Examination Control Division Programme | BCE Pass Marks oe TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY [Bam INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ‘Level [BE Full Marks | 80 2074 Ashwin ear/Part_[N/1 ime ___ Subject: - Engineering Hydrology (CE600) Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt AU questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Necessary tables are attached herewith, Assume suitable data if necessary Explain water budget equation. What is the role of water budget equation in hydrology? The annual rainfall at station X and the average of annual rainfall at 25 surrounding base [242] stations in ean are given below for the period of 36 years starting from 1941 [6414443] i} Check whether the data of starting X is consistent ii) In which year a change in regime indicated? ‘fi) Compute the mean anmusi rainfall for stations X at its present site for the given 36 year period first without adjustment and sccondly with the data adjusted for the ‘change in regime. iv) Compute the adjusted annual rainfall at station X for the affected period, 4) Starting from Horton's equation, derive an expression for total infiltration in time "" Also draw graph showing infiltration and total infiltration vs time, b) Calculate the potential evapotranspiration from an area near Simara, Bara, in the month of April by Penman’s formula, The following data are available Latitude: 27 Elevation (from msl): 107 m. Mean monthly temperature: 23°C Mean relative humidity: 75% Mean observes sunshine hour: 10 Wind velocity at 2.m height: 85 km/day [Nature of sunshine cover: closed ground green crop Given: AL27im"C H, = 15.00 mm of evaporable water per day ‘Mean monthly value of possible sunshine hour (N): 12.5 hours Saturated vapour pressure at 23°C = 21.04 mm of Hg [49] 10)4. a) Caleulate the flood discharge of = stream by the slope area method given the following data 22] Upstream flow area = 3500 m? Upstream wetted perimeter = 650 Upstream velocity head coefficient = 1.17 Down stream flow area = 3250 m? Down stream wetted perimeter ~ 621 m ‘Down stream velocity head coefficient = 1.21 Falling difference = 0.4 Reach length = 1300 m Manning's coefficient n = 0.03 >) Describe about the use of current meter according to flow characteristics of channel. [4]. 5. a) What is Unit hydrograph? What are assumptions and limitations of UH? [242] ) Tn a storm, the rainfall of depth 0.7em, 0.9em, 0.2em, Lem occurred in four successive hours. The storm hydrograph due to this storm has following hourly ordinates: {8} 0.5, 44.5, 110.5, 85.5, 102.8, 94.0, 38.4, 18.6, 10.9, 5.3, 2.9, 0.5 m'/s If the average losses are 0.2em‘hr, estimate the hourly ordinates of unit hydrograph, Assume suitable value of base flow. Caleulate 2-h UH using Scurre Method. 6. A river, whose annual flood peak can be represented by Gumbel distribution, has 100-years and 500-year retum period flood of magnitude 9900 m'/s and 12100 mvs 536, s, =1.1124| [4444343] F sspestively. The sample size isn = 305, = i) Whats the magnitude of 200 year and 1000 year flood? ii) What are 95% and 80% confidence limits for 200 year and 1000 year flood if £ (95%) = 1.96 and f (80%) = 1.28 iii) A hydraulic structure of 25 year life was designed for 12300 m'/s peak flow. What is the hydroiogte tisk of te strsciute? 1) What peak flow should ve ceken sate consideraticn it you wat the structure w oe 99% reliable fora structure life of 25 years 7A drainage basin has the following Characteristics, 14) Area = 172 Km’, Storage constant = 10 hour ‘Time of concentration = § hour The inner-isochrones area distributions are as follows ‘Travel Time (hr) [oi [12 Inter-isochrones area (Km”) | 12 [40 Determine the IUH for this catchment.Dxamination Control Division | Proxmwmme Be 04 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING __ Fait Marks | 80__ Pass Maris 52 — 2074 Chaitra ‘Yeor/ Part [Mii “Bngineering Hydrology (CE606)_ Candidates are required to give their answers in th Atcompt All questions The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Assume suitable data if necessary. ‘own words as fur as practicable. 4) Define hydrology and write on history of hydrometcorology studies in Nepal. b) Describe with a neat sketch the principle of working of a tipping bucket type recording rain pauge. What are its advantages and disadvantages? ©) A catchment area has seven rain gauge siatioas, In a certain month the precipitation recon! of station D could not be measured due to the failuze of instrument. Estimate the missing precipitation of D from the following data available given in the table below. (Siaions TRIB TCTET ELF IS | Monthly Ppt. (em) | 7285/76] - [52/88 | 9.7 {Annual normal Ppt (om) | 188 [210.1152 [175 | 246 | 270 [228 a) In a 35 hy storm following rates of rainfall were observed in successive 30 min intervals as 4, 4, 12, 8.5, 5, 5, and 8.6 mnv/r respectively. Assuming g-index of mnvhr and the initial loss of 1.2 mm; determine the total rainfall, net runoff and W= index. +b) Explain the use of a lysimeter in measuring evapotranspiration. ©) During a daily routine observation 10.8 litres of water was added to bring the water surface in the evaporation pan to the stipulated level and the nearby raingauge measured 3.6 mm of rainfall, What was the evaporation recorded for the day if the diameter of the pan is 122. em? 8) During a high flow water surface elevations of a stream of trapezoidal section with base width of 10m and side slope 2:1 (H:V) were noted at two sections A and B, 10 Jim apart as below. Find the flow discharge in the stream. { Sections | Elevation of | "Water Surface Remarks 0.10 for contraction. b) Waite the equation of the rating curve and explain with figure how the stage for zero discharge is determined? ‘Manning's Constant = 0.025 Biddy loss coefficient of 0.30 for a 15} (6) {6}4, 8) The ordinates of 4 hr unit hydrograph are given below. (Time ci) _ a BP 4 16 [8 [10 | 127 14 [16] 18 [20722 [34 [ihr UH ondinates (m7) 019 | 12 [28 [40] 5214913629 120 [13 [10 | 0 ‘The storm has successive 2 hr, 4 hr and 6 hr rainfall of 2.5, 8.0 and 9.0 em respectively, ¢-index is of 0.15 em/hr and base flow of 40m°/s, Determine the 2 hr UH and resulting flood hydrograph from shove storm. b) Annual flood peak flood of a river for 20 years yielded a mean value of 5460 m3/s ‘and the standard deviation of 2950 m'/s, The proposed hydraulic project on this river hhas an expected life of 35 yeurs and reliability of project is 87%. {@) Using Gumbel’s method predict the flood discharge for the project if the value of yn=0.5402 and Sn= 1.1285. Gi) What discharge is to he adopted if the safety factor for flood magnitude is taken as 5 and also determine safety margin on this basis. (GiiyCatculate the confidence limits at 95% confidence probability fc) = 1.96 ‘5. Route the following hydrograph through a river reach for which K = 12h and X= 0.20. At the stat of the inflow flood, the outflow discharge is 10m/s also find lag of peak and lag, attenuation, (Time thy [01 30 [36] 4274 [Inflow Gas) | 10 | 20 | 50 | 60 (35/45 [35137 [20] 15 02] 12] (9)Examination KAAS TRIBEUVAN UNIVERSITY Fram, er at STITUTE OF ENGINEERING | Level BE Full Marks | 80 ntrol Division Programme | Box [pass Marks 32 2073 Shrawan (Neur/Pae 1/1 Subject: - Engineering Hydrology (C606) Candidates are requited to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Kull Marks Assume suitable data if necessary. Explain Water balance Equation and explain each process. A stonn commenced at 7:00 hours. The ordinates of the rainfall mass curve of this storm in mm as recorded by a recording rain gauge at 15 minute intervals are 0, 9.5, 17.0, 27.0, 40.5, 49.0, 63.0, 84.0, 95.0, 102.0, 110.0, 112.0 and 112.0. Plot the intensity duration graph by computing the maximum rainfall intensities for durations of 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes. a) Explain energy balance equation and detive evaporation equation using Bowen's ratio. >) Fora storm of 3 houts on 50 ha catchment, the rainfall rates are as follows: Time of rain from beginning (min): [0 [30 [43_[75 | 100 | 125 [150 [180 Rain fall rate (cm/hour): o J25 [35 [20 [48 [52 [18 [53 If the @ index of this basin is 2.5 em/hour, calculate total rainfall, runoff in (cm) and peal discharge. ) Explain interception and depression storage losses. How these losses are estimated uring hydrological analysis. a) Explain how stage discharge relationship is established, b) Explain the procedure of stream flow measurement by area-velocity method. Also, Geseribe the mid section method for discharge computation using sketch and equations. )_ What factors should be considered in selecting a site for stream gauging station. a) The 3h unit hydrograph of a basin with an area of 20 km? at one hour interval are as given below 0, 0.41, 1.38, 4, 7.72, 10.06, 9.24, 6.62, 4.57, 3.86, 2.76, 2.07, 1.38, 0.83, 0.41, 0. If rainfall excess with intensity of 2.0 cm/h for a period of 4h followed immediately by another 3h storm with an intensity of 1 cm/h oceurs on the basin, what is the peak flow produced by this rainfall and at what time after the commencement of rainfall would this peak flow occur? Assume baseflow is negligible. bd) A 6b unit hydrogeaph of a basin has a peak ordinate of 96 m’/s. When the base flow in the stream is 25 m*Ys, and when the basin has reached its minimum infiltration capacity of 2.5 mm/h, a 6 h storm with 18.3 cm of total rainfall had occurred on the basin, What is the magnitude of the peak discharge in the flood hydrograph produced by this ston? Thrs. res eN 11 02) (61 [242] (4) B43] 4 Ho} (4)6. a) The annual peak discharge of a river follows the Gumbel’ extreme value distribution with @ mean of 10000 m/s and a standard deviation of 3000 m'/s. What is the probability that the annual peak discharge is more than 15000 m'/s? What is the magnitude of the peak discharge with an execedance probability of 0.12 [Flint eo ISS 0.480 [8] o b) Differentiate between continuous and discrete random variables. Give examples each in hydrology. Give three formulae which are used to determine the return period. [142#3] 7. The ordinates of the inflow hydrograph at 6 hr interval are as follows: [8] tine tn) [o] [12 [us| | 30 [a6 [oe | | [wo lel mle] Disctarae | 0 | 50 | 280 | 610 | 1280 | 1900 | 2130 | 1900 | 1600 | 1440 | 1060 | x80 | soo | 370 | 220 | 130 (nits) L The discharge over the spillway Crest and the surcharge storage above the erest for different water surface elevations are as follows: ‘Water surface elevation (m)_| 140 ‘Outflow Discharge (m/s) [0 [Storage «10%(m5) 0.00 1a [as [aa [145746] 482__| 883 | 1360_| 1905 | 2500 35.0 [60.0 [95.0 [140.0 [240.0 Determine: i) Maximum reservoir level ii) Maximum outflow rate iii) Reduction in the peak04 wianuvanuniveasiry ian ATT Br INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level Full Marks 80 | Examination Control Division Programme BCE Pass Marks 32 | 2073 Chaitra ‘Year /Part —1ll/1 | ime Shes. Subject: - Engineering Hydrology (CE66)_ Candidates are required (o give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Aurempt All question The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Necessary tables are attached herewith. Assume suitable data if necessary. KARAS a) Justify the importance of study of Hydrology in civil engineering work: ia) ) The catchment area of a reservoir is 1400 ha. A uniform precipitation of 6 mnvhr for 2 hour was observed on particular day. $59% run off reached the reservoir. A canal carrying a flow of 1 m’/s is taken from the reservoir. The rate of evaporation was 0.5 ‘m/him’, Assuming seepage Toss is 45% of evaporation loss, find the change in the reservoir level for 6 hous, if the water spread ofthe reservoir was 4Sha, {6} Annual rainfall at station X and the average of the annual rainfall at 15 nearby rain gauge stations for a period of 35 years is given betow, [8344] 1) Examine the consistency of the data at station X ii) “In which year did a change in regime occur? Discuss the possible reasons iii) Determine the average annwal rainfall at X for 35 years first without adjusting the data and later with adjustment for the change regime, 3. How you will interpret the Energy balance in a water body? Develop the relation for daily Lake Evaporation using Energy-Budget method. (+5) 4, a) What are the factors that affect the runoff from a catchment? 1 b) The data pertaining to a stream-gauging operation at a gauging site are given below. The rating, equation of the current meter is v = (0.55 N¥0.04) mis where N is revolution per second, Calculate the discharge in the stream, 18] (Dist form Left edge (m) — ©) Define rating curve and deseribe its uses. 5. The ordinate of 4n-ull are given: Time (a) [0 [214 1] Ordinate [O [30 [ore E 80 Liam’ss) ‘A catchment has rainfall of 3.5, 2.5 and 4.5 om in three consecutive two hours period Assuming an average 6 index of 1.25 eni/ibr and base flow of river is 50 m°Vs, Determine the flood hydrograph of the catchment.8) The data of observed food peaks ofa river for a period of 30 years is found to plot 4 straight line on semi-log paper with return period plotted on the logarithmic sca ‘The largest and smallest floods in the reca1 1170 m'vs and 195 m/s respecti If 1350 m’/s respectively. If 1350 m'is is selected as a design flood, what is th probability ofits being exceeded during the next 20 years? b) Prove that for a large sample as per Gumbe!’s distribution, the mean annual flood will have a return period of 2.33 years. [Explain the procedure of obtaining Clark [UHof ‘TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY [es INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING —_[ Level Examination Control Division | Programme | @Ce 2072 Kartik. [Wear /Part_| fii "Subject: - Engineering Hydrology (CE506) ¥ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. ¥. Attempt All questions ¥ The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. Y Assume suitable data i necessary. 1. Explain Hydrologic eycle and water balance equations, (242) 2. a) Explain the different‘ methods of determining the average rainfall over a catchment due to 2 storm, Discuss the relative merits and demerits of the various methods. [343] 'b) Explain double mass curve test for rainfall data, 161 3. a) Explain briefly i) Infiltration Capacity (i) ©-index lake (iti) W-index. (61 ) Explain the energy budget method of estimating evaporation from a lake (8) 4. a) Determine the stage corresponding to zero discharge from the following data of a rating curve: [8] Stage (m) | 20.80 | 2142 Discharge(m’/s) | 100_| 20 b) Explain different methods of Stream gauge reading with sketch, (s) 5. A hydrograph for a 4,250-acre basin is shown in the accompanying skeich. The given hydrogcaph actually appeared as a direct naff hydrograph from the basin, caused By net rain falling at an intensity of 0.20 in./hr for a duration of S hr, beginning at t 0. [433314] i % Note in = inches fs = eubie feet/sec 12 inches = 1 foot 1 Acre = 43960 sq.ft Direct surface runo rate, Q (fs) geege ' ¢ Tine,e (a) Determine the excess release time of the basin, {(b) What percentage of the drainage basin was contributing to direct runoff 4 br after ria began (¢ = 4)? (©) Use your response to part (b) to determine Q,, as shown in the sketch, Do nat scale Q, from the drawing. > (@) Note that rain continued to fall between 1 = 3 and 1 = S. Why did the bydrogrpt form a plateau between t = 3 and ¢ = 5, rather than continue to rise during tho 2hours?6. a) Explain Gumble's Distribution function. Derive frequency factor (k) using Gumble’s distribution, a b) The fod discharge for 25 and 250 years from fitted Gumbel distribution are 90 and 550 m’/sec respectively. Estimate the flood magnitudes for 50, 500 and 1000 years by ‘Gumbel analytically. ™ 7. A basin having 128 kin? of drainage area has 22 hours and 14 hours of concentration time and storage constant respectively. Determine the IUH for this basin if inter-isochrones area distribution is as below: is) Travel time he) | 0-3 | 3-6 | 6-9 | 912 | 12-15 | 15-18 | 18 eae at 0 2s Tn eS BL04 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY | Exam. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level B Examination Control Division Programme BCE 2072 Chaitra LYear/Part UI/T Subject: - Engineering Hydrology (C606) Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attentpt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Assume suitable data if necessary. 1. Define the following terms: hydrological cycle, runoff, water balance and catchment. (4) 2. The catchment area of a basin may be approximated as a semicircle of radius r km with respect to the corordinate axis set up with its origin at the center of the circle and the x-axis coincident with the diameter the area lies in the first and second quadrants and the osition coordinates of the rain gauge stations are (0.0), (4, Jand (=, 2 kan. Show ] ° ea aay that the Thiessen weights of the gauges are given by ——~, (0,5-0.25/n) and (0.5-0.25/n) © respectively. (12) 3. a) The ordinates of a rainfall mass curve of a storm over a basin of area 850 km” measured in mm at one hour interval are 0, 10, 22, 30, 39, 45.5, 50, 55.5, 60, 64 and 68, If the infiltration during this storm can be represented by Horton's equation with {= 65 mavh, f= 1.5 mm/h and k= 0.15 /h, estimate the resulting runoff volume. [10] b) Write down Penman equation and explain al! variables and constants involved in it. fa] 4. a) Mention the factors that should be considered for the proper selection of stream ganging site. ia] b) Explain with sketch how you determine the stage for zero discharge. (él c) Find the drainage density, average length of overland flow, form factor and channel slope for a basin with the following data: (4) Area of basin (A) = 140 km? Distance between the outlet to the farthest point (L) = 21 km Elevation difference between the outlet and the farthest point (h) = 1090 m Total length of channels of all order (L,) = 654 km 5. a) Describe the procedure of derivation of unit hydrograph from complex storms using appropriate expressions. 18] b) Given below are ordinates of a 4 h unit hydrograph of a basin in m’/s at one hour intervals (6) 4, 25, 44, 60, 70, 61, 52, 45, 38, 32, 27, 22, 18, 14, 11, 8,6, 4, 2,1 ‘What is the area of the basin? 6. The observed annual peak flood of a river in m'/s for a period of 20 years from 1981 to 2000 are given below: 190, 155, 298, 136, 137, 131, 140, 124, 185, 104, 91, 154, 109, 269, 164, 270, 142, 72, 130,111 Prepare a graph of Mood peak versus the return period and hence estimate the annual peak flood with a return period of 30 years. 7. Route the following flood hydrograph through a river reach for which Muskingum coefficient K=10 h and x=0.2. At the start of inflow flood, the outflow discharge is 10 m’/sec. [8] Tian 18 6 to Tn lS... lL. ee flay03 TRIHUVANUNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING [Level _BE T Fal Marks Examination Control Division Programme BCE | Pass Marks 32 2071 Shawan LYear/Part “1/1 Shes. “Subject: ~ Engineering Hydrology (CE606) ‘Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable Attempt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Assume suitable data if necessary. KARA Define Hydrological cycle and water balance equation, Write down a general water balance equation for 2 basin 48) The shape of a catchment is in the form of a pentagon ABCDE. There are 4 rain gauge stations P,Q, R and S inside the catchment, The position co-ordinates in km are: A(0,0), B(50,75), C(100,70), D(150,0}, 1(75,-50), P(50,25), (100.25), R(100,- 25) and S(50,-25). If rainfalls recorded at P,Q,R and S are 90, 105, 114 and 120 mm respectively, determine the mean rainfall by Thiessen Polygon method. b) Explain the different types of precipitation based on lifting mechanism. 3. a) Calculate the free water surface evaporation in june using the Penman method from an area, whose latitude is approximately 33°N. The available date include air temperature = 30°C, wind speed at 2 m height = {0 kavh, rclative humidity = 603%, sean observed sun shine hours = 12 and reflection coefficient = 0,05 'b) The infiltration capacity in a basin is represented by Horton's equation as fp=3.0+c%, where fp is in cnvhr and ‘t” in hours. Assuming the infiltration to take Place at capacity rates in a strom of 60 minutes during, estimate the depth of infiltration in (j) the first 30 minutes and (ii) the second 30 minutes of the storm. 4. a) Estimate the flood discharge through a Sm-wide rectangular channel forthe following data, The depth of water is 2m and 1.8m at two section 500m apart. The drop in water surface elevation is 0.25 m, Manning's roughness coefficient is 0.025, Assume eddy loss to be zero b) The following dats were collected for a stream at a gauging station, Compute the discharge. [ 80 (4 (6 {6] (1 [6] Distance from one end of | Depth,d | immersion of current meter below water surface water surface ten) [atosd at0.2d EXK (m) Rev. [Sec. | Rev. | Sec._| Rev. | Sec. 3 ia 2150 a 33) 38 | 52 3 50 40 | 58 15 isa T3452 [30 35 54 32 3.0 4s (60 [34 [sa 50. 34 [18 [3a ie: ee 2 18 a Em Rating equation of current meter 1 v= 03N0.05 5. An S- hydrograph is given such that at time t ordinate is lemy/h and it remains so for an indefinite period of time. Determine a 2-hour unit hydrograph. Using this unit hhydvograph, determine a 4- hour unit hydrograph. [8+6]6. An analysis of an annual flood, series convering the period 1890 to 1966 on a certain river shows that the 80 year flood has a magnitude of 620000 units and 1.4 year flood has a magnitude of 215000 units. Assume the annual floods are Gumbel distributed i) What is the probability of having a flood as great as or greater than 440000 units? ii) What is the magnitude of flood having a recurrence interval of 40 years? iii) What is the probability of having 575000 units flood or a greater flood in the coming, 25 years time’? 7. a) “SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER ‘Sittin vapor ‘plain the concept of attenuation and lag of peak due to routing with sketch +b) Starting from the continuity equation, obtain the equation of reservoir routing, coo coum a Mean MT VALUES CF POSSE SUNS HE We Reo Ma Ame May Joe ey Ae Sere Oo Rows Des rH Wi i BI Bl at wi ar et ae we ie 1 Bi 4 Be 7 Re Ba ao ny 1) is Bo Be md G3 Batwa, Bs OT Boia BS ba 3 © a 1B ios 1S 33 BS 130 oa be. 5a a 82 ire 1s ced B39 es isa Ba 133 iced BS 1a 13 1a ts Ma 1 a a isa B., m2 ue a 103 is rome iy i [64444] 4) (4)es srunovannivenstry INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division ress Marks | 32 2071 Chaitra ial 3h. ¥ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable, ¥. Attempt All questions ‘The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks Y Assume suitable data if necessary. 1. Explain all hydrological process in Hydrological Cycle oy 2. a) Deseribe methods of averaging point rainfall over a catchment area with neat sketches, 19 ») Explain the energy budyet method of estimating evaporation from a lake, (or 3. Caleulate the potential evapotranspiration for an area over Kathmandu in the month of ‘March by Penman Method. U4] ‘The flowing dota is available: Mean Monthly temp 10.0°C Mean RH 60% Mean sunshine hours :9h Potential sunshine hours 112.9h Wind Velocity at 2m height 3 Kmvhour Albedo 025 Upper terrestrial Solar radiation = 11 mm of hg/day Other values: Latitude 228.5° Longitude 845° Saturated vapor pressure at 10.0 °C =9.2 mm of Hg Slope of saturate vapor pressure = 1.24 mec Psychrometric constant 0.49mm/C Boltzman constant =2.017E-9 muvday 4. a) Compute the stream flow ftom following data, The calibrated equation of current ameter is: 8) V=0.035+0.74°N, where V isin m/see and'N is revolution/see Distros from bank (x) oO] 06 | is | 2s pas so Teo ps ‘Water Depth CO No.of Revolutions A Tims (=) o [asa 95 [90 909-70} 0 b) Explain how the monthly flows from the ungauged locations are estimated from the observed rainfall data over the catchment, in Nepal. @5. A 2-hrunit hydrograph for a basin is shown in the sketch. . [62345] (a) Determine the peak discharge (in fs) for a net rain of 5.00 in.far and a duration of 2 br. (b) What is the total direct surface runoff (in inches) for the storm described in part (a)? (0) A different storm with a net rain of 0.50 inJ/r lasts for 4 hr. What is the discharge at 8 pam. if the rainfall started at 4 pan.? : Note in= inches 12 inches ~ 1 feet cfs = eubie feevsec A unit hydropraph hydrographs response of catchment due to Linch effective 200F----~ rainfall over it Discharge (cfs) ‘Time (hr) 6. a) If the anmual flood series data for a catchment are available for N consecutive years, explain a procedure to determine a flood discharge with a return period of T, (where ‘TON), by using Log Pearson type Ill distribution method. 8] ') Caleulate the flood discharge using Empirical method from a catchment of area 100sqkm. The catchment has longest river of 60km., The elevation difference of the river is 20m, Rainfall runoff coefficient is 0.6 and maximum daily rainfall is 200mm. [6] 7. Explain in detail time area method for estimating runoff hydrograph. 80s TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY (Tham. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE Full Marks | 80 Examination Control Division Programme BCE Pass Marks | 32 2070 Ashad Year/Part —_III/1 Time Shs. KEK KK . Why the study of hydrology Subject: - Engineering Hydrology (CE606) Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable Attempt All questions The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. Normal graph papers will be provided. Assume suitable data if necessary important for engi water resources projects in Nepal? Explain the sign with necessary equation. ers for planning and designing of cant features of global water balance a) In what way you can present the precipitation data? What are the benefits of each [242] method? Explain the method of drawing Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) curve. [34213] b) A catchment has seven raingauge stations. In a year the annual rainfall in em recorded by the gauges are as follows: 130, 142.1, 118.2, 108.5, 165.2, 102.1, 146.9 for a 5% error in the estimation of the mean rainfall, calculate the minimum number of additional stations required to be established in the catchment. A 4-hour storm occurs over a 80 km* watershed. The details of the catchment are as follows: Sub basin Hourly Rainfall (mm) (mn’) i* hour, 2" hour 3 hour 15 16 4B 22 25 16 az 35 2 40 18 5 15 2 18 Calculate the runoff from the catchment and the hourly distribution of the effective rainfall for the whole catchment. Calculate the discharge of river section as given: Distance TO] [2 |3 ]4 |6 |8 |i2 ]i6 |i? [i#]19 (m) Depth(m) [0 [1 [43 [72 [85 [74 [56 [47 135 [2 Revolution |O [14 [1.0 [26 }29 [27 [25 [23 [24 ]1 fs at 0.2d Revolution [0 [7 [12 [18 [20 [19 47 [15 [13 111 [i0lo (sat 08d The current meter formula is v = 0.02 Ns -0.02, v = velocity (m/s) and Ns = revolution per minute. Ina storm the rainfall excess of 0.5 em, 0.0 om and 0.8 em occurred in three successive hours. The storm hydrograph due to this storm has the hourly ordinates (Q) as given below: 0.5, 44.5, 110.5, 85.5, 102.8, 94.0, 38.4, 18.6, 10.9, 5.3, 2.9, 0.8 (cumecs). If there is a constant base flow of 0.5 cumees, find the hourly ordinates of unit hydrograph. If 2 successive storms of 6.5 em and 10.5 em of 3 hours duration and 6-index of 0.2 em/ht occurred in the same catchment, what is the peak flow from the catchment? (4) [4] (4)6. a) Mention the steps for the computation of flood of return period T using graphical method. 14) b) The following are the annual peak flow data (m’/s) of a river from 1990 to 2006: [10] Year| 1990 | 1991_| 1992 _[19e¢ [1995 [1996 [1997 [1998] Peak ] | discharge | | ’ 1400__| 4160 2560 |2910 | 2250 _| 1360 | 2280__| as40_| 3900 Year 3998 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | Peak | discharge | (mss) 3a20__| 6170 | 2160 | 1360 | saa0__| 1340 | 3360 _| 2a00 | Compute flood magnitude with 50 year retum period (TT) using Log-Pearson type IIL distribution. For T'~ 50 year, obtain frequency factor (K) for the computed coefficient of skewness (C,) using following table. G jo ioc | ea eave eee A | os eee |e | cre) eee ome | ee k- [2054 [2.107 [2.159 [2211 | 2261 | 2311 | 2.359 | 2407 | 2.453 | 2498 | 2.542 2 faoaiea |assieae | 2912 |2.970| 3.048 [3.152 icy | aso eae Ke | 2.626 | 2.706 | 2.78 7. Explain the procedure of deriving Clark UH. is]43 _TUBHovaNunveRsrY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING | 1 | Examination Control Division Programme BCE Pass Marks 32 ________200 Chaitrs [Year/Part "HLT | . Subject: - Engineering Hydrology (CE#05) Candidates are required o give ¥ Attempt All questions. ¥ The figares in he margin indicate Full Marks, ¥ Assume suitable data if necessary answers in their own words as [ar as practicable, 1. Explain different prospects of Hydrological study 4] 2. 8) What ean be the causes of inconsistency while recording the rainfall of a sation? Explain how it enn be eorrecied for the future uso? 4] . +) The rainfall depth with time daring a storm ata sition is es given (245) © (Hine Toso [o30 [7001730] (Raina? of7istetoiutwtets 1s i) Construct the hyetograph of this storm for 30 min and 2 hours interval ii) Compute maximum average intensity of rainfall for 30 min, 1 hout, 2 hour inthis stonm and plot the resting intensity duration eurve 3 a) Calculate the daily potemal evapotranspiration by the Penman method fom an arca Iving the following characteristics: lnitude = 30°N, elevation ~ 300 m above mean sea level, mean monthly temperature = 15°C, mean relative humidity ~ 703, mean ~ observed sunshine hours = 10, wind velocity at 2 -m height = 50 kmfday end 10 | 8:36 [9:00 ] 9:30 | 10:00 | 10:30] 11:00 [11:30] 12:00 | 3 tite reflection coefficient is 0.05 18} ) Precipitation falls on 2 100 km? drainage basin according to the following schedule: 6 "Time (minute) 3 Te 90 [BO | Rainfall intensity nv) [41> [6 15 Determine the toal storm rainfall, Also find out @andex forthe basin if the nt storm, runoff is 3 cm. 4. 8) Explain the stream flow computation by slope area method. 61 b) Write the method of estimating monthly flows in a steam or river by MIP method in a Nepalese river. (4 ©) What is mean by rating curve? Write the uses of rating curve. Also explain the method of drawing the rating curve th particular section of a rive. [14243] 3, a) The direct runoff hydrograph due to an effective rainfalt event in given by # triangle such that its base is 8 hours and its height at the midpoint of the base is Yeru/h. The duration and intensity of the effective rainfall are 4 hours and lenvh, respectively Derive and sketch a4 hour unit hydrograph, 8) b) AL hour unit hydrograph is given by a rectangle whose base is 4 hours and height is O.25/houe, Construct an S-hydrograph using this UH, 6 6. a) Analysis of the annual flood peak ofa river for 43 years yielded « mean of 330 and a standard deviation of 187 m/s. A proposed water control project om to have an expected life of SO years, Policy decision of the project allows an acceptable reliability of 85%. Using Gumbel’s method, recommend the ood discharge for this project. 1 ‘A table for reduced mean (¥, ) and reduced standard deviation (S,) is given below [soem aspect 45 OSES3 [05458 105463 1.1480 iota 149971. 1) Explain log pearson II distribution and its use inthe prediction of flood 15] a0 [4 O58 | OSHE7. For what purpose time arca method is used? Explain time area method using a time area histogram of a catchment end a set of effective rainfall hydrograph over it. Comments on its drawoacks, [si] SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER ‘Saturation vapor Temperature = pressure, e, — Slope < ¥ mm of Hg (mas Hgi°F) ao Fe 438 220 Se ro 636 94s 7s ss) 738 054 wo S00 92) 00 West as aR om 0 590 1279 O80 ie 15.00 0.95 mo geo it 105 se 2 14 wa 7a 2.76 140 ms Ale 2s Lo} 300 ao Ste Es RS: ss 36.68 207 3095.0 ast 235 7S gest 35 2a we oso 5532 298 40 Bo 7130 i R [MEAN MONTHLY SOLAR RADIATION INCIDENT AI THE EARTH'S CUTER ‘SPACE (ECRATERRESTRIAL RADIATION). 19 HM OF EVARORABLE WATERIDAY. I [NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WITH J = 560 CALC" eee een North inte CN) ee ee 36 608508 sas 53 83..05 123 189. Iso 91 1 127 a3 ee 182 7 9 me 2 2 7 S485 160 1ST se 8 167 Wer 16§ ISB aa ha i 163 627 oR Bs BO WR 183 153 0 ia WS 22. BS wa ms 149 7 33° 13 9 wa 150 4 EVR na” A 1a io ss December “os 7303 24 ms EE (NY tan Fe Mar Ape May day Alp Sept Oct Nov. Dee gt ba mt at apt RE Bt Re pa Ra we ne BY 24 6 Bé Bs 29 no us wi us no ws B238, a3 m7 12 109 we" ee WO Bs 137 B9 432) Ba Hs tos io? @ 96 107 119 14 47. BR 25 12 10 94 so 8s tor ns 154 os 22 sR 91 Et03 TRIOHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division.| 2069 Ashad: Y Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable, ¥ Atterapt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Y Assume suitable data if necessary. 1. List the major activities in which hydrological studies are important. 2, Ina catchment area, approximated by a citcle of diameter 100km, four rainfall stations are situated inside the catchment and one station is outside in its neighborhood. The Coordinates of the catchment and five stations and annual precipitation of these five stations in the year 2010 are given below. Detssmine the average annual precipitation by Thiessen- mean method. For circle: coordinate of the centre (100, 100); diameter = 100km Station 1 2 | 3 | «+ | s_] Coordinates | 0,80) | (70,100) | 100,140) | (130,100) | (100,70) | Precipitation 85.0 1352 953 464 1022 (fom) i — ‘Note: Distance are in kia. 3. a) The infiltration capacity of soil in a small watershed was found to be Gem/t before @ rainfall event, It was found to be 1.2envr at the end of 8 houss of storm. If the total {infiltration during 8 hr period of storm was 1Scm, estimate the value of decay coefficient K in Horton’ infiltration capacity equation. ') Explain Energy Budget method of estimating evaporation from a lake ©) A mass curve of an isolated storm aver a watershed is given below: [time om [0 oso [1.0 15 ]20 |25 ao [35 [40 45 |50 T | start) fame ae L Vcumaimive [o fo2s los [1a |16 |26 |a5 |s7 [6s /67 }72 rainfall(em) | E The storm produces a direct runoff of 3.Sem at the outlet of the watershed, estimate the 6 index of the storm and duration of rainfall excess. 4. a) What are the governing factors which can make fast runoff from catchment? List out different types of relationships between rainfall and runoff of a watershed. by The data pertaining to a stream-gauging operation ata gauging site are given below: “The rating equation of the current meter is: V = 0.53N+0.05mv/, where N= revotutions per second was used to measure the velocity at 0.6 depth. Calculate the discharge in the stream. (4 (12) (4) (4) {6 a (4) (20)~ Distance from right banktm) | 0 | 1.0 | 30 | 50] 70] 90 | 11.0] 120 Depth (m) of} it} 20] 25] 20/17] 10 | Noofrevolutions | 0 | 39 | 58 | 112 | 90 | 4s | 30 ‘Timo(see) 0 | 100 | 100 | 150 | 100 | 100 | 100 5. a) Describe Unit Hydrograph theary with its uses. (5) 'b) The ordiates of a 4-h UH of catchment of area 100km* are given below. Calculate flood hydrograph resulting from two successive 4-h storms having rainfall of 15cm each, Assume uniform base flow of 10m'/s and © index equal to 0.10 em. 9) amt ; i ums [o [a Ts Tia hie 20 [28 [os [32 [36 [a0 Jaa Loma [0 [a0 Leo [150 [120 [90 [es [sn [x2 Lao [10 [0 6. a) Define design flood, retum period, flood frequency and risk. (6 b) Frequency analysis of a flood data of a river by using log pearson type IIE distribution yielded the following data: 13] Retum Period (T) years_| Peak Flood (m’/see) 50 30000 [|_____200 15000 and variation of the frequency factor “K’ with the retum period *T” for C, =0.4 is fseenessic 30_|200_| 1000 1 Frequency (k) [2.26 |295 |3.67_| Estimate the flood magnitude in river with return period of 1000 years. 7. Ina catchment of 110km’, the time of concentration has been estimated as 18 hours and interisochione area distribution is as below. Assuming storage cocfficient = 12h, determine the [UH for the eatehment (8) 7 Travel time (), hrs [o2 [oa [46 | 68 [eto | 1012 [i214 [ose 1618 | Intersochrone area km? | 3 | 9 | 20 | 2 | 16 | 18 | 0 | 8 | 4 |03 TmRMvAN UNIVERSITY Exam, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE Full Marks 80 Examination Control Division | Programme BCE Pass Marks 32 2069 Chaitra Year/Part | NL /1 Time 3 hus, Subject: - Engineering Hydrology (#606) ‘andidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Y Attempt AN questions The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks ¥ Normal graph papers will be provided. Y Assume suitable data if necessary. 1. What is hydrological cycle? Draw a neat sketch of the cycle showing all components, [+3] 2. a) How would you determine optimum number of rain gauges to be installed in a given catchment? (6) b) Explain Intensity Duration Curve and Depth Area Curve. [6] 3. a) What is the difference between potential evapotranspiration (PET) and Actual evapotranspiration (AET)? Explain the penman’s method for the estimation of PET from an area. [24 Q, b) The infiltration of a catchment can be'represented by the equation f = 15+50e. If the rainfall intensity of 4Smm/hr occurs continuously for 10 hour from a catchment of area 12km’, calculate [2424242] i) Total runoff volume generated from that catchment ii) Total infiltration volume at the period iii) Calculate time from the start of rainfall from which runoff started iv) Show your all (above three) results in infiltration curves 4, a) The stage and discharge data of a river are given below. Derive the equation of rating curve (stage-discharge relationship) to predict the discharge for a given stage. Assume the value of stage for zero discharge as 161.0m. (8) ge(m) «| ‘161 163.4 [ 163.8 | 164.5 | 165.4 | 165.7 | 161.3 | 161.7 | 161.9 6 3 is) | 30 | 120 ~650_| 825 | 900 | 1000 | 1050 b) Describe the principle of slope-area method for the measurement of flood discharge in a stream. Explain the procedure to compute peak discharge using method [343] A 1 hour unit hydrograph of a small catchment is triangular with peak value of 3.6 m'/s occurring at 2 hours from the start and a base time of 6 hours. Following urbanization over a period of two decades, the infiltration index — has decreased from 0.7em/h to O.4em/h. Also one hour unit hydrograph has now peak of 6.0 m’/s at | hours from start and time of base is 4 hours. If a design storm has intensities of 4em/hour and 3em/h for ‘two consecutive one hour intervals. pal a) Estimate the percentage increase in the peak storm runoff due to urbanization. b) The volume of flood runoff due to urbanization. The project life of headworks is 50 years. The flood discharges at risk 63.58303% is 4200 cumes. The average flood is 3500 cumec, which is derived from long term historical data using Gumbel distribution. Calculate the discharge from 500 year return period and risk 39.49939%, Prepare a Gumbel graph paper using normal arithmetic graph paper. Plot these three discharges on Gumbel paper. 04] 2 7. What is linear reservoir? Explain the procedure to obtain Clark UH from time area method. [246]))—_TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ir ____ Full Marks | $0 Examination Control Division 2068 Chaitra Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable, Attempt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks Assume suitable data if necessary. 4) What isa water balance equation’? Write its significance in enginecring hydeelogy. ) Estimate the average depth of precipitation over the drainage basin with following data [ieotyets Garena om) IS [ee 96 [63 [1] [Inter-isohyetal area (km?) | 92 a [a0 175 185: ©) A catchment has seven rain gauges. In a year the annual rainfalls in em, recorded at these gauses are 130, 142.1, 118.2, 108.5, 165.2, 102.1 and 146.9. For a 5% error in the estimation of mean rainfall, calculate the minimum number of additional rain gauges required to be established in the watershed. 4) Explain the use of Double Mass Curve with sketch, 8). Discuss briefly the various hydrological losses from precipitation. b) Estimate daily evaporation from a lake at 30 following mean monthly data, T.Kelvin_| RH,% | n, brs | us, mis | Hy mm/day | N, hrs 6 to [12 158 12.9) ©) A storm with 20 em of precipitation produced a surface runoff of 12cm, Estimate the index of the storm. [Soom amet) [1 [8 TG TI Rainfall (em/he) 37 [so] ae 136 2.0] 0.7] 2) Define rating curve and explain its uses in hydrology ) Determine the stage corresponding to zero discharge for following data of a smooth rating curve. 7 Stage (m) 20.80 21.95 | 23.37 | 23.00 | 23.52 [33.90 Discharge (m/s) [100 300 [400 [600 | 800 _| 1000 ©) Differentiate Velocity-Area and Slope-Area methods of low estimation. The ordinates of a 6-h unit hydrograph are given below, A storm had three successive 6-h intervals of rainfall magnitude of 3.0, 5.0 and 4.0cm respectively. Assuming an index of 0.20cnv/h and a base flow of 30tn’/s, Determine and plot the resulting hydrograph of flow. for April by Penman method with Time (hr) oT sy eT oT Tis 7 24 [30 [36 7 a2 [a8 7 54 [60 766 HOH oxfete 9 [150 | 250 | 430 | 600| so | 700 | coo | 450 [320 | 200| 100] 50 | 0 @) Briefly describe the procedure of flood estimation by Log Pearson Ii method. [4] er [4 4) (4) 4) {s] Gl (4) G1b) A highway-bridge has to be designed with an expected life of 50 years and an allowable flood risk of 4%. The flood data of bridge site were well fitted to Gumbel EV distribution and discharges for 50 and 300 years return period are found to be 150 and 650mr'/sec respectively. Estimate the frequency and magnitude of design flood for the bridge. po ‘A drainage basin has arca =157km’, storage constant K= 9.Sh and time of concentration = 7h. The following isochrones area distribution data are available, Determine the IUH of this catchment. 18} Time(h) [OT 23 15-61 67) Inter-isochrone area (km") 19 [3820 | 45 [a2] 10 | 2 |