Computer Networks

Lecture Four

Network Maths, and the Internet

Week 4
Shareef M. Shareef (PhD)
shareef.shareef@su.edu.krd

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Outline

 What is Binary, Decimal & Hexadecimal ?

 Converting Binary to Hexadecimal

 32-bit Binary Numbers

 The Hierarchy and the structure of the Networks, and

 The Internet.

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 Introduction
 In order to understand computer
networking, it is important to know how
data is represented in a computer and
how it is transmitted across a network.

 All program code and data in a computer

is stored in binary form.

 Binary numbers represent both program

instructions and data
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Base of a number System
 Numbers usually represent some physical
meaning.
 The physical objects can be represented
equivalently in any base.
 It is possible to convert between different
bases.

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 Example1-Denary number
 8273 has ……
four Digits

• The ‘3’ here is filling the ‘1s place’, the ‘7’ is filling the
‘10s place’, the 2 is filling the ‘100s place’, the 8 is filling
the ‘1000s place’.
• Different digits have different ‘ POWER’ according to their
position within a number.

So we can write number 2873 as:

8273 = 8*1000 + 2*100 + 7*10 + 3*1
Or using of powers of 10:
8273 = 8*103 + 2*102 + 7*101 + 3*100

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Binary Numbers
 Binary or Base-2 numbers are represented
by 0 and 1.
 A binary digit (0 or 1) is called a bit.
 A series of 8 bits is called a Byte.
 A Byte can then represent a single character
of data in the ASCII code:

ASCII code : Is the American Standard Code for Information

Interchange. It represent text in computers, communications
equipment, and other devices that use text.

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ASCII code Table (0-90)

www.ascitable.pro
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Binary Numbers (cont..)
 Computers can use data that is in this two-state
(binary) format.

 Messages we send them must be translated

into binary before they can be processed.

 Once the processing is done, the computer

retranslates the message into a form that humans can
understand.

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 Binary Numbers (cont..)

 Computers work with and store data using

electronic switches that are either “On” or “Off”.
 “1” represents an “on” state, and “0”represents an
“off” state.
 These 1s and 0s are electrical pulses sent through
the wires
 0 (Zero) Volts of electricity may represent a binary 0;
absence of electrical charge
 +5 Volts of electricity might represent binary 1;
presence of electrical charge

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Example2-Binary number
 Any number can be represented using ‘0’
and ‘1’.
 Similar positional notation as in denary
system can be used to represent binary
numbers.

Example
11012 = 1*23 +1*22 + 0*21+ 1*20

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Base 10(Decimal) Numbers

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Base 2 (Binary) Numbers

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Converting Decimal numbers to 8-bit Binary
Numbers

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 Example 3
 The weights in binary are
 4096, 2048, 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1

•Convert 319310 to a binary number.

3193 – 2048 = 1145 57 - 32 = 25
1145 – 1024 = 121 25 – 16 = 9
121 – 64 = 57 9–8=1
1-1= 0
4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
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Converting 8-bit Binary Numbers to Decimal Numbers

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

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Example 4
 Convert 100101002 to a Decimal number.

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

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Example 4
• Convert 10010100 to a Decimal number.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

1*27 +0*26+0*25+1*24+0*23+1*22+ 0*21 + 0*20 =

128+16+4= 148

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Octal and Hexadecimal number systems
 Octal (base 8) and Hexadecimal (base 16) provide a
convenient shorthand representation of multiple numbers in
digital system.
 Each 3bits (111) (0-7)string can be represented by an octal
digit and each 4 bits string (1111) (0-15)can be represented
by one hexadecimal digit
 The word hex is often abbreviated 0x when used with a
value as shown: 0x2102
 The hexadecimal number system is used when working
with computers because it can be used to represent binary
number in more readable form.
 In presenting multibit numbers a string of three bits can take
eight different combination.

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Hexadecimal number
To convert a number from binary to
hexadecimal:
 Start from the right end of the bit string
towards the left;
 Make the total number of bits a multiple
of four( by adding zeroes to left, if
required )
 Separate the bits into group of four;
 Replace each group with the
corresponding hexadecimal digit.
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 Hexadecimal

Example
Convert 111011100010112 to a hexadecimal number.

111011100010112 = 0011 1011 1000 10112 = 3B8B16 OR 0x3B8B

Four-Octet Dotted-decimal Representation of 32-Bit
Binary Numbers

• Now, (IP) addresses assigned to computers on the

Internet are 32-bit binary numbers.

• To make it easier to work with these addresses, the 32-

bit binary number is broken into a series of decimal
numbers.

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Network Criteria

1- Performance
Measured in many way: including
• Transit time, and
• Response time

Depends on number of factors:

• Number of users,
• Type of transmission medium,
• The capabilities of the connected hardware, and
• Software efficiency.

Evaluated by networking metrics:

• Throughput and
• Delay

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Network Criteria
2- Reliability, is measured by
Frequency of failure
The taken time by a link to recover from a failure
Network’s robustness in a catastrophe

3- Security
Protecting data from :
 unauthorized access,
 damage and development
Implementing policies and procedures

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Type of Connection
Point-to-point
Dedicated link between two devices
The entire capacity of the channel is reserved
Ex: Microwave link, TV remote control

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Type of Connection (cont.)
Multipoint
More than two devices share a single link
Capacity of the channel is either:
• Spatially shared: Devices can use the link simultaneously
• Timeshare: Users take turns

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 INTERNETWORK
 Internetwork (internet) : two or more networks are connected by
internetworking devices
 Internetworking devices: router, gateway, etc.

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The Internet
 The Internet is the largest data network on earth.

 The Internet consists of a multitude of interconnected

networks both large and small.

 The internet is a global collection of networks, both big and

small.

 These networks connect together in many different ways to

form the single entity that we know as the Internet.

 Since its beginning in 1969, the Internet has grown from

small host computer systems to hundreds of millions. 27
A Hierarchy of Networks

Network Access
Point

Point of
Presence

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A Hierarchy of Networks (cont.)
 Point of Presence (POP) - A place for local users
to access the company's network, often through a
local phone number or dedicated line

 Network Access Points – Connecting the POP so

various companies or ISP would be able to
communicate.

 The Internet is a sum of all the POPs and NAPs.

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