DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

The use of a shredded plastic (High-density

Polyethylene and Polyethylene Terephthalate)
waste as an aggregate of concrete

GROUP 1
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY PLEDGE:
I swear in my honor that I did not use nor provide any inappropriate aid in
accomplishing this design of experiment.

Bajan, Eldwin John F. Canilao, May Anne H. Castro, Michael Christian M.

Delos Santos, Chelsy Kaye C. Guballa, Brianna C.

 PROPOSAL ABSTRACT

As plastic consumption and production grew, the waste it produces will also increase. One

of the environmental problems that we encounter almost every day is the plastic waste pollution.

There are many studies to solve the solution for plastic waste. One of the studies is using recycled

plastic waste as material to produce concrete. This purpose of this paper is to (a) have a stronger

and durable concrete with the mixture of shredded plastic, (b) pass the following test:

Compressive, Flexural, Slump and Water Absorption, and (c) be efficient in using plastic in terms

of mixture and consumption.

The researcher used 30 MPa compressive strength for the water cement ratio for 28 days.

The plastic was prepared beforehand by crushing plastic waste into the size of fine aggregate. After

the researcher computes the other components for concrete mix, they will add about (a) 15% of

plastic multiply to the total volume of cement, and (b) 20% of plastic multiply to the total volume

of cement. The researcher made nine cylindrical concrete to test the 0%, 15% and 20%, of plastic

for compressive strength, and nine beam concrete to test the 0%,15% and 20%, of plastic for

flexural strength.

Based on our research it should be lighter in overall weight and more durable than a

traditional concrete. Plastic as an aggregate is more economical because it consumes a huge

amount of recyclable plastic bottles, cables and etc. By introducing it as an aggregate it applies its

characteristics which is resistance to corrosion and chemicals, low electrical and thermal

conductivity and high strength-to-weight ratio to the concrete.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
Background of the stud…………………………………………………………...……….3-4
Statement of the Problem ………………………………………………………………..4-5
Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………..... 5
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………...……... 5-6
Scope of Limitations……………….…………………………………….…..….6-7
Framework of the Study…………………………………….……………..…8-10

Review of Related Literature

Local Studies ……………………………………………………………………………11-12
Foreign Studies …………………………………………………………………......13-15

References……………….………………………………………………………………..…….15

Methodology
Methodological Framework .....................................................................................................16
Data Collection .................................................................................................................. 17-23
Method of Analysis ............................................................................................................24

Expected Result Outputs

Conclusion..................................................................................................................................25
Recommendation……………………………………………………………………………25

1
 List of Tables & Figures

Tables
Chapter 3
Table 1: Relation between water/cement ratio ………………….………………………...17
Table 2: Requirement for mixing water and air content……………………………..... 18
Table 3: Dry bulk volume of Coarse Aggregate…………………………...…...... 18
Table 4: Estimate density of Fresh Concrete…………………………...…..….19
Figures
Chapter 1
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework Diagram……...…………………………………………8
Figure 2: Methodological Framework Diagram…………………………….……......10
Chapter 3
Figure 3: Methodological Framework Diagram……...…………….………………………16

2
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The plastic production and consumption around the word has grown rapidly. According to

the Global Plastics Production Statistics, in 2018, the global production of plastic reached 359

million metric tons. Plastics are low cost and easy to manufacture, for this reason the increase in

its production is difficult to avoid. There are studies that uses recycled plastics in to lessen the

plastic waste. Prabir Das (2004) has suggested that: Plastics can be used in construction industry

at various places. Proper selection of material or grade and suitable design considerations can help

to replace many more applications. Lighter weight, design flexibility, part integration, low system

cost, very high productivity and improved product appearance are the main features for use of

engineering plastics. The engineering thermoplastics and introduction of application specific

grades has thrown challenges to conventional materials in the industries. This paper provides all

the supports in selecting suitable engineering plastics, process and design for conversion of

conventional material to engineering plastics for performance and system cost benefits.

For decades, one of the most popular ideas in foreign and local literature is the idea that

plastic waste can be recycle in various things for everyday life, like plastic bottles as pots or

decoration. A common strategy used is the second purpose of a particular plastic, yet plastic life

span is longer than its main purpose. They often design synthetic materials that are generally to

have the same purpose and properties of natural materials with low-cost budgets. With various

elements like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine and sulfur content that results to a

polymer. For its long carbon chain and mixture of different resins, it can last thousands of years

3
before its decomposition. This leads to myriad problems in advance cities, with its non-stop

production of plastic and improper disposal. It issues a bigger problem on how to consume or

dismantle a huge volume of plastic waste within a short time.

There are many alternative methods are available for solving these problems. But none of

them are so efficient to consume an enormous output of plastic waste. As a civil engineer, we

design an eco-concrete that it will be a more favorable method. Concrete is made up of cement

that serve as the glue, fine and coarse aggregates for its source of strength and lastly for this

research is the shredded plastic. Specifically, a high-density polyethylene and polyethylene

terephthalate, most commonly known as milk bottles, cable wire, and plastic bottles. It is

exceptional for its high molecular weight, still known for its high strength to density ratio, which

is ideal for concrete design. A high-density polyethylene plastic has a high degree of crystallinity

that influences the hardness and density that we believe when mix with concrete will have a

positive output on its weight, strength and durability. Concrete moisture control is very important,

by introducing plastic as an aggregate it lessens the water absorption of a concrete because of its

carbon chain that repels water when introduce.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.2.1 What is the average compressive and flexural strength of the concrete?

1.2.2 How much change in water absorption thus the concrete with plastic mixture

compared to traditional concrete mixture?

1.2.3 Which among the three mixture: Traditional Mix, 15% plastic and 25%plastic are

more consistent in fresh concrete mixture in slump test?

4
 1.2.4 How many shredded plastics thus it consumes in a one regular beam test with 15%

and 25% plastic?

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 To have a stronger and durable concrete with the mixture of shredded plastic.

1.3.2 To pass the following test: Compressive, Flexural, Slump and Water Absorption.

1.3.3 To be efficient in using plastic in terms of mixture and consumption.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This research will be beneficial to the following:

Students – they can build up more knowledge about types of plastic and how it could

decrease the risk factors of Plastic Waste from this study. It would also let them discover not only

the common uses of plastic but also the more innovative way to segregate plastic waste. This study

may also serve as a purpose for encouraging young entrepreneur to start and invent something in

the future.

The Community - Vast amounts of citizens would be given a clean and tidy city to walk

and tour upon. Beaches and popular tourist spots will have fewer problems on plastic wastes in

their daily work in a long run. Of course, with the help of government, we can collect various

plastic waste on each area to be recycle and use to useful one or something related to this study

Local Government Units - The local government can produce extra work for unemployed

citizens. Also, the Local Government could start a brand-new campaign residing with the scope or

5
even beyond the vision of this study. The Local Government would be given a chance to promote

their city too many parts of the Nation by creating essential projects to decrease plastic waste.

Industry - Companies that produce structural goods and services to their customers could

lessen their expenses by obtaining or applying this study to their form of production. Construction

companies could improve this study to higher levels by maintaining the quality of concrete.

Science and Engineering Government Departments - Government Departments like

Department of Science and Technology and Department of Public Works and Highways will

benefit in this study by promoting a National discovery and research. In parallel to the Construction

Companies, the Government Departments could raise their own study or research by changing or

manipulating the parameters of this study. In addition, by raising the said study to a higher stage

it could improve the country's process in structural building and even raise the economy.

Future Researchers - We as current researchers had grabbed the opportunity to add up to

the body of knowledge. The future holders of the society could develop our study and withhold

further vision. This will benefit Future Researchers by giving them the choice of doing more for

themselves and their country.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

The study consists of various test and experiment regarding with the effectiveness of plastic

specifically high-density polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate. The following test will

identify if concrete with plastic mixture will eventually have an increase in strength and durability

6
compared to the ordinary concrete mixture. It will also cover the water absorption of the 7 days

pond curing of the finish product based on concrete standards. We will also observe how consistent

it may act if plastic aggregates are added on fresh concrete in slump test. Furthermore, plastic

efficiency in consumption will be recorded and analyze to understand which proportion will be

better for the concrete and the community.

The researcher limited this research to the other types of curing process due to lack of time.

Along with the use of different types of cement except ordinary Portland cement. It will not also a

cover the test on tensile strength, shearing strength and bearing strength considering the machines

and knowledge to examine it. Lastly are the other types of plastic, plastic is chosen based on

availability and cost of production on each type. Since lack of time that limits the study, curing on

required days of 28 days will not be achieve and will be replaced by 7 days.

7
1.6 Framework of the study

1.6.1 Conceptual Framework Diagram

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

• Examining the concrete • It presents the increase or

• Plastic Aggregates: design by the following decrease in strength and
High-density test: Slump Test (ACI durability of concrete with
Polyethylene and 143) Compressive high-density polyethylene
Polyethylene Strength Test (ACI 318- and polyethylene
Terephthalate (15% 19), Flexural Test (ASTM terephthalate plastic
and 20% volume) C78) and Water compared to ordinary
• Ordinary portland Absorption Test (ASTM concrete mixture
cement and c1585) • The height of the slump
aggregates (Coarse • Comparison of the two test for concrete with
and Fine) concrete with and without plastic will have a
• Tap Water shredded high-density significant change in
• Calculating the polyethylene and height than the ordinary
amount of concrete polyethylene terephthalate concrete mixture.
mixture by ACI plastic after 7 days of • Water absorption capacity
221.1-91 and with the pond curing of both concrete mixtures
additional shredded
will have a huge
plastic (15% and 20%
percentage gap.
volume)

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework Diagram

8
 On the first column, the researchers input an amount of 15% and 20% volume of plastic

aggregates based on the total volume of the container. It includes a mixture of both types of plastic,

the high-density polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate. For the main ingredients of concrete,

dry mixing of ordinary portland cement and aggregates (coarse and fine) will include. Plastic will

further mix and the water content, it bases all mixture on ACI 221. 1-91.

For the process section, examining of the concrete design will be done to four tests: Slump

test, Compressive test, Flexural test and Water absorption test. In slump test, we will test the

mixture of main ingredients of concrete including the water and plastic using the materials in ACI

143 to identify how consistent the fresh concrete before it sets. Compressive and Flexural Test will

follow ASTM C78 and ACI 318-19, respectively. The compressive test for every single test should

not fall below 500 psi (3.5 MPa) or over 5000 psi (35 Mpa). Flexural test will undergo a third point

loading on which the load is applied at two points at one third of the span length. The total strength

is about the 10 to 15 percent of compressive strength based on what mixture is proportion, type,

size, and volume. Water absorption test will follow ASTM c1585, final product after 7 days. The

concrete will first dry in the oven for few hours and immerse after to the water for the next 24

hours. Weight of the concrete before and after will identify how much water it absorbs.

For the output, concrete with plastic will have a decrease or increase in compressive and

flexural strength that varies base on the results. Because of the components of plastic, we believe

that it can apply to ordinary concrete design by mixing it through and also water absorption will

have a variation on percentage absorb on the ordinary concrete design and concrete with plastic

since the slump test for the concrete with plastic is assumed to have a better consistency than the

ordinary mixture.

9
1.6.2 Methodological Framework

Figure 2: Methodological Framework Diagram

10
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Local Studies

This section presents a review of recent literature on high-density polyethylene, Polyethylene

terephthalate and their characteristics. According to Mentzer (2018), high-density polyethylene

(HDPE) is another type of polyethylene and it is made up of ethane. When it is heated to 1500

Fahrenheit, then molecules brakes apart forming a new molecule which is ethylene. During

polymerization, ethylene gas becomes resin. Then it polymerized turning into polyethylene.

Furthermore, enhance shall be made to be high-density polyethylene. The resin identification of

High-density polyethylene is number 2. The characteristics of HBPE is sturdiness, toughness,

strength, resistance to cracking or corrosion and economical. Although strength and resistance to

cracking or corrosion varies depending on color and opacity of the plastic. In order to improve the

resistant to cracking or corrosion the HDPE should be opaque and colored. It is economical

because it is inexpensive and can be recycled. It can still be used in many different ways like what

the researches aimed to use High density polyethylene as an aggregate in concrete.

According to Creative Mechanism staff (2016) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is consider as the

most common thermoplastic polymer and also known as polymer in the textile industry. It is used

as fiber for clothing, bottling and packaging. Polyethylene terephthalate will increase its strength

if it is combined with other materials like fiber glass or carbon nanotubes. Its resin identification

is number 1. Some of the notable characteristics of PET is resistance to water, its high strength to

weight ratio, it is shatterproof and economical. The chemical resistance of PET enables it to

interact with different organic materials. Considering that PET is lightweight and having high

strength to weight is a good indication. Lastly is it’s shatterproof, it will show that it will not break

11
or fracture easily. The previous articles reveal that chemical resistance are usually the problematic

to absorption when it is mixed in the concrete.

There have been numerous studies to investigate the effects of plastic waste as an aggregate

to concrete. According to Ganiron (2014) the reuse of thermoplastic is currently advancing. Many

agencies are looking for many possibilities to use thermoplastic as recycled products in highway

construction. These studies try to be sustainable for the society and incorporating thermoplastic to

industry need and more cost-effective construction material. American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM) was used to conform the specific standard of insulating materials and Universal

testing machine for physical properties: compression strength, tensile strength and flexure strength

of concrete. For the moisture content of the aggregates is shows that there is zero for plastic while

sand had 2g, 1.5g and 2g. Therefore, moisture content for plastic is 0% and 4.59% for sand. Going

to specific gravity and water absorption, the weight of the sample and flask are the same for sand

and plastic and same also for temperature during the test and weight of the flask with water and

aggregate but there is a difference in Bulk sp/ Gr. (SSD) = A/ B+S-C and Bulk sp/ Gr. (SSD) = A/

B + 500 – C. Their difference is .01 making the apparent specific gravity and absorption different.

He tested the compression strength for 28 days and his two specimens was able to get 23.47 MPa

and 16.07 MPa. Therefore, he was able to pass the ASTM standard C62 – 97 specification of wall

panel, which is 2500 psi (17.24 MPa). The materials he used copes up with the ASTM standards

with no adverse effect to the concrete. Moreover, although research has illuminated the Effects of

Thermoplastic as Fine Aggregates to Concrete mixture no study to date has examined the effects

of High-density polyethylene and Polyethylene terephthalate to concrete mixture.

12
2.2 Foreign Studies

Plastic Waste had been used as an aggregate in the concrete mix to find out the effect of Plastic

Waste in the tensile strength, compressive strength and flexure strength of concrete. This has also

been explored in prior studies by Jaivignesh and Sofi (2017), about the Study on Mechanical

Properties of Concrete Using Plastic Waste as an Aggregate. The study investigates about the

replacement of natural aggregate with non-biodegradable plastic aggregate made up of mixed

plastic waste in concrete. Previous studies have almost exclusively focused on Indian Standard

Concrete Mix and Plastic aggregate is obtained by crushing the plastic waste, while the researcher

will use the ACI 211.1-91 and Plastic aggregate will be shredded. The result of the previous study

shows that the compressive strength of the waste plastic used concrete was lowered range by of 9

to 17 % compared to the controlled group concrete. The authors conclude that loss may be

attributed to the poor bond strength between plastic particles and concrete. The unexpected

findings signal the need for additional studies to understand more about plastic waste usage to the

effectiveness of plastic waste as an aggregate to the concrete.

While some study has different result using Plastic Waste as an aggregate, for instance, the

following studies were conducted in 2016 by Hossain, Bhowmik, and Shaad. Their study is about

the use of waste plastic aggregation in concrete as a constituent material. The study uses polymer

compound of Polyethylene Terephthalate, to investigate its possible use as plastic aggregate in

concrete application same as the Plastic Waste that the researcher will be using on this study.

Previous studies have almost exclusively focused on how the plastic waste was prepared for the

experiment, the plastic bottles were crushed and cut into small pieces using a crushing machine.

While the researchers will use a different kind of preparation by shredding the Polyethylene

13
Terephthalate to the size of both fine and coarse aggregates. The result of their study shows the

concrete specimen containing waste Polyethylene Terephthalate at 10% volume showed higher

compressive strength and higher modulus of elasticity than other specimens. The author notes that

because of the result in compressive strength of the concrete that the concrete containing

Polyethylene Terephthalate can be allowed it to be used in a structural application. This study can

support the researcher to achieve its objective having higher compressive strength using the

Polyethylene Terephthalate waste.

Some authors have driven the further development of using plastic waste in concrete. P.

Suganthy et al. (2013), investigate the replacement of fine aggregate in concrete using the

pulverized fine crush plastic by melting and crushing polyethylene. In previous studies were

limited to replacing the fine aggregate by the plastic waste and by the method of melting and

crushing as the preparation for plastic waste. Also lacks detailed testing of properties of concrete

because only compressive strength and w/c ratio tests will not be sufficient to study the matrix as

a whole to be suitable for construction. The result of their study shows increase in water/cement

ratio with increase replacement of sand with plastic particles to achieve desired 90mm concrete

slump and a gradual decrease in strength of concrete specimen for plastic replacement up to 25%

but afterward the decrease in strength is rapid which shows suitable replacement up to 25% of sand

with plastic pulverized sand.

Previous studies have shown that recycled plastic can be a partial replacement to coarse

aggregate in concrete mix. Praveen Mathew et al. (2013), investigated the effect on compressive

strength, modulus of elasticity, split tensile strength and flexural strength properties of concrete of

replacing the coarse aggregate by using recycled plastic that will come from heating the plastic

pieces at required temperature and crushed to required size of aggregate after cooling. This paper

14
addresses the need for testing tensile behavior of concrete prepared with 20% plastic aggregate.

The result shows that plastic aggregates have low crushing, low specific gravity, and density value,

compared to the normal natural aggregate. At 20% substitution of natural aggregate with plastic

aggregate there is an increase in workability in slump test, increase of 28% in compressive strength

but decrease in split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity.

2.3 References

Hossain, MB, and Bhowmik. “Use of Waste Plastic Aggregation in Concrete as a Constituent
Material.” Progressive Agriculture, www.banglajol.info/index.php/PA/article/view/30835.

Jaivignesh, B, and A Sofi. “Study on Mechanical Properties of Concrete Using Plastic Waste as
an Aggregate.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 80, 2017, p.
012016., doi:10.1088/1755-1315/80/1/012016.

Mathew, Praveen, et al. “Recycled Plastics as Coarse Aggregate for Structural Concrete.”
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol.
2, no. Issue 3, Mar. 2013, www.ijirset.com/.

Suganthy, P, et al. “UTILIZATION OF PULVERIZED PLASTIC IN CEMENT CONCRETE AS

FINE AGGREGATE.” International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology,
vol. 2, no. 6, 2013, www.ijret.org.

Mentzer, A. (2018). What Is HDPE Plastic?. 2020, Sciencing, https://sciencing.com/hdpe-

plastic-5839257.html
Creative Mechanisms Staff. (2016). Everything you Need to Know About The World's Most
Useful Plastic (PET and Polyester). 2020, Creative mechanism,
https://www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/everything-about-polyethylene-terephthalate-
pet-polyester
Tomas U. Ganiron Jr (2014), “Effect of Thermoplastic as Fine Aggregate to Concrete Mixture.”
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tomas_Ganiron_Jr2/publication/274101911_Effect_o
f_Thermoplastic_as_Fine_Aggregate_to_Concrete_Mixture/links/5978de8b0f7e9b27772a
1f8c/Effect-of-Thermoplastic-as-Fine-Aggregate-to-Concrete-Mixture.pdf

15
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodological Framework

16
 Figure 3: Methodological Framework Diagram

3.2 Data Collection

CONCRETE MIXTURE:

a. Data Collected Based on Sieve Analysis, Specific Gravity and Water Absorption

i. Fineness modulus = 2.60

ii. Slump = 100 mm

iii. Non-air Entrained

iv. 28 days target compression strength 30 MPa

v. Bulk Density of Coarse Aggregates = 1600

b. The water to cement ratio based on compressive strength of concrete. A compressive

strength of 30 MPa will be used in this study.

Water to cement ratio = 0.55 Non-air entrained concrete

17
c. The maximum size of coarse aggregates = 0. 75 in (19.05mm) and a slump of 4 in (101.6)

Water Content = 200 kg/m3 and 2% entrapped air

d. Cement content based on water to cement ratio

Mass of water/cement ratio = cement content

200/0.55 = 363.64 kg/m3

e. Volume of coarse aggregates

Bulk Volume of C.A. = 0.64 and Bulk Density of C.A. = 1600

(0.64 x 1600) = 1024 kg/m3

18
f. Estimation of density of fresh concrete

Density of Fresh Concrete = 2355 kg/m3

g. Volume of Fine Aggregates

F.A. = Density of Fresh Concrete – (Waterw + Cementw + C.A.w )

F.A. = 2355 – (200 + 363.64 + 1024)

F.A. = 767.36

h. Amount of Plastic

15% x the total volume of cement

20% x the total volume of cement

i. Volume of concrete container

Beam = L x W x H

19
 Beam = 0.50 x 0.15 x 0.15

Beam = 0.012 m3

0.012 x 3 = 0.036 m3 (3x beams)

j. Proportion in concrete with plastic

Cement : F.A. : C.A. : Water : Plastic 15% Cement : F.A. : C.A. : Water :

Plastic 20%

363.64 : 767.36 : 1024 : 54.55 (per kg/m3 ) 363.64 : 767.36 : 1024 : 72.73 (per

kg/m3 )

k. Proportion in ordinary concrete

Cement : F.A. : C.A. : Water

363.64 : 767.36 : 1024 (per kg/m3 )

20
Sieve Analysis

Computation:

Mass Retained Mass Pass % Pass

496-384 = 112 981-122 = 869 (869÷995)*100 = 87.34%

532-423 = 109 869-109 = 760 (760÷995)*100 = 76.38%
72-408 = 464 760-464 = 296 (296÷995)*100 = 29.75%
651-385 = 266 296-266 = 30 (30÷995)*100 = 3.07%
367-357 = 10 30-10 = 20 (20÷995)*100 = 2.01%
322-312 = 10 20-10 = 10 (10÷995)*100 = 1.00%
334-324 = 10 10-10 = 0

% Retained Mass of Pan Pan and Sand

(112÷995)*100 = 11.26% #4 = 384 #4 = 496 mc =

1000−995
𝑥100
1000
(109÷995)*100 = 10.95% #8 = 423 #8 = 532 = 0.5%
(464÷995)*100 = 46.63% #16 = 408 #16 = 872
(266÷995)*100 = 26.73% #30 = 385 #30 = 651
(10÷995)*100 = 1.01% #50 = 357 #50 = 367
(10÷995)*100 = 1.01% #100 = 312 #100 = 322
(10÷995)*100 = 1.01% #200 = 324 #200 = 334
Pan = 1563

1000−995
Fine: Coarse: mc = 𝑥100 = 5%
1000

#4 = 423 #50 = 357 1” = 537

#8 = 384 #100 = 312 ` ¾ = 532

#16 = 408 #200 = 324 ½ = 536

#30 = 385 3/8 = 52

21
Coarse:

Mass of Pan Pan and Sand Mass Retained

Retained

1” = 537 1” = 537 537-537 = 0 mc

¾” = 532 ¾” = 563 563-532 = 31 =

1000−991
x100
1000

½“ = 536 ½“ = 807 807-536 = 271 = 0.9%

3/8” = 528 3/8 = 800 800-528 = 272

#4 = 518 Pan = 909 909-518 = 391

Pan = 1563

Mass Pass % Pass % Retained

985-0 = 0 (985÷985)*100 = 100% (0÷985)*100 = 0%

985-31 = 954 (954÷985)*100 = 96.85% (31÷985)*100 = 3.15%

954-271 = 683 (683÷985)*100 = 69.34% (271÷985)*100 = 27.51%

683-272 = 411 (411÷985)*100 = 41.73% (272÷985)*100 = 27.62%

411-391 = 20 (20÷985)*100 = 2.03% (391÷985)*100 = 39.69%

22
Specific Gravity

Fine

𝑊1 = 250𝑔 𝑊2 = 246𝑔 𝑊3 = 715𝑔 𝑊4 = 853𝑔 𝑊5 = 358𝑔

𝑊1 250 𝑊5 240
= = 2.315 = = 2.35
𝑊3 +𝑊2 −𝑊4 715+246−853 𝑊3 +𝑊5 −𝑊4 715+240−853

𝑊2 246 𝑊2 −𝑊5 246−240

= = 2.278 x100 = = 2.5
𝑊3 +𝑊2 −𝑊4 715+246−853 𝑊5 240

Coarse

𝑊1 = 1000𝑔 𝑊2 = 974𝑔 𝑊3 = 65𝑔 𝑊4 = 967𝑔

𝑊1 1000 𝑊4 967
= = 1.100 = = 1.072
𝑊2 −𝑊3 974−65 𝑊4 −𝑊3 967−65

𝑊2 974 𝑊2 −𝑊4 974−967

= = 1.071 x100 = = 0.72389
𝑊2 −𝑊3 974−65 𝑊4 967

23
3.3 Method of Analysis

This Study needed the following statistical tools to treat the data gathered.

A. Mean

∑ 𝐱𝐢
𝐱=
𝐧

Where:

𝑥𝑖 = 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

The researchers used this statistical tool to calculate the computational average of

the data obtained for each types of plastic from the two standard tests.

B. Standard Deviation

∑(𝐱𝐢 −𝐱)𝟐
𝐬= √ 𝐧−𝟏

The researchers also used this tool to determine the distance between the mean and

each data point from the standard test.

C. Standard Error of the mean

𝐒𝐣
𝐒𝐄𝐱 =
√𝐧

Where:

𝑆𝑗 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗 𝑡ℎ 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝

𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

The researchers used this tool to know the sensitivity of means with inaccuracies in

measurement.

24
 CHAPTER 4

Expected Result Outputs

4.1 Conclusion

In summary, if testing of the concrete was done, this paper argued that shredded plastic can

actually strengthen the amount of forces that a concrete can resist either flexural or compressive

strength which is ideal for column and beams. Based on our research it should be lighter in overall

weight and more durable than a traditional concrete. Plastic as an aggregate is more economical

because it consumes a huge amount of recyclable plastic bottles, cables and etc. By introducing it

as an aggregate it applies its characteristics which is resistance to corrosion and chemicals, low

electrical and thermal conductivity and high strength-to-weight ratio to the concrete.

4.2 Recommendation

Future studies should aim to replicate results in a larger group of data, with higher amount

of plastics in a concrete and introducing a new and interesting plastic that could eventually

strengthen the durability of concrete. Also, future research could examine if the shape of plastic

can have a relationship to the compressive or tensional strengthen of concrete. Investigating more

about the application of plastic and testing different procedures and mixture is the lack of this study

that should be able to accomplish in the future research.

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