WATER

COMPOUNQEII{
soLuBlLlTYOF GHEMICAL

Scopeof Experiment:
@"me|tsinwateranddissociatescomp|ete|y.Andthisistruefor
DISSOCIATION which is a reactibnthat goes to completion.But it is not true for
DISSOLUTION, which in generalis not a reactionthat goes to completion,rather
establishesequilibrium.
AnBm(s) c) AnB.("ql DISSOLUTION
AnBr("q1 = nA1rq1'*+ mB1"q1n- DtssoclATloN
All compounds havea givenvalueof:
. Éolubilitv: is the maximummolarconcentration of the subatancethat can be
dissolvedin a solution.
. SolubilitvProduct (Kpsl: in practiceit is a constantof equilibriumfor the
dissolutionof thatsubstance-
Greater the valueof theseparameters, greaterwill be the quantityof the compoundthat
can be dissolvedin water.

Descriptionof Experiment:
@hasbeendividedintothreeparts,a||haveSameprocedure.|thasbeen
processof an insolublesalt.
designedto put lighton variousaspectsof precipitation

Compoundsrequiredfor the experiment:

0.05MBaClzSolution
0 . 1 MP b ( C H 3 C O OS) o 2lution
0.1M F e ( N O g S
) 3o l u t i on
0 . 1 MN a O HS o l u t i o n
0 . 1 MH z S O Sa olution

To obtain satisfactory results, it is necessary to wash all the glassware

immediatelyafter use.

Procedure:
PARTI
t ) fafe 50mlof 0.05MBaCl2solutionand transferit intoa beaker.

solutionin a graduated
2) Take50mlof 0.1MH2SOa cylinder.

3) Spilla drop from graduatedcylinderinto the beaker,and note the formationof little
precipitatesthat disappearsby shaking.

a) Spillsomeamountfrom graduatedcylinderintothe beaker,and notethe formationof

of BaSOa.Shakefor few minutes
milkywhiteprecipitates

S) Leavethe beakerfor 15 minutes.There will be a depositionof fine powderon the

baseof beaker.Removethe liquidpartby pouringoff,to obtainonlysolidpart.
PARTII
a n dt r a n s f eirt i n t oa b e a k e r .
1 ) T a k e7 0 m lo f 0 . 1 MP b ( C H 3 C O Os)o2l u t i o n

solutionin a graduated
2) Take70mlof 0.1mH2SOa cylinder.

3) Spill a drop from graduatedcylinderinto the beaker,and note the formationof little
precipitates thatdisappearsby shaking.

a) Spillsomeamountfrom graduatedcylinderintothe beaker,and notethe formationof

of PbSO4.Shakefor few minutesand leave.Smellthe mixture
milkywhiteprecipitates
(Aceticacid odor)

5) Takea filterpaper(weighit and notethe reading)placeit on a"funnel.Placea beaker

u n d e rt h ef u n n e l .

6) tdixthe solutionwelland filterit. Placethe filterpaperon glassPetridish and keepit

in Ovenfor 30 minutes

7) Takeout the filterpaperandweighit.

Exp.No w1(g) w2(g) W=W2-W1 PbSOamoles=W|271,2 PbSO+moles x2O7.2=Pb Mass

1 ,Ch 4',4 )-: I i.ì€/ t)t,L =ù,fi) r / ' o t > X ì - o l .=> L 4 l (
2 c15
3 ).-r;s+

PARTIII
solutionand transferit intoa beaker.
1)Take25mlof 0.1M Fe(NOs)r

2) Take70mlof 0.1mNaOHsolutionin a graduated

cylinder.

3) Pour abouthalf the cylindercontentsin the beakercontents,and notethe formation

of opaquedarkred liquid.

4) Pour all the contentsof cylinderinto the beaker,mixing should give red color
formation.

will give red spongybottomlayerand transparent

5) Leaveit for sometime,separation
liquidlayer.

Youarecombining the solutionto havefollowingionicconcentrations:

F e * 30 . 0 2 5 M ; N a *0 . 0 7 5 M ; N o 3 -0 . 0 7 5 M ; oH-0.075M
 of the pH of HCIsolutions
Determination

Preparationof HCI solutions:

SOLUTION1. Take 10 cm3of 1M HCIsolutionwith the cylinderand put them

intoa beaker(thesmallestone). Q, zf
(' SOLUTION2. Take 10 cm3of 1M HCIsolutionwith the cyllnderand put them
intoanotherbeaker,than add 90 cm3of distilledwater(acquadistillatain
ltalian). r - 7s.
4 o S O L U T I O N3: Take 10 cm3of SOLUTION2 with the cylinderand put them
intoanotherbeaker,than add 90 cm3of distilledwater.
/.7c-
pH determination:

The electrodehas to be removedfromthe buffersolution,washedwith distilled

waterand putin contactwithSOLUTION 1. Waituntilthe valueof pH showedon the
pH meterdisplayis stableand take noteof thisvalue.Afterthe measurement wash
the electrodewith distilledwater.
Performthe sameprocedure 2 and3.
withSOLUTION

At the end of the experienqe,put the electro

Dis t h e a c i d i cs o l u t i o n si n t h e
beakersand the cvli

BEAKER

CYLINDER

P HM E T E R

ELECTRODE
 p H d e t e r m i n a t i o no f N a H C O sN
, H + C lN
, a C ls o l u t i o n s

Preparationof the solutions

I Preparation of 0.1M NaHCO3solution( m.w.=84.0)

Preparethe salt 0.1 M solutionin the 100 cm3becher,using the

balanceto weightthe solidsalt and the graduatedcylinderto misure
the volumeof distilledwater(ignorethe volumeof the solid).

ll. Preparation of 0.2 M NH4CIsolution ( m.w.=53.5)

Preparethe salt 0.2 M solutionin the 100 cm3 becher,using the

balanceto weightthe solidsalt and the graduatedcylinderto misure
the volumeof distilledwater(ignorethe volumeof the solid).

lll. Preparation of NaCIsolution

Collect100 cm3 of tap water into the graduatedcylinderand put

them in a becher.Then add a small quantity(half plasticspoon)of
s o l i dN a C l .

pH measure

Extractthe electrodefrom the buffersolution,wash it with distilledwater,dry

it and finallyput it insidethe solution.Wait untila stablevalueis shown.
Oncefinishedthe measure,wash and dry the electrodeand use it for the next
solution.

n . b .:
At the end of the experience,wash the electrode a last time and put it
back in the buffer solution. Waste the salt solutions in the tap and wash
the becher before you leave.
 TITRATION

Scopeof Experiment:
Titrationis used for the volume measurementof a solutionof known concentration
(titrant)to reactcompletelywiththe analyte(Sampleof unknownconcentration).

A titrationis performedby slow additionof a standardsolutionwith a burette(titrant)in

an analytesolution,untilthe reactionbetweenthe two is consideredcomplete.

The volumeof reagentneededto completethe titrationis determinedby the difference

betweenthe initialand final readingon the burette.Often,indicatorsare addedto the
solutionof analyteto produceobservablephysicalchanges.The typical changes
includean indication
suchas the appearance of a color

Procedu re:
1) Usinga 1OOcm3 graduatedcylinder,measure40cm3of HCI solution(analyte),
and
transferit intothe titrationflask.

2) Add two dropsof phenolphthalein

(indicator)
in the flask.

3) Fillthe burettewith 0.1MNaOH(titrant).

Notethe reading.

4) Slowly,titrateacid by droppingin the solutionof NaOH,shake the flask,untilthe

appearance of pinkcolor.

5) Readthe buretteand notethe volumeV of NaOHsolutionused:this volumeshould

be as statedby the followingequation.

E x p .N o . I n i t i aR
l eadino F i n a lR e a d i n g VolumeUsed
1
2
3

NaOH = HCI
V b x M b = V , x M u
V x 0 . 1 = 4 0 x x

Vn= Volumeof NaOHused

Mo= Molarityof NaOH
V, = Volumeof HCI
M, = Molarityof HCI

N.B:Thoroughlywash the flask and the graduatedcylinderusing the squeeze

bottle containingdistilled water (at least 2 washes of containers)
 ACID-BASETITRATION

- , m e a s u r e4 0 c m 3o f 0 . 0 1 M H C Is o l u t i o nwiththe cylinder
- Transferthissolutionin the flask.
(zero).lf not,
Checkthe levelof the NaOH solutionin the burette:it should be 0
add 0.1 M NaOHsolution.
in
in the flask.The indicatoris colorless
- Put a drop of pH indicator(fenoftaleine)
acidicsolutionand becomespinkin basicsolution'
- ÀJJ O..opwisethe NaOHsolutionfromthe buretteto the flask untilyou canseethe
pinkcoloi.The appearance of the pinkcolormeansthatthe pH of the solutionin the
flaskis neutral.
- n""o the volumeof NaoH that has been added (V), and check if the following
relationshiPis correct:

V ( m L ) ' 0 . 1M - 4 0 m L ' 0 . 0 1M

water
The flask attd-lhe ,c linder have to be carefull washed with distilled
in
(ACQUA DISTILLATA
that vou can find next to the sinks a n d o n t h e desks
Italianl.
' v-C.'F l1
'\r'- g' -i

,r-._-\
t t
ì*l

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Fl

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FLASK BURET-I'E
'f*'::?
t Ì
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t s. ' :. l
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\=:z;

CYLINDER
 GALGIUMANALYSIS(from solid mixturel
(CALCTUMETER)
Scopeof Experiment:
The purposeof experimentis to derivethe amountof calciumcarbonatefrom a
mixtureof calcium carbonateand silica, by measuringthe volume of gas
developedby the followingreaction:

C a C O s+ 2 H C l à C a C l z + H z O + C O z
Procedu re:
Proceedas follows:

1) Reset"calcium-meter" by movingthe smallercylinder,not graduated, so that

withthe zeroof the graduated
the liquidlevelcoincides cylinder.(Thisis possible
onlyby openingthe valveso as to havethe samepressurein bothcylinders.)

(0.5g) of the mixtureof CaCOg+ SiOz,intothe glassjar.

2) Introduce

3) MeasureSmlHCl,withthe graduated and placein plasticcontainer.

cylinder,

4) Placethe plasticcontainerin the glassjar, usingthe specialforceps,taking

carenot to spillit.

5) Close the jar with the rubberstopper,taking care not to spill the vessel
c o n t a i n i nH
gC l .

6) Closethe valveat the top of the cylinder(horizontal

position).

7) Stir the pot by droppingthe HCI on the mixture,and measurethe volumeof

COz evolved,by moving the movablecylinder(the smallest),so that the two
levelscoincide.

Observationsand Galculation:
Findthe amountof calciumcarbonate
by applyingthe gas law:
PV = nRT

Where
n = molesof COz are identicalto the molesof CaCO3accordingto the
stoichiometricreaction
T = absolutetemperaturein K = t + 273 (t- oC)
P = Pressurein atm = mbar| 1013
R = 0.0821.atm / mol.K

From the moles you can then go back to grams,and then the percentageof
CaC03
 DANIELCELL

Scopeof ExPerime[t:
it is designedto make use of the
spontaneous redox reaction
between zinc and cuPric ions to
producean elegtriccurrent(Fig)'lt
consistsof two half-cells'The half-
celfs on the left contains a zinc
metal electrodediPPedin ZnSO4
solution. And a copper metal
electrode in a solution CUSO4'
The half-cellsare joined bY a salt
bridge that Prevents the
mechanicalmixingof the solution' fla*l:i*ÎÎ ,*l:iI

Procedure:
Proceedas follows:
containing0.1M ZnSo+
1) put the electrodeof Zn (Zn foil) in the half-cells
containing0.1M cuso+
electrolyte,and cu electrod"'(cu foit) in the half-cells
electrolYte.
positionwith wires; read the voltage
2) connect electrodeswith voltmeterin DC
on indicator(writedown)' t,ùr. V . ll.8 ^A. .
r/iilinrperejmeter; hotethe current(writedown)
3) connect the electrod"wiiei
moves'
4) Connectthe wireswith motorand noteif motor
^A
5) Drv and cleanthe foilswith sandpaper r"ojSV 5-8
6) Run secondexperiment with0.01Msolutions.

1.06V 1 : 0 6V
Moved Not Moved

from the theoretical value

Measured varues may be srighily different
compositionof the electrodes,or
indicatedbecauseof small differencesin the on the
, due to temperaturechanges,or any small diffusionpotentialis generated
diaphragrn cell.
concentration'But
on.electrolytic
The voltageof a galvaniccell does not depend
swings,for example,the cellwith
if a load is appliedto.the item,vou can havebig
motor move, because under these
0.01M solutionsis not able io make the
conditions thereis a laigevoltagedrop'
N.B:
sandpaqer

nl-È*-.-
-''iri-