Mapping Traction vector in NS equation

∂ ∂ ⃑
( ρVi )+ ∇ . ρ V i V −∇ .T 1n−ρ bi =0, We are interested to map a traction vector ∇ .T 1n
∂t ∂t

on oblique surface ABC in to normal Surfaces AOC(blue), BOC (grey) &AOB (brown),

The mapping is decomposition (dot product) of the vector on surfaces

And writing the equation of equilibrium in x direction gives

∑ F x =d (mv)x
n ⃑
−τ 11 ds1 −τ 21 ds 2−τ 31 ds 3+T 1 + ρ b1 d ∀=ρ v 1 d ∀

⃑
−τ 12 ds1 −τ 22 ds 2−τ 32 ds 3+T 2n + ρ b2 d ∀=ρ v 2 d ∀

n ⃑
−τ 13 ds 1−τ 23 ds 2−τ 33 ds 3 +T 3 + ρb 3 d ∀= ρ v 3 d ∀

However, all ds1, ds2 and ds3 are projections of ds which implies
ds 1=ds . n1 , ds 2=d s . n2∧ds 3=ds . n3 and considering perpendicular distance from point O to
surface ABC h

The volume dv=1/3dsh, but if we take the limits of the equilibrium equation as h tends to zero as
we are interested in surface force at expense of h, Yields

1
 n
T i =τ ij . n j

Hence the equation of conservation of momentum by replacing T in=τ ij . n j yields

∂ ∂ ⃑
( ρVi )+ ∇ . ρ V i V −∇ . τ i−ρ bi=0
∂t ∂t

∂ ∂ ⃑
( ρVi )+ ∇ . ρ V i V =∇ . τ i+ ρb i
∂t ∂t

Demarcating/mapping again stressτ i terms,

τ ij =¿ τ ij hydrostatic + τ ijdeviatoric

deviatoric ∂ ui
From the definition of fluid as it displace under application of this shear term, τ ij ∝
∂uj

∂ui
On the consequence side which is , we will be interested to map symmetric (mean) and
∂u j
asymmetric part (variance) all differently for ease of handling equation

Hence = (
∂ui 1 ∂ ui ∂ u j 1 ∂ ui ∂u j
+ + ( −
∂u j 2 ∂ u j ∂u i 2 ∂u j ∂ ui
).)
The first part is volumetric translation flow which we can denote by e kl and the second part is
zero for irrotational fluid element.

Mapping Deviatory term in e kl

deviatoric ∂ ui
The proportionality depends on the nature of fluidτ ij ∝ τ ij deviatoric =¿ C ijkl e kl
∂uj

Considering isotropic scalars (direction invariant) homogeneous flow, the four indices
(directions) which had possibility of retaining 3x3x3x3=81 constants shall be reduced in to
relatively fewer vectors.

2
Consider mapping vector C ijkl=¿Ai+Bj+Ck+Dl, hence the mapping is C ijkl .( AiBjCkDl) in order
to obtain all indices making sure that no free index will remain in getting direction invariant
quantity. NB: dot product is commutative and distributive as we proceed to eliminate C

C ijkl . ( AiBjCkDl )=α ¿

Consider dummy Kronecker delta δ ij= {01ifif i=i≠ jj

C ijkl . ( AiBjCkDl )=α ¿

¿α¿

C ijkl . ( AiBjCkDl )=( AiBjCkDl ) [α δ ij δ kl + β δ ik δ jl + γ δ il δ jk ]

=α δ ij δ kl + β δ ik δ jl + γ δ il δ jk

Reducing these constants further

deviatoric
τ ij =Cijkl e kl

=α δ ij δ kl e kl + β δ ik δ jl e kl + γ δ il δ jk ekl

¿ α δ ij ekk + β e ij + γ e ji

But symmetry (homogeneous)gives τ ij deviatoric =τ jideviatoric

α δ ij ekk + β e ij + γ e ji =α δ ji e kk + β e ji + γ e ij

α δ ij ekk + β e ij + γ e ji =α δ ji e kk + β e ji + γ e ij

β eij +γ e ji =β e ji +γ eij

Collecting the like terms e ji ( γ−β )−e ij ( β−γ ) =0  2 γ −2 β=0=¿ γ=β

deviatoric
τ ij =α δ ij e kk +2 β eij

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The linear part constant has to be μ from the Newtonian fluid definition and α is commonly
denoted by λ

∂ ui ∂ u j ∂u ⃑
Therefore 2 β e ij =μ( + ) and e kk = i =∇ . u
∂ x j ∂ xi ∂ xi

hydrostatic
But τ ij =−P δ ij

∂ ui ∂ u j
Thus τ ij =τ ij deviatoric +τ ij hydrostatic=−P δ ij + ¿ λe kk δ ij + μ( + )
∂ x j ∂ xi

To simplify the normal/shear stresses

∂u1
τ 11 =−P+ ¿ λe kk +2 μ
∂ x1

∂u 2
τ 22=−P+ ¿ λe kk +2 μ
∂ x2

∂u3
τ 33 =−P+¿ λe kk +2 μ
∂ x3

Adding up the above equation

τ 11 + τ 22 τ 33 2 μ ∂ u1 ∂u2 ∂ u3
−P m=−P+¿ λe kk + [ + + ] e kk
3 3 ∂ x 1 ∂ x 2 ∂ x3

2μ
−Pm =−P+¿ λe kk + e There are two pressures in here one arise from mechanical interaction
3 kk
the other is from thermal which both comprise from intermolecular interaction which could be
investigated through three different occurrences: Vibration, Translation and rotation

2μ
There are cases for which −Pm =−P:  λ¿−
3

i) when temperature rises slowly (not rapidly) [stokes fluid]

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 ∂ ∂ ⃑
( ρVi )+ ∇ . ρ V i V =∇ . τ i+ ρb i
∂t ∂t

−∂ ∂ ∂
∇ . τ ij = P+ ¿ ¿ λe kk ¿+ ¿
∂xj ∂ xi ∂ xj

∂ ∂uj ∂ ∂u j ∂ ∂u k ∂
μ e kk
But μ = μ = μ =
∂ x j ∂ xi ∂ x j ∂ x j ∂ x j ∂ x k ∂ x j

∂ ∂ ⃑ −∂ ∂
( ρVi )+ ρViV= P+ ρ bi + ¿λ+ μ ¿ e kk conservative form
∂t ∂ xj ∂ xj ∂ xi

The first acceleration term is unsteady/temporary term

The second is gradient term

The third is pressure gradient

The forth is viscous term

The non-conservative form of this equation excludes continuity from the conservative form.

∂ ∂ u −∂ ∂
ρ Vi+Vi ¿ ]+ ρ u j i = P+ ρ bi + ¿ λ+ μ ¿ e kk
∂t ∂x j ∂ x j ∂ xi

∂ ∂u i −∂ ∂
ρ[ Vi+ u j ]= P+ ρ bi + ¿ λ+ μ ¿ e kk non conservative form of momentum equation
∂t ∂x j ∂x j ∂ xi
[N_S]

Energy equation

E=total energy= internal energy(mi)+kinetic energy(mv2/2)+potential energy (mgz)

dE ∂ ∂ ( ρe )
= ∫ ρed ∀∀ +∫ ρeVdA A=∫ [ +∇ . ( ρeV ) ] assuming fixed volume
dt ∂ t ∂t ∀

Using non deformable control volume, and gauss theorem

dE
=∫ ¿ ¿
dt

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 dE ∂qj ∂ τ ij ui
=Q̇ ∀−Ẇ ∀ =∫ [Q − ¿ ]d ∀+∫ [bi u i+
''
¿ ]d ∀ ¿ ¿
dt ∂ xj ∂x j

For arbitrary choice of volume

De '' ∂qj ∂ τ ij ui
ρ =Q − + bi u i +
Dt ∂ xj ∂xj

In order to obtain thermal energy (internal energy), we subtract kinetic and potential energies
D ( ρu ) ∂ τ ij
(mechanical) ui [ = + b ] {NS}from the total energy and we obtain:
Dt ∂ xj i

ρ
DI ∂ i
= + ρu j
Dt ∂ t
∂i
∂ xj
+i
∂t
+
[
∂ ρ ∂ ( ρ u j) ∂ i
∂xj
= + ρu j
∂t ]
∂i
∂x j
∂q
∂ xj
∂u
=Q ' ' − j + τ ij i
∂x j

Now we can demarcate viscous heating vector using Newtonian and Stokes fluid theory

∂ui ⃑
τ ij =−P ∇ V + μ F where
∂xj

[( )( )(
∂ u1 ∂ u2 2 ∂u 1 ∂u 3 2 ∂u2 ∂u3
)] ( )( )( )
2
2 ∂u 1 ∂ u2 2 ∂ u1 ∂u 3 2 ∂ u2 ∂ u3 2
F= − + − + − +[ + + + + + ]
3 ∂ x1 ∂ x2 ∂ x1 ∂ x3 ∂ x2 ∂ x3 ∂ x1 ∂ x2 ∂ x1 ∂ x3 ∂ x2 ∂ x3

∂ui Dh ∂ P '' ∂qj

Enthalpy gradient in terms of pressure and temperature gradient

∂h ∂h ∂h
dh= ∨¿ P dT + ∨¿ d P=C P dT + ∨¿ dP ¿ ¿ ¿
∂T ∂P T ∂P T

∂S
And dh=TdS+vdP= ∨¿ P dT + ¿ ¿
∂T

1 dv
And β= ∨¿ P ¿
v dT

DT DP
ρ CP =βT +Q' ' + ∇ .(k ∇ T )+ μ F
Dt Dt