ME 331 Refrigeration & Air Conditioning: M Asfandyar

ME 331
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

M Asfandyar
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 1

Refrigeration System Components
 Functioning and types of:
 compressors,
 condensers
 evaporators,
 expansion valves.

Condensers and Evaporators
Introduction
• Condensers and evaporators are basically heat exchangers in which the

refrigerant undergoes a phase change.
Classification of Condensers
Based on the external fluid, condensers can be classified as:
o Air cooled condensers (plate surface type or finned tube type using either
natural convection or forced convection)
o Water cooled condensers (Types: tube-in-tube, shell-and-tube, shell-and-coil)
o Evaporative condensers (combine the features of a cooling tower and water-

cooled
condenser in a single unit.)

Introduction
 The refrigerant may leave the condenser as a saturated or a sub-cooled liquid,
depending upon the temperature of the external medium and design of the condenser.
 In actual refrigeration systems with a finite pressure drop in the condenser or in a

system using a zeotropic refrigerant mixture, the temperature of the refrigerant changes
during the condensation process.
 The temperature profile of the external fluid, which is assumed to undergo only
sensible heat transfer, is shown by dashed line.
 The heat rejection process is
represented by 2-3’-3-4.
 2-3’ is a sensible, de-superheating
process
 3’-3 is the condensation process
 3-4 is a sensible, sub cooling
process, during which the
refrigerant temperature
drops from T3 to T4.

Air cooled condensers
1. Natural convection type:
 The heat transfer from the condenser is

by buoyancy induced natural convection
and radiation.
 Since the flow rate of air is small and the
radiation heat transfer is also not very high,
the combined heat transfer coefficient in these
condensers is small.
 As a result a relatively large condensing
surface
is required to reject a given amount of heat.
 these condensers are used for small capacity
refrigeration systems like household
refrigerators and freezers.
 The natural convection type condensers are
either plate surface type or finned tube
type.
w
i
Air cooled condensers
2. Forced convection type:
 In this type of condensers, the circulation of air over the condenser surface is
maintained by using a fan or a blower.
 The current practice in the forced convection type is to use 10 – 15 𝑚 2 of the total
surface
area per ton of refrigeration based on 2 – 5 m/s face velocity of air over the coil.
 These condensers are used in

systems up to 5 TR
capacity.
 The moist air flows over the fins

while the refrigerant flows inside
 Forced convection type
the tubes.
condensers are commonly used in
window air conditioners, water
coolers and packaged air
Plate-fin type condenser
conditioning plants.
Water cooled condensers
1. Double Pipe or Tube-in-Tube type:
 Double pipe condensers are normally used up to 10 TR capacity.
 The cold water flows through the inner tube,

while the refrigerant flows through the annulus in
counter flow.
 The refrigerant in the annulus rejects a part of

its heat to the surroundings by free convection
and radiation.
 The heat transfer coefficient is usually low

because of poor liquid refrigerant drainage if
the tubes are long.
tube-in-tube type condenser

2. Shell and Coil type:
 These condensers are used in systems up to 50 TR capacity.
 The refrigerant flows through the shell.
 The water flows through multiple coils, which

may have fins to increase the heat transfer
coefficient.
 In smaller capacity condensers, refrigerant flows

through coils while water flows through the
shell.
Shell and coil type condenser

3. Shell and Tube type condenser type:
 This is the most common type of condenser used in systems from 2 TR upto thousands
of TR capacity.
 In these condensers the refrigerant flows through the shell while water flows through the
tubes in single to four passes.
 The condensed refrigerant collects at
the bottom of the shell.
 The coldest water contacts the liquid
refrigerant so that some sub-cooling can
also be obtained.
 The most common type is horizontal
shell type.
 Vertical shell-and-tube type condensers
are usually used with ammonia in
large capacity systems so that cleaning
of the tubes is possible from top while
the plant is running. Horizontal shell and Tube type condenser
Evaporative condensers
 In evaporative condensers, both air and water are used to extract heat from the
condensing refrigerant.
 Evaporative condensers combine the features of a cooling tower and water-cooled
condenser in a single unit.
 In these condensers, the water is sprayed
from top part on a bank of tubes carrying
the refrigerant and air is induced
upwards.
 The heat transfer coefficient for

evaporative cooling is very large.
 The water spray countercurrent to the

airflow acts as cooling tower. The role
of air is primarily to increase the rate of
evaporation of water.
 Evaporative condensers are used in
places where water is scarce. An evaporative condenser
Air cooled vs water cooled condensers
Some Salient features of air cooled and water cooled condensers

are:
Parameter Air cooled Water cooled

Temperature difference, 6 to 22 ºC 6 to 12 ºC
𝑇𝐶 − 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡
Volume flow rate of 12 to 20 𝑚 3/𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.007 to 0.02 𝑚3/𝑚𝑖𝑛
coolant per TR
Heat transfer area per 10 to 15 𝑚 2 0.5 to 1.0 𝑚 2
TR
Face Velocity 1.5 to 6 m/s 2 to 3 m/s
Fan or pump power per 75 to 100 W Negligible

TR

Analysis of Condensers
The total heat rejected in the condenser, Q is given by:
Where 𝑚 is the mass flow rate of refrigerant

ℎ2 , ℎ4 are the inlet and exit enthalpies of refrigerant
𝑚 𝑒 𝑥 𝑡 is the mass flow rate of the external fluid
𝐶 𝑝,𝑒 𝑥 𝑡 is an average specific heat of the external fluid
𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑡,𝑖 and 𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑡,𝑜 are the inlet and exit temperature of the external fluid
The required condenser area is then given by the equation:
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient

A is the heat transfer area of the condenser, and
ΔT𝑚 is mean temperature difference between refrigerant and external fluid
 In a typical design problem, the final objective is to find the heat transfer area A
required from given input.
 To find heat transfer area, one should know the amount of heat transfer rate across the
condenser (𝑄𝑐 ), the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) and the mean temperature
difference. The heat transfer rate in the condenser depends on the refrigeration
capacity of the system and system COP.
 The overall heat transfer coefficient depends on the type and design of condenser.
 The mean temperature difference depends on the operating temperature of

the refrigeration system, type of the condenser and the external fluid.
 In a typical rating problem, the objective is to find the rate of heat transfer
when other
parameters are fixed.

Condenser Heat Rejection Ratio (HRR):
The heat rejection ratio (HRR) is the ratio of heat rejected to the heat
absorbed (refrigeration capacity), that is,
 For a fixed condenser temperature, as the evaporator temperature decreases the

COP decreases and heat rejection ratio increases.
 For fixed evaporator temperature as the condenser temperature increases the

COP decreases hence the heat rejection ratio increases.

Mean temperature difference:
 The mean temperature difference ΔT 𝑚 , between the refrigerant and the

external fluid varies continuously along the length.
 the heat transfer coefficient on the refrigerant side, ℎ𝑟 is small during de-
superheating (2-3) in vapour phase but temperature difference between
refrigerant and coolant ΔT is high.
 During condensation (3-3’) the heat transfer
coefficient on refrigerant side is large and the
temperature difference is small.
 As a result, the product ℎ𝑟 ΔT is approximately

same in both the regions; hence as an
approximation one may design the condenser
by assuming that condensation occurs
throughout the condenser.

Mean temperature difference:

 However, for accurate design of condenser, one has to consider the de-superheating,
condensation and subcooling regions separately and evaluate the area required for
each region, and finally find the total area.
 If we assume condensation throughout the

length of the condenser and also assume the
pressure drop to be negligible, then the
mean temperature difference is given by the
Log Mean Temperature Difference
(LMTD):

Overall heat transfer coefficient:
 Evaluation of overall heat transfer coefficient, U is an important step in the design of a
condenser. The overall heat transfer coefficient can be based on either internal area
(𝐴 𝑖external
or ) area (𝐴 𝑜 ) of the condenser.
ℎ𝑜 𝐴
film1 𝑜
Tube wall
Condensing 𝑘𝐴
∆𝑥𝑚
Scale (Fouling)
1
Water film ℎ𝑓 𝐴 𝑖
1 1 ∆𝑥 1 1
Thermal resistance: 𝑅 = = + + + 1
𝑈 0𝐴 0 ℎ0 𝐴 0 𝑘𝐴 𝑚 ℎ𝑓 𝐴 𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑖
ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑖
𝑈0 =overall heat-transfer coefficient based on the
ℎ𝑖= water-side coefficient of heat transfer
outside surface area 𝐴 𝑚 = Mean tube surface area
ℎ𝑜 = Condensing film coefficient of heat transfer
𝐴 𝑖 = Inside or water-side area
𝐴 𝑜 = Outside or refrigerant side area k = Thermal conductivity of the tube material.
∆𝑥= Thickness of the metal-tube wall
ℎ𝑓 = Coefficient of heat transfer through the scale
Augmentation of Condensing Heat Transfer Coefficient:
 The overall heat-transfer coefficient such as 𝑈0, always has a value lower than the
lower of the two film coefficients (ℎ0 & ℎ𝑖 ).
 A familiar way to decrease the resistance (R) is to provide an extended surface or
fins on the side of the lower heat transfer coefficient.
 In shell-and-tube condensers the water-side coefficient of the order of 6000
W𝑚 −2𝐾 −1. Whereas a typical value of the condensing coefficient for ammonia is
8000 W𝑚 −2 𝐾 −1.
 And the same for R12 and R22 is of the order of 1500 W𝑚 −2𝐾 −1 only.
 Thus in R12 and R22 condensers, it is

desirable to use fins on the refrigerant side.
 A recommended configuration is with one fin per

mm having height of approximately 1.5 mm (by
ACME industries, USA)

Optimum condenser pressure for lowest running cost:
 The total running cost of a refrigeration system is the sum of costs of compressor
power and the cost of water.
 The cost of water can be the cost of municipal water or the cost of running a cooling
tower.
 The compressor power increases as the condenser temperature or the pressure increases
for fixed evaporator temperature.
 It is observed that there is a

condenser pressure at which the
running cost is minimum and it is
recommended that the system
should be run at this pressure.

Reference:
NPTEL
Links:
http://nptel.ac.in/downloads/112105129/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSLOHCOw3yg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXiV5YzTZQ4

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ME 331

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 1

 Functioning and types of:

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 2

• Condensers and evaporators are basically heat exchangers in which the

Based on the external fluid, condensers can be classified as:

o Water cooled condensers (Types: tube-in-tube, shell-and-tube, shell-and-coil)

o Evaporative condensers (combine the features of a cooling tower and water-

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 3

 In actual refrigeration systems with a finite pressure drop in the condenser or in a

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 4

1. Natural convection type:

 The heat transfer from the condenser is

2. Forced convection type:

 These condensers are used in

 The moist air flows over the fins

1. Double Pipe or Tube-in-Tube type:

 Double pipe condensers are normally used up to 10 TR capacity.

 The cold water flows through the inner tube,

 The refrigerant in the annulus rejects a part of

 The heat transfer coefficient is usually low

tube-in-tube type condenser

2. Shell and Coil type:

 These condensers are used in systems up to 50 TR capacity.

 The refrigerant flows through the shell.

 The water flows through multiple coils, which

 In smaller capacity condensers, refrigerant flows

Shell and coil type condenser

3. Shell and Tube type condenser type:

 The heat transfer coefficient for

 The water spray countercurrent to the

Some Salient features of air cooled and water cooled condensers

Parameter Air cooled Water cooled

Fan or pump power per 75 to 100 W Negligible

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 11

The total heat rejected in the condenser, Q is given by:

Where 𝑚 is the mass flow rate of refrigerant

The required condenser area is then given by the equation:

where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient

 The mean temperature difference depends on the operating temperature of

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 13

Condenser Heat Rejection Ratio (HRR):

 For a fixed condenser temperature, as the evaporator temperature decreases the

 For fixed evaporator temperature as the condenser temperature increases the

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 14

Mean temperature difference:

 The mean temperature difference ΔT 𝑚 , between the refrigerant and the

 As a result, the product ℎ𝑟 ΔT is approximately

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 15

Mean temperature difference:

 If we assume condensation throughout the

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 16

 Thus in R12 and R22 condensers, it is

 A recommended configuration is with one fin per

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 18

Optimum condenser pressure for lowest running cost:

 It is observed that there is a

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 19