Subject Tutor: Dr.

Wail Sami Sarsam

Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

Chapter Five
Evaporators and Condensers

Evaporators
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Systems
- The evaporator is a heat transfer system, and is that part of a
refrigeration cycle in which liquid refrigerant is evaporated for the
purpose of removing heat from the refrigerated space or product.
- The evaporator is maintained at a temperature that is lower than
the medium being cooled.
- The capacity of any evaporator or cooling coil is the rate at which
heat will pass through the evaporator walls from the refrigerated
space to the vaporizing liquid refrigerant.
- Removes both latent and sensible heat from the air in the
refrigerated box or the cooled space.
- Latent heat is in the form of moisture
- Sensible heat reduces air and product temperature.
Types of Evaporators
Based on their construction, the various types of
evaporators are:
1. Bare Tube Evaporators :
a) The bare tube evaporators are made up of copper tubing or steel
pipes
b) The copper tubing is used for small evaporators where the
refrigerant other than ammonia is used
c) the steel pipes are used with the large evaporators where
ammonia is used as the refrigerant.
d) the atmospheric air flows over the bare tube evaporator and the
chilled air leaving it used for the cooling purposes..
e) The bare tube evaporators are usually used for liquid chilling
 2) Plate Type of Evaporators
a) the coil usually made up of copper or
aluminum is embedded in the plate so as so
to form a flat looking surface.
b) the plate type of evaporator looks like a
single plate, but inside it there are several
turns of the metal tubing through which the
refrigerant flows.
c) advantage of the plate type
of evaporators is that they are more rigid as
the external plate provides lots of safety.
d) This type of evaporator is widely used in
domestic refrigeration.
e) The plates can also be welded together
forming the bank of the plate type of
evaporators that can be used the
larger evaporators of higher capacities.
3) Finned Evaporators
a) Are the bare tube type
of evaporators covered with the fins
b) he fluid tends to move between the
open spaces of the tubing and does
not come in contact with the surface
of the coil, thus the bare
tube evaporators are less effective.
c) the finned evaporators are more
effective than the bare
tube evaporators.
d) are most commonly used in the air
conditioners of almost all types like
window, split, packaged and the
central air conditioning systems.
4) Shell and Tube types of Evaporators
a) Are used in the large refrigeration and central air conditioning
systems.
b) comprise of large number of the tubes that are inserted inside the
drum or the shell.
c) Depending on the direction of the flow of the refrigerant in the
shell and tube type of evaporator, they are classified into two
types: dry expansion type and flooded type of evaporator.
1. Dry expansion evaporator: In dry expansion evaporators the
refrigerant flows along the tube side and the fluid to be chilled
flows along the shell side.
2. Flooded evaporator : In case of the flooded type
of evaporators the refrigerant flows along the shell side and fluid
to be chilled flows along the tube.
According to mode of heat transfer
 Natural Convection Evaporators :
a) are often used in applications where low speed air desirable or
damage dehydration product possible.
b) The greater the temperature difference will produce higher rates
of air circulation, because the difference between the density of
warm and cold air increases.
c) Cold air is denser than warm air. Therefore, the natural circulation
evaporators, usually mounted high above the floor die refrigerated
Cabinet.
Forced convection evaporator :

a) High velocity air over a closely finned coil can increase heat
transfer.
b) The use of forced draught can reduce the overall size and weight of
the evaporator which can reduce purchasing and installation costs.
c) Forced draught also gives:-
 more rapid cooling
 even temperatures
 good humidity control
 easy defrosting.
The fins on a forced draught evaporator are very closely spaced which
gives a high capacity rating.
 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

Chapter Five
Evaporators and Condensers
5.1:Evaporators
The evaporator is one of the main components of a refrigeration system, in
which refrigerant evaporates for the purpose of extracting heat from the
surrounding air, chilled water, or other substances. Evaporators can be
classified into three categories, depending on the medium or substance to be
cooled:
- An air cooler is an evaporator that cools the air directly in a refrigerated
space or piece of equipment (such as a packaged unit). Conditioned air is then
distributed through air distribution systems. In an air cooler, the refrigerant
flows inside the metal tubes or finned tubes while air flows over them.
- In a liquid cooler, chilled water is cooled to a lower temperature and is
pumped to remote air-handling units, fan coils, or other terminals for air
conditioning or other applications.
The various combinations of cooler types and refrigerant feeds make up the
following evaporator groups:
- DX cooler, which is a DX coil, acts as an air cooler with direct-expansion
refrigerant feed.
- Flooded shell-and-tube liquid cooler, with direct-expansion refrigerant feed,
or simply direct-expansion liquid cooler.
- Liquid over feed cooler.
- Direct-expansion ice maker.
5.1.1: DX Coils-Wet Coils
In a direct-expansion or dry-expansion DX coil for a comfort air conditioning
system, the evaporating temperature Tev,°C, of refrigerant R22, R134a,
R404A, R410A, R407A, or R407C inside the coil tubes is usually 2.8 to
11.1°C. In such a Tev, the surface temperature of the coil is usually lower than
the dew point of the air entering the coil. Condensation occurs on the outside
surface of the DX coil, so the coil becomes a wet coil. The air conditioning
process of a DX coil is always a cooling and dehumidifying process as well as
a heat-and mass-transfer process.

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 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

Two-Region Model, Refrigerant enters the DX coil at a liquid-vapor two-

phase state as shown in Fig. 5.1. It is cooled to evaporating temperature T ev
and gradually evaporated along the flow paths until it is completely
vaporized. For simplification, the flow path of the refrigerant and its
corresponding outer surface in a DX coil is divided into two regions.
Two-Phase Region, In the two-phase region, the quality of the refrigerant Xr
< 1. The pressure drop of the liquid refrigerant is negligible, and liquid
refrigerant is evaporated at a uniform temperature. In the two-phase region,the
boiling heat-transfer coefficient hboil of refrigerant R22, W/m2.°C, inside a DX
coil is mainly a function of the mass flow rate and quality of the refrigerant.
Superheated Region, In the superheated region, the quality of refrigerant x r =
1. The refrigerant-side heat-transfer coefficient is low. Because of the
relatively high outer surface temperature caused by the superheated
refrigerant, the outer surface of the DX coil corresponding to the superheated
region may be dry. The superheated region is small. For simplification, the
rate of heat transfer (including both sensible and latent heat) of the whole DX
coil is often multiplied by a degrading factor Fsuper to account for the existence
of the superheated region.

Figure 5.1: Temperature and pressure drop across

a typical DX coil using R-22 as refrigerant.
Part-Load Operation, The refrigerant circuits in a DX coil of capacity greater
than 15 tons are usually divided into two or more sections, each with its own
expansion valve, distributor, and suction header. The refrigerant circuits are
controlled in three ways, as shown in Fig. 5.2.

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 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

Face Control, The refrigerant circuits are divided into upper and lower
sections, as shown in Fig. 5.2a. One section can be shut off by deenergizing
its solenoid valve during capacity reduction. Face control reduces the
temperature of the conditioned air, and requires thorough mixing of
conditioned and bypass airstreams downstream from the DX coil.
Row Control, Row control is more effective when applied to a six-row DX
coil, as shown in Fig. 5.2b. One distributor connects to the refrigerant circuits
of two rows; another distributor connects to the remaining four rows. The
active refrigerant circuits can then be operated at 33, 66, or 100 percent
capacity.
Intertwined Face Control, An intertwined face control (shown in Fig. 5.2c)
always has a full face active coil even when the refrigerant supply to one of
the distributors is cut off by the solenoid valve. When one distributor is
inactive, the fin efficiency and the heat capacitance ratio of wet coil are
changed, and the capacity of the DX coil is reduced to about 70 percent.

Figure 5.2: Control of DX coils at part-load operation.

(a) Face control; (b) row control; (c) intertwined face control.

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 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

5.1.2: Flooded Liquid Cooler

Most medium-size and large liquid coolers are shell-and-tube flooded liquid
coolers. In a flooded liquid cooler, several straight tubes are aligned in a
parallel staggered arrangement, usually held in place at both ends by tube
sheets, as shown in Fig. 5.3a. Chilled water circulates inside the tubes, which
are submerged in a refrigerant-filled shell. Liquid-vapor refrigerant, usually at
a quality x around 0.15 in air conditioning applications, is fed into the bottom
of the shell. As the refrigerant boils and bubbles rise, the upper part becomes
increasingly bubbly. Vapor refrigerant is discharged from the opening at the
top of the cooler.
The amount of refrigerant fed to the flooded liquid cooler is controlled by a
low-pressure-side float valve, or a multiple-orifice throttling device. When
halocarbons are used as the refrigerants, copper tubes are always used because
they provide higher thermal conductivity and do not react with halocarbons.
Flooded liquid coolers provide a large surface area and higher heat-transfer
coefficient, need minimal space and headroom, and are easily maintained.
They are most widely used in large refrigeration plants.

Figure 5.3: Flooded shell-and-tube liquid cooler:

(a) schematic diagram;(b) passages of water flow.
5.1.3: Direct-Expansion Liquid Cooler
In a direct-expansion liquid cooler (shown in Fig.5.4), liquid refrigerant
evaporates inside the copper tubes while chilled water fills the shell. An
expansion valve and sometimes a distributor are used for each group of
refrigerant circuits connected to the same suction header and compressor.

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 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

In a direct-expansion liquid cooler, various inner surface configurations and

enhancements are used to increase the boiling heat transfer. To provide
optimum velocity and a higher rate of heat transfer on the water side of the
liquid cooler, baffle plates are used to guide the water flow in the shell in
multipass arrangements. Direct-expansion liquid coolers are usually used for
refrigerating systems equipped with multiple compressors. In a direct-
expansion liquid cooler, refrigerant circuits may be connected to a single
header and compressor or to two separate headers and multiple compressors.

Direct-expansion liquid cooler: (a) cut-away view of a typical DX liquid cooler.

Figure 5.4: (Continued) (b) Schematic diagram.

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 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

5.2: Condensers
Condensation Process, when saturated vapor comes into contact with a
surface having a temperature below the saturation temperature, condensation
occurs on the surface. There are two types of condensation:
- The condensed liquid, often called the condensate, wets the surface and
forms a film covering the entire surface. This type of condensation is called
film wise condensation.
- The surface is not totally wetted by the saturated vapor, and the condensate
forms liquid droplets that fall from the surface. This type of condensation is
called drop wise condensation.
In practice, however, the entire surface of the condenser tubes becomes wet
during refrigerant condensation. The heat-transfer process in a refrigerant
condenser occurs in three stages: desuperheating of the hot gas, condensing of
the gas to liquid state and release of the latent heat, and subcooling of the
liquid refrigerant.
5.2.1: Water-Cooled Condensers
In a water-cooled condenser, condenser water or cooling water is used to
remove condensing heat from the refrigerant. The condenser water is often the
recirculating water from the cooling tower. Two types of water-cooled
condensers are widely used for air conditioning and refrigeration purposes:
shell-and-tube and double-tube condensers. A double-tube condenser consists
of two tubes, one inside the other, as shown in Fig.5.5. Water is pumped
through the inner tube while refrigerant flows in the space between the inner
and outer tubes in a counterflow arrangement.

Figure 5.5: Double-tube condenser.

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 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

Shell-and-Tube Condensers, There are two types of shell-and-tube

condensers: horizontal and vertical. Vertical shell-and-tube condensers
usually incorporate a one-pass water flow arrangement. They consume more
condenser water than the horizontal type and are often located outdoors
because of their height. Vertical shell-and-tube condensers are sometimes
used for ammonia refrigeration systems in industrial applications.
Horizontal shell-and-tube condensers are widely used in both comfort and
process air conditioning systems. A horizontal shell-and-tube condenser using
halocarbon refrigerant has an outer shell in which copper tubes are held in
position by tube sheets, as shown in Fig. 5.6. Hot gas from the compressor
enters at the top inlet and is distributed along the two sides of the baffle plate
to fill the shell. Condenser water enters the copper tubes at the bottom of the
condenser to provide effective subcooling. The water extracts heat from the
hot gas and the liquid refrigerant and is discharged near the top of the shell.
Water flow arrangements are the same as in shell-and tube liquid coolers:
one-pass, two-pass, and three-pass, with two-pass as the standard equipment.

Figure 5.6: Shell-and-tube condenser with two-pass water flow arrangement:

(a) schematic diagram; (b) heat transfer.

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 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

Condenser Capacity, Parameters that influence the condenser capacity Qrej of

a shell-and-tube condenser are mainly Uo, Ao, TLM, and Qrej/Ao. Size and
capacity of the condenser must be matched with the evaporator and
compressor. Condenser capacity is always rated at certain operating
conditions.
Part-Load Operation, When the heat flux Qrej/Ao reduces at the condensing
surface of the shell-and-tube condenser during part-load operation, hcon
increases. Therefore, the reduction of Qrej at part-load operation in a shell and-
tube condenser is mainly caused by the drop in condensing temperature T con
and, therefore, a smaller TLM between refrigerant and condenser water. At
part-load operation, the degree of sub-cooling is also reduced because of the
drop in condensing temperature Tcon.
5.2.2: Air-Cooled Condensers
Air-cooled condensers use air to extract the latent heat of condensation
released by the refrigerant during condensation. An air-cooled condenser
generally consists of a condenser coil in which there are a main condensing
coil section and a subcooling coil section connected in series, with several re-
frigerant circuits to condense the gaseous refrigerant to liquid, and a
subcooled refrigerant at a lower level, as shown in Fig. 5.7. The condenser
coil is usually equipped with copper tubes and aluminum fins when
halocarbon is used as refrigerant. The diameters of the tubes are usually
between 1/4 and 3/4 in. (6.5 and 19 mm), and the fin spacing is generally 12
to 20 fins/in. (1.3 to 2 fins/mm). The condenser coil usually has two to three
rows of tubes because of the lower air-side pressure drop provided by the
propeller fan. Hot gas from the compressor enters the refrigerant circuits at
the top.
A receiver is necessary only when not all the liquid refrigerant can be stored
in the condenser coil during the shutdown period of the refrigerant plant in
winter. Cooling air is usually forced through the coil by a propeller fan, as
shown in Fig. 5.7. A propeller fan has a lower fan total pressure and large
volume flow rate, which make it more suitable for air-cooled condensers.
Fans are usually located downstream from the coils in order to provide an
even airstreams through the coils. A damper may be installed after or before
the fan to modulate the air volume flow rate. In a small air-cooled condenser,
the coils, propeller fan, and damper may be installed in line horizontally. In
large air-cooled condensers, condensing and subcooling coils are usually
located on two sides, and the propeller fans and dampers are at the top of the
unit.

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 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

Figure 5.7: Air-cooled condenser: (a) typical construction; (b) temperature

curves of refrigerant R22 and cooling air.
2.2.3: Evaporative Condensers
An evaporative condenser uses the evaporation of water spray to remove the
latent heat of condensation of the refrigerant during condensation. It is
actually a simplified combination of a water-cooled condenser and cooling
tower. An evaporative condenser consists of a condensing coil, a water spray
bank, a forced-draft or induced-draft fan, an eliminator, a circulating pump, a
water basin, and a casing, as shown in Fig. 5.8. Water is sprayed over the
outside surface of the condensing coil. Because of the evaporation of water,
heat is extracted through the wetted surface of the coil. The rest of the spray
falls and is collected in the water basin. Air enters from the inlet located just
above the water basin. It moves up through the condensing coil, spray
nozzles, and water eliminator; is extracted by the fan; and is finally
discharged at the top outlet in a counter flow arrangement. Other airflow and
water flow arrangements have also been developed.

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 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

The condensing coils are usually made of bare pipes of copper, galvanized
steel, or stainless steel. The high heat-transfer coefficient of the wetted
surface does not require fins to increase its outer surface area. Bare pipes are
not easy to foul and are easier to clear.
Evaporative condensers have the advantage of lower condensing temperature
and lower installation and energy costs. They are widely used in industrial
applications and have been adopted more and more frequently in commercial
buildings recently.

Figure 5.8: A typical evaporative condenser:

(a) schematic diagram; (b) temperature curves.

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 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

Water Spraying, The water circulation rate in an evaporative condenser is far

less than in the cooling tower for the same total heat rejection. Usually, it is
around 1.6 to 2 gpm/ton refrigeration capacity at the evaporator. In
evaporative condensers, drift carry over the water eliminator depends mainly
on the eliminator configuration and the face air velocity at the water spraying
section. According to ASHRAE Handbook 1996, HVAC System and
Equipment, the evaporated water is 1.6 to 2 gph per ton (1.7 to 2.2 kg/h. kW)
of refrigeration. And the blow down rate may be as low as one-half of the
evaporation rate, and the total water consumption is about 2.6 L/h.kW for air
conditioning and 3.3 L/h.kW for cold storage. According to Knebel (1997),
typical pump power requirement is 0.02 hp/ton (0.004 kW/kw).
Cooling Air, In evaporative condensers, air should not be used for sensible
cooling of the outer surface of the condensing coil. An air velocity of 2 to 3.5
m/s, typically 2.5 m/s, should be maintained when it flows over the
condensing coil to provide a higher hwet for the latent heat transfer between
the wetted surface and the ambient air. Both centrifugal and propeller fans are
used in evaporative condensers to provide the airflow. According to Knebel
(1997), typical propeller fan power requirement is 0.06 hp/ton (0.013
kW/kW).
Site Location and Low Ambient Air Control, Evaporative condensers are
usually located outdoors. If they are located indoors, air is ducted outdoors
and centrifugal fans are generally used to overcome the greater fan total
pressure required. The evaporative condenser should be located as near to the
compressor as possible. If it is located at a distance from the compressor, the
discharge refrigerant pipe should be selected to have a pressure drop of 1.1°C
of saturated temperature difference of the refrigerant between the compressor
and the condenser.
Selection and Installation, The procedure for selecting and installing an
evaporative condenser is as follows:
- Before selecting an evaporative condenser, calculate the total heat rejection
of the refrigerating system Qrej, kW. According to the refrigerant used in the
system, select the appropriate material for the condenser coil. Copper tubes
should be used for halocarbon refrigerants, and stainless steel or galvanized
steel should be used for ammonia.
- Select a condenser coil that can provide a lower condensing temperature
below 35°C, if possible. This will save a lot of energy and reduce scale
accumulation on the outer surface of the condenser coil compared with T con=
37.8 or 40.6°C.

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 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

- Based on the location of the evaporative condenser and the sound control
requirement, it is often best to select a centrifugal fan. Check the volume flow
rate and the fan total pressure that can be provided by the fan to overcome the
pressure drop of the condenser coil and eliminator.
- Check the flow rate of the water spray of the circulating pump.
- For outdoor installation, select a casing and other system components that
are weatherproof and corrosion-resistant.
- Install the evaporative condenser in a location where there is ample space
for outdoor air intake and discharge.
5.3: Cooling Towers
A cooling tower is a device in which recirculating condenser water from a
condenser or cooling coils is evaporatively cooled by contact with
atmospheric air. According to the location of the fan corresponding to the fill
and to the flow arrangements of air and water, currently widely used
mechanical draft cooling towers for HVAC&R can be classified into the
following categories: counterblow induced-draft, cross flow induced-draft,
and counter flow forced-draft.
5.3.1: Counter flow Induced-Draft Cooling Towers
In a counter flow induced-draft cooling tower, as shown in Fig. 5.9a, the fan
is located downstream from the fill at the air exit. Atmospheric air is drawn
by the fan through the intake louver or, more simply, an opening covered by
wire mesh. Water from the condenser or recirculating water from the coil, or a
mixture of the two, is evenly sprayed or distributed over the fill and falls
down into the water basin. Air is extracted across the fill and comes in direct
contact with the water film. Because of the evaporation of a small portion of
the condenser water, usually about 1 percent of the water flow, the
temperature of the water gradually decreases as it falls down through the fill
countercurrent to the extracted air. Evaporated water vapor is absorbed by the
air stream. Large water droplets entrained in the air stream are collected by
the drift eliminators. Finally, the air stream and drift are discharged at the top
exit. The evaporative cooled water falls into the water basin and flows to the
condenser. In a counter flow induced-draft cooling tower, the driest air
contacts the coldest water. Such a counter flow arrangement shows a better
tower performance than a cross flow arrangement. Compared with the cross
flow induced-draft cooling tower, the vertical height from the installation
level to the inlet of the water-spraying nozzles in a counter flow tower is
greater and, therefore, requires a higher pump head.

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 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

5.3.2: Cross flow Induced-Draft Cooling Towers

In a cross flow induced-draft cooling tower, as shown in Fig. 5.9b, the fan is
also located downstream from the fill at the top exit. The fill is installed at the
same level as the air intake. Air enters the tower from the side louvers and
moves horizontally through the fill and the drift eliminator. Air is then turned
upward and finally discharged at the top exit. Water sprays from the nozzles,
falls across the fill, and forms a cross flow arrangement with the air stream.
The cross flow induced-draft cooling tower has a greater air intake area.
Because of the cross flow arrangement, the tower can be considerably lower
than the counter flow tower.
2.3.3: Counter flow Forced-Draft Cooling Towers
In a counter flow forced-draft cooling tower, as shown in Fig. 5.9c, the fan is
positioned at the bottom air intake, i.e., on the upstream side of the fill.
Condenser water sprays over the fill from the top and falls down to the water
basin. Air is forced across the fill and comes in direct contact with the water.
Because of the evaporation of the water, its temperature gradually decreases
as it flows down along the fill in a counter flow arrangement with air. In the
air stream, large water droplets are intercepted near the exit by the eliminator.
Finally, the air stream containing drift is discharged at the top opening.
Because the fan is located near the ground level, the vibration of the counter
flow forced-draft tower is small compared with that of the induced-draft
tower. Also, if the centrifugal fan blows toward the water surface, there is a
better evaporative cooling effect over the water basin. However, the
disadvantages of this type of cooling tower include the uneven distribution of
air flowing through the fill, which is caused by the forced-draft fan.

Figure 5.9: Cooling towers: counter flow forced-draft.

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 Subject Tutor: Dr. Wail Sami Sarsam
Air Conditioning University of Baghdad Mechanical Dept
4th Year College of Engineering Dr. Najim A. Jassim

The preceding types of cooling towers, which use the evaporation of water to
cool the condenser water, are sometimes called wet towers. There is also a
kind of cooling tower called a dry tower. It is essentially a dry cooler, a finned
coil and induced fan combination that cools the condenser water flowing
inside the tubes. The following terms are commonly used when referring to
the performance of a cooling tower:
Approach, Temperature difference between the temperature of the condenser
water leaving the tower and the wet-bulb temperature of the air entering the
tower.
Range, Temperature difference between the temperature of condenser water
entering the tower Tte and the temperature leaving the cooling tower Ttl.
Blow down, Water discharged to the drain periodically to avoid buildup of
dissolved solids.
Fill, The structure that forms the heat-transfer surface within the tower. Water
from the condenser or coil is distributed along the flow passages of the fill
down to the water basin.
Makeup, Water added to the circulating water to compensate for the loss of
water to evaporation, drift, and blow down.
5.3.4: Factors That Affect Cooling Tower Performance
The criteria for selecting a cooling tower for a water-cooled condenser are the
effective removal of total heat rejected at the condenser and the minimization
of the sum of power consumption in compressors, condenser fans, and
condenser water pumps. Proper selection of tower range, water-air ratio,
approach, fill configuration, and water distribution system directly affects the
performance of a cooling tower. A cooling tower used for an air conditioning
system is rated on the following conditions: unit of heat rejection at
condenser: 1 condenser ton = 4.395 kW; water circulation rate: 0.0 14 L/s per
kW heat rejected; entering condenser water temperature: 35°C; leaving
condenser water temperature: 29.4°C; outdoor wet-bulb temperature: 25.6°C,
range: 5.6°C, and approach: 3.9°C.

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