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    Prac-7 - Solutions Nuova

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    Cristiano Passarelli
    This document discusses quantitative ways of expressing the concentration of solutions, including mass percent, volume percent, molarity, molality, and mole fraction. It also covers vapor pressure, boiling temperature, and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation relating vapor pressure to temperature.

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    Prac-7 - Solutions Nuova

    Uploaded by

    Cristiano Passarelli
    14 views10 pages
    This document discusses quantitative ways of expressing the concentration of solutions, including mass percent, volume percent, molarity, molality, and mole fraction. It also covers vapor pressure, boiling temperature, and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation relating vapor pressure to temperature.

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    This document discusses quantitative ways of expressing the concentration of solutions, including mass percent, volume percent, molarity, molality, and mole fraction. It also covers vapor pressure, boiling temperature, and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation relating vapor pressure to temperature.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views10 pages

    Prac-7 - Solutions Nuova

    Uploaded by

    Cristiano Passarelli
    This document discusses quantitative ways of expressing the concentration of solutions, including mass percent, volume percent, molarity, molality, and mole fraction. It also covers vapor pressure, boiling temperature, and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation relating vapor pressure to temperature.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 10

    CHEMISTRY - practice lecture

    AA 2016-2017

    7 – Solutions

    Dr. Cristina Pagliano


    Department of Applied Science and Technology
    Politecnico di Torino
    Phone number: 0131-229301
    E-mail: cristina.pagliano@polito.it

    1/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS


    Quantitative ways of expressing the concentration of
    a solution (1/2)
    A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase. In
    such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance,
    known as a solvent.

    The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of how much


    of that solute is dissolved in the solvent.
    There are a number of ways to express the relative amounts of solute
    and solvent in a solution. Five different units commonly used to
    express the concentration are:
     Percent Composition by mass
     Percent Composition by volume
     Molarity
     Molality
     Mole Fraction 2/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS
    Quantitative ways of expressing the concentration of
    a solution (2/2)
    Mass percent: is the fraction of a solute in a
    solution, both expressed in g, multiplied by 100.

    Volume percent: is the fraction of a solute in a volume of solute


    Percent by volume
    solution, both expressed in ml, multiplied by volume of solution

    100.

    MOLARITY (M): is the number of moles of


    solute in exactly one liter of a solution.

    MOLALITY (m): is the number of moles of solute


    dissolved in exactly one kilogram of solvent.

    The mole fraction, X, of a component in a solution is the ratio of the number of moles
    of that component to the total number of moles of all components in the solution.
    The mole fraction of A, XA, in a solution
    consisting of A, B, C, ... is calculated using the
    equation:
    3/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS
    Exercises & Answers (1)

    4/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS


    Exercises & Answers (2)

    1)

    2)

    5/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS


    Exercises & Answers (3)

    6/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS


    Vapor pressure
    The vapor pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a vapor
    above its liquid; that is, the pressure of the vapor resulting from
    evaporation of a liquid above a sample of the liquid in a closed
    container.
    When a liquid evaporates to a gas in a closed container, the molecules
    cannot escape. Some of the gas molecules will eventually strike the
    condensed phase and condense back into it.
    When the rate of condensation of the gas becomes equal to the rate
    of evaporation of the liquid, the amount of gas or liquid no longer
    changes.
    The gas in the container is in equilibrium with the liquid (or solid).

    The pressure exerted by the gas in equilibrium with a liquid (or solid)
    in a closed container at a given temperature is called vapor pressure.

    7/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS


    Boiling temperature
    The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor
    pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid, and
    the liquid changes into a vapor.

    The normal boiling point of a liquid is the special case in which the
    vapor pressure of the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure
    at sea level, 1 atmosphere. At that temperature, the vapor pressure of
    the liquid becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and
    allows bubbles of vapor to be formed inside the bulk of the liquid.

    If the external pressure decreases, also the boiling temperature


    decreases.

    8/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS


    Clausius-Clapeyron equation
    gives the correlation between vapor pressures and related
    temperatures.

    p1 is the vapor pressure at T1 temperature; p2 is the vapor pressure at T2


    temperature
    Qvap is the molar heat vaporization; R is the gas universal constant

    Qvap= q * MM where q is the mass heat vaporization

    Qvap= ΔHvap where ΔHvap is the enthalpy of vaporization

    if Q [cal/mol] => R = 1.987 [cal/mol K]


    note
    if Q [Joule/mol] => R = 8.314 [Joule/mol K]

    9/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS


    Exercise example
    Exercise: The normal boiling temperature of water is 100°C. Calculate
    the boiling temperature of water when the pressure is 600 mmHg.
    (For water: q = 539 cal/g)

    Answer: “Boiling” means that the vapor pressure of the liquid equals
    the pressure surrounding. We are given 4 of the 5 variables in the
    Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Substitute and solve for T1.

    MM

    10/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS

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