School of Applied Medical Sciences

Department of Biomedical Engineering

Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

German Jordanian University

School of Applied Medical Sciences

Department of Biomedical Engineering

Medical Instrumentation Lab

BM557

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Table of Contents
Experiment #0 Introduction to Medical instrumentation Laboratory ------------------------------------------------------2

Experiment #1 Passive Filters -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

Experiment #2 Active Filters ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

Experiment #3 Instrumentation Amplifier -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

Experiment #4 Opto isolation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30

Experiment #5 ECG Part I -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38

Experiment #6 ECG Part II ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 43

Experiment #7 Photoplythesmography PPG and Pulse oximetry ---------------------------------------------------------- 51

Experiment #8&9 Cardiac Rhythm I and II ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56

Experiment #10 Infusion Injection ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71

Experiment #11 Blood Pressure -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Introduction to Medical Instrumentation Laboratory

Objectives:
The objectives are:
• To be introduced to the medical lab facilities and instruments
• To be introduced to the lab policy
• To review the basic principles and concepts of Operational amplifier

Introduction:
Part I-Generalized Instrumentation system
A signal is a manifestation of a physical quantity that contains information. A signal can be considered
as a function of an independent variable, usually time or space. The biomedical signal is used in the
biomedical field to obtain information on the biological systems under study.

The biomedical signals are commonly divided according to the type of phenomena that generate them:
Bio-electrical signals, Bio-magnetic Signals, Bio-mechanical Signals, Bio-acoustic Signals, Bio-
chemical Signals and Bio-optical Signals.

The bio-electrical signals are the most important in the medical field; they are generated by the nervous
and muscular cells, whose membrane potential under certain conditions can be excited and generates an
action potential. The relevant associated electric field propagates through the biological tissues and the
potential can be recorded in certain points of the external surface and this eliminates the need to use
invasive systems. Some organs like the heart, the lungs and the brain generate magnetic fields of feeble
intensity. The measurement of these magnetic fields (bio-magnetic signals) provides some information
that is not contained in the bio-electrical signals.

The bio-mechanical signals include all the signals that are originated by any mechanical function
performed by the biological system under study. The mechanical effects do not propagate like the
electrical ones and for this reason their measurement is usually localized and most of the times invasive.

Many interesting biomedical events are accompanied by “noises" that can be detected: for instance, the
flow of the blood in the arteries and through the cardiac valves. The associated acoustic energy propagates
through the tissues and, therefore, these bio-acoustic signals can be easily recorded by means of suitable
transducers on the surface of the body.

The bio-chemical signals are generated by the measurements on tissues or compounds tested in a
laboratory (for instance, the concentrations of ions in proximity to a cell).
Lastly, the bio-optical signals are obtained by the natural or induced interaction of the light with the
biological systems.
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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

In general, all the biomedical signals have extremely low amplitude. Consequently, the measurement
instrument used must show a high sensitivity and a high resolution that are obtained by means of
particularly sensitive sensors combined with a sufficiently high amplification stage. Furthermore, the
very low signals risk being corrupted by the presence of “noise”. Therefore, it is very important to tune
the system to the band of the signal to be recorded, by using extremely selective filtering networks.

Measurement systems: functional blocks

The measurement system is shown in figure 1,As you can see, it is composed of three logically separate
components, hereunder listed:

1. The sensor
2. The block that handles the signal (signal processing).
3. The visualization

Fig.1 Measurement system

These three blocks constitute so called basic acquisition chain.

Fig.2 Functional blocks of the measurement system

The Source: It is the living tissue to which we can apply some energy ,It generates the signal that the
system is asked to measure

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

The Sensor :It transforms the physical quantity to be measured to a signal, usually an electric signal
(current or voltage) that can be used by the subsequent measurement elements

The Manipulation block or Conditioning Network :It is necessary for the amplification of the output
which is usually a very small signal. The manipulation block is also composed of the filters that remove
unwanted noise and disruption from the signal.

Visualization: It is a block composed of an element that displays the results of the measurement
graphically or numerically, continuous or temporary, visually or through acoustic indicators to the
observer.

Every Instrumentation System has at least some of functional component as seen in the figure 3.

Fig.3 Generalized Instrumentation System

We can define the main components in the figure above as following :

Measurand :The physical quantity, property or condition that the system measures is called measurand
, the accessibility of the measurand is important because it may be internal (blood pressure) , it may be
on the body surface (ECG) ,it may emanate from the body (infrared radiation) or may be derived from a
tissue sample (like blood and biopsy) .

It can be categorized into :

Biopotential , pressure ,flow ,displacement , impedance ,temperature and chemical concentration
Sensor: it is a device that convert physical measurand into electrical output .

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Signal Conditioning : usually the sensor output can not be directly coupled to the display device simple
signal conditioners may only amplify and filter the signal or merely match the impedance of the sensor
to the display .

Output display : the result of the measurement process must be displayed in a form that the human
operator can perceive , the best form is numerical or graphical , discrete or continuous permanent or
temporary .

The classification of biomedical instruments

It can be grouped into four categories:

According to the quantity that is sensed :pressure , flow , temperature

Principle of transduction :resistive, capacitive , inductive ,ultrasonic and electrochemical

According to the study of organ system: nervous, cardiovascular

Clinical medicine specialties :pediatric ,cardiology ,radiology and obstetrics

Interfering and modifying input:

Interfering input: quantity that inadvertently affect the instruments as consequence of the principle used
to acquire and process the desired inputs.

Modifying input: undesired quantity that indirectly affects the output by altering the performance of the
instruments itself.

One of the most important components in any instruments is Operational Amplifier

Part II – Operational Amplifier

General Information
Amplifiers are electrical components used to increase the amplitude of the current or voltage in a
circuit. They are built mainly of MOSFET or BJT transistors, etched into silicon wafers in a
configuration that allows the transistors to perform the basic amplification function, as well as provide
certain features for better performance

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

For the purposes of this laboratory, the amplifier is shown as a simple triangle (the universal amplifier
circuit symbol), with leads for the various inputs and external components. The basic amplifier is shown
in figure 4 below.

Fig.4: The amplifier circuit symbol

Most amplifiers are shown as above, with leads for the positive (non-inverting), and the negative
(inverting) inputs as well as the output. However, some are shown with two extra wires for the amplifiers
own power supply. The LM741 amplifier uses a dual voltage supply, with both positive and negative
supply voltages ranging from -22V to +22V. In this experiment, you will use -15V and +15V for the
negative and positive supplies, respectively.

Fig.5: The LM741 integrated circuit (IC)

Figure 5 shows the LM741 Integrated circuit. All LM741 packaging options (Dual-In-Line, S.O., Metal
Can and Ceramic Flatpack) contain the same BJT configuration, the difference in the packaging relates
to the application in which the amplifier is to be used. The Dual-In-Line package shown above is the one
that is used for breadboards, as the distance between opposite pins (e.g. 1 and 8) is exactly equal to the
distance across the breadboard bridge. It is important to note that the amplifier will amplify both DC and
AC voltages that appear at its inputs. Its operation is not restricted to either DC or AC.

Part III-Overview of Instruments

During this course the students will able to know the basic principle, the circuit design Implementation
and troubleshooting Pulse Oximeter and ECG machine.

Moreover, the student will be able to deal with some training kit such as blood pressure training kit and
infusion pump training kit.

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Questions:
1-Your samples from a populations are 1,1,3,5,5 ,estimate the mean, median and standard deviation .

2- Consider the following three data sets A, B and C.

A = {9,10,11,7,13}
B = {10,10,10,10,10} Find
C = {1,1,10,19,19}

a) Calculate the mean of each data set.

b) Calculate the standard deviation of each data set.
c) Which set has the largest standard deviation.

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Experiment 1
Passive Filter
Objectives:
• To understand the basic principles of RC circuits
• To design &build low pass, high pass and band pass filters.
• To find frequency response of various types of filters.

Introduction:
RC circuit (Resistor –capacitor circuit) is an electronic circuit that represents a simple analog passive
filter. Resistor is made from carbon, the resistance of it does not affect by thechange of frequency, and
the voltage drop across it directionally preoperational to its resistance according to ohm law. Unlike
resistor, capacitor affects by changing in frequency. Capacitor has internal resistance known as
Capacitive Reactance (Xc), it is expressed in Ohm and can be calculated using the following equation:

1
𝑋𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 eqn.1.1

For low frequencies, the capacitive reactance is very high and the capacitor approaches to the open circuit
(approximately dc circuit), while during a very high frequencies, the reactance becomes small until the
short circuit approximation could be employed. The capacitive reactance is nonlinearly dependent on the
frequency and the voltage drop across this capacitor directly related to capacitive reactance.

Time constant:

Time constant is the time that is taken to rise the voltage across the capacitor to (1-1/e = 0.63) of the final
voltage as shown in figure 1.1 or the time that is taken to drop the voltage across the resistor to (1/e =
0.367) of its final value as shown in figure 1.2. VR and VC can be calculated by the following equations:
𝑡
𝑉𝑅(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑒(− 𝑅𝐶 ) eqn. 1.2

𝑡
𝑉𝐶(𝑡) = 𝑉(1 − 𝑒 (− 𝑅𝐶 )) eqn.1.3

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Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Fig1.1: Voltage across capacitor with time

Fig1.2: Voltage across resistor with time

Passive filters:

Electrical filter is an electrical circuit that allows signals with specific frequencies to pass through it and
reject all unwanted frequencies. These filters are used to modify, reshape and reduce the effect of Ripple
voltages.

Filters divide into two types: passive filters and active filters. Passive filters are made from resistor,
capacitor, and inductor no usage of amplifying elements such as op-amps, transistors…etc., while active
filters use these amplifying elements (active filters will be discussed later). Signals pass through passive
filters is not amplified and their output usually less than their input level.

Depending on the frequencies which are desirable, filters can be low-pass , high pass or band pass. Low
pass filters are used to pass low frequencies below the cut off frequency while High Pass Filters pass only
high frequencies higher than cut off frequency. Band Pass Filters allow specific signals with specific
frequencies to pass through them, these signals falling within certain frequency range. Stop Band Filters
reject signals in certain rang of frequencies while allow other frequencies to pass through them. The ideal
filters responses for various types of filters are shown in the figure 1.3.

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Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Fig1.3: Ideal Filter Response.

Low pass filter

Fig 1.4: low pass filter

A low pass filter is an electrical circuit that allows low frequencies to pass through it and attenuates all
frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The cutoff frequency can be calculated using the following
equation:
1
𝑓= eqn.1.4
2𝜋𝑅𝐶

A low pass filter is constructed by placing a resistor in series with a load and a capacitor in parallel with
the load as shown in figure 1.4; this circuit is first order passive filter. At low frequencies, the capacitor
reactance increase and the capacitor has time to charge up so the voltage drop through it increase, and
the capacitor can be represented as an open circuit. At high frequencies, the capacitance reactance
decrease and the capacitor is only able to charge up to a small value before the input switches direction,
and the capacitor begins to discharge so the voltage drop across it decrease and the capacitor can be
represented as an short circuit.
As we know, the reactance of the capacitor relates to the frequency and the impedance Z for the series
resistor and capacitor can be calculated as following:
𝒁 = √𝑿𝒄𝟐 + 𝑹𝟐 eqn.1.5
Output voltage can be calculated using the following equation:
𝑿𝒄
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝒁
eqn.1.6

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Cascading two stages of first order low pass filter form second order low pass filter and this cascading
increase the performance of the filter. Cut off frequency can be calculated as following:
𝟏
𝒇𝒄 = 𝑯𝒛 eqn.1.7
𝟐𝝅√𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐

High Pass Filters

High pass filters are an electrical circuits that allow high frequencies to pass through it and attenuates all
frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency. The cutoff frequency can be calculated as discussed in low
pass filter. A high pass filter with a very low cutoff frequency is useful in blocking DC signals. The
simplest high pass filter is shown in figure 1.5.

Fig 1.5: High pass filter

Cascading two stages of first order high pass filter generate second order high pass filter and this
cascading increase the performance of the filter.

Band Pass Filters

Band pass filter is an electrical circuit that is designed by cascading low pass filter with high pass filter.
This filter allows all frequencies between higher cut off frequency and lower cut off frequency to pass
through it and attenuates all other frequencies.

Fig1.6: Band pass filter

In band pass filter, bandwidth is defined as the frequency range between two specific frequencies; higher
cut off frequency and lower cut off frequency that are 3dB below the maximum center or resonant peak
. There are other parameters that are important in measuring the performance of the filter such as quality
factor Q, both bandwidth and quality factor can be calculated using the following equations:

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Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

BW = f h - fl eqn.1.8

Q =f0 / BW eqn.1.9

Frequency Response and time constant

Time constant is an important value in designing RC circuit, time constant is a time that is taken to charge
the capacitor through the resistor; it is 63.3% of full charge or to discharge the capacitor to 36.8% of its
initial full charge. Time constant is related to the cutoff frequency by the following equations:
𝑇 = 𝑅𝐶 = (1/2𝞹𝒇) eqn.1.10
𝑓 = 1/2𝞹𝑹𝑪 eqn.1.11
The Bode Plot figure 1.7 shows the Frequency Response of low pass filter that pass all frequencies below
fc ( frequencies in band pass zone ) and attenuate all frequencies higher than fc ( frequencies in stop band
zone ) in a gain nearly 1 . At cut off frequency, the signal is attenuated to 70.7% of the input signal where
the resistance and the capacitive reactance are equal. After the cut off frequency, the filter attenuates the
signal with -20dB/ Decade.

Fig 1.7: The Bode Plot of low pass filter

The Bode Plot of high Pass filter is exact opposite to what happen in low pass filter, while a band pass
filter is combination between high and low pass filter as shown in figure 1.8.

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Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Fig 1.8: The Bode Plot of band pass filter

High order filters have a better performance than low order filters; these filters are sharper than other
filters and their performance approach to the ideal one. low pass filters are used as integrator (for example
if a square wave used as input the output take triangle shape at high frequencies), while high pass filter
act as differentiator (If square wave is used as input signal the output signal at low frequencies will
consist of short duration pulse or spikes ).

Equipment and tools:

• NI Elvis Kit (Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Digital Multi meter)

• Breadboard
• Ri = 2.2kΩ, Rf = 680Ω
• Capacitors 0.1μf,1μF

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Pre Lab Questions

Part I

1. Draw the low pass filter circuit let R = 2.2 KΩ, C= 0.1μF.
2. Calculate the cut off frequency and time constant of this filter.
3. Find the transfer function of this filter and draw the Bode Plot.

Part II

1. Draw the high pass filter Circuit Let R= 680 Ω, C= 1μF

2. Calculate the cut off frequency and time constant of this filter.
3. Find the transfer function of this filter and draw the Bode Plot.
Part III

1. Draw the band pass filter Circuit Let R1=150 Ω, C1=2.2 μf, R2=2.2K Ω and C2= 1μF.
2. Calculate the following:
a) Cut off frequencies.
b) Bandwidth.
c) Quality factor (Q).
3. Find the transfer function of this filter and draw the Bode Plot.

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Procedure:

Part I –Passive Low Pass Filter

1. Build a low pass filter (Let R = 2.2 KΩ, C= 0.1µF and V p-p=4 V Sinewave).
2. Calculate the cut off frequency of this filter.
3. Measure the cut off frequency of this filter, compare it with the result in step 2 and calculate the
percentage of error. What do you note?
4. Find the transfer function of this filter and draw the Bode Plot.
5. Use square wave (Vp-p =4 V) as input and provide a screenshot of your filter’s operation at f=
100Hz, f=750 Hz and f =5.5 KHz, What is the function of this filter?
6. Use the sweep setting in the function generator. What do you note (explain the performance of the
filter in detail).

Part II –Passive High Pass Filter

1. Build high pass filter (Let R= 680 Ω, C= 1µF and Vp-p=4 V Sinewave ) .
2. Calculate the cut off frequency of this filter.
3. Measure the cut off frequency of this filter, compare it with the result in step 2 and calculate the
percentage of error. What do you note?
4. Find the transfer function of this filter and draw the Bode Plot.
5. Use square wave (Vp-p =4 V) as input and provide a screenshot of your filter’s operation at f= 75
Hz , f=230 Hz and f =1.5 KHz , What is the function of this filter ?
6. Use the sweep setting in the function generator. What do you note (explain the performance of
the filter in detail).

Part III –Passive Band Pass Filter

1. Cascade low pass filter with High pass Filter using the same components in Part I &II.
2. Calculate the cut off frequencies, band width and quality factor of this filter.
3. Measure the cut off frequency of this filter, compare it with the result in step 2 and calculate the
percentage of error.
4. Find the transfer function of this filter and draw the Bode Plot.
5. Use the sweep setting in the function generator use square wave as input signal, Let the start
frequency =25 Hz, Stop frequency =1 KHz with Step =25.

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Post Lab Questions:

1. In a certain parallel resonant band-pass filter, the resonant frequency is 14 kHz. In addition, the
bandwidth is 4 kHz, Calculate the following :
a) Lower cut off frequency.
b) Quality factor.

2. Calculate the cut-off or "breakpoint" frequency (ƒc) for a simple high pass filter consisting of an
82pF capacitor connected in series with a 240kΩ resistor.

3. Draw the Bode Plot for passive second order low pass filter (cut off frequency 1.5 KHz and gain
=1).

4. Fill the blanks ;

Low pass filters operate as ……….. , While high pass filters operate as ………..

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Experiment 2
Active Filter
Objectives:
• To understand active low- and high-pas filters, and performing measurements on active filter
circuits, including pass- and stop-regions, cutoff frequency and gain.
• To understand the principle of operation and performance of notch filters.
• To Build and analyzing notch circuit.

Introduction:
Active Low-Pass Filter

Operational amplifiers can be used as filters. The term “active” indicates the presence of an amplification
element, making the gain in the pass-band of the filter not equal to 1V/V.

An active low-pass filter is shown in figure 2.1 , Besides having voltage gain, the circuit behaves as an
ordinary low-pass filter.

Fig 2.1: An active low-pass filter

In the pass-band of this filter, the capacitor behaves as an open circuit and the gain will be:
𝑅2
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛(𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑) = − 𝑅1 eqn.2.1

The cutoff frequency of the active low-pass filter is determined by the components in the feedback loop
(R2 and C), as follows:
1
𝑤 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 𝑅2∗𝐶 eqn.2.2
By changing the values of R1, R2 and C, the active low-pass filter can be adapted to have the gain and
cutoff frequency required by its application. The typical frequency response of an active low-pass filter
is shown in figure 2.2.

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Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Fig 2.2: Active low-pass filter frequency response

Active High-Pass Filter

Active high-pass filters, similar to active low-pass filters, both amplify and filter the input signal. The
active high-pass filter circuit is shown in figure 2.3 below.

Fig 2.3: The active high-pass filter

As you notice, the amplifier is still an inverting amplifier; however, the capacitor is now in series with
the input voltage. A capacitor connected in series blocks DC and small frequency signals, and only allows
higher frequencies to pass through. The nominal gain in the passband of this filter is given by:
𝑅2
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛(𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑) = − 𝑅1 eqn.2.3

The cutoff frequency, however, now depends on the resistor and capacitor connected in series to the
inverting amplifier input. The cutoff frequency is now given by:
1
𝑤 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 𝑅1∗𝐶 eqn.2.4

The typical frequency response of an active high-pass filter is shown in figure 2.4 below.

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Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Fig 2.4: Active high-pass filter frequency response

Active Band Pass Filter

Band-pass filters allow only signals within a certain range of frequencies to pass, while rejecting all other
signals. The frequency around which the band-pass filter operates is called the central frequency (f 0 ).
The band-pass filter will attenuate signals of frequency f< ω L and f > ω H.

The simplest band-pass filter can be constructed using a first-order low-pass filter with a first-order high-
pass filter. However, such a filter will provide a low-quality performance with a quality factor (Q) much
less than 0.5. A first-order band-pass filter has a comparatively high bandwidth and therefore cannot be
used in applications where only a small range of frequencies is to be admitted into the system. A simple
first-order band-pass filter is shown in figure 2.5.

Figure 2.5: Simple first-order band-pass filter

The gain of this band-pass filter is given by the equation:

𝑅1
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛(𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑) = − 𝑅2 eqn.2.5

At the central frequency, and the two -3dB frequencies f L and fH and are given by:
1
𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋∗𝑅2∗𝐶2 eqn.2.6

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Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

1
𝑓𝐻 = 2𝜋∗𝑅1∗𝐶1 eqn.2.7

The Notch Filter

One of the worst disturbances that degrades the performances not only of the biomedical instrumentation,
but of the whole electronic instrumentation in general is represented by the disturbance at 50 Hz. Often,
the disturbance at 50 Hz enters the measurement instrument directly from the power supplies. For this
reason, the component at 50 Hz is one of the most difficult to eliminate.

This type of disturbance, in the biomedical instruments, differently from high frequency applications, is
very problematic because it falls right inside the range of frequencies where there is the band of the
bioelectrical potentials. Therefore, it is necessary to use very selective “notch” filters, in order not to de-
amplify also useful signal components.

Fig 2.6: the frequency response of the notch filter

This Notch filter is realized in 2nd order active configuration. The Notch filter strongly attenuates a
narrow range of spectrum components that are positioned around a frequency that is known as the Notch
frequency. The Notch can be realized through the union of two filters, a Low-Pass filter and a High-Pass
filter, that have the same cut-off frequency ωn of the Notch filter.

Fig 2.7: Union of HP and LP

Figure 2.8 shows notch filter circuit

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Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Fig 2.8: Notch Filter

Equipment and tools:

• NI Elvis Kit (Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Digital Multi meter)
• Breadboard
• Resistors
• Capacitors

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Pre Lab Questions

1. Design resistor/capacitor values, and draw the complete circuit for the following:
a) Active low-pass filter with a gain of -70V/V and a cutoff frequency of 300Hz
b) Active high-pass filter with a gain of -30V/V and a cutoff frequency of 70Hz

2. For each of your designs in the question above, predict the output voltage for a 0.1sin (400πt)
input. What is the frequency of this input signal? Do not forget to account for attenuation by the
active filters.

3. Find the cutoff frequency and theoretical gain for the following:
a) Active low-pass filter with R2=150kΩ, R1=5.6kΩ and C=4.7nF
b) Active high-pass filter with R2=150kΩ, R1=5.6kΩ and C=470nF

4. Design First order band pass filter with following specifications:

f L= 33 Hz , fH =106 Hz

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Procedure:
Part I - Active low-pass filter

1. Build the active low-pass filter circuit shown in figure 2.1, use R2=150kΩ, R1=5.6kΩ and
C=4.7nF
2. Use the function generator with a 0.4Vp-p sinusoidal input. Find the peak-to-peak input and
output voltages for selected frequencies over the 1Hz-1kHz range. Select the testing frequencies
based on your expected cutoff frequency.
3. Find the exact cutoff frequency of the filter. Comment on any difference between the calculated
and actual cutoff frequency.
4. Use your experimentation with different frequencies from step 2 to draw the Bode Plot for the
low-pass filter.
5. Provide a drawing for the input and output at the cutoff frequency, and include it in your lab
report.

Part II - Active high-pass filter

1. Build the active high-pass filter circuit shown in figure 2.3, use R2=150kΩ, R1=5.6kΩ and
C=470nF
2. Use the function generator with a 0.4Vp-p sinusoidal input. Find the peak-to-peak input and
output voltages for selected frequencies over the 1Hz-1kHz range. Select the testing frequencies
based on your expected cutoff frequency.
3. Find the exact cutoff frequency of the filter. Comment on any difference between the calculated
and actual cutoff frequency.
4. Use your experimentation with different frequencies from step 2 to draw the Bode Plot for the
high-pass filter.
5. Screenshot for the input and output at the cutoff frequency and include it in your lab report.

Part III - Active Band-Pass Filter

1. Build the first-order band-pass filter as shown in figure 2.5; use the component values in your
corrected pre-lab report.
2. Connect the FGEN to the input, set it to 0.4Vp-p.
3. Change the frequency of the FGEN signal over the 1Hz-1kHz range, and experimentally
determine the low and high cutoff frequencies, use them to calculate the experimental central
frequency of the band-pass filter.
4. Use the Bode Analyzer in NI ELVIS to draw the Bode plot for the above filter.
5. Start the Bode Plot portion of the NI measurement software, adjust the settings and run it. Provide
a screenshot of the resulting Bode Plot in your post-lab.
6. Analyze the resulting Bode Plot for the cutoff frequencies and central frequency, as well as the
gain in V/V and dB.

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Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Part IV - Notch Filer

1. Build the notch filter circuit shown in figure 2.8 .let C1=C2=47nf , R1=R2=10KΩ (1%) and
R3=R4=68KΩ (1%) .
2. Use the Bode Analyzer in NI ELVIS to draw the Bode plot for the above filter.
3. Start the Bode Plot portion of the NI measurement software, adjust the settings and run it. Provide
a screenshot of the resulting Bode Plot in your post-lab.
4. Analyze the Bode Plot, find the experimental center frequency and compare it to the expected
one. Calculate the percentage error.

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Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Experiment 3
Instrumentation Amplifier
Objectives:

• To give you experience in working with instrumentation amplifiers.

• To be able to measure the following :
a) Input resistance.
b) Gain.
c) Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR).
d) Frequency response.

Introduction :

Instrumentation amplifiers are important signal conditioning blocks in many instrumentation systems for
biomedical applications. Biopotential signals range from tens of µV for Electroencephalograms (EEG)
to a few mV for Electromyograms (EMG). In low power applications like low power personal
monitoring, biopotential instrumentation amplifiers are required. These amplifiers must have high
common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), high input impedance, low output impedance, low DC offset and
low noise.

Instrumentation amplifiers are somewhat based on differential amplifiers, these amplifiers able to amplify
the ground difference between two voltage (They amplify the difference between the inverting and non-
inverting inputs). However, they are much easier to use than simple differential amplifiers, since, instead
of having to change multiple resistor values to affect the gain, only one resistor is changed with high
input impedance and high common mode rejection ratio.

In the ideal case, any voltages that are equivalent at two input terminals are ignored. This is called the
“common – mode voltage”. In practice, there is always some amplification of common mode voltage,
and how well an amplifier rejects the common mode input (CMRR = common mode rejection ratio) is a
measure of its quality.

Of key important is the ratio of differential signal gain ( Adiff ) to the common mode gain (Acom). This
relationship is called common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and expressed by the following equation:
𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓
𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 = 20 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (dB) eqn.3.1
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑚

The CMRR shows the ability of differential amplifier to attenuate common mode signals appearing
simultaneously with differential signals , (CMRR) is a ratio of two gains.

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Fig 3.1: Differential Amplifier

A simple differential amplifier of one amplifier is shown in Figure 3.1. Hence R1 and R2 act as a simple
voltage –divider attenuator, which is unaffected by having the op-amp attached or by any other changes
in the circuit.
R2
V+ = R V2 eqn.3.2
1 +R2

Then Vo will be as the following:

𝑅
𝑣𝑜 = (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ) 𝑅2 eqn.3.3
1

If a resistor is connected across, the feedback loop at the inverting input and an equal resistor is connected
between the non-inverting input and the ground common. By manipulating the values for the different
resistors in the circuit (maintaining symmetry between the inverting and non-inverting terminals), the
gain for this amplifier can be controlled. For the differential amplifier shown in Figure 3.2, all resistors
are equal and hence the gain of the amplifier is 1. The output voltage Vout is therefore:

𝑣𝑜 = ( 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ) eqn.3.4

Fig 3.2: Simple Differential Amplifier

The one op-amp differential amplifier is quite satisfactory for low resistance sources such as strain gauges
Wheatstone bridges. However, the input resistance is too low compared to other operational amplifiers. The
first solution is to add the simple follower to each input as shown in the figure 3.3. Because this solution

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uses two additional op-amp, we can also obtain gain from these buffering amplifiers by using non
inverting amplifiers.

Fig 3.3: Differential op-amp with input buffer stage

Now the V1 and V2 input lines are connected straight to the inputs of two voltage-follower op-amps,
giving very high impedance. The two op-amps on the left now handle the driving of current through the
resistors instead of letting the input voltage sources (whatever they may be) do it. The increased
complexity to our circuit is minimal for a substantial benefit.

However the problem of low input impedance is solved, this solution amplifies the common mode voltage
as well as the differential voltage, so there is no improvement in CMRR and changing the values of
multiple resistors to affect the gain still needed. A superior solution is achieved by hooking together the
Ri’s of the non inverting amplifiers and eliminate the connection to ground as shown in figure 3.4.

Fig 3.4: Instrumentation amplifier

All resistors are assumed equal (for the purpose of this discussion) .The gain of this circuit is governed
by the following equation:
2𝑅1 𝑅3
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = (1 + 𝑅 ) eqn.3.5
𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑅2

In this case, since R3 and R2 are of equal value, the gain equation simplifies to:

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2𝑅1
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = (1 + ) eqn.3.6
𝑅𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛

The resulting three op-amp amplifier circuit is frequently called an instrumentation amplifier. It has high
input impedance, high CMRR. Its gain can be changed by adjusting Rgain. We could still change the
overall gain by changing the values of some of the other resistors, but this would necessitate balanced
resistor value changes for the circuit to remain symmetrical. Note when Rgain completely open (infinite
resistance), the gain will be 1 which is the lowest gain.

In this experiment, you will use the AD620 instrumentation amplifier. A general pin layout for the AD620
Instrumentation Amplifier is shown in Figure 3.5 , where this IC finds wide use in biomedical application
.

Fig 3.5: Pin layout of AD620 instrumentation amplifier

As you can see in the layout above, only one “Gain Resistor” RG is accessible in this amplifier, it is used
to vary the gain of the AD620 from 1 to 10,000 V/V.

Equipment and tools:

• NI Elvis Kit (Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Digital Multi meter)
• Breadboard
• R1= 4.7KΩ ,R2=R3=10KΩ, Rgain =100Ω
• Operational Amplifier 741
• AD620

Pre-Lab Questions:
1. Using the AD620 and referring to the data sheet design instrumentation Amplifier with gain
approximately 100. (Hint: Draw the IC with all connections to all pins).

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Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Procedure:
Part I: Building Instrumentation Amplifier

1. Build the circuit shown in figure 3.4 using three LM741 with suitable values of resistors that
generate a gain of approximately 100V/V. Let R1= 4.7KΩ R2=R3=10KΩ and Rgain =100Ω.
2. Connect V1 to the function generator and V2 to ground. Set the function generator to generate a
sinusoidal input waveform of frequency 100Hz and increase the peak-to-peak amplitude from
100mV to 250mV. Record the theoretical and actual gains at each amplitude.
3. Screenshot the input, output voltage traces at 250mV.
4. Use sine wave with V p-p= 100 mV and change the frequency from 100Hz-1MHz Measure the
input and the output Vp-p at each frequency. Create a plot of gain as a function of frequency.
From your plot, record the approximate -3dB frequency of the circuit.
5. Record in your lab report the maximum input voltage (peak-to-peak) that provides a non-clipped
output.

Part II : using AD620 as instrumentation Amplifier

1. Place the AD620 on your breadboard and connect its terminals as figure 3.5 use +15V and -15V
rails to power the amplifier.
2. Use your design in your pre-lab to generate a gain of approximately 100V/V.
3. Connect the non-inverting terminal to the function generator and the inverting terminal to the
ground. Set the function generator to generate a sinusoidal input waveform of frequency 100Hz
and increase the peak-to-peak amplitude from 30mV to 250mV. Record the theoretical and actual
gains at each amplitude .
4. Screenshot the input and output voltage traces at 50mV in your lab report.
5. Record in your lab report the maximum input voltage (peak-to-peak) that provides a non-clipped
output.
6. Use sine wave with V p-p= 100 mV and change the frequency from 100Hz-1MHz Measure the
input and the output Vp-p at each frequency. Create a plot of gain as a function of frequency.
From your plot, record the approximate -3dB frequency of the instrumentation amplifier. Does
this value match the manufacturer’s specifications? Compare your result with what you get by
using three LM741.
7. Apply the same sinusoidal waveform to both inputs (50mVp-p @ 100Hz). What is the common
mode gain? Use this value for the common mode gain, and the voltage gain you recorded at 50mV
signal as a differential gain , What is the CMRR of the AD620.

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Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Experiment 4
Opto-Isolation
Objectives:

• To check the operation of photodiode and of a phototransistor and an integrated opto-isolator.

• To use of a photodiode and of phototransistor in an opto-coupler.

Introduction:
Photo-Electric Transducers

The photo-electric transducers are devices able to transform a variation of the light intensity to a variation
of an electric quantity. As part of photo-electric transducers category are the photo-resistors, the photo-
diodes, the photo-transistors and the opto-couplers. All these components find several applications in the
electronic instrumentation and in particular in the biomedical instrumentation. The main characteristic of
the photo-electric transducers is the dependence of their sensitivity on the wave length of the incident or
generated radiations. Such components are characterized by the operating wave length (that must keep
itself extremely stable) and by the width of the frequency spectrum of the emitted or received radiation.

On the basis of the operating wave length, we can distinguish transducers that work in the field of the
visible light (typically, green or red light) and of the infrared. In both bands we name photo-emitters the
components that are able to emit light radiations and photo-detectors the components that are able to
detect light radiations. In the following paragraph we will describe in more detail the different types of
optical transducers.

Photo-resistors

The photo-resistors are sensors that show a variable resistance as a function of the incident radiation.
Usually robust and cheap, they can be supplied in both alternate current and direct current and have high
sensitivity. In case of complete darkness they have resistance around the MΩ, while in conditions of
maximum lighting we go down to values in the order of the kΩ or even hundreds of Ω. Their main defect
consists in the long response time (0.3-0.4 ms), that is, in the time that it takes to modify their resistance
value as a consequence of a variation of the luminosity. In the biomedical applications this does not
compose a limitation because the treated signals do not have rapid variations. Besides the biomedical
field, typical applications of the photo-resistors are in the field of the automatic regulation of the
luminosity (display, road lighting, overhead projectors, etc.).

Photodiode

A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage,
depending upon the mode of operation. It is a P-N junction diode, inversely polarized, made so that the

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layer P is sufficiently thin to allow the incident light to pass through and to reach the proximity of the
actual junction.

The light energy causes the breaking of the covalent bonds, that generates new electron-gap couplet and
the electrons that have been released increase the intensity of the inverse polarization current of the diode
with the consequent decrease of the resistance of the junction.

The Figure 4.1 below shows the symbol of a generic photodiode.

Fig 4.1 : Symbol of a photodiode

Phototransistors

For certain aspects they represent the natural evolution of the photodiodes, allowing a remarkable
increase of the sensitivity. They are made of NPN transistors set to receive the light radiation in
correspondence to the base-collector junction. In such junction, inversely polarized, an inverse
current proportional to the lighting is generated as it occurs in a photodiode. Usually, the base circuit is
open and, therefore, being IB = 0, we obtain that the collector current Ic is given by:

IC = (β + 1)·( IL + ICBO) eqn.4.1

where ICBO represents the inverse saturation current of the base-collector junction. Therefore, from the
relationship we can observe that the current due to the incident radiation is multiplied by the amplification
factor (β + 1); this increases the sensitivity of the device.

The Figure 4.2 below shows the symbol of a phototransistor.

Fig 4.2 : Symbol of a phototransistor

The phototransistor is used in ON-OFF control systems, where thanks to its high amplification allows
avoiding the use of an external amplifier, or as a light sensor in the photo-coupler systems that are often
used in the biomedical field in stages of electrical isolation. Figure 4.3 shows the typical curves of a
phototransistor at the temperature T0= 25°C and for incident radiations with wave length λ = 9500 Å . In
the same figure you can see the diagram of a phototransistor used as a switch.

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Fig 4.3: Diagram and characteristic curves of a phototransistor

Photo-couplers

These devices are composed of a LED diode and a photo-detector assembled in a single container.
Usually, the photo-detector is a photodiode or a phototransistor (figure 4.4).

Fig 4.4 : Circuit symbols of photo-couplers

The photo-couplers are used when you want to electrically separate two circuits.
In the biomedical field they allow electrically separating the circuit part that is in direct contact with the
patient (sensor) from the circuit under dangerous voltage (amplifier and circuits for the processing of the
signal). In fact, they allow transmitting a signal through an optical connection. This occurs by
transforming an electrical signal to an optical signal and then re-transforming the latter to a new electrical
signal. If we make the LED diode be run by a current, it emits a light radiation that by hitting the photo-
detector generates current by photo-electric effect. The electrical isolation between the piloting circuit of
the LED diode and that of the photo-detector is higher than 1 kV.

Photo-emitters

The photo-emitters are components able to emit light radiations. The most used are the LED diodes (light
emitter diode) that can operate in both the wave lengths of the visible light and in the field of the infrared.
In the opto-isolation systems they are used to generate the optical signal through a modulation circuit.

Opto-Isolator

In the biomedical field, as already described, it is necessary to electrically separate the circuit part that is
in direct contact with the patient (sensor) from the rest of the circuit. In the most commonly used
equipment in the field of clinic practice, we can distinguish a pre-amplification stage connected to the
sensor and a part of circuit for the treatment of the signal that include also the amplification. In fact, the
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output signal from the pre-amplifier shows amplitude in the order of the hundreds of mV. Such signal,
although suitable for a treatment and a subsequent display, needs a further amplification. In order to
further de-coupling the patient from any source of risk, the preamplifier and the main amplifier are
isolated between them by means of an opto-isolator. The electrical diagram of a possible opto-isolator is
shown in Figure 4.5.

Fig 4.5 : Electrical diagram of the discrete components opto-isolator

The opto-isolator has the function of converting the electrical signal to an optical signal by using a LED
and reconverting it to an electrical signal by using a phototransistor. In the circuit assembled on the panel
DL 3155BIO1, the infrared LED V2 is piloted through a transistor V1 and modulated through the signal
coming from the BNC connector G. The modulated optical signal is acquired by the phototransistor V3
(sensitive to the infrared radiation) and then amplified by the discrete components amplification stage
composed of the transistor V4. The same type of circuit can be obtained by using an integrated photo-
coupler that includes in a single chip both the photo-emitter and a phototransistor.

Role of the Opto-Isolator for the safety of the Biomedical Equipment:

A basic aspect to be considered when designing instruments for the clinic and hospital practice is
composed of the safety of the patient. Many precautions are taken to avoid the risks connected to the
electroshock due to accidental electrical discharges. Besides the common safety devices integrated in the
power supply network (high sensitivity differential switch), special components are used in the
biomedical instrumentation circuits to increase the safety of the patient, such as the safety transformer
and the opto-isolator.

The safety transformer is a special transformer that guarantees low secondary voltages (below the safety
low voltage threshold) connected to a galvanic isolation between the windings. The galvanic isolation is

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obtained by electrically isolating the primary and secondary windings and by physically separating them
by means of an earth connected metal shield.

On the contrary, the opto-isolator has the previously described function of electrically separating the main
amplifier of a measurement system from the pre-amplifier connected to the electrodes. The signal taken
by the electrodes is transformed to an optical signal by a LED diode and reconverted to an electrical
signal by means of a phototransistor. In order that the two parts are actually disconnected between them
it is necessary that the two power supplies and the two earth references are separated.

Calculation data

1) Gain of the output stage of the opto-coupler 1: G = - R6 / R 7

2) Gain of the output stage of the opto-isolator 2: G = V15 / V13

3) Current piloted in the opto-isolator 2: I = V13 / R10

Component List

R1 = 15kΩ - 5% - 1/3W

R2 = 82Ω - 5% - 1/3W

R3 = 1kΩ - 5% - 1/3W

R4 = 27kΩ - 5% - 1/3W

R5 = 8.2kΩ - 5% - 1/3W

R6 = 2.7kΩ - 5% - 1/3W

R7 = 560Ω - 5% - 1/3W

R8 = 100kΩ - 1% - 1/4W

R9 = 50kΩ - 1/2W – Ttrimmer

R10 = 220Ω - 5% - 1/4W

R11 = 470Ω - 5% - 1/3W

R12 = 150kΩ - 5% - 1/4W

C1,C4 = 470µF - 50V - Electrolytic capacitor

C2 = 4.7µF - 100V - Electrolytic capacitor

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Department of Biomedical Engineering
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C3 = 100µF - 50V - Electrolytic capacitor

N1 = 4N32 - Opto-isolator

V1,V4,V5 = 2N3904 - NPN Transistor

V2 = SEP8506 - Photo-emitter (LED EMITTER INFRARED)

V3 = SDP8406 - Phototransistor (DETECTOR INFRARED)

Equipment and tools:

• NI Elvis Kit (Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Digital Multi meter)
• Base Units (DL3155AL2) Doleranzo.
• DL 3155BIO1

Pre lab Questions

1-Define the following :

Photoelectric transducer ,Photoemitter ,Photodetector, Photo resistor, Photo coupler .

2-What is the importance of photo isolator in the biomedical field?

3-Calculate the gain of the output stage of the opto-coupler 1?

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Procedure:

Part I :Discrete Components Opto-coupler

1. Supply the circuit.

2. Close the switch S1 of block 3.
3. Measure with a multimeter the voltage between terminal 4 and GND and check that it is about
1.3V, this means that the photo-emitter V2 is on.
4. Measure the voltage between terminal 6 and GND and check that it is about 0.7V, this means that
the phototransistor V3 is conducting (on).
5. By using the dividing septum, interrupt the optical connection between the photo-emitter V2 and
the phototransistor V3 and check that at terminal 6 there is a voltage of about 5V.
6. What does this mean? In which state is now the phototransistor V3?
7. Connect the signal generator and the oscilloscope as in figure 4.6:

FGN

CH1
CH0

Fig 4.6 Diagram of the connections for the opto-coupler 1

8. Power supply the signal generator and adjust the output at a sinusoidal voltage of 100 mV peak-
to-peak at 40 Hz.
9. Measure the peak-to-peak voltage Vpp at terminal 7 and then write it in the table.
10. Connect the CH1 of the oscilloscope between terminal 8 and GND.
11. Measure the amplitude of the output signal Vpp at terminal 8 .
12. Make a table Including the Voltage measured at terminal 7 and terminal 8, the measured gain,
and the theoretical gain of opto-coupler 1.
13. Change the amplitude of the input signal to 200mV peak-to-peak.
14. Measure the peak-to-peak amplitude of the signal at terminal 4 (V4).
15. Measure the peak-to-peak amplitude of the signal at terminal 6 (V6).
16. Calculate the gain of the discrete component opto-coupler 1.
17. Make another table Including the following values for the amplitude of the input signal (400,
600, 800, 1000 mV). For each value respectively include the measured voltage at terminal 4,
measured voltage at terminal 6, also include the gain of the opto-coupler 1. 18
18. Write all values in the table.

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Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Part II: Integrated Opto-isolator

1. Measure with a multimeter the voltage between terminal 11 and terminal 13.
2. Adjust the trimmer R9 until you take it to 0.68V (transistor on and polarized in active).
3. Connect the signal generator and the oscilloscope as shown in figure 4.7.

Fig 4.7 Diagram of the connections for the opto-isolator 2

4. Power supply the signal generator and adjust its output at a sinusoidal voltage of 100mV peak-to-
peak at 40 Hz.
5. Measure the peak-to-peak amplitude of the output signal at terminal 15 (V15).
6. Move the channel CH1 to measure the signal at terminal 13 (V13).
7. Calculate the gain of the integrated opto-isolator 2 by using the formula that is written in
calculation data .
8. Calculate the amplitude of the current signal that is piloted in the integrated opto-isolator 2 by
using the formula that is written in calculation data 3.
9. Make a table Including the following values for the amplitude of the input signal (100, 200, 300,
400, 500 mV). For each value respectively include the voltage at terminal 13, voltage at terminal
15, gain of the opto-isolator 2, and the current of the opto-isolator 2.
10. Write the values that you have obtained in the table.
11. Remove all the connections.

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Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Experiment 5
ECG Part I

Objectives:
• To understand the Operation ,Designing, implementation ,troubleshooting , calibration and maintenance
for the device .

Introduction:
A system that measures the bioelectrical potentials has the functions of taking a weak electrical signal of
biological origin, increasing its amplitude, processing it and then recording it or visualizing it.

Such a system, to be able to properly operate, must satisfy specific requirements, among which, first of
all, the general specifications of the amplifiers relevant to the input impedance, the rejection of common
mode, the pass band, the gain and the electrical insulation

In fact, high input impedance is necessary to avoid the load effect between the electrodes and the amplifier
that determines the distortion of the signal. Furthermore, a high CMRR allows minimizing the effects of
the disturbances of common mode, usually of amplitude much higher than the signal. Moreover, the pass
band must amplify only in correspondence to the frequencies in which the signal is present, with the
result of improving the signal-to-noise ratio.

Therefore, the amplifier must be designed to show gains with values not less than 1000, to increase the
signal to amplitude that is suitable for the subsequent devices for recording and visualizing. High
insulation impedance is then necessary to avoid the passage of dangerous electrical currents through the
patient. Therefore, for what concerns the safety and the electrical insulation there are specific technical
solutions.

It must also be able to quickly calibrate the system, since the interest of the operator is to know precisely
the wave shape of the signal. To this purpose, it is usually available a standard source of signal to be
temporarily connected to the input of the measurement system to check its calibration.

Finally, every system must satisfy a whole of specific requirements that are relevant to the type of
potential that we want to measure. To illustrate some of them we will consider first of all the system for
the measurement of the electrocardiogram, which constitutes a particularly significant example, also
because of its wide use in the clinical practice.

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ECG 12 leads machine

The beating of the heart is accompanied by both electrical activity and sound. The pattern of electrical
activity produced by each heart beat cycle is called the electrocardiogram or ECG.

ECG 12 leads will be ideal for a small practice. Its lightweight body guarantees stress-free mobility and its
compact size makes it a suitable fit anywhere in the clinic or hospital.

Fig 5.1 ECG 12 leads machine

The main features from data sheet for the above device is as following:

• Compact and lightweight

• 63mm recording paper
• Full 12-lead ECG display
• Large 4.8-inch backlit LCD screen
• ECG data management ECG files can be stored in the internal memory and SD card
• Rechargeable battery provides more than 120 minutes of measurement

Safety
• There is the possibility that the outside surface of the instrument, such as the operation keys, could be
contaminated by contagious germs, so disinfect and clean the instrument before servicing it. When
servicing the instrument, wear rubber gloves to protect yourself from infection.
• There is the possibility that when the lithium battery is broken, a solvent inside the lithium battery could
flow out or a toxic substance inside it could come out. If the solvent or toxic substance touches your skin
or gets into your eyes or mouth, immediately wash it with a lot of water and see a physician.

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Medical Instrumentation Lab(BM557)

Liquid ingress
The instrument is not waterproof, so do not install the instrument where water or liquid can get into or
fall on the instrument. If liquid accidentally gets into the instrument or the instrument accidentally drops
into liquid, disassemble the instrument, clean it with clean water and dry it completely. After
reassembling, verify that there is nothing wrong with the patient safety checks and function/ performance
checks.
Environmental safeguards
Depending on the local laws in your community, it may be illegal to dispose of the lithium battery in the
regular waste collection. Check with your local officials for proper disposal procedures.

Specifications
ECG input
Input impedance: Approximately 50MΩ 50Hz.
Electrode offset tolerance: ±550mV.
Recovery time: <10s.
Common mode rejection ratio: <105dB.
Input circuit current: <0.05µA.
Standard sensitivity: 10mm/mV±2%.
Internal noise: <20µVp-p.
Interference between channels: <-40dB.
Frequency response: With 10Hz as benchmark, 0.05Hz ~ 150Hz dB.
(≥71%, high-cut filter: 150Hz).
Sample rate: 8000 sample/s.
Waveform Data Processor
Number of patient lead: 12 patient leads.
Number of input channel: 1 channel.
Sample rate: 500 sample/s, 1.25µV/LSB.
Response to minimum signal: ≤ 20µVp-p.
AC line filter: 50 Hz ±0.05% ≥20 dB.
Baseline drift suppression: Weak: 0.1 Hz (-20 dB), strong: 0.1 Hz(-34 dB).
Low frequency characteristic (time constant): > 3.2 s.
Sensitivity switching: Three shifts: 5 mm/mV, 10 mm/mV, 20 mm/mV, switching error not over ±5% .
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Recorder
Recording method: Thermal.

Number of recording channels: 3, 4, 6, 12, optional.

Printing speed: 5 mm/s, 10 mm/s, 12.5 mm/s, 25 mm/s, 50 mm/s.

Printing speed error ≤ ±5%.

Width of recording paper: 210 mm.

Printed data: ECG wave, heart rate, lead name, version, date and time, paper speed.

Sensitivity, filter setting, patient information, measured information, mark.

External Input/ Output

External input: 2 channels, 10 mm/0.5 V, input impedance: ≥ 100 kΩ.

Signal output: 1 channel, 0.5 V/mV±5%, output impedance: ≤ 100 Ω.

Power Requirement

Voltage: AC (100 V ~ 240 V)±10%.

Line frequency: (50 Hz/60 Hz)±1 Hz.

Power input: <150 VA.

Battery: 12 V, operation time: more than 30min.

(In case of full charge: 6-channel record, input 1 mV 10 Hz sine wave, printing speed 25 mm/s).

Interface

USB A type USB1.1×2.

LCD (with backlight)

Displayed data: System menu, ECG form, heart rate, lead name, paper speed, gain, filter.

Date, information, and analysis result (ECG-2340 is lack of this function).

Operating environment

Temperature: +5 C~ +40 C , Humidity: 25 % ~ 95 % (noncondensing).

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Note: After charging is complete, the battery charge lamp lights every several tens of minutes. This is
because a small current is supplied to the battery (supplementary recharging) to prevent self-discharging
of the battery.

Keep the power cord plugged into the AC socket when the electrocardiograph is not used.

Equipment and tools:

ECG-2300 Series

Procedure:
1. Instruct the subject to remove all jewelry from their wrists and ankles.
2. Use an alcohol swab to clean a region of skin on the inside of the subject’s right wrist. Let the
area dry. Then, rough up the skin in that area. This improves the conductivity of the electrodes.
3. Remove a disposable ECG electrode from its plastic shield, and apply the electrode to the
scrubbed area on the wrist.
4. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 for the inside of the left wrist and the inside of the right ankle and left ankle.
5. Snap the lead wires onto the electrodes according to color codes.
6. Record the ECG signal
7. Print out the result.

Questions:
-Draw a block diagram for the ECG System.

-Draw a circuit Diagram for the ECG system.

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Experiment 6
ECG Part II
Objectives:
• Check of the operation of an amplifier for the measurement of an electrocardiogram.
• Calibration of the amplifier stage.
• Evaluation of the graph of an electrocardiogram.

Introduction:
ECG and measuring Circuit

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the recording of the potentials generated on the surface of the body
during the process of stimulation of the cardiac muscles. It represents one of the most widely used
diagnostic tests. The technological refinement has improved the quality of the signal, as well as the
recording, presentation, and data analysis systems.

However, the level of voltage on the skin surface is very low and must be amplified to be able to visualize
it and measure it, therefore, if we simplify, we can therefore say that the electrocardiograph is composed
of a powerful and precise amplifier. Such a definition, although true, is certainly reductive. In the
following paragraphs we will describe the structure and the functional blocks that form a device for the
acquisition of the ECG.

Circuit for the measurement of the ECG

The circuit diagram of the experimental device for the measurement of the ECG is shown in figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Circuit for the measurement of an ECG - Circuit diagram

To respect the main requirements of the measurement systems and to guarantee the health of the patient,
the circuit is divided in two big blocks. The first one is composed of a pre-amplifier that has the function

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of acquiring the signal from the electrodes, filtering it and amplifying it, to make it ready for the next
block. The second block is composed of a high gain amplifier that represents the last amplification stage
before the visualization.
The two blocks are electrically isolated by means of an optoisolator. (see figure 6.2).

Figure 6.2 - Block diagram of an ECG meter

Pre-amplifier

The pre-amplification block has the function of acquiring, amplifying and filtering the signal coming
from the electrodes. Such block must satisfy the most stringent requirements. In fact, since the useful
signal that has been acquired by the electrodes has amplitude between 1 mV and 3 mV, the pre-amplifier
must have a high gain in the relatively narrow band of the ECG. The example pre-amplifier that is
mounted on the board DL 3155BIO5 shows a gain of about 100V/V in a band that goes from 1 Hz to 1
KHz. It is important to have good filtering to eliminate disturbances, if any, in particular at 50 Hz
(frequency of the mains supply).

Another important parameter for a pre-amplifier is a high input impedance. Such requirement is
particularly important for an application like the measurement of the ECG, since the skin resistance
reaches high values. In fact, the resistance of the skin can reach the 1000 kΩ in conditions of dry skin.
Since a measurement system must not disturb the signal emitted by the source, the pre-amplifier must
guarantee an input impedance much higher than the output impedance of the source of the signal (in this
case the skin).
Furthermore, a good characteristic of such a device is that of having a control on the gain of the amplifier.

A configuration that well adapts to the stringent above mentioned specifications is the amplifier for
instrumentation. The amplifier for instrumentation is a differential input amplifier composed of three
blocks of operational amplifiers. The two blocks at the input are placed in parallel and acquire the signal
from the inverting inputs. The third operational amplifier amplifies the signal difference coming from the
two blocks. The circuit electrical diagram of the pre-amplification block is shown figure 6.3.

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As you can see, the input is differential and the input resistance, determined by the resistances R1 and
R2, is about 2 MΩ. The gain can be adjusted through the trimmers R10 and R15. Also the pass band can
be varied by setting the values of the filter capacities placed between the pre-amplifier and the isolator.

Figure 6.3 Electrical diagram of the ECG pre-amplifier

Isolator

The output signal from the pre-amplifier shows an amplitude in the order of hundreds of mV. Such
signal, although suitable for the processing and subsequent visualization, needs a further amplification.
The main amplifier, that will be described next, can be improperly considered a “power” amplifier, in the
sense that it makes the signal remarkably wider. In order to further de-couple the patient from any
potential source of risk, the pre-amplifier and the main amplifier are reciprocally isolated by means of an
opto-isolator. The electrical diagram of the opto-isolator is shown in figure 6.4.

Figure 6.4 Electrical diagram of the opto-isolator

The opto-isolator has the function of converting the electrical signal to an optical signal by using a LED
and re-converting it to an electrical signal by means of a photo-transistor in Darlinghton configuration.
The LED and the photo-transistor are both integrated in the component 4N32. The LED of the opto-

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isolator is piloted by a BJT that, once fixed a suitable value of the resistance R18 and of the polarization
on the base, generates a current that is sufficient to light the LED and to pilot the optical signal.

The value of the current that flows in the LED can be calculated through the following equation:

I = (VB13 − 0.78)/R18 eqn.6.1

where VB13 represents the voltage at the terminal 13 of the educational circuit. The VB13 is calculated
through the following formula:

VB13 = (5 ∗ R17)/(R17 + R16) eqn.6.2

Main amplifier

The output signal from the previously described block shows a suitable amplitude and a wave shape that
is filtered from electromagnetic noise. There are no direct electrical connections between the output signal
from the isolator and the patient connected to the electrodes. Thanks to this galvanic isolation it is possible
to provide a higher power in order to further amplify the signal, while avoiding risks for the health of the
patient.
The main amplifier, whose circuit diagram is shown in figure 5, is composed of an operational amplifier
in inverting configuration. Such configuration is necessary to pilot the output signal with the correct
phase. In fact the signal, after being subjected to a double phase inversion in the pre-amplifier, is further
inverted in the opto-isolator and reaches the input of the amplifier with the inverted sign. The gain of the
main amplifier is given by the two resistances R38 and R39.

Av = −R39/R38 [V/V] eqn.6.3

where R38= 2.2 kΩ and R39 = 68 kΩ. From there we have that AV≈-30 and that the signal at the output
terminal has an amplitude of few Volts (3V - 4V). Furthermore, we can notice that in order to further
reduce the effect of the noise the amplifier is tuned to the signal band through the capacitor C21.

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Figure 6.5 Main amplifier

Power supply and selection block

A basic aspect to be considered in the design of instruments for clinic and hospital practice is the safety
of the patient. Many precautions are taken to avoid the risks connected to the electroshocks due to
accidental electrical discharges. In addition to the common safety devices that are integrated in the power
supply line (high sensitivity differential switch), special components are used in biomedical
instrumentation circuits in order to increase the safety of the patient, such as the safety transformer and
the opto-isolator.

The safety transformer is a special transformer that guarantees low secondary voltages (below the
threshold of low safety voltage) together with a galvanic isolation between the windings.
The galvanic isolation is obtained by electrically isolating the primary and secondary windings and by
physically separating them by means of a metal shield connected to earth.
On the other hand, the opto-isolator has the function of electrically separating the main amplifier of a
measurement system from the pre-amplifier connected to the electrodes.
The signal taken from the electrodes is transformed to an optical signal by a LED diode and re-
transformed to an electrical signal by means of a photo-transistor.

To make sure that the two parts are really disconnected it is necessary to separate both the two power
supplies and the two earth connections.

The educational circuit is assembled on a board that is inserted in a console that provides, in addition to
the main educational contributions, the electrical supply.

Obviously, inside the console there is a safety transformer. The opto-isolator is an integral part of the
ECG meter circuit.

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The power supply to the pre-amplification block is provided by an auxiliary source that is integrated in
an external multifunctional block supplied by batteries.

The external block provides further functions that are useful for the considered specific application.
Inside the block there is a selector that allows choosing a pair among the four electrodes to obtain the
shunts of the ECG graph. Such selector allows choosing among three different shunts.

A third function of the external block is that of providing a direct current reference voltage equal to 1mV.
Since a square of the electrocardiograph must have an amplitude of 1 mV, the setting can be done by
connecting the reference provided by the external block to the ECG amplifier and then adjusting the
visualized output.

ECG simulator

The amplifier of an electrocardiogram, like every other electronic device, before being used is subjected
to a testing phase.

During the testing phase we check the correct operation of the designed system and of the special circuit
that is produced. Due to the special application, before connecting the instrument to a patient, the system
is tested by means of a signal generator that simulates an electrocardiogram wave.

Inside the previously described block there is a suitably designed simulator.

The simulator is made by means of a Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) of the Microchip family
and of a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC). The program stored in the PIC is repeatedly executed by
providing at the output of the DAC a periodical signal that has the shape and the amplitude of a typical
ECG graph.

Components List

R1,R2 = 1MΩ - 1% - 1/4W

R3 = 6,8kΩ - 1% - 1/4W

R4, R5, R6, R7, R11, R12, R16 = 100kΩ - 1% - 1/4W

R8 = 8.2kΩ - 1% - 1/4W

R9 = 15kΩ - 5% - 1/4W

R10, R25 = 100kΩ - 1/2W – Trimmer

R13, R19 = 470Ω - 5% - 1/4W

R14 = 82kΩ - 5% - 1/4W

R15, R22 = 5kΩ - 1/2W – Trimmer

R17 = 50kΩ - 1/2W – Trimmer

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R18 = 220Ω - 5% - 1/4W

R20 = 150kΩ - 5% - 1/4W

R21 = 470Ω - 1% - 1/4W

R23, R26 = 1kΩ - 1% - 1/4W

R24 = 330kΩ - 1% - 1/4W

R38 = 2,2kΩ - 5% - 1/4W

R39 = 68kΩ - 5% - 1/4W

V1,V2 = Diode 1N4007

V3,V4 = Diode 1N4148

V5 = Transistor 2N3904

C1, C2 = 10µF - 10V - Tantalum capacitor

C3, C4 = 100pF - 50V - Multi-layer ceramic capacitor

C5, C6 = 10µF - 63V - Electrolytic capacitor

C7, C8, C21 = 2000pF - Ceramic capacitor

C9, C20, C22 = 47µF - 50V - 20% - Electrolytic capacitor

C10 = 100µF - 50V - 20% - Electrolytic capacitor

C11 = 4,7µF - 100V - 20% - Electrolytic capacitor

C12 = 470µF - 50V - 20% - Electrolytic capacitor

C13, C14 = 100nF - Ceramic capacitor

C15 = 220µF - 25V - 20% - Electrolytic capacitor

N1, N3 = LF347N - FET OP-AMPs

N2 = 4N32 - 6-pin Photodarlington Optocoupler

N4 = MC3403P - Low power quad bipolar OP-AMPs

Calculation data

Gain = Vout / Vin = -(R39/R38)

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Topographical diagrams

Figure 6.6 Topographical diagram

Procedure:
1. Connect terminals +VCC, -VEE, Gnd of the external block DL 3155BIO5 to the+15v, -15v,Gnd.
2. Power supply the board DL 3155BIO5.
3. Connect terminal 17 to terminal 19.
4. Insert the ECG Simulator to the Pin 1 and Ground.
5. Adjust the oscilloscope as follows:
CH1 to 200mV/div. ,Coupling = AC
6. Connect the oscilloscope to the pin 1 so that you can check the input voltage of the ECG signal ,record
this value then check the output voltage at pin 9 and pin 17,then calculate the gain at each stages.
7. Adjust the oscilloscope as follows:
CH1 to 200mV/div.,Coupling = AC
8.Connect the oscilloscope to pin 30 then calculate the gain.
9. Screen shot the ECG signal from each stages.
10.Calculate the Heart Rate from the graph .
11. Remove all the connections.

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Experiment 7
Photo-plethysmography (PPG) & Pulse Oximetry (SPO2)

Objectives:
• To understand the operation of photoplethysmography as an optical measurement method.
• To understand the performance of a simple PPG circuit.
• To build and analyze a simple PPG circuit.

Introduction:
What is photoplethysmography?

Photoplethysmography (or PPG for short) is the measurement of changes in blood volume using light.
The name, which is seemingly complex, can be broken down into the following parts:
• Photo: Light
• Plethys: Full
• Graphy: writing

Fig7.1: Photo-plethysmography sensor

PPG is used to measure the blood flow in the vessels, usually near the tip of the finger. This is used to
approximate the amount of oxygen reaching the cells, which is what physicians want to measure. As
blood flows into the tissue, the blood volume changes. In a healthy person, this is usually oxygenated
blood flowing in.

Biological Background
Each hemoglobin molecule in the bloodstream can bind with four oxygen molecules. At low
electromagnetic wavelengths, the difference in absorption rates between oxygenated and deoxygenated
hemoglobin is very small. This changes at higher wavelengths as we enter the short infrared region. At
wavelengths between 600nm-800nm, the difference in absorption between the two types of hemoglobin
becomes large. These are the wavelengths where PPG normally operates.

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Fig7.2: Hb response to light

In figure 7.2 above, Hb represents deoxygenated hemoglobin in red blood cells, while HbO2 represents
oxygenated hemoglobin.

Reflection PPG
In reflection PPG, the PPG method studied in this experiment, light is absorbed into the bloodstream
from an electromagnetic IR source. In the case shown in Figure 7.3, this is done at the tip of the finger.
The electromagnetic wave reflects off the finger, and whatever energy left is detected using a light
detector (usually this would be a photo-transistor).

Fig7.3: Reflection PPG

Light at the correct wavelength will mostly reflect from blood, not tissue or water. At the fingertip, blood
pools near surface of skin (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venioles and veins). With each heartbeat, more
arterial blood with more HbO2 enters the tissue at the fingertip. The IR wave is absorbed more with
arterial oxygenated blood than with deoxygenated blood. Therefore, less energy is reflected into the
detector.

Interpreting the PPG waveform

Vp-p of the output wave, shown in Figure 7.4 represents the difference between systolic and diastolic
blood volumes. The signal amplitude and shape varies with sensor placement, as the number and volume
of blood vessels under the sensor changes. It is difficult to correlate the PPG data with blood pressure, as
there is no apparent relation between the voltage level and pressure in the blood vessels under the sensor.

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Consequently, PPG is mostly used to measure heart rate and provide preliminary data regarding oxygen
saturation in the blood.

Fig7.4: Sample PPG waveform

The shape of the PPG output wave changes according to the placement of the sensor.
However, this shape is consistent in both half-planes of the body. If there are any differences in the shape
of the PPG wave between bilateral sites on the body, this could indicate occluded vessels. Figure 7.5
shows bilateral measurement with suspected blockage in one of the legs.
Further experimentation is needed to locate the blockage with any accuracy, as PPG does not provide
detailed information as to the location of the blockage.

Fig7.5: Bilateral PPG measurements

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The PPG circuit

Figure 7.6 below shows the preliminary PPG circuit you will build in this lab.

Fig7.6: The preliminary PPG circuit

While the LED is ON, the photo-transistor will receive current at its base. This current is proportional to
the amount of energy reflected onto the photo-transistor. Notice that the transistor in Figure 7.6 is really
two BJT transistors connected in a Darlington pair formation. This allows for much higher current gains
as the gains of the two individual transistors are multiplied.
The LTH-301-46 IR sensor you will use in this experiment consists of a LED and phototransistor in the
same package. There is a small opening between the LED and transistor through which you will be
inserting different obstacles, in order to see the effect that will have on the output voltage. Photons falling
onto the CB junction of the BJT generate Ib and the transistor needs to be in the active region.

You are going to add a filter, which you will design in the pre-lab, to filter the higher harmonics in the
output. There is no relevant information we need past 30Hz. Also, in this experiment, you will use the
offset null of the LM741 Op Amp, in order to get rid of the DC component that comes from blood levels
that are always present in the fingertip.

Fig7.7: Offset Null

By connecting the 10kΩ potentiometer to the offset null connections of the LM741, you can adjust the
potentiometer (with no input) until the output is as close to 0V as possible.

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Equipment and tools:

• NI Elvis Kit (Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Digital Multi meter)
• Breadboard
• PPG Sensor (LTH -301-46)
• 1.6MΩ,470Ω,182Ω,1.6MΩ
• Potentiometer100KΩ,10KΩ
• Capacitor 47nF
• Operational Amplifier 741

Pre-lab Questions
1. Refer to the circuit shown in figure 7.6, answer the following questions:
a. What is the gain of the amplification stage?
b. What type of filter is represented by the second stage? What is its cutoff frequency?
2. Design a low-pass filter to insert after the output stage of figure 7.6, with a cutoff frequency of
100Hz.

Procedure
1. Build the circuit shown in figure 7.6.
2. Open the lab view then build a suitable block diagram to show the output signal before adding any
filter.
3.Add LPF filter with cut off frequency 30 HZ and order 4 to your block diagram.
3.Show the output in the graph on lab view after filtering .
4. Surround the opening with your fingers, blocking the light, and obtain a trace showing the output for
the scope.

* Make sure you move the obstacle up and down at a reasonable pace to produce a square wave- like
waveform.

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Experiment 8 &9
Cardiac Rhythm I&II
Objectives:
• To check of the operation of the preamplifier.
• To check of the operation of the variable gain amplification block.
• To check of the operation of the analogue-pulsed conversion block.
• To Measure the cardiac frequency by means of an optical sensor.

Introduction:
The cardiac rhythm defined as the regular succession of the contractions (systoles) and of the relaxations
(diastoles) of the cardiac muscle. Therefore, the cardiac rhythm represents the frequency at which the
heart is able to pump the blood through the circulation system: for this reason we can use the term cardiac
frequency. The cardiac rhythm is usually measured in heartbeats per minute. Together with the
measurement of the arterial pressure, the measurement of the cardiac frequency represents one of the
preliminary and simplest estimates of the state of health of the cardio-circulatory apparatus. On average,
the cardiac rhythm is considered at 72 heartbeats/min. for men and 80 heartbeats/min. for women.
However, the cardiac rhythm has a very variable value as a function of age, the state of health (in presence
of fever the cardiac rhythm is different), the time of the day and the athletic form of the subject (if they
plays sport or they lives a sedentary life). The maximum cardiac frequency is about 200 heartbeats per
minute.
The cardiac frequency not only represents a datum for the clinic evaluation, but is also widely used as a
measurement parameter for the progression of the training and of the state of form of professional and
amateur athletes. Several athletic tests that are used by sport doctors are based on the evaluation of the
cardiac frequency, such as for example the Step Test and the Conconi Test. Therefore, for these tests it
is necessary to have special tools for the evaluation and the continuous monitoring of the cardiac
frequency. Such instruments are termed cardio-frequency meters.
System for the measurement of the cardiac rhythm
In this experiment we will describe in detail a system for the measurement of the cardiac heartbeat or
cardio frequency meter. The system for the measurement of the biomedical signals must be composed of
three distinct blocks:
1. The sensor
2. The processing block (or conditioning network)
3. The display
The cardio-frequency meter mounted on the board DL 3155BIO6 is composed of all these blocks, that
will be described in depth. However, before studying one by one the single blocks, it is better to have an
overall outlook of the circuit. The circuit can be divided as follows:

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1. The sensor: It is an optical sensor, able to acquire the variations of the blood bathing in the tissue
during the cardiac cycle. Such a sensor has the good characteristic of keeping the patient fully isolated
from the electrical point of view. The acquired signal then enters the conditioning network.
2. The conditioning network: This network is composed of three different blocks. The first block is the
high gain pre-amplifier that has a band pass of 100 Hz. The second block represents the variable gain
main amplifier. It is composed of two amplification stages and of an amplitude control, made of a variable
resistance interposed between the two stages. A third block is the comparator with hysteresis that has the
function of transforming the analogue signal to a digital signal. This conditioning network has the
function of amplifying and filtering the output signal from the sensor and of converting it to digital to be
able to read its frequency. The output from this block enters the visualization block.
3. The visualization: It is composed of two blocks. A first block is the frequency synthesizer, which is
made of a PLL and a digital frequency divider. This block receives the digital signal from the conditioning
network and has the function of transferring it at higher frequencies by multiplying it by 600. The output
from this block enters a counter made of a PIC (Programmable Logic), able to calculate the frequency
and to pilot a visualizing device composed of two 7 segment displays. A block diagram of a cardio-
frequency meter, as the one described in the present lesson, is depicted in Figure 8.1
Fig
8.1

Block diagram for the cardio-frequency meter

Optical Sensor
There are several electronic objects that are able to measure the cardiac rhythm. These objects differ by
dimensions, cost, technological and circuit solutions and, in particular, type of sensor. There are three
different types of sensors that are used to measure the cardiac frequency:
1. Skin electrodes (if the reading is done through a machine for the electrocardiogram).
2. Pressure sensors, to read the pressure variations that are due to the circulation of the blood in the blood
vessels and the increase of the volume of the tissue because of the bathing.
3. Optical sensors, able to detect a variation of the absorption in the infrared of the tissues when the
bathing varies. Optical sensor is used in this experiment.
The photocell transducer (or optical sensor) bases its measurement on the capability of the tissue. When
the blood crosses the limb, the oxygenated muscle becomes less dense and the light coming from a LED
(Light Emitting Diode) crosses the tissue as far as the photocell. Together with every cardiac pulse the
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transmission of light increases and these tiny increments are amplified in voltage and shown through an
analogue display, a digital display, a paper tape recorder or an oscilloscope. The amplified signals can
also be used to pilot an analogue frequency meter from which it is possible to read the frequency
expressed in heartbeats per minute (bpm). Since the variations in the tissue cause variations in the density
of the light, the technique of the optical sensor is termed photoplethysmography.
The photo-plethysmograph consists in a light source, a sensor, a high gain amplifier and an indicator, that
can be a display, to which it is usually connected a sound or optical indicator, a flashing LED. The
amplifier with its low frequency pass band has a response between 1 and 20 Hz and a gain in the order
of 2000.
The transducer is composed of two parts, a light source and a sensor that reads the light signal modulated
by the blood circulation in the tissue. The latter component can be a photo resistor or a phototransistor.
The light source is usually composed of a LED. The wave length of the light is that of the LED that is
used. The LEDs that are used for these purposes emit light in the frequency of the visible (in particular,
red color), but also emit components in the range of the infrared. The measurement is taken on tissues,
such as the earlobes or the fingertips.
The physical arrangement of the components and the method for keeping the probe in its position
represents a problem of a certain importance. Figure 8.2 shows the arrangement of the light source and
of the sensor.

Fig 8.2 Optical Sensor in reflection

The finger completely covers the light components so that the light must pass through the tissue and be
reflected toward the sensor. In other cases the sensor is placed on the opposite side of the light source
with respect to the tissue. In this case the light will not have to be reflected to reach the sensor, but it will
reach it by transmission, that is, source and sensor are in direct visibility (see Figure 8.3).

Fig 8.3 principle for the sensor

Figure 8.4 shows a draft of the waveform of the pulse as registered on a paper strip. This signal represents
the signal acquired by the sensor after been amplified and filtered by the conditioning network.

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Fig 8.4 Analogue signal acquired

The Conditioning Network

The average value of the photo resistor when the light is passing through the finger is 70/80 Ω. The
voltage variation through this resistance is in the order of 1/4 mV.
In figure 8.5 the first amplifier (or preamplifier) N1A has a gain of 100 on a band that is limited to about
100 Hz, the second one N1B (that is the real amplification stage) has a gain of 50 and the third one N1C
has a gain of 2. The total gain is 10000; the gain controller R6 operates on the gain of the second amplifier.
The importance of this control is fundamental, since the signals that are read through this sensor vary in
amplitude from person to person, in a sensitive way.
The last stage of the conditioning network is a hysteresis comparator. The negative input of the
operational amplifier has a reference voltage of 0.2 V. When the signal at the non-inverting input passes
through the reference level, the comparator changes its state and causes a pulse of 2.9 V. The pulsed
signal that is obtained is then inserted in a circuit for the calculation and the visualization of the cardiac
frequency.

Fig 8.5 Circuit diagram of the conditioning network

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Comparator with Hysteresis

The comparator with hysteresis is part of a special class of non linear circuits known as bi-stable
multivibrators.The bi-stable multivibrator is a circuit that shows two stable states. Therefore, the
circuitcan stay in any of the two stable states indefinitely and moves to the other stable state only when
itreceives a suitable excitation pulse (trigger).The circuit diagram of the comparator with hysteresis is
shown in figure8.6.

Fig 8.6 Comparator with hysteresis

The rated values at which the comparator mounted on the board DL 3155BIO6 works are shown in
Table 8.1.
Table 8.1 Rated voltages of the comparator

Fig 8.7 Transfer function of the comparator

The comparator is termed with hysteresis right because its transfer function shows a hysteresis behavior.
The comparator is used to transform the analogue signal acquired by the sensor to a digital signal. This
circuit is very useful in biomedical instruments, and not only when you want to measure a frequency, for
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example the cardiac rhythm or the respiratory rhythm. Therefore, the comparator is a circuit that allows
making the analogue-digital conversion. The presence of a hysteresis allows making the A/D conversion
free of the noise that, by operating around the threshold, could generate undesired pulses.
Electrical diagrams

Figure 8.8 Variable gain preamplifier and amplifier

Fig 8.9 Comparator with hysteresis

Components List
R1 = 150Ω - 5% - 1/3W
R2, R3 = 150kΩ - 5% - 1/3W
R4, R10, R15 = 10kΩ - 5% - 1/3W
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V1,V2,V3,V4,V5,V6 = Diode 1N4148

C1 = 100μF - 35V - Electrolytic capacitor
C2 = 1μF - 35V - Electrolytic capacitor
R5, R14 = 1MΩ - 1% - 1/3W
R6 = 10kΩ - 5% - 1/2W - Trimmer
R7 = 2,2kΩ - 5% - 1/3W
R8, R9 = 100kΩ - 1% - 1/4W
R11 = 22kΩ - 5% - 1/3W

Equipment and tools :

• NI Elvis Kit (Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Digital Multi meter)
• Base Units (DL3155AL2) Doleranzo.
• DL 3155BIO6 Kit

Pre-Lab Questions:
1- Which type of sensor is used for measuring cardiac frequency in this experiment? What is the benefit
of using this specific sensor ?

2-Define Cardiac Rhythm?

3- What is the function of the comparator with hysteresis?

4-What is the importance of the trimmer R6?

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Procedure:
Part I -Preamplifier
1.Supply the circuit.

2. Connect the signal generator and the oscilloscope as in figure 8.10a:

Fig8.10 a

3. Power supply the signal generator and select its sinusoidal output at the frequency of 0.5 Hz and
voltage of 20mV peak-to-peak.
4. Write in table 1.1 the peak to peak amplitude of the measured signal Uout.
5. Calculate the gain of the amplifier and write it in table 1.1
6. Repeat the measurement of point 4, while varying the frequency of the input signal according to the
values that are shown in table 1.1 and fill in the table.
7. Make a graph to sketch the values of the gain that are measured as a function of the frequency. Label
this Figure ,If we join the different points we can obtain the frequency response of the preamplifier.
8. Make a table labeled table 1.2. Include in this table the values of Gmax, Fmin, Fmax, and Δβ.
The maximum value Gmax of the gain:

9. Draw in a figure horizontal line that passes through the value Gmax.
10. Find on the graph the two frequency values Fmin and Fmax where the line crosses the graph.
11. Calculate the bandwidth Δβ and write the value in table 1.2.

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Part II- Variable Gain Amplifier

1. Fully turn the trimmer R6 counter-clockwise.
2. Connect the oscilloscope as in figure 8.10b

Figure 8.10 b

3. Supply the signal generator and select its sinusoidal output at the frequency of 10 Hz with the sinusoidal
output of the signal generator at a voltage of 20mV peak-to-peak.
4. Check that the output is null (null sensitivity of the amplifier).
5. Remove the signal generator from the input.
6. Switch off the power supply console of the board.
7. Wait about 30 seconds (to let the capacitors discharge).
8. Set the digital multimeter on the measurement mode of the resistance.
9. Place the measurement tips between terminal 7 and terminal 8. The measured value Rmin is R7 (Zero
sensitivity).
Make a table labeled table 1.3. Include the values for Rmin, Rmax, R1/4 , R1/2 , R3/4
10. Turn the trimmer R6 fully clockwise and write the measured value Rmax in table 1.3, this value
represents the sum of R6 and R7.
11. Turn the trimmer R6 until you obtain a resistance between terminal 7 and terminal 8 that is equal to:
(1/4 of the total sensitivity). Write in table 1.3 this resistance value.

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12. Supply power to the console. Then Insert the signal generator at the input.
13. Make a table labeled Table 1.4 Include in this table R1/4 , R1/2 , R3/4, Rmax. For each resistance
measure the Uout value and calculate the gain.
Write in table 1.4 the value Uout (peak-to-peak) (CH2) and the value of the Gain in correspondence to
one fourth of the sensitivity.
14. Switch off the console and remove the input signal.
15. Turn the trimmer R6 until you obtain a resistance between terminal 7 and terminal 8 that is equal to:
(1/2 of the total sensitivity). Write in table 1.3 this resistance value.
16. Turn the trimmer R6 until you obtain a resistance between terminal 7 and terminal 8 that is equal to:
(3/4 of the total sensitivity) Write in table 1.3 this resistance value.
17. Turn the trimmer R6 until you obtain a resistance between terminal 7 and terminal 8 that is equal to
Rmax (total sensitivity).
NOTE: Note that the maximum value of the resistance between terminals 7 and 8, where the output
signal is not yet saturated, is around 9.5kΩ and the output signal is approximately 7.5 Vpp with gain of
375.
Part III- Comparator with Hysteresis
1. Fully turn counter-clockwise the trimmer R6.
2. Connect the signal generator and the oscilloscope as in figure 8.10c :

Fig 8.10c

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3. Supply the signal generator and select its sinusoidal

output at the frequency of 1 Hz.
4. Set the sinusoidal output of the signal generator at a
voltage of 20mV peak-to-peak.
5. Turn the trimmer R6 at half the maximum sensitivity.
6. Observe the output signal at terminal 17 (CH2).
Figure 8.11
7. Draw the signal in a graph and label it.
8. Compare the shape of the signal drawn with that of the signal shown in figure 8.11 .
9.Measure the values Ton, T and maximum amplitude of the output pulsed signal from the comparator,
where Ton represents the high pulse time and T is the period of the pulsed signal.

10. Make a table and label it Table 1.5 Include in this table the Ton, T and maximum amplitude of the
output pulsed signal from the comparator, once at R1/2 and once at Rmax.
11. Turn the R6 fully clockwise (maximum sensitivity).
12. Measure T, Ton, Toffand maximum amplitude. Fill your results in Table 1.5
13. Turn the trimmer R6 to half of the total sensitivity; Measure T, Ton, Toff and maximum amplitude.
Fill your results in Table 1.5.
14. Set the frequency of the output signal of the signal generator to 0.8 Hz.
15. Measure the output frequency (T, Ton) from the comparator and the maximum amplitude.
16. Set the frequency of the output signal from the signal generator to 1.2 Hz.
17. Measure the output frequency (T, Ton) from the comparator and the maximum amplitude.
18. Make a table and label it Table 1.6. Include in this table the following values for the frequency of the
output signal (0.8, 1, 1.2 Hz). At each frequency include the measured T, Ton, Toff, and the maximum
amplitude.
19. Comment on the results that have been observed in your table.
20. Switch off the circuit.
NOTE: All values should include the proper unit.

Part IV- Measure the cardiac frequency by means of optical sensor

1. Power supply the board .
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2. Check that the trimmer R6 is fully counter-clockwise (zero sensitivity).

3. Insert at the input of the board DL 3155BIO6 the optical sensor.
4. Connect the oscilloscope as in figure 8.12.

Figure 8.12

5. Set the oscilloscope in the following mode:

CH1 on 1V/div.
CH2 on 2V/div.
time/div.= 0.5s/div.
coupling = DC

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The amplitude of CH2, typically 1 V/div., must be adjusted in such a way that the output signal from X1
is well visible. Of course, the visualized signal will be different in amplitude, frequency and regularity,
from person to person and, therefore, it must be adjusted case by case.

6. In absence of input signal (no patient under measurement), superimpose at the center of the display of
the oscilloscope the lines of CH1 and CH2.
7a. Connect terminals 24 and 25.
7b. Connect terminals 17 and 18.
8. To perform the measurement of the cardiac frequency, it is necessary that the student (patient) stays
seated and relaxed for about 30 seconds
9. The student (patient) will have to insert the index of the right hand inside the optical sensor, with the
nail on the side of the light source.

Note: for a correct measurement of the cardiac frequency it is necessary to make sure that the following
points are observed:
1-The optical sensor must be protected from any direct and close lighting from other external light
sources.
2-The student (patient) must keep a relaxed and as static as possible position for the whole duration of
the measurement.
3-It is necessary that the hand and in particular the finger inserted in the optical sensor are not particularly
cold, since this causes a reduction of the blood flow and a consequent difficulty for the sensor to detect
the cardiac.

10. Adjust the potentiometer R6 (by turning it clockwise) until the light indicator V8 starts signaling the
presence of the cardiac pulsation.

Note.: notice that the adjustment of the trimmer R6 and of the scale of channel CH2 is subjective and
must be adapted to the student (patient) on which you are making the measurement.

11. Observe the measurement of the instantaneous cardiac frequency on the digital display.
12. Observe on the oscilloscope (CH2) the signal acquired by the optical sensor and amplified. Such
analogue signal follows the cardiac pulsation of the patient.
13. Draw such signal in the graph of figure 8.12.
14. Notice that the visualized signal has a shape that is similar to a graph of an electrocardiogram.
15. Fix the oscilloscope (CH1) in HOLD mode and measure on different pulses the frequency of the
signal. If we multiply such frequency by 60 we obtain the measurement of the instantaneous cardiac
frequency measured in bpm.
16. Compare the measured that you have obtained with the oscilloscope with the value that is visualized
on the display.

Note: notice that the cardiac rhythm of a person in a relaxed position is subject to instantaneous
variations.

17. Observe the coherence between the frequency meter and the visual signaling (V8)
18. Read for 6 consecutive times at regular intervals of 10 seconds the cardiac frequency measured by
the frequency meter

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19. Write the results of such measurements in table 1.2

20. Write the value of maximum and minimum values for the measured samples
21. By using the values written in table 1.2 calculate the average value of the cardiac pulsation

Appendix
Table 1.1 for part I
Table 1.1

Frequency Vin Vout Gain

(Hz) (mVpp) (Vpp) (V/V)
0.5 20
1 20
2 20
3 20
4 20
7 20
10 20
13 20
16 20
20 20
25 20
30 20
40 20
50 20
60 20
100 20
1000 20

Table 1.2 for part IV

Table 1.2

Measurement instant Cardiac frequency

[s] [bpm]

10

20

30

40

50

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Experiment 10
Infusion Injection Pump
Objectives:
• To check of the operation of the Infusion Injection Pump training kit.

Introduction:
An infusion injection pump is a medical device that can be used to deliver fluids into a patient’s body
in a controlled manner. There are many different types of infusion pumps, which are used for a variety
of purposes and in a variety of environments.
This pump is a drip type infusion pump, a high-precision intelligent pump which is capable of
accurately controlling the delivery rate of disposable IV set and monitoring the infusion course, by
means of sensors and microprocessor accurately controlling precise stepper motor, driving
transmission mechanism to drive peristaltic fingers regularly squeezing the IV tubing against the
backplate. Standard disposable sterile IV sets of qualified brand is suitable for this pump, the
calibration function makes IV sets of any brand is suitable for this pump. This pump has various sound
and light alarm function, so that the user can make timely response to the pump to ensure the infusion
is safe. It is specially suitable for clinical treatment which require continuously and precisely
controlling infusion at a constant rate, meanwhile, monitoring the infusion course. It is widely used in
internal medicine, surgical, pediatrician, obstetrics, ICU, CCU wards, operating rooms and other
clinical infusion treatment.

Figure 10.1 Front view of Infusion Injection Pump Trainer

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Follow the procedure below to operate the fault simulator system:

a. Read the troubleshooting experiment procedures in detail before activating any fault
simulator.
b. Select the fault by pressing the miniature push button of the fault insertion points. The
fault will be activated and the problem is displayed by the LED light on fault indicator.
The results of the fault activation are readily detectable through the LED on the panel,
and the figure below is the example of fault activation.

Figure 10.2 Pressing one of the fault button

c. The LED fault indicator can be turned off in order to test the troubleshooting ability of
students. This is done by pressing “LED CONTROL” button. After this feature is
activated, any selected faults will not be shown on the fault display board.

Figure 10.3 LED control

d. If the teacher or student want to know which fault is being activated, just press and
hold the LED Control button, so LED indicator will light on again.

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Figure 10.4 LED control Button

e. To return the system to normal operation, press “RESET” button and the system will
return to normal.

Figure 10.5 RESET Button

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Desirable Specification
A good infusion pump should be:
• electrically safe and portable.
• accurate and consistent delivery of drugs.
• easy to set up and use
• robust and reliable
• can be powered with battery and mains both
• proper use of alarms.
• capable of detecting line occlusion.

Equipment and tools :

• Infusion Injection Pump Trainer (MIT-IPT-1)
• Accessories of the Infusion Injection Pump Trainer
• Digital Multimeter

Procedure:
Part I

Setting of the Infusion Injection Training Kit

1. Turn on the MCBs of Infusion Injection Pump Trainer.

Figure 10.6 Turning on the MCB of the Training unit.

2. Turn on the Main Power Switch of Infusion Injection Pump Trainer.

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Figure 10.7 Turning on the Main Power Switch of the Infusion Injection Pump Trainer.

3. Make sure all fault switches of the trainer are in OFF condition (normal) and no fault is
active.
4. Turn on the power switch of injection pump unit.

Figure 10.8 Turning on the power switch of injection pump

5. Press increase (up) key to select drop mode, after that confirm your choice by pressing OK key.

Figure 10.9 Pressing increase key to select drop mode

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Figure 10.10 Pressing OK key to enter the drop mode program

6. Press OK key to confirm the rate setting of 15 drop/min.

7. Press decrease key to go to the TAR vol. box.

Figure 10.11 Pressing decrease key to go the TAR. Vol box.

8. Press OK key to confirm your choice. On the bottom left side of screen display shows the
character “increment”.

Figure 10.12 Pressing OK key to confirm the choice

9. Set TAR. Vol. Box to 1 ml by pressing increase or decrease key.

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Figure 10.13 Pressing increase or decrease key to set 1 ml of TAR. Vol. box

10. Press OK key to confirm 1 ml of TAR. vol. Box. Now, the injection pump is still in
Stop condition.

Figure 10.14 Pressing OK key to confirm 1ml of TAR. vol. box

11. Press Start key to start the injection pump. Observe the starting condition of injection
pump and make sure the infusion fluid can drop.

Figure 10.15 Pressing Start key to start the injection pump.

12. After the TAR. vol reaches 1 ml, red indicator alarm will flash.

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Figure 10.16 Infusion process is complete

13. Turn off the injection pump power switch.

14. Disconnect power connection from power source.

Part II

The Drip Detector

Drip Detector can be customized and designed to fit any drip chamber. This sleek, non- invasive
designed sensor outputs a pulse for each drop of liquid accurately and dependably, thereby
eliminating the need for time-consuming, visual drip count monitoring at patient site for flow
rate. Optical technology provides highly reliable, non-invasive drip detection sensing for use
with a variety of clear drip chambers, where is it desirable to monitor patient intravenous IV
infusion flow rate remotely.

Observe carefully the information contained in the Drip Detector of the Infusion Injection
Pump trainer.
Adjustable Drop Rate Range : 1 ~ 400drops/min (step: 1 drops/min)

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Figure 10.17 Drip detector of infusion injection pump trainer

1. Turn on the MCBs of Infusion Injection Pump Trainer.

2. Turn on Main Power Switch of Infusion Injection Pump Trainer.
3. Make sure all fault switches of the trainer are in OFF condition (normal) there is no
active fault.
4. Turn on the power switch of injection pump unit.
5. Set the rate setting to 15 Drop/min and TAR vol is 1 ml.
6. Press Start key to start the Injection pump. Observe the starting condition of injection
pump and make sure the infusion fluids can drop.
7. After the TAR. vol reaches 1 ml, red indicator alarm will flash.
8. Press OK key to confirm the rate setting of 15 Drop/min.
9. Observe the display, drip sensor, infusion bag and the starting condition of injection
pump. Make sure the infusion fluids can drop.
10. Prepare a Digital Multimeter and then set it to DC function mode. Measure the voltage
at TP2 to TP1 (DC voltage). TP2 is Volt. Write down the result.

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10.18 Measuring the voltage of TP2 to TP1

11. Write down any information that comes from the trainer and displayed on the screen and
block diagram.
*Does the Infusion Injection Pump Trainer still work?
12. Activate the Drip Detector fault simulation by pressing the switch F1 on corresponding block.

Figure 10.19 The Drip detector fault switch F1

13. Observe the fault symptom as described on the monitor. Write down the result!
*Does the drip detector still operate normally?

14. Measure the voltage of TP2 to TP1 (DC voltage). TP2 to TP1 is Volt. Write down
the result.

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Figure 10.20 Measuring voltage of TP2 to TP1

15. Press RESET switch to normalize the system.

16. Make conclusion from your experiment!
17. Turn off the Infusion Injection Pump Trainer by turning off injection pump power
switch on the rear side of main unit.
18. Disconnect all connections from the trainer.
19. Return all equipment to their proper place.

Part III
The Heater
In clinical conditions, the infusion fluid is often different with people body in terms of temperature,
which may cause transfused people suffering hypothermia and mentality atrophic, and the same cause
syndrome of hypodynamia easily, ague, spasm of blood vessel muscle, arthritis ache and stomachache,
even threaten the life if seriously. If the transfused solution is preheated in order to reduce the
temperature difference with the blood, the people can feel better, and the drug can be easily dissolved
in the solution, thus enhancing absorption.

Observe carefully the information contained in the Heater of the Infusion Injection Pump trainer.
Heater temperature range from 25~50 0C and sensor temperature (maintain between 28 0C and 42 0C
for best operation).

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Figure 10.21 Heater location of infusion injection pump unit

1. Turn on Main Power Switch of Infusion Injection Pump Trainer.

2. Make sure all fault switches of the trainer are in OFF condition (normal) and no fault
is active.
3. Make sure the IV infusion tube/hose has been twisted on heater surface
4. Switch on the heater switch as shown in Figure 10.22.

Figure 10.22 Switching on the heater

5. Turn on the power switch of injection pump unit.

6. Set the rate setting to 15 Drop/min and TAR vol is 1 ml.
7. Press Start key to start the Injection pump. Observe the starting condition of injection pump
and make sure the infusion fluids can drop.
8. After the TAR vol. reaches 1 ml, red indicator alarm will flash.
9. Observe the display, drip sensor, infusion bag and the starting condition of injection pump.
Make sure the infusion fluids can drop.
10. Prepare a Digital Multimeter and then set it to DC function mode. Measure the voltage of
TP4 to TP3 (DC voltage). TP4 to TP3 is Volt. Write down the result.

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Figure 10.23 Measuring voltage of TP4 to TP3

11. Write down any information that comes from the trainer and displayed on the screen and
block diagram.

*Does the Infusion Injection Pump Trainer still work?

12. Activate the Heater fault simulation by pressing F2 switch on corresponding block.

Figure 10.24 Heater fault switch F2

13. Observe the fault symptom as described on the monitor. Write down the result!

*Does the Heater still operate normally?

14. Measure the voltage of TP4 to TP3 (DC voltage). TP4 to TP3 is Volt. Write down
the result.

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Figure 10.25 Measuring voltage of TP4 to TP3

15. Press RESET switch to normalize the system.

16. Make conclusion from your experiment!

17. Turn off the Infusion Injection Pump Trainer by turning off injection pump power
switch on the rear side of main unit.
18. Disconnect all connections from the trainer.
19. Return all equipment to their proper place.

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Experiment 11
Blood Pressure
Objectives:
• To check of the operation of the Blood Pressure Training Kit.

Introduction:

Blood Pressure Measurement Training Unit is designed to demonstrate the operation, theory, and
troubleshooting simulation of Blood Pressure Measurement equipment that commonly used at clinics
and hospitals. The unit is completed with fault diagnosis to facilitate the teaching of troubleshooting
techniques. A fault simulator is provided with circuit block diagram of the device for the students to
study theoretically and experimentally to understand the operation of the device. The fault is activated
by special keypad or button that disable or create malfunction of certain circuit or components so that
the device becomes faulty. Several test points should be available for measurement of certain electrical
points on the circuit. Based on the symptoms and the signal at the test points, the students then do the
troubleshooting exercise to find the faulty circuit or components. After locating the failure, the fault
can be reset, and then the device will work normally.

Figure 11.1. Blood Pressure Measurement Training Unit

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Figure 11.2 Fault Simulator Block diagram

Equipment and tools :

• Main Blood Pressure Measurement Training Unit (MIT-BPS-1)

• Cuff with Elastic Rubber Hose
• Battery
• AC Cable Power Cord

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Procedure:
Part I

Setting up the Training Kit

1. Unpack the trainer from its box.

2. Check all items that come with the trainer as per specification.
3. Open the battery cover of blood pressure device as shown in Figure 11.3.
4. Install four AA type battery @1.5V to the battery compartment
Close the battery cover.

Figure 11.3 Opening the battery cover of blood pressure device

5. Install the Elastic Rubber Hose connectors to blood pressure device and the cuff. Figure
11.4 shows you how to install female connector to male connector of blood pressure.

Cuff hose

Figure 11.4 Plugging the male arm cuff hose into outlet socket of blood pressure measurement
training unit

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Figure 11.5 Placing the arm cuff on the patient's arm

6. Place the arm cuff on the patient's upper arm and make sure to set the distance
between arm cuff and elbow approximately 1 to 2 cm.
7. Ensure that the arm cuff has been fastened firmly.
8. Connect AC power plug of the trainer to 220-240VAC power source.

AC Power
Source

AC plug

AC socket

Figure 11.6 Connecting for AC power source

9. Turn ON Blood Pressure Measurement training unit by pressing Main Power Switch.

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Figure 11.7 Starting/Stopping the Blood Pressure device unit.

10. Now the blood pressure training unit is ready to be used.

Part II

KeyPad

Keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or "pad" which usually bear digits, symbols andusually
has a complete set of alphabetical letters. If it mostly contains numbers then it can also be called a
numeric keypad. Keypads are found on many alphanumeric keyboards and onother devices such as
calculators, push-button telephones, combination locks, and digital door locks, which require mainly
numeric input. Digital equipment usually use power button/key for turning ON and OFF the system.

Figure 11.8 BPS Keypad/Control Buttons

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1. Prepare all required equipment for the experiment.

2. Place the Blood Pressure trainer unit on a workbench and install all components as described
in point 2.3 of “Setting Up the Trainer” section.
3. Wrap the blood pressure Cuff around the patient's upper arm.
4. Turn on Main Power Switch of Blood Pressure Measurement Training unit.
5. Press “Start/Stop” button of blood pressure device to begin the measurement.
6. Observe your measurement result and record it.
7. Use digital multimeter to measure TP3 refers to GND on block diagram panel. Record the
result.
8. Activate the “Start/Stop” button fault simulator by pressing the related fault switch on block
diagram panel.

Start/Stop Fault Activation

Test Point (TP3) Measurement

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9. Press the “Start/Stop” button of blood pressure monitor device!

• Can you turn ON the device?
• Can you continue the blood pressure measurement?
• Does the Blood Pressure measurement training unit run correctly?
10. Observe the result of digital multimeter measurement and compare it with the result in
step 4 above.
11. Normalize the fault simulator by pressing RESET button on block diagram panel.
12. Press the “Start/Stop” button of blood pressure monitor device to turn OFF this device.
13. Press the “Memory” button of blood pressure monitor device to read the storedmeasurement
data.
• Does the device display the stored data?
14. Measure the test point TP2 refers to GND on the block diagram while pressing it.Record
the Result
15. Activate the “Memory” button fault simulator by pressing related fault switch on theblock
diagram.

Memory Fault Activation

Test Point (TP2) Measurement

16. Wrap the arm cuff around the patient's arm and ensure it is wrapped firmly.
17. Press the “Start/Stop” button of blood pressure monitor device and begin to measurethe
patient blood pressure level.
18. Observe the sequence while the device is still in progress until it is complete.
19. Observe the displayed value of the measurement on its display. The value of patientsblood
pressure level will be stored automatically.
20. Press the “Memory” button of blood pressure monitor device.
• Does the device display the stored data?
21. Use digital multimeter and set it to DC voltage mode to measure TP2 refers to GNDwhile
pressing the “Memory” button. Record the value and compare it to step 15.
22. Normalize the fault simulator by pressing RESET button on block diagram panel.
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23. Repeat step 18 to 21. Ensure the arm cuff is still wrapped around the patient's arm.
24. Use digital multimeter and set it to DC voltage mode to measure TP1 refers to GND while
pressing the “Right (►)” pointer button to observe the stored data. Record the value.
25. Activate the “Pointer” button fault simulator by pressing related fault switch on the block
diagram.

Pointer (Right) Fault Activation

Test Point (TP1) Measurement

26. Press the “Memory” button of blood pressure monitor device.

27. Use digital multimeter and set it to DC voltage mode to measure TP1 refers to GND while
pressing the “Right (►)” pointer button to observe the stored data. Record the value and
compare it to step 25.
28. Normalize the fault simulator by pressing RESET button on block diagram panel.
29. Make conclusion based on your experiment:

30. Compare your experiment result to Fault simulation list and Test point list in Appendix.
31. After completing this experiment, turn OFF the trainer.
32. Keep the trainer in a secure area and free from dust and liquid.

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Part III

A cuff status is an indicator for arm cuff of blood pressure monitor unit to inform the user
whether the arm cuff has correctly wrapped on patients arm.
The indicator is an LED which can be activated by controller after the signal conditioning has
fix logic on condition of patient artery pulse as shown in figure 11.9 .

Figure 11.9 : Cuff status scheme

1. Prepare all required equipment for the experiment.

2. Place the Blood Pressure trainer unit on a workbench and install all components as
described in point 2.3 of “Setting Up the Trainer” section.
3. Wrap the blood pressure Cuff around the patient's upper arm.
4. Turn on main power switch of Blood Pressure Training Unit.
5. Press power button of blood pressure device to begin the measurement and at the same
time measure TP4 refers to GND by using Digital Multimeter. Record the result.
6. Observe your measurement result and record it.
7. Activate “Cuff Status” fault simulator by pressing the related fault switch on block
diagram panel.

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8. Ensure the arm cuff is still wrapped around the patient's arm.
9. Press the “Start/Stop” button of blood pressure monitor device and begin to measure
the patient blood pressure level.
10. Use digital multimeter and set it to DC voltage mode to measure TP4 refers to GND
while running the process.
11. Observe the sequence when the device is still in progress until the measurement is
complete.
Does the device still run properly?
12. Normalize the fault simulator by pressing RESET button on block diagram panel.
13. Make conclusion based on your experiment:

14. Compare your experiment result to Fault simulation list and Test point list in
Appendix.
15. After completing this experiment, turn OFF the trainer.
16. Keep the trainer in a secure area and free from dust and liquid.

Cuff Status Fault Activation

Test Point (TP4) Measurement

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17. Ensure the arm cuff is still wrapped around the patient's arm.
18. Press the “Start/Stop” button of blood pressure monitor device and begin to measure
the patient blood pressure level.
19. Use digital multimeter and set it to DC voltage mode to measure TP4 refers
to GNDwhile running the process.
20. Observe the sequence when the device is still in progress until the
measurement iscomplete.
21. Normalize the fault simulator by pressing RESET button on block diagram panel.
22. Make conclusion based on your experiment:

23. Compare your experiment result to Fault simulation list and Test point list in
Appendix.
24. After completing this experiment, turn OFF the trainer.
25. Keep the trainer in a secure area and free from dust and liquid.

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School of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation Lab (BM557)

Appendix

Table11.1 Fault Simulation List

NO. FAULT DESCRIPTIONS SYMPTOM

1 F1 Keypad: Pointer - Right Pointer cannot be functioned.
2 F2 Keypad: Memory - Memory cannot be accessed.
- Main unit cannot be turned ON (When Starting).
3 F3 Keypad: Start/Stop
- Main unit cannot be turned OFF (When Finishing).

4 F4 Cuff Status - No Cuff status ( ) can be seen clearly.

- Arm cuff cannot inflate

5 F5 Solenoid
- Message code “E 1” appears on LCD Display.
- Blood Pressure Measurement unit cannot run and
6 F6 Battery
all systems are OFF.
- Blood Pressure Measurement unit cannot run and
7 F7 Microcontroler
all systems are OFF.
- Blood Pressure Measurement unit cannot run.
8 F8 Pressure Sensor
- Message code “Er23” appears on LCD Display.
- Blood Pressure Measurement unit can not run.
- Arm Cuff deflates.
9 F9 Air Pump - Air pump cannot pump the air.
- Arm cuff cannot inflate
- Message code “E 1” appears on LCD Display.
- Blood Pressure unit cannot run.
10 F10 Signal Conditioning
- Message code “Er20” appears on LCD Display.

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