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GENERAL CHEMITRY 2

WORKSHEET 10: THERMODYNAMICS: Spontaneous Change,

Entropy, and Free Energy
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES
Predict the spontaneity of a process based on entropy.
Explain the second law of thermodynamics and its significance.
Use Gibbs’ free energy to determine the direction of a reaction.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. identify spontaneous processes;;
2. explain the effect of change in temperature, phase, number of particles and
size of molecules to entropy;
3. calculate entropy changes on the system;
4. determine direction of reaction using Gibb’s free energy;
5. recognize the importance of spontaneity process on our daily life.

BACKGROUND
There are three laws of thermodynamics:
1st Law - Energy of the universe is constant. “Energy can be converted from one form
to another but cannot be created or destroyed.”

2nd Law – Entropy of universe increases. “The entropy of the universe increases in a
spontaneous process and remains unchanged in an equilibrium process.”

3rd Law – At absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal is 0. “The entropy of a
perfect crystalline substance is zero at the absolute zero of temperature (T = -273.15K).”

SPONTANEOUS PROCESSES: Characteristics of Spontaneous Processes

A spontaneous process is a physical or chemical change that occurs by itself.

These processes occur without requiring an outside force and continue until
equilibrium is reached.

Example of Spontaneous process:

1. Heat flows from a hotter object to a colder one.
2. An iron object rusts in moist air.
3. Sugar dissolves in a cup of coffee.
4.
Spontaneity in a chemical reaction
In a chemical reaction, ∆𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − 𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 . If it is exothermic, then
∆𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (−). To get a negative ∆𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 must be lower than the
𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 .

A spontaneous process is one that takes place without energy from an external
source. For a chemical reaction to be spontaneous, it should proceed as written (from
left to right), without an input of energy.

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Examples of Reactions

Combustion of methane

𝐶𝐻4 + 2𝑂2 → 6𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 ∆𝐻° = −890.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Acid-base neutralization reaction

𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ∆𝐻° = −56.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

* Both reactions are very exothermic and are not reversible.

Solid to liquid phase transition of water

𝐻2 𝑂 (𝑠) → 𝐻2 𝑂 (𝑙) ∆𝐻° = 6.01 𝑘𝑗/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Dissolution of ammonium nitrate in water

𝑁𝐻4 𝑁𝑂3 (𝑠) → 𝑁𝐻4− (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑂3− (𝑎𝑞) ∆𝐻° = 6.01 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

* Ice melting above 0oC and ammonium nitrate dissolving in water are both spontaneous
process yet endothermic.

ENTROPY
Entropy, S, is a thermodynamic quantity that is a measure of how spread out or
dispersed the energy of a system is among the different possible ways that system can
contain energy. It is a quantity that is generally used to describe the course of a process,
that is, whether it is a spontaneous process and has a probability of occurring in a
defined direction, or a non-spontaneous process and will not proceed in the defined
direction, but in the reverse direction.
The SI unit of entropy is joules per Kelvin (J/K) and, like enthalpy, is a state
function.
Most processes are accompanied by entropy change. The following are processes
that lead to an increase in entropy of the system.

Process Order → Disorder

Melting Solid → Liquid
Vaporization Liquid → Vapor
Dissolving Solute → Solution
Heating System at T1 → System at T2(T2>T1)
The spreading out of more concentrated molecules and the spreading out of
more concentrated energy are changes from more order to more random. The changes
that occur are the ones that lead to an increasing randomness of the universe.
Entropy is sometimes referred as the measure of randomness and disorder.

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Thee Second Law of Thermodynamics deals with entropy. It tells whether a
process or chemical reaction can occur. The connection between entropy and the
spontaneity of a reaction is expressed by the second law of thermodynamics:

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It states that: “The entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process

and remains unchanged in an equilibrium process.”

Because the universe is made up of the system and the surroundings, the
entropy change in the universe (∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 ) for any process is the sum of the entropy
changes in the system (∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 ) and in the surroundings (∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟 ) .

∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟 > 0 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠

∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟 = 0 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟; 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟 < 0 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦

Calculating Entropy Changes in the System: Standard Entropy of Reaction, ∆𝑺°𝒓𝒙𝒏

Suppose that the system is represented by the following reaction:

𝒂𝑨 + 𝒃𝑩 → 𝒄𝑪 + 𝒅𝑫

As in the case for the enthalpy of a reaction, the standard entropy of reaction
∆𝑆°𝑟𝑥𝑛 is given by the difference in standard entropies between the products and the
reactants.
∆𝑺° = 𝚺𝒏𝑺° (𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔) − 𝚺𝒎𝑺° (𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔)

Where m and n are the stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction.

∆𝑺°𝒓𝒙𝒏 = [ 𝒄𝑺° (𝑪) + 𝒅 𝑺°(𝑫)] − [𝒂𝑺°(𝑨) + 𝒃𝑺°(𝑩)]

The standard entropy values of compounds have been measured in J/K mol. To
calculate the ΔS°rxn (which is the ΔSsys), the values may be found in the
Thermodynamic Data Table. Thermodynamic tables have absolute entropy of substances
at 25°C and 1atm.

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
From the standard entropy values in the Thermodynamic Data table, calculate
ΔS° for the following reaction.

H2 (𝑔) + I2 (𝑠) → 2HI (𝑔)

Step 1. Write the standard entropy below each formula.

H2 (𝑔) + I2 (𝑠) → 2HI (𝑔)
From the table, S°(J/K·mol): 130.6 116.7 206.3

Step 2: Using the equation for the standard entropy of reaction.

∆𝑺° = 𝚺𝒏𝑺° (𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔) − 𝚺𝒎𝑺° (𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔)

∆𝑺° = [(𝟐)𝑺° 𝑯𝑰 − [(𝟏)𝑺° 𝑯𝟐 + (𝟏)𝑺°𝑰𝟐 ]

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Step 3: Substitute the entropy values.

∆𝑆° = [(2)(206.3] − [(1)(130.6) + (1)(116.7)

= [412.6] − [247.3]
∆𝑆° = +𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟑 𝑱/𝑲

General rules for predicting entropy change of the system:

1. If the reaction produces more gas molecules than it consumes, ΔS° is positive.
2. If the total number of gas molecules diminishes, ΔS° is negative.
3. If there is no net change in the total number of gas molecules, ΔS° may be positive
or negative, but will be relatively small numerically.

Calculating the Entropy Changes in the Surroundings, ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟

For constant-pressure process the heat change is equal to the enthalpy change
of the system ∆𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠 . Then the change in entropy of the surroundings ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 is
proportional to the ∆𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠 .

∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 → −∆𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠

The minus sign is used because, if the process is exothermic, ∆𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠 is negative
and the ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 is a positive quantity, indicating an increase in entropy.
For an endothermic process, ∆𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠 is positive and the negative sign ensures that
the entropy of the surroundings ∆𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 decreases.
The change in entropy for a given amount of heat absorbed also depends on the
temperature.
−∆𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠
∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 =
𝑇

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Applying the procedure for calculating the ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 and ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 to the synthesis of
ammonia: Is the reaction spontaneous at 25°C?

N2 (𝑔) + 3 H2 (𝑔) → 2 NH3 (𝑔) ∆H°rxn = −92.6 kJ/mol

Calculating the ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟

−∆𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠
∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 =
𝑇
−92.6 𝑘𝐽 1𝑘𝐽
−( 𝑚𝑜𝑙 )(1000𝐽)
=
298𝐾
𝐽
∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = 311
𝐾.𝑚𝑜𝑙
Calculating the ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠
N2 (𝑔) + 3 H2 (𝑔) → 2 NH3 (𝑔)
From the table, S°(J/K· mol): 192 131 193
∆𝑺° = 𝚺𝒏𝑺° (𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔) − 𝚺𝒎𝑺° (𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔)
= [(2)𝑆°𝑁𝐻3 ] − [(1)𝑆°𝑁2 + (3)𝑆°𝐻2
= [(2)(193)] − [(1)(192) + (3)(131)]
∆𝑆° = −𝟏𝟗𝟗 𝑱/𝑲 · 𝒎𝒐𝒍

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Determining Spontaneity of Reaction Using ∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣

∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟
𝐽 𝐽
= −199 + 311
𝐾·𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾·𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝑱/𝑲 · 𝒎𝒐𝒍

The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropy

The Third Law of Thermodynamics states: “The entropy of a perfect

crystalline substance is zero at the absolute zero of temperature.”
• At absolute zero (T = 0 K= -273.15 °C), the entropy of a perfect crystal is 0.
• As the temperature increases, the freedom of motion increases. The entropy
of any substance at a temperature above 0 K is greater than zero.
• A solid like glass with imperfections built into it will not have entropy = 0
even at 0 K because it is not a perfect crystal and still has some randomness
left in it.

Gibbs Free Energy, G

Another thermodynamic function is used in order to express the spontaneity of a
reaction more directly. This is called Gibbs free energy, G. The use of G predicts
changes that are focused on the system.

Gibbs free energy is defined as: G = H – TS

• All the quantities in the equation pertain to the system; the temperature T
is the temperature of the system.
• G has units of energy; both H and TS are in energy units.
• H, S and G are all state functions

If the entropy of the universe increases, then the ΔG of the system will decrease.
The direction of spontaneous change is negative ΔG for system. The ΔG tells us if
a change can occur for a chemical reaction.
If ∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 is (+) for universe then ΔG for system is ( - ). The ΔG for the system is a
convenient way to predict a change.

∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 ΔG ∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 Reaction

+ - Increase Spontaneous, will go
0 0 Stay the same No change, at equilibrium
- + Decrease Not spontaneous, will not
go, the reverse will

Determining spontaneity of a reaction using ΔG

The change in free energy (ΔG) of a system for a constant-temperature process is

∆𝐆 = ∆𝐇 − 𝐓∆𝐒
In this context, free energy is the energy available to do work. If a particular
reaction is accompanied by a release of usable energy (ΔG is negative), the reaction is
spontaneous.

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• Unless stated otherwise, the ΔH, ΔS and ΔG refer to the system at 25oC. Most
of our calculations are for values of ΔG at 25°C (298 K).

Summary of conditions for spontaneity and equilibrium at constant temperature

and pressure in terms of ΔG

ΔG < 0 The reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction

ΔG > 0 The reaction is nonspontaneous. The reaction is
spontaneous in the opposite direction.
ΔG = 0 The system is at equilibrium. There is no net change.

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
The old camera flash bulb used Mg metal sealed in a bulb with oxygen. The
reaction is:
1
Mg + O → MgO
2 2
S° J/K mol: 32.7 205.0 26.9
ΔHf° kJ/mol: 0 0 -601.2

Calculating the ΔS°

ΔS° = ΣnS° (products) − ΣmS° (reactants)
= [(1)S°MgO] –[(1)(32.7) + (1/2)(205.0)]
ΔS° = -108.3 J/K mol

Calculating the ΔH°

∆H° = Σn∆Hf° (products) − Σm∆Hf° (reactants)
1
= [(1)∆𝐻𝑓° MgO] − [ (1)∆𝐻𝑓° Mg + ( ) ∆𝐻𝑓° 𝑂2 ]
2
1
= [(1)(−601.2)] − [(1)(0) + ( ) (0)]
2
∆H° = −𝟔𝟎𝟏. 𝟐 𝐤𝐉

Calculating the ΔG
∆G = ∆H − T∆S
J 1kJ
= 601.2 kJ − (298K) (−108.3 ) ( )
k 1000J
= −601.2 + 32.3 kJ
∆G = −𝟓𝟔𝟖. 𝟖 𝐤𝐉

Since ΔG is negative the reaction will form MgO. Looking up ∆𝐺𝑓 (MgO) = -569 kJ
1
based on ∆𝐺 = [∆𝐺𝑓 (𝑀𝑔𝑂) + ∆𝐺𝑓 (𝑂2 )] this reaction occurs rapidly once initiated.
2

Calculating ΔG from Standard Free Energies

If the data for ΔG of formation ∆Gf° of the reactants and products are available,
the following equation is used.
∆G° = Σ n∆Gf° (products) − Σ m∆Gf° (reactants)

Where m and n are the stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction and ∆Gf° is
the standard free energy of formation

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∆𝐆𝐟° is the standard free energy of formation at 25 °C and 1atm for 1 mol of
compound formed from its elements. The ΔGf° can be used to get the ΔG of a reaction
just like using ∆Hf° to get ΔH for reaction. The standard free energy ΔG° of element in
the standard state is 0.

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Will this reaction occur at 298 K ?
1
Cu (g) + O2 (g) → CuO (s)
2
𝑘𝐽
∆Gf° : 0 0 − 127
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Use the Thermodynamic table to find ΔGf° ΔGf° for Cu and O2 are 0 since they are
pure elements
∆G° = Σ n∆Gf° (products) − Σ m∆Gf° (reactants)
1
= [(1)Gf° CuO] − [(1)Gf° Cu + ( ) Gf° O2
2
1
= [(1)(−127)] − [(1)(0) + ( ) (0)
2
∆G° = −𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐦𝐨𝐥
Negative ΔG means that the reaction will occur but because it is very slow at
room temperature, it can take years for a penny to get CuO coating and turn brown.
The reaction can be sped up by raising the temperature.

Factors Affecting the Sign of ΔG in the Relationship ΔG = ΔH -TΔS

ΔH ΔS ΔG Example
+ + Reaction proceeds spontaneously at high 2 𝐻𝑔𝑂 (𝑠) → 2𝐻𝑔 (𝑙) + 𝑂2 (𝑔)
temperatures. At low temperatures,
reaction is spontaneous in the reverse
direction
+ - ΔG is always positive. Reaction is 3 𝑂2 (𝑔) → 2 𝑂3 (𝑔)
spontaneous in the reverse direction at all
temperatures.
- + ΔG is always negative. Reaction proceeds 2𝐻2 𝑂2 (𝑎𝑞) → 2𝐻2 )(𝑙) + 𝑂2 (𝑔)
spontaneously at all temperatures
- - Reaction proceeds spontaneously at low NH3 (g) + HCl → NH4 Cl (s)
temperatures. At high temperatures, the
reverse reaction becomes spontaneous.

• If ΔH is negative and ΔS is positive, then ΔG will always be negative regardless of

temperature.
• If ΔH is negative and ΔS is negative, then ΔG will be negative only when TΔS is
smaller in magnitude than ΔH. This condition is met when T is small.

Effect of Temperature Effect on Chemical Reactions

The ΔG can be found for different temperature values.
∆𝐆 = ∆𝐇 − 𝐓∆𝐒
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
The important determination for the decomposition process to occur is the
temperature that will promote the forward reaction. Here we can use the
thermodynamics data for the standard states of the reactants and products at 25 °C.

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𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) ⇌ 𝐶𝑎𝑂 (𝑠) + 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔)

𝐽
𝑆° ∶ 92.9 39.8 213.6
𝐾∙𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐽
∆𝐻𝑓° : − 1206.9 − 635.6 − 393.5
𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙

First we apply the equation for the enthalpy change in the reaction
∆𝐻° = Σ𝑛∆𝐻𝑓° (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠) − Σ𝑚∆𝐻𝑓° (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)
= (1) ∆𝐻𝑓° 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + (1)∆𝐻𝑓° 𝐶𝑂2 ] − [(1)∆𝐻𝑓° 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
= [(1)(−635.6) + (1)(−33.59)] − [(1)(−1206.9)]
°
∆𝐻 = 𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟖 𝒌𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍

Then we apply the equation for the entropy change in the reaction
∆𝑆 ° = Σ𝑛𝑆 ° (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠) − Σ𝑚𝑆 ° (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)
= (1)𝑆 ° 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + (1)𝑆 ° 𝐶𝑂2 ] − [(1)𝑆 ° 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
= [(1)(39.8) + (1)(213.6)] − [(1)(92.9)]
°
∆𝑆 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟓 𝑱/𝑲𝒎𝒐𝒍

Calculating Gibbs Free Energy change from the data obtained above
∆𝐺 = ∆𝐻 − 𝑇∆𝑆
𝑘𝐽 𝐽 1𝑘𝐽
= 177.8 − (298𝐾)(160.5 )( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000𝐽
∆𝐺 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍

Because the ΔG° is a large positive value, we conclude that the reaction is not favored
for the product formation at 25 °C (298 K). In order to make the ΔG° negative, we need
to find the temperature at which ΔG° is zero (at equilibrium).

∆G° = ∆H° − T∆S° = 0

0 = ∆H° − T∆S°
𝑘𝐽 1000𝐽
∆H° (1777.8𝑚𝑜𝑙)( 1𝑘𝐽 )
𝑇= = = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝑲 𝒐𝒓 𝟖𝟑𝟓 ℃
∆S° 160.5 𝐽.𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙

At a temperature higher than 835 °C, ΔG° is now negative, indicating that the
reaction now favors the formation of CaO and CO2.

For example, at 840 °C (1113 K):

∆G = ∆H − T∆S
𝑘𝐽 𝐽 1𝑘𝐽
∆𝐺 = 177.8 − [(1113𝐾) (160.5 )( )] = 0.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000𝐽

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ACTIVITY NO. 13: ENTROPY AND FREE ENERGY

Direction: Answer each item carefully. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper. If the item require calculation, show your solution on how you get the correct
answer.

I. ENTROPY (20 pts.)

1. Which of the following processes are spontaneous and which are
nonspontaneous? (1 pt each)
a) dissolving table salt (NaCl) in hot soup;
b) climbing Mt. Everest;
c) spreading fragrance in a room by removing the cap from a perfume
bottle;
d) separating helium and neon from a mixture of the gases.
2. How does the entropy of a system change for each of the following processes?
Write increase or decrease as the answer. (1 pt each)
a) A vapor condenses to a liquid
b) A liquid freezes.
c) A liquid boils
d) A solid sublimes
e) Urea dissolves in water
f) A vapor is converted to a solid.
3. Calculate the standard entropy changes for the following reactions at 25°C:
(2pts each).12)
a) H2(g) + CuO(s) → Cu(s) + H2O(g)
b) 2Al(s) + 3ZnO(s) → Al2O3(s) + 3Zn(s)
c) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
d) S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
e) MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g)

II. FREE ENERGY (15 pts)

1. Calculate ∆G° for the following reactions at 25°C: (2pts each)
a) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
b) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)
c) 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
See for thermodynamic data forwarded on GC’s.
2. Find the temperatures at which reactions with the following ∆H and ∆S
values would become spontaneous: (6pts)
a) ∆H = - 126 kJ/mol, ∆S = 84 J/K . mol
b) ∆H = -11.7 kJ/mol, ∆S = -105 J/K . mol

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ASSESSMENT

Direction. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a thermodynamic quantity used to describe heat changes taking place at

constant pressure.
a. Entropy c. Free Energy
b. Enthalpy d. Spontaneous process
2. A scientific discipline that deals with the interconversion of heat and other
forms of energy is known as _____________.
a. Thermochemistry c. Thermodynamics
b. Kinetics d. Calorimetry
3. Which of the following is consider as state functions?
I. Entropy
II. Enthalpy
III. Heat
IV. Work
a. Both I and II c. Both I and III
b. Both III and IV d. Both II and IV
4. Which of the following statement is correct about the system and the
surroundings?
I. System is part of universe that we are investigating in
thermodynamics
II. Surrounding is part of universe that can investigated in studying
thermodynamics
III. System Change is based on going from initial to final state.
a. Both I and II
b. Both II and III
c. Both I and III
d. Both I, II and III
5. Properties that can be expressed as (final – initial) and we write with Δ such
as ΔE = Ef – Ei are called _________.
a. Path function c. spontaneous process
b. State function d. non spontaneous process
6. Which of the following is an example of spontaneous process?
a. Freezing of water
b. Melting of ice cream
c. Dissolution of sand in water
d. diffusion of gas from low pressure to a high pressure
7. It is a thermodynamic quantity that measures disorder in a system.
a. Free Energy c. Enthalpy
b. Helmholtz Energy d. Entropy
8. Which of the following processes leads to an increase in entropy of a system?
a. Deposition of dry ice c. Condensation of gas
b. Vaporization of liquid d. Freezing of solid
9. Which of the following process describe spontaneous process?
a. ΔSuniv = ΔSsys + ΔSsur > 0
b. ΔSuniv = ΔSsys + ΔSsur = 0
c. ΔSuniv = ΔSsys + ΔSsur < 0
d. None of the above
10. Gibbs free energy is defined as: G = H – TS . Which of the following
statement is TRUE based on the definition of Gibbs Free energy?
a. The temperature pertains to the temperature of the surroundings.
b. Enthalpy, Temperature and Entropy are all state functions.
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c. Only G has a unit of energy

d. All of the above
11. Ozone (O3) in the atmosphere can react with nitric oxide (NO):
𝐎𝟑 (𝐠) + 𝐍𝐎 (𝐠) → 𝐍𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) + 𝐎𝟐 (𝐠)
What is the G for this reaction at 25°C . ( H =-199 kJ/ mol; S = -4.1
J/Kmol)?
a. +198 kJ/mol c. 1023 kJ/mol
b. -198 kJ/mol d. 97 kJ/mol
12. Which entropy change of the system in each of the following is negative?
a. 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) —> C6H12O6(g) + 6O2(g).
b. O2(g) —> 2O(g)
c. N2 (g, 10 atm) —> N2 (g, 1atm).
d. NH4Cl (s) —> NH3(g) + HCl (g)
13. Which of the following statements pertains to the Third Law of
Thermodynamics?
a. Energy of the universe is constant.
b. Energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created
or destroyed.
c. The entropy of a perfect crystalline substance is zero at the absolute zero
of temperature.
d. The entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process and
remains unchanged in an equilibrium process.
14. What is the S for the reaction?
SO3(g) + H2O(l) —> H2SO4(l)
Given: S°(J/K·mol): 256.2 69.9 156.9
a. + 169. 2J/K mol c. -169.2 J/kmol
b. + 29.4 J/mol K d. – 29.4 J/mol K
15. What is the S for the reaction?
2PbO(s) + C(s) —> 2Pb(s) + CO2(g)
Given: S°(J/K·mol): 69.54 5.7 64.89 213.6
a. +198.9 J/Kmol c. -203.3 J/Kmol
b. -198.9 J/Kmol d. +203.3 J/Kmol

References
Brown, T.L et al. 2012. Chemistry: A Central Science. 12th Ed. Prentice Hall
(USA).425-438

Chang, Raymond. Chemistry 10th Ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York. 2010.

Teaching Guide for Senior High School. General Chemistry 2. 2016.

Zumdahl Steven S., S. A. (2016). Chemistry. Boston, USA: Cengage Learning.

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