Lesson 3-Quantum Physics
Lesson 3-Quantum Physics
Lesson 3-Quantum Physics
2. Photoelectric emission: is the release of electrons from the surface of a metal when
electromagnetic radiation is incident on its surface.
Quanta is the plural of the word quantum, which represents the energy of each packet.
𝑬𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏 = 𝒉 𝒇 = 𝒉𝒄/𝝀
Definition: (A photon is the special name given to a quantum of energy when the energy is in the
form of electromagnetic radiation).
Photon is the smallest particle of light, it has no mass and no charge. But it has energy,
wavelength and frequency.
After quantum theory, light has duel aspects. It is wave and particle at the same time.
Experiments proved light is a wave: reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference.
Experiment proved light is a particle: photoelectric emission and Compton shift.
Work function Ø:
(The minimum amount of energy necessary for an electron to escape from the surface).
Intensity =Power/area
Intensity=total energy/(time.area)=nhf/(t.A)=(n/t).(hf).(1/A)=rate of photons . Ephoton . cst
Intensity of light depends on two main factors:
1. The rate of arrival photons.
2. The energy of each photon.
That means, the rate of emission of photoelectrons, depends on the intensity of the radiation
when the frequency is constant. Where at constant intensity, if frequency of light increases then
energy of photon increases and the rate of arrival of photons will decrease, therefore the rate of
emitted photoelectrons will decrease.
Ephoton = Ø + K.Emax
OR
𝟏 𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄 𝟏
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒉𝒇𝟎 + 𝟐 𝒎𝒆 𝒗𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙 OR = + 𝒎𝒆 𝒗𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝝀 𝝀𝟎 𝟐
Derivation:
K.Emax=Ephoton – Ø
(The loss of kinetic energy = the gain of electrical potential energy)
𝟏
( 𝒎𝒗𝟐 = 𝒆𝑽𝒔 )
𝟐
e.VS = hf – Ø
VS =
𝐡𝐟 − ∅ if this equation is
𝐞 𝐞
compared with (y=mx+c)
We conclude:
𝐡
1. The slope m=
𝐞
∅
2. The y-intercept c= −
𝐞
Where at x-intercept, y=0 or (VS=0)
e.VS = hf – Ø
Then 0= hf – hf0
hf = hf0 Therefore, f = f0
Finally, he suggested that the momentum 𝒑 of a particle and its associated wavelength 𝝀 are
related by the equation:
𝒉 𝒉
𝒅𝒆 𝑩𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝝀= =
𝒑 𝒎𝒗
Emission and absorption spectra
1. Emission spectrum: is formed by the light emitted from lamps.
2. Continuous emission spectrum: is formed when white light of tungsten filament
lamp is passed through a prism.
3. Line emission spectrum: is formed when the emitted light of discharge tube is
directed towards a diffraction grating.
Note: discharge tube is a transparent tube includes gas under low pressure. When high
voltage is applied between its electrodes it emits light.
4. Absorption spectrum: is formed when white light passes through a low-pressure gas and
the spectrum of the white light is then analyzed, it is found that light of certain
wavelengths is missing. In their place are dark lines.
𝐄 = −𝟏𝟑.𝟔𝐞𝐕
𝟐 𝐧
- Upward transition: When an electron absorbs energy, it jumps to higher energy level if
the absorbed energy is exactly equal the difference in energy of the two levels.
- The size of the arrow represents the energy of the emitted or absorbed photon.
Ionization energy:
It is the energy required to completely remove an electron in the ground state from an atom.
E ionization =E∞- E1
Question 2:
A light with a frequency (8×1014Hz) shines on the surface of a certain metal which has a work
function (3eV).
Determine the maximum momentum of the emitted photoelectrons.
Ans. (3.02×10-25kg.m/s)
Question 3:
If a laser green light of wavelength (546nm) is shone on the surface of all the given metals.
From which of these metals, electrons will be ejected? Explain.
Metals A B C D
Threshold 5.2×1014Hz 5.4×1014Hz 5.6×1014Hz 5.9×1014Hz
frequency fo
Ans. (A and B)
Question 4:
When light of frequency (8.6×1014Hz) is incident on a metal surface, the maximum kinetic
energy of the photoelectrons is (0.5eV). What is the work function of the metal in (eV)?
Ans. (3.06 eV)
Question 5:
A metal has a work function (4.5eV). What is the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected
electrons, if the wavelength of the incident light is (2.5×10-7m)?
Ans. (0.47eV)
Ans. (B)
Question 9:
If the work function of silver is (3.83eV). What is the range of the wavelength of sunlight
that can eject an electron from silver surface?
Ans. (𝜆 ≤ 324𝑛𝑚)
A light source of wavelength (𝝀) illuminates a metal and ejects photoelectrons with a maximum
kinetic energy of (1eV). A second light source of (𝝀/2) shines on the same metal and ejects
photoelectrons with maximum kinetic energy of (4eV). Calculate the work function of the
metal.
Ans. (3.2×10-19J)
Question 11:
Calculate the maximum wavelength (𝝀) and the minimum frequency (f) that will cause
photoelectric emission from a metal surface having a work function (2eV).
Ans. (621.5nm, 4.82×1014Hz)
Question 12:
The threshold frequency of silver is (1.14×1015Hz), EMR with wavelength of (250nm) strikes a
piece of pure silver. Determine the speed of the electrons that are emitted.
Ans. (2.9×105m/s)
Question 13:
The graph below illustrates the maximum
kinetic energy of emitted electrons versus
frequency of the incident light of the
photons.
Using the given graph, determine:
1. The frequency at which photoelectric
emission will not occur? Explain.
2. The work function of the metal.
Ans. (𝑓 < 4 × 1014 𝐻𝑧, 2.65 × 10−4 𝐽)
Question 14:
Using the adjacent graph, answer the following
questions:
1. Which of the given metals has more threshold
wavelength? Justify.
2. Which of the given metals has more work
function? Justify.
3. From which metal the electrons will be emitted
with more kinetic energy? Explain.
Ans. (A, B, A)
Question 18:
Using the data in the following table, answer the following questions:
Ans. (b)
Question 26:
Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron travelling with a speed of 5.5×107m/s.
Ans. (1.32×10-11m)
Question 27:
Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron which has been accelerated from rest
through a potential difference of 100V.
Ans. (1.23×10-10m)
Question 28:
Calculate the speed of a neutron with de Broglie wavelength 1.5×10-10m. Given that; the
mass of neutron is 1.7×10-27kg.
Ans. (2600m/s)
Question 29:
Which principle was used by Einstein to derive the photoelectric equation?
a) conservation of energy
b) conservation of mass
c) conservation of momentum
d) conservation of both energy and momentum
Ans. (a)
a) 5.68 × 10-4
b) 1.83 × 103
c) 0.42 × 102
d) 2.38 × 10-2
Ans. (b)
Question 31:
In the diagram shown below an electron is accelerated by
two parallel plates (A) and (B). What is the de Broglie
wavelength of the electron when it strikes plate (B)?
a) 0.1 nm
b) 0.83 nm
c) 1 nm
d) 8.3 nm
Ans. (a)
Question 32:
A student uses an experiment to investigate the photoelectric effects as shown in figure (A). The
variation of the stopping voltage against the frequency is shown in figure (B).
Ans. (c)
Question 36:
The diagram below
shows the lowest four
energy states of
hydrogen atom.
1. How many emission spectral lines in the given diagram? Specify them.
2. Which of the given transitions correspond to an absorption spectral lines? Justify.
3. Which emission spectral line has the minimum wavelength? Explain.
4. Which absorption spectral line has the maximum frequency? Explain.
Question 38:
The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition from an energy level at (-3.4 eV) to a
level at (-1.5 eV).
1. What is the type of the line spectrum? Justify.
2. Find the frequency of the transition.
Question 39:
The adjacent diagram shows three of the
electron energy levels of mercury:
1. What is the ionization energy of
mercury in eV?
2. Calculate the three possible energy
downward transitions in (eV) for the
given three energy levels.
3. Find:
a) The shortest wavelength of the given transitions.
b) The minimum frequency of the given spectral lines.
Ans. (1.8× 10-7m, 4.3× 1014Hz)
Question 40:
The energy states of hydrogen atom can be determined by the following Bohr’s equation:
1. Calculate the ionization energy of hydrogen atom in Joule.
2. Find the value of energy for the following energy states or levels:
a) 1st excited state.
b) 3rd excited state.
3. Determine the wavelength of a photon during the transition from the 2nd excited state to the
5th excited state.
Ans. (2.17× 10-18J, -3.4eV, -0.85eV, 1.1× 10-6m)
e) If the yellow light can emit electrons from the used photocell but with zero kinetic
energy. Calculate:
i. The work function of the used metal.
ii. Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons when green light is used.
iii. Maximum speed of photoelectrons when purple light is used.
Question 45:
The given graph shows the variation of stopping potential versus frequency of light. Using the
graph below, answer the following:
1. What is the threshold frequency of the
used cathode?
2. Calculate the work function.
3. Find the cutoff wavelength.
4. What is the speed of emitted electron
when the energy of photon equal to that of
the work function?
5. Calculate the speed of electron when light
of frequency 13.3×1014Hz is used.
6. Find the value of plank’s constant using
the graph?
7. What is the value of stopping potential when light of frequency 13.3×1014Hz is used?
Ans. (2.26×10-35J.s)
Question 47:
Using the given graph, calculate the following:
1. The work function of the used cathode.
2. The minimum photon’s energy required to emit
electrons from the surface of cathode.
3. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron
when light of frequency 2×1015Hz is used.
Question 48:
Which of the following equals to the wavelength of light radiation according to Plank’s theory?
1. 𝑛ℎ𝑓
2. 𝑛ℎ
ℎ
3.
𝑚𝑣
𝑛ℎ𝑐
4.
𝐸
Ans. (4)
Question 49:
A photocell is projected by different light radiations with different frequencies, what happens
when the wavelength of the used light is decreased?
1. Stopping potential increases
2. Kinetic energy of photoelectron decreases
3. Work function decreases
4. Threshold frequency increases
Ans. (1)
Metals A B C D
Work function 1.2eV 1.7eV 2.1eV 2.6eV
1. 0.19eV
2. 0.85eV
3. 1.56eV
4. 1.94eV
Ans. (3)
Question 51:
What happens to the work function of the used metal if the frequency of used light in
photoelectric emission is doubled?
1. It becomes quarter its initial value
2. It becomes half its initial value
3. It doesn’t change
4. It is doubled
Ans. (3)
Question 52:
The figure below shows four electron transitions (A, B, C and D) in a hydrogen atom.
a) Which transition (A or B) produce
the following particles:
i. Absorption line spectrum.
ii. Emission line spectrum.
b) Calculate the energy required in
Joules when the electron transfers
from the first level (n=1) to the
third level (n=3).
c) From the transitions (A, C and D),
calculate the minimum wavelength
of the required photon.
Question 54:
Question 56:
Question 58:
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Question 72:
Question 73:
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