Erbil Polytechnic University Soran Technical College IT Department

Erbil polytechnic University
Soran Technical College

IT Department
{DBMS}
Name: Orhan Wafa Farman

Supervisor:Gheyath M.Othman
2021-2022
Content:
1. What is DBMS ?
2. Brief History
3. Why use a DBMS?
4. Data Models
5. Levels Of Layer Of DBMS Architecture
6. Components of DBSM
7. Advantage of DBMS
8. Disadvantage of DBMS
9. DBMS Language
What is DBMS System?
A Database Management System (DBMS), or simply a Database

System (DBS) consist of :
 A collection of interrelated and persistent data (usually referred

to as the database (DB)).
 A set of application programs used to access, update and

manage that data (which form the data management system
(MS)).
Brief History of DBMS :
 Early 1960s: first general purpose database by Charles

Bachman from GE. Used the network data model.
 Late 1960s: IBM developed Information Management System
(IMS). Used the hierarchical data model. Led to SABRE, the
airline reservation system developed by AA and IBM. Still in
use today.
 1970: Edgar Code of IBM developed the relational data model.
Led to several DBMS based on relational model, as well as
important theoretical results. Code wins Turing award.
 1980s: relational model dominant. SQL standard.
Late 1980s. 1990s: DBMS vendors extend systems, allowing
more complex data types (images, text).
Why Use a DBMS?
 Data independence and efficient access.

 Reduced application development time.
 a Data integrity and security.
 Uniform data administration.
 Concurrent access, recovery from crashes.
Data Models:
1. Hierarchical Model
 The hierarchical data model organizes data in a tree structure.

There is a hierarchy of parent and child data segments. This
structure implies that a record can have repeating information,
generally in the child data segments.
 Hierarchical DBMSs were popular from the late 1960s, with the
introduction of IBM's Information Management System (IMS)
DBMS, through the 197
2. Network Model
 The popularity of the network data model coincided with the

popularity of the hierarchical data model. Some data were
more naturally modeled with more than one parent per child.
 So, the network model permitted the modeling of many-to-
man relationships in data. In 1971. the Conference on Data
Systems Languages (CODASYL) formally defined the
network model.
3. Relational Model
 (RDBMS - relational database management system) A

database based on the relational model developed by E.F.
Code.
 A relational database allows the definition of data structures.
storage and retrieval operations and integrity constraints.
 In such a database the data and relations between them are
organized in tables. A table is a collection of records and each
record in a table contains the same fields
4. Object Oriented Model
 Object DBMSs add database functionality to object

programming languages. They bring much more than
persistent storage of programming language objects.
 A major benefit of this approach is the unification of the
application and database development into a seamless data
model and language environment.
5. Semi Structured Model
 In semi structured data model, the information that is normally

associated with a schema is contained within the data, which
is sometimes called " self-describing".
 In such database there is no clear separation between the data
and the schema, and the degree to which it is structured
depends on the application.
Levels Of Layer Of DBMS Architecture
 External Level: - External Level is described by a schema i.e.

it consists of definition of logical records and relationship in
the external view.
 Conceptual Level: - Conceptual Level represents the entire

database. Conceptual schema describes the records and
relationship included in the Conceptual view.
 Internal Level: - Internal level indicates hoe the data will be
stored and described the data structures and access method to
be used by the database.
Components of DBSM:
1. Hardware: Can range from a PC to a network of

computers.
2. Software: DBMS, operating system, network software
(if
necessary) and also the application programs.
3. Data: Used by the organization and a description of this
data called the schema.
4. People: Includes database designers, BAs, application
programmers, and end-users.
5. Procedure: Instructions and rules that should be
applied
to the design and use of the database and DBMS.
Advantage of DBMS:
1) Controlling Redundancy
2) Sharing of Data
3) Data Consistency
4) Integration of Data
5) Integration Constraints
6) Data Security
7) Report Writers
8) Control Over Concurrency
9) Backup and Recovery Procedures
10) Data Independence
Disadvantage of DBMS:
1) Cost of Hardware and Software

2) Cost of Data Conversion
3) Cost of Staff Training
4) Appointing Technical Staff
5) Database Damage
DBMS Language:
Data Definition Language-DDL
 Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to

define the database structure or schema.
Some examples:
 CREATE - to create objects in the database
 ALTER - alters the structure of the database
 DROP - delete objects from the database
 TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including
allspaces allocated for the records are removed
 COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary
 RENAME - rename an object
Data Manipulation Language(DML)

Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used for
managing data within schema objects.
Some examples:
 SELECT - Retrieve data from the a database
 INSERT - Insert data into a table
 UPDATE - Updates existing data within a table
 DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the
records remain
 MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update)
 CALL - Call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
 EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data
 LOCK TABLE - control concurrency
Reference:
https://www.uobabylon.edu.iq/eprints/
publication_10_22533_1575.pdf
https://www.smartiqhub.com/what-is-dbms-database-
management-system/
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-are-the-components-
of-dbms
https://beginnersbook.com/2015/04/dbms-languages/
https://beginnersbook.com/2018/11/dbms-three-level-
architecture/

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Erbil polytechnic University

Soran Technical College

Name: Orhan Wafa Farman

A Database Management System (DBMS), or simply a Database

 A collection of interrelated and persistent data (usually referred

 A set of application programs used to access, update and

Brief History of DBMS :

 Early 1960s: first general purpose database by Charles

 Data independence and efficient access.

 The hierarchical data model organizes data in a tree structure.

 The popularity of the network data model coincided with the

 (RDBMS - relational database management system) A

4. Object Oriented Model

 Object DBMSs add database functionality to object

5. Semi Structured Model

 In semi structured data model, the information that is normally

 External Level: - External Level is described by a schema i.e.

 Conceptual Level: - Conceptual Level represents the entire

1. Hardware: Can range from a PC to a network of

1) Cost of Hardware and Software

Data Definition Language-DDL

 Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to

Data Manipulation Language(DML)

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