CHEMISTRY

PRACTICAL
 EXPERIMENT 1
Aim
• To determine normality and strength of a given solution of dilute Hydrochloric acid by titrating it against
(N/10) Sodium Carbonate solution.
Requirements
• Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, Burette stand, Funnel, Hydrochloric acid, Sodium carbonate solution,
Indicator.
Theory
• Normality is defined as number of gram equivalents of solute which are present in one litre of a
solution.
𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
• Normality = Gram equivalent of solute / Volume of solution (L) = 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒘𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒙 𝑽(𝒎𝒍)

• Gram equivalent of the solute = mass of the solute in grams / Equivalent mass of the solute
Acidity = Eq mass of base x molecular mass of the base
Basicity = Eq. mass of acid x molecular mass of the acid
Neutralization- It is an acid-base reaction in which an acid reacts with a base
to form salt and water.
H3O+ + OH‾ -----→ 2 H2O

Chemical Equation :
Procedure
1. Take a burette and wash it with water.
2. Rinse the burette with the given solution of hydrochloric acid and fill it
with it.
3. Rinse the pipette with the given sodium carbonate solution and pipette
out 20 ml of this solution in a washed titration flask.
4. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator to the titration flask and
place it just below the nozzle of the burette over a white glazed tile.
5. Note down the initial reading of the burette and run the acid solution
slowly and
dropwise to the titration flask till the colour of the solution changes from
yellow to light pink. .
6. Note the final reading and find the volume of hydrochloric acid used.
7. Repeat the procedure to take a set of at least three readings.
(concordant reading)
OBSERVATION

Solution in the burette HCl solution

Solution in the pipette 0.1 N Sodium Carbonate solution
Indicator Methyl Orange
End point Yellow to orange/light pink

Sr. No. Initial reading of burette (ml) Final reading of burette (ml) Amount of HCl solution used (ml)

3
CALCULATIONS

• N1V1 (Na2CO3) = N2V2 (HCl)

• 0.1 x 20 = N2 x CR
0.1 x 20
• N2 =
𝐶𝑅

• Strength of HCl solution = Normality x eq.wt

• = _____ X 36.5 g/L
• RESULT: The normality of the given HCl solution is ______ N and its strength is
________ g/L.
 PRECAUTIONS:

1. Wash the burette and the pipette with water before and after titration is over.
2. Never close the pipette with the thumb. Close it with the index finger.
3. Always keep the lower end of the pipette in the liquid while sucking it.
4. Do not allow any air bubbles to remain inside the burette.
5. To take the reading, place the eye exactly at the level of the meniscus of the
solution.
SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Air bubbles may be trapped in the burette or pipette when filling them
2 The burette may be slanted while clamped.
3. Forgetting to rinse the pipette or burette with the solution to be used.
4. Not considering to take readings from the bottom of the meniscus with
the eye level.
5. Adding more than 2 - 3 drops of indicators to the pipetted solution.
EXPERIMENT NO- 2

• AIM– To find out melting point of a given substance.

• APPARATUS—beaker, capillary tube , thermometer, tripod stand, wire
gauge, thread, bunsen burner, heating medium (glycerol)
• PROCEDURE
i) Take a capillary tube and seal one end of it with the help of bunsen
burner flame .
ii) Fill the substance whose melting point is to be detected in the capillary
tube by tapping one end of it.
iii) Tie the capillary tube to the thermometer with the help of thread.
iv) Suspend the thermometer in the heating medium carefully such that it does
not touch the bottom of the beaker.

v) Keep the beaker on the tripod stand and heat with the help of burner.

vi) Note the temperature when the substance starts melting as T1

vii) Note the temperature in the thermometer when the substance completely
melts take the reading as T2.
CALCULATIONS

• Initial temperature when the substance starts melting: T1 = 780C

• Temperature when the substance completely melts: T2 = 880C
(T1+T2) (78+88)
• m.p of solids = =
2 2

RESULT: The melting point of the given substance is 820C

PRECAUTION :
1. Thermometer should not touch the bottom of beaker
take the reading precisely.
2. Stir the heating medium properly.
 Experiment No-9
AIM: To analyse the salt for one anion and cation
APPARTUS: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, beaker, etc
PHYSICAL IDENTIFICATION:
State: Crystalline
Colour: White
Odour: Ammonical
Solubility: Water soluble
Sr Experiment Observation Inference
No.
1 Heating in a dry test tube Ammonical odour NH4 + may be
present
2 Test for Anions:
I) To the salt added dil H2SO4 Colourless, odourless gas CO3 2− may be
with brisk effervescence present
Ii) Pass the gas through lime water Lime water turns milky CO3 2‒ confirmed
Iii) To the salt and dil H2SO4 added White ppt CO3 2− confirmed
MgSO4
3. Reactions
(NH4)2CO3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + H2O + CO2↑
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
(NH4)2CO3 + MgSO4 → (NH4)2SO4 + MgCO3
4 Test for Cations:
To the salt added NaOH and Ammonical smell NH4+ may be
heat present
Bring a glass rod dipped in conc White fumes are seen NH4+ may be
HCl near the mouth of the above present
test tube
Add Nessler’s reagent to the Brown ppt NH4+ confirmed
above test tube
5 Reactions
NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
2 K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3 NaOH → H2N.HgO.Hg I↓ + 4 KI + 3 NaI +2
H2O
Nessler’s reagent Brown ppt
Result: The given salt sample contains carbonate CO32 ‒ as anion and ammonium
NH4+ as cation

Page 17 of 27
 Experiment No.-15
Aim- Analyse the given salt for one cation and one anion
Apparatus- Test tube, Test tube holder, burner etc
Physical Identification-
State- solid
Colour-white
Odour- vinegar like smell
Solubility- soluble in water
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
Dry heated the salt Vinegar like smell, Pb+2 & CH3COO- may be
turns black
Test for Anion
1 To salt added dil. H2SO4 No change CO3─2 , S─2, SO3-2 , NO ─
2
absent
2 To salt added conc. H2SO4 Smell of vinegar CH3COO─ may present
3 Palm Test – Took salt in palm, added Distinct Smell of CH3COO─ present
solid oxalic acid and rubbed it with two vinegar
drops of water.
4 To aq. Solution of salt added FeCl3 Red colouration CH3COO─ confirmed
Chemical Reactions-
CH3COO ─ + H2SO4 → HSO4─ + 2CH3COOH
2FeCl3 + 3Pb (CH3COO) 2 → 2(CH3COO)3Fe + 3PbCl2
Pb(CH3COO) 2 + H2C2O4 → PbC2O4 + 2CH3COOH
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

Test for Cation

1 To the salt added NaOH soln. No smell NH4+ absent

2 To aq. Solution of salt added dil. HCl white ppt. Pb+2 present ( Gr I)

3 Dissolved the ppt by heating and

divided into three parts
a To the first part added K2CrO4 Yellow ppt Pb+2 confirmed

b To the second part added KI Yellow ppt Pb+2 confirmed

c Cooled the third part under tap ppt. reappears Pb+2 confirmed
Chemical Reactions-
Pb+2 + 2HCl → PbCl2 + 2H+

Pb Cl 2 + K2CrO4 → Pb (CrO4) + 2KCl

Pb Cl 2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KCl

Result- The given salt contains Pb+2 as cation and CH3COO- as anion.

Page 23 of 27
Question & Answers / Practical Chemistry / Class XI /2020-21

1. Define melting point.

Ans. It is defined as the constant temperature at which the solid and the liquid phases of substance
coexist.
2. How is the determination of melting point useful?
Ans. It helps us to:
(i) identify unknown substances;
(ii) know whether a compound is pure or not.
3. How does the determination of melting point help us know about the purity of the compound?
Ans. Melting point indicates the purity of a substance. If a substance contains moisture or some other
impurity, then its melting point is usually lowered. A sharp melting point indicates a pure substance.
4. 4. What is sharp melting point?
Ans. Melting point of a solid is said to be sharp if it melts completely within a range of 1°C.
5. . Why do pure solids possess sharp melting point?
Ans. A pure solid has same force of attraction between particles at different places and hence melts
at a constant temperature.
6. Can we heat the capillary tube directly for the determination of melting point?
Ans. No, because direct heating would result in uneven and fast heating.
7. Why different solids have different melting points?
Ans. Melting point depends upon intermolecular forces existing in the solid state. Since different
solids have intermolecular forces of different strength, their melting points are different.
8. What is the principle of volumetric analysis?
Ans. In volumetric analysis, the concentration of a solution is determined by allowing a known
volume of this to react quantitatively with another solution of known concentration.
9. What is titration?
Ans. The process of adding one solution from the burette to another in the titration flask in order to
complete the chemical reaction involved, is known as titration.
10. What is indicator?
Ans. Indicator is a chemical substance which changes colour at the end point.
11. What is end point?
Ans. The stage during titration at which the reaction is just complete is known as the end point of
titration.
12. What is a normal solution?
Ans. A normal solution is a solution, a litre of which contains one gm-equivalent of the solute. This
is symbolised as 1 N.
13. Pipette should never be held from its bulb, why?
Ans. The heat of our body may expand the glass bulb and introduce an error in the measurement of
the volume.
14. What do you mean by 1.0 M solution?
Ans. A solution containing 1 mole of solute per litre of solution is 1.0 M solution.
15. Which indicator is used in the titration of sodium carbonate against hydrochloric acid and
what is the colour change at the end point?
Ans. Methyl orange. The colour change is yellow to pinkish red.
16. What is the indicator used in the titration of sodium carbonate against hydrochloric acid?
Which solution is taken in the burette and what is the end point?
Ans. Methyl orange. Acid solution is taken in the burette, change of colour from yellow to pink is
the end point.
17. What is basicity of an acid?
Ans. It is the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms in a molecule of the acid.
18. What is acidity of a base?
Ans. It is the number of OH– ions furnished by a molecule of the base.
19. What is the relation between equivalent mass of acid and its molecular mass?
Ans. Equivalent mass of a acid= Molecular mass / Basicity
20. What is the relation between equivalent mass of a base and its molecular mass?
Ans. Equivalent mass of a base = Molecular mass / Acidity
21. What is qualitative analysis?
Ans. The type of analysis that deals with the methods which are used to determine the constituents of
a compound.
22. What is a radical?
Ans. A radical may be defined as an atom or group of atoms which carries charge and behaves as a
single unit in chemical reactions.
23. What are acidic and basic radicals?
Ans. Radicals carrying positive charge are called basic radicals and those carrying negative charge
are called acidic radicals.
24. What type of bond is present in an inorganic salt?
Ans. Electrovalent bond.
25. Why a salt containing lead turn black in colour, when placed for a long time in labora-tory?
Ans. Due to the formation of black lead sulphide by the action of H2S in atmosphere.
26. Name the salts which produce crackling sound when heated.
Ans. Lead nitrate, barium nitrate, potassium bromide, sodium chloride.
27. Name the radical which produces CO2 on heating.
Ans. Carbonate.
28. What is Nessler’s Reagent?
Ans. It is a solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide. Its formula is K2[HgI4].
It is used for detecting ammonia and ammonium ions.
29. Name the acid radicals detected with dil. H2SO4.
Ans. CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2–.
30. Name the acid radicals detected by cone. H2SO4.
Ans. Cl–, Br–, I–, NO3–, CH3COO–.

31. Why dil. H2SO4 is preferred while testing acid radicals over dil. HCl?
Ans. When the salt is treated with HCl, during reaction HCl gas is also given out along with the gas
evolved by the salt. So the actual gas cannot be identified whereas with H2SO4, no such problem
arises.
32. How will you test the presence of carbonate?
Ans. Treat a small quantity of the mixture with dil. H2SO4. CO2 gas is evolved. When the gas is
passed through lime water, it is turned milky.

33. CO2 and SO2 both turn lime water milky. How will you distinguish between them?
Ans. By passing through acidified K2Cr2O7 solution. SO2 turns K2Cr2O7 green while CO2 has no
effect.
34. What is lime water?
Ans. A solution of Ca(OH)2 in water is called lime water.
35. Is there any gas other than CO2 which turns lime water milky?
Ans. Yes, it is SO2 gas.
36. How will you test whether the given solution in a bottle is lime water?
Ans. Take 2 ml of the solution in a test tube and blow into it by means of a glass tubing. Milkiness
indicates that the solution is lime water.

37. What will happen if excess of CO2 is passed through lime water?
Ans. The white ppt. of CaCO3 changes into soluble calcium bicarbonate and the milkiness, therefore,
disappears.

38. Name group reagents for different groups.

Ans. Group I—Dil. HCl.
Group II—H2S in the presence of dil. HCl.
Group III—NH4OH in presence of NH4Cl.
Group IV—H2S in presence of NH4OH.
Group V—(NH4)2 CO3 in presence of NH4Cl and NH4OH.
Group VI—No specific group reagent.
39. What is the action of heat on Ammonium Carbonate?
Ans. Ammonium carbonate has the capability to spontaneously decompose into the ammonium
bicarbonate and the ammonia.
(NH4)2CO3 → NH4HCO3 + NH3
Which later on decompose into the carbon dioxide, water and some other molecules of ammonia.
NH4HCO3 → H2O + CO2 + NH3

40. Name a gas, which gives white fumes with hydrochloric acid?
Ans. Ammonia
41. In the flame test, sodium imparts yellow colour to the flame while magnesium does not impart
any colour. Why?
Ans. In case of magnesium, when the excited electron jumps back to the ground state, the frequency
of radiation emitted does not fall in the visible region.
42. Write the chemistry of flame test.
Ans. In flame test, the valence electron of the atom gets excited and jumps to the higher level. When
the electron jumps back to the ground state, the radiation is emitted whose frequency falls in the
visible region.
43. Why is platinum metal preferred to other metals for flame test?
Ans. Because platinum does not react with acids and does not itself impart any characteristic colour
to the flame.