tetravalent, it does not forn ionic bond by either losing four
electrons (C) or by gaining four electrons (C). It is difficult to hold
four extra electron and would require large amount of energy to remove
four électrons. So, carbon can form bond by sharing of its electrons with
the electrons of other carbon atom or with other element and attain noble
gas configuration.

(ii) The atoms of other elements like hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen,
chlorine also form bonds by sharing of electrons.
(ii) The bond formed by sharing of electrons between same or different
atoms is covalent bond.
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46 Science Class 10
 (i) H,
Hx Hx Hydrogen atom

H
X
X
H DÈ360
Hyetrogen atom

One shared pair of electron

H-H single bond between hydrogen atoms
(ii) O,

X X
Y
Oxygen atom

X X X X

Oxygen molecule
X X
X X X X

Two shared pair of electron

O
=0 double bond between oxygen atoms
(ii) N,
Nitrogen atom

N
N Nitrogen atom

Three shared pair of electrons

N=N triple bond between nitrogen atoms
Molecule of water has single covalent bond between one oxygen and two

S
hydrogen atoms.

H x x H
X X

X
H X H H-0–H
xX
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Science Class 10 47
Physical Properties of Covalent Compounds
(a) Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points as they have
weak intermolecular force.
(b) They are generally poor conductor of electricity as electrons are shared
between atoms and no charged particles are formed.
Versatile Nature of Carbon
The two characteristic properties of carbon element which lead to the forma -
:
tion of large number of compounds
(i) Catenation : Carbon can link with carbon atoms by means ofcovalent
bonds to form long chains, branched chains and closed ring compound.
Carbon atoms may be linked by single, double or triple bonds.
(ii) Tetravalency :Carbon has 4 valence electrons. Carbon can bond with
four carbon atoms, monovalent atoms, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.
Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds
Compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon are called hydrocarbon.

Hydrocarbon

Saturated Unsaturated

• Single bond between carbon Double or triple bond between

atoms. carbon atoms.
• -C-C • -C=C -C=C
• Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
General formulae
CHn2 CHn-2
Electron Dot Structure of Saturated Hydrocarbons
Ethane C,H,

H H
H H

H H H-CC-H
H
H
H H

The names, molecular formulae and saturated formulae of saturated

hvdrocarbons (alkanes) are given below :
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48 Science Class
 Name of Hydrocarbon Mileculas Structural Formula
formula

1. Methane CH,
0905
2. Elhane C,H,

3. Propane C,H, H CH

IH
IH H

4. Butane H–CC-C-H

H H H H
H H H H H

5. Pentane H-CC-CCC- H

H H H H H

Electron Dot Structure of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Ethene CH, Ethyne C,H,

Ls H

XX

H
H

H
H

H–C=C- H
H

H H
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Science Class 10 49
Name of Hydrocarbon Moleculars Structural Formula
formula
Alkenes

1. Ethene
:

C,H, H-C=CH
H H
360
H H
H

2. Propene C,H, H-C=CC

H H
H H

3. Butene HC=CCC-H

H H H H
:
Alkynes
1. Ethyne CH H–C=C-H
H

2. Propyne

JD C,H, H–CCCH

II
H
H H

3. Butyne C,H, H–C=C-CC-H

H H
Carbon Compounds on the Basis of Structure
(i) Straight (unbranched) chain
eg C,H,
-C-C-C-C-C-
H H H

H-CC-CH

H H H
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50 Science Class
 (ii) Branched
C

C-CC-C

H H
C
Isomerism of CH,, (Pentane)
H H H
C-C-C

H H H H
09€
H-C-C-C-C-C-H H-C-C-C-CH

H H H H H H H H
n-pentane H-C-H

H
iso-pentane
H

H-C-H
H

H-CC-C-H

H
H-C-H
Neo-pentane
H
These three above compounds has same molecular formula but different
structures are called structural isomers and phenomenon is structural isomerism.
(ii) Cyclic

LS
Cyclic Saturated Cyclic unsaturated
eg. CH2 (Hexane) CçH, (Benezene)

H H H
H

H
H
C-H

H H
H- C-H

H H H H
H
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Science Class 10 51
 Functional Groups
In hydrocarbon chain, one or more hydrogen atom is replaced by other
atoms inaccordance with their valancies. These are heteroatom.
These heteroatom or group of atoms which make carbon compound
tivcand decides its properties are called functionalgroups.
Hetero atom Functional group Formula of functional group
CVBr Halo (Chloro/Bromo) –Cl, -Br, I

Oxygen 1. Alcohol -OH

H
2. Aldehyde

3. Ketone

4. Carboxylic acid OH
Double bond 1. Alkene group >C=C<
Triple bond 2. Alkyne group –C=C
Homologous Series
It is series of compounds in which the some functional group substitutes for
the hydrogen in a carbon chain.
E.g. Alcohols -CH,OH, C,H,0H, C,H,OH, C,H,OH
Have same general formula.
Any two homologues differ by - CH, group and difference in molecular
mass is 14u.
Have same chemical properties but show gradual change in physical
properties.

Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds

(i) Identify the number of carbon atoms in compounds.
(ii) Functional group is indicated by suffix or prefix.

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Functional Prefix/Suffix Example
Group

092
H H H

1. Halogen Prefix – Chloro, Bromo, H–C-C-C-C1

Iodo etc.
H H H
Chloro Propane
H H

2. Alcohol Suffix – ol H–C- -C OH

H H H
Propanaol
H H

3. Aldehyde Suffix – al HCCC=0

H H

4. Ketone Suffix one H-C–C-C-H

5. Carboxylic Suffix – oic acid H–CC-C-OH

acid
-= H H
Propanoic acid
H H

6. Alkene Suffix - ene H–CC-C-H

(-C=C)
|

H H
Propene
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Science Class 10 53
 H

7. Alkyne Suffix yne H-C-C=CH

09
(-C=C)
H
Propyne
Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
(a) Combustion
Combustion
CH, + 20, CO, + 2H,0 + Heat + Light
• Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels because they burn in air
releasing lot of heat energy.
• Saturated hydrocarbon generally burn in air with blue and non-sooty
flame.
•Unsaturated hydrocarbon burns in air with yellow sooty flame because
percentage of carbon is higher than saturated hydrocarbon which does
not get completely oxidized in air.
(b) Oxidation
Alcohols can be converted to carboxylic acid in presence of oxidizing agent
alkaline KMnO, (potassium permangnate) or acidic potassium dichromate.
Alkaline KMnO, Or
CH,CH,OH Acidic K,Cr,O, CH,COOH
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
(c) Addition Reaction
H H
R R
Ni or Pd
R-C-C-R
H,
R
R R
Unsaturated hydrocarbon add hydrogen in the presence of catalyst palladium
or nickel. Vegetable oils are converted into vegetable ghce using this process. It
is also called hydrogenation of vegetable oils.
(d) Substitution Reaction :
Sunlight
CH, + Cl, CH,Cl+ HCI
:
Important Carbon Compounds Ethanol and Ethanoic acid
Physical Properties of Ethanol
Colourless, pleasant smell and burning taste.
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54 Science Class
 Soluble in water.

60
Volatile liquid with low boiling point of 351 K.
• Neutral compound.

Chemical Properties
(i) Reaction with Sodium:
2Na + CH,CH,OH 2CH,CH,O Na + H,
(Sodium ethoxide)
This reaction is used as a test for ethanol by evolution of H, gas (Burn with
pop sound).
:
(ii) Dehydration

Hot conc.
CH,CH,OH H_so, CH, = CH, + H,O

Physical Properties of Ethanoic acid

Colourless liquid having sour taste and have smell of vinegar.
Boiling point is 391 K.
When pure CH,COOH is freezed, it forms colourless ice like solid. So it
is called glacial acetic acid.

Chemical Properties
:
() Esterification
Acid
CH,COOH+ CH,CH,OH CH, CO0 CH, CH, + H,0
(Ethanoic acid) (Ethanol)

Ester
Sweet smelling ester is formed.
CH, CÓ CH, CH, + NaOH CH,COONa + CH,CH,0H

S This is saponification as soap is prepared by this.

(ii) Reaction with base :
NaOH + CH,COOH CH,CO0Na + H,0
(Sod. acetate)
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Science Class 10 55
 (iii) Reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates:
2CH,COOH + Na,C0, 2CH,COONa + H,0 + CO,
+
CH,COOH NaHCO, CH,C0ONa + H,0+ CO,
(Sodium acetate)

Soaps and Detergents

Soap is sodium or potassium salt of long chain carboxylic acid. E.g.,
Ci,H,C0O Na
Soaps are effective only in soft water.
Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salt of long chain of carboxylic
acid.
• Detergents are effective in both hard and soft water.
Soap molecule has :
(i) lonic (hydrophilic) part
(i) Long hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic) part
Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
end end

Structure of soap molecule

Cleansing Action of Soap
• Most dirt is oily in nature and hydrophobic end attaches itself with dirt
and the ionic end is surrounded with molecule of water. This result in
formation of a radial structure called micelles.

STUD
Soap micelles helps to dissolve dirt and grease in water and cloth gets cleaned.
Na
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NaOwww Oil droplet

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Na
Na

• The magnesium and calcium salt present in hard water react with soap
molecule to form insoluble product called scum. This scum create
difficulty in cleansing action.
By use of detergent, insoluble scum is not formed with hard water and
cloths get cleaned effectively.
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56 Science Class
 QUESTIONS

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)

Q.1 When a vegetable oil is treated with hydrogen in the presence of nickel
(or Palladium) as catalyst. It forms vegetable ghee. This is example of
a) Anodising reaction b) Subsititution reaction
c) Displacement rcaction d) Addition reaction
-

E
Q.2 The soap molecule has a
a) hydrophilic head and hydrophilic tail
b) hydrophobic head and hydrophoilic head
c) hydrophobic head and hydrophobic tail
d) hydrophilic head and hydrophilic tail
Q.3 The functional group present in propanal is
a) -OH b) -COOH c)-CO d) -CHO
Q.4 Match the reaction given in column A with the names given in column B
Column A ColumnB
i)CH,OH+HCH,COOHHSOCH,COOH+H,0 Addition Reaction
ii) CH,-CH,+H, Ni CH,CH, Subsitution Reaction
ii) CH,+CI,- >CH,C+HCI Saponification Reaction
iv) CH,CO0C,H, NaOH, C,H,OH +CH,C0ONa Esterification Reaction

Answer
1d 2a 3d 4 i)d
i) a
iii) b
iv) c
Q.5 State the reason why covalent compounds are generally poor conductor
ofelectricity.
Q.6 Write the molecular formula offirst two members ofhomologous series
having furnctional group-OH (CBSE-2017)
Q.7 Write the number of covalent bonds in molecular of butane C,H,.
(CBSE Al India 2017)

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Science Class 10 57
 360
Q.8 Give reasons
i) Ethane is covalent compound.
ii) Carbon shows the property of catenation.
ii) Ethanoic acid is called glacial acetic acid.
Q.9 Identify the functional groups

R-C-0 R
>C-0
R
(CBSE Outside - 2016)

Q. 10 Complete the reactions

i) CH, CH, OH Conc. H,SO,

iii)CH,CH, OH
170°C
ii) CH,COOH+C,H,0HConc. H,SO

Alkaline KMnO,
D
Acidic K,Cr0,
iv) CH,CH, OH + Na
v)CH, +0,
11. How does carbon attain noble gas configuration ?
12. Draw electron dot structure of water molecule.
13. Write the name and formula of 2nd member of homologous series having
general formula CHn'
14. Name the first member of ketones.
15. What is glacial acetic acid ?

16. Why carbon is tetravalent ?

17. An organic compound burns with blue clear flame. Is it saturated or unsatu
rated compound ?
18. Write the molecular formula of ethanol.
:
19.Which of the following will show addition reaction C,H,o C,H, C,H,
CH, C,H, ?

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58 Science Class
20. Name the gas evolved when ethanoic acid is added to sodium carbonate ?
21. Write balanced chemical equation of dehydration of ethanol by hot conc.
H,SO,
22. Name organic acid present in vinegar.
23. What is catenation ?
24. Why soap is not suitable for washing cloth when water is hard
25. How many covalent bonds are present in pentane (C,H,) ?
?
60
Practical Based MCQ Questions
1. The cleaning capacity of soap is maximum in
a) Tap water b) Hand pump water
c) Rain water d) Tube well water
2. Hardness of water is due presence of salt.
a)Calcium chloride b) Magnesium chloride
c) Calcium Sulphate d) All the above
3. pH value of soap solution is
a) less than 7 b)More than 7
c) Exactly 7 d) None above
4. Temporary hardness ofwater can be removed by use of -
a) HCI b) NaOH c) Na,CO, d) NaHCO,
5. A student performedexperiments to study properties of acetic acid. His
observations were as follows
i) Acetic acid is colourless lequid
i) Acetic acid has fruity smell
ii) It changes blue litmus to red.
iv) When reacted with sodium bicarbonate, it produces hydrogen gas.
Identify the correct observation
a) I and II b) I and IV c) I and III d) II andIV
6 When sodium bicarbonate is added to test tube containing acetic acid, a
colourless is produced with brisk effervence. Identify the gas
a) O, b) CO, c) N, d) H,

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Science Class 10 59
7. The about of
ethanoic acid resembles with
a) Tomato juice b) Kerosene
c) Orange juice d) Vinegar
8 5 ml of dilute acid were added to 5 ml of water and the mixture was
shaken for one minute. It was observed that
a) The turbidity appears in test tube.
b) The acid forms separate layer at the bottom
c) Water forms separate layer at the bottom.

Answer
1
d) A clear solution is formed

(c)
GUIDE
2. (d)
3 (b)
4
(c)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. (d)
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
1. What are hydrocarbons 2 Give examples.
2. Why does carbon atom forms a large number of compounds ?
3.Write down three characteristics of the compounds of an homologous series.
4. Covalent compounds generally don't conduct electricity. Why ?
:
5.Write down structural formula of
(a) Propanone (b) Hexanal
6. Why carbon is unique in nature ?

7. Which is better for health butter or vegetable oil ? Why ?

:
8. Complete the following reactions
(a) CH,+O, (b) CH, +CI, Sunlight

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60 Science Class
 9. Identify the functional group in following:
(a) HCHO (b) CH,COOH
(c) CH,CH,OH (d) CH,COCH,
10. (a) Why is ethanol used in making of tincture iodine, cough syrup, tonic
etc.
(b) What is the role of conc. H,SO,in making ethane from ethanol ?
11. Differentiate between soap and detergents.
12. What is oxidizing agent ? Give two examples.
13. What is hydrogenation ? Write its industrial application.
14. What is homologous series ? Explain with the help of example.
15. Write IUPACnames of:

(a) HC= CH (b) CHCH,CH,OH

(c) CH,CHO
16. What is structural isomerism ? Draw isomers of pentane (CH,,).
17. A boy sharpens a pencil at both the ends and connects them to the poles of
the battery. Will the current flow through the circuit ? Give reason.
18. A neutral organic compound is warmed with some ethanoic acid and a little
of conc. H,SO, to form ester, vapours having sweet smell are evolved. Write
the chemical equation and what type of functional group is present in this
organic compound ?
19. Two carbon compounds 'x' and Y' have the molecular formula. C,H, and
C,H, respectively. Which one is more likely to show addition reaction. Justify
your answer by giving equation.
20. Write three properties of covalent-compounds with relevant reasons.
21.C,H,, CH,, C,H,, belong to same homologous series.
i) Define homologous series

i) Why melting point and boiling point of C,H,,are higher than C,H,

ii) Arrange the hydrocarbons in order of increasing boiling points.

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Science Class 10 61
22. A neutral organic compound 'x' of molecular formula. C,H,0 on oxidalion
with alkaline KMnO, gives compound Y: compound 'x'reacts with compound
Y' on warning in presence, conc. H,SO, to give sweet smelling substance 'z'.
Identify 'x', 'y'& 'z'.
23. a) Why are most of carbon compounds poor conductor of electricity.
b) Write the name and structure of salucated compound in which carbon
alone arrange in a ring. Give the number of single bonds present in this
compound (CBSE-2018)

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks)

the cleansing action of soap with the help of diagram.
1. Explain

2.When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate, the salt X
is
formed and gas Y' is evolved.
(a) Identify 'X' and 'Y'.
(b) Write balanced chemical equation of above reaction.
(c) Describea test to identify the gas 'Y' evolved.
3 Write the chemical formua and name of the compound which is active
ingradient of all alcoholic drinks. List its two uses. Write chemical
equation and name the product formed when this compound reacts with
(a) Na Metal
(b) Hot conc. sulphuric acid (CBSE-2019)

4. What is methane Draw the election dot structure. Name the type of bond
formed in this compound they one such compounds

Hints to Long Answer Type Questions

1 Page No. 74, Fig. 4.12 (Diagram of formation of micelles) of NCERT.

2. 2CH,COOH + Na,cO, 2CH,CO0Na + H,0 +Co,

(a) Poor conductor of electricity
(b) Have low melting and boiling points
(c) What happens when this compound burns with 0, (CBSE-2019)

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