Lesson 3-Quantum Physics

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics

There are two ways to remove electrons from a metal:


1. Thermionic emission: is the release of electrons from the surface of a metal (filament) when
it is heated using low voltage.

2. Photoelectric emission: is the release of electrons from the surface of a metal when
electromagnetic radiation is incident on its surface.

Electron volt (eV):


It is the amount of kinetic energy gained or lost by a
single electron accelerating from rest through an electric
potential difference of one volt in vacuum.

It is very small unit for energy. (1eV=1.6×10-19J).

Classical wave theory predictions:


1. Photoelectric emission depends on the power of waves and not on the frequency.
(A very intense wave, of any frequency, should cause photoemission)
2. The maximum K.E of photoelectrons increases with the increase of radiation intensity.
3. There is no reason why photoemission should be instantaneous.

Quantum theory (Plank and Einstein):


Based on photoelectric emission results, Max Plank suggested that the energy carried by
electromagnetic radiation is quantized. Which means, it exists in a specific quantity as discrete
packets called quanta.

Quanta is the plural of the word quantum, which represents the energy of each packet.

Where the energy carried in each quantum is: 𝑬 = 𝒉 𝒇 = 𝒉𝒄/𝝀

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
h=6.63×10-34J.s (Plank constant)
f= frequency of the radiation (Hz)
c=3×108m/s (speed of light in vacuum=constant)
λ= wavelength of the radiation (m)
Albert Einstein developed the theory of quantized energy to explain all the observations
associated with photoelectric emission.
Light radiation consists of a stream of energy packets called photons.
Which means, light behaves like particles, and each particle called photon. Each photon
carries a quantum of energy.

𝑬𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏 = 𝒉 𝒇 = 𝒉𝒄/𝝀
Definition: (A photon is the special name given to a quantum of energy when the energy is in the
form of electromagnetic radiation).
Photon is the smallest particle of light, it has no mass and no charge. But it has energy,
wavelength and frequency.
After quantum theory, light has duel aspects. It is wave and particle at the same time.
Experiments proved light is a wave: reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference.
Experiment proved light is a particle: photoelectric emission and Compton shift.

Work function Ø:
(The minimum amount of energy necessary for an electron to escape from the surface).

Ø=E photon (minimum) =hf0=hc/λ0


f0= threshold frequency=cutoff frequency=minimum frequency needed to remove electron.
λ0= threshold wavelength=cutoff wavelength =maximum wavelength needed to remove electron.
Cases of photoelectric emission:
There are three main cases:
1. If Ephoton < Ø or f<f0 or λ > λ0
In this case, the electron doesn’t escape from the metal, no photoelectric emission.
2. If Ephoton = Ø or f=f0 or λ = λ0
In this case, the electron escapes from the metal without kinetic energy.
3. If Ephoton > Ø or f>f0 or λ < λ0
In this case, the electron is ejected from the metal with maximum kinetic energy.

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Conclusion:
Photoelectric emission occurs only when:
E photon ≥ Ø or f ≥f0 or λ ≤ λ0

Conditions for photoelectric emission:


1. The energy of photon Ephoton ≥ work function Ø
of metal.
2. The surface of metal must be clean and shiny.
3. The metal (cathode) should be kept in vacuum.

Photoelectric emission experiment:


To emit electrons from the surface of metal (cathode), incident photons (blue laser or U.V) are
directed towards cathode. When photoelectrons are emitted they will be attracted by anode, as a
result the needle of the ammeter will be deflected.
If E photon ≥ Ø, when the intensity of light (f=constant) is increased, more photons are used then
more photoelectrons will be emitted. So the ammeter needle will deflect more (current increases).
If E photon < Ø, increasing the intensity of light (f=constant) doesn’t lead to photoelectric
emission. As a result, the ammeter will read zero Ampere.

Intensity =Power/area
Intensity=total energy/(time.area)=nhf/(t.A)=(n/t).(hf).(1/A)=rate of photons . Ephoton . cst
Intensity of light depends on two main factors:
1. The rate of arrival photons.
2. The energy of each photon.

That means, the rate of emission of photoelectrons, depends on the intensity of the radiation
when the frequency is constant. Where at constant intensity, if frequency of light increases then
energy of photon increases and the rate of arrival of photons will decrease, therefore the rate of
emitted photoelectrons will decrease.

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Stopping potential or stopping voltage:
If the electrodes are reversed by reversing the poles of the battery, so the incident photons now
are directed towards anode. In this case, the emitted photoelectrons will be repelled by the
cathode. In this situation, only those photoelectrons with K.E greater than the magnitude (W=e.V)
will reach cathode.
W represents the resistive electric potential energy due to the presence of electric field between
electrodes.
To stop the flow of electrons, the voltage is increased until the ammeter reads zero. Which
indicates the stopping potential for these electrons.

Einstein’s photoelectric equation


Einstein used the principle of conservation of energy to
derive the photoelectric equation:

Ephoton (incident light) = Ø (metal) + K.Emax (photoelectron)

Ephoton = Ø + K.Emax
OR
𝟏 𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄 𝟏
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒉𝒇𝟎 + 𝟐 𝒎𝒆 𝒗𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙 OR = + 𝒎𝒆 𝒗𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝝀 𝝀𝟎 𝟐

The graph of maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron versus frequency of photon

K.Emax = h.f – Ø if it is compared with

(Y= mx + b), we conclude that:

1. Slope= h (plank’s constant)


2. Y-intercept b = - Ø
(At y-intercept x=0 then f=0, so
K.Emax = 0 – Ø, K.Emax =– Ø)

3. At x-intercept y=0 then K.Emax=0, so


0=h.f – Ø, then hf=Ø, then hf=hf0 finally
f=f0.

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Extra related graphs:

Studying the graph of stopping potential VS versus frequency of light (f):

Derivation:
K.Emax=Ephoton – Ø
(The loss of kinetic energy = the gain of electrical potential energy)
𝟏
( 𝒎𝒗𝟐 = 𝒆𝑽𝒔 )
𝟐

e.VS = hf – Ø

VS =
𝐡𝐟 − ∅ if this equation is
𝐞 𝐞
compared with (y=mx+c)
We conclude:

𝐡
1. The slope m=
𝐞

2. The y-intercept c= −
𝐞
Where at x-intercept, y=0 or (VS=0)
e.VS = hf – Ø
Then 0= hf – hf0
hf = hf0 Therefore, f = f0

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Wave-particle duality (Louis de Broglie 1924)
If a beam of electrons is directed at a graphite film, a diffraction pattern of electrons is produced
on the screen; which means the electrons which are normally considered as particles are
exhibiting a property associated with waves. (Electrons behave like waves).

De Broglie suggested that all moving particles have a wave-like nature.


Where electrons have wavelength with size similar to that of atom (order of 10-10m).

Finally, he suggested that the momentum 𝒑 of a particle and its associated wavelength 𝝀 are
related by the equation:

𝒉 𝒉
𝒅𝒆 𝑩𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝝀= =
𝒑 𝒎𝒗
Emission and absorption spectra
1. Emission spectrum: is formed by the light emitted from lamps.
2. Continuous emission spectrum: is formed when white light of tungsten filament
lamp is passed through a prism.
3. Line emission spectrum: is formed when the emitted light of discharge tube is
directed towards a diffraction grating.
Note: discharge tube is a transparent tube includes gas under low pressure. When high
voltage is applied between its electrodes it emits light.
4. Absorption spectrum: is formed when white light passes through a low-pressure gas and
the spectrum of the white light is then analyzed, it is found that light of certain
wavelengths is missing. In their place are dark lines.

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics

Electron energy levels in atoms


Electrons in an atom can have only certain specific energies. These energies are called the
electron energy levels of the atom. Which may be represented by a series of lines against a
vertical scale of energy.

To calculate the energy for each state of hydrogen atom, we use:

𝐄 = −𝟏𝟑.𝟔𝐞𝐕
𝟐 𝐧

The adjacent diagram shows the


energy states or levels of hydrogen
atom.
The electron in the atom can have
the energy of any of these energy
values, but can’t have energies
between them.

The movement of electron between


energy levels is called electron
transition.

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
There are two types of transitions:

- Upward transition: When an electron absorbs energy, it jumps to higher energy level if
the absorbed energy is exactly equal the difference in energy of the two levels.

𝐸 Absorbed photon = 𝐸 higher – 𝐸 lower


- Downward transition: When an electron jumps from higher to lower energy level, it
loses energy as emitted photon.

𝐸 Emitted photon = 𝐸 higher – 𝐸 lower


ℎ𝑓 = 𝐸 higher – 𝐸 lower
ℎ𝑐/𝜆 = 𝐸 higher – 𝐸 lower

- Each transition is represented by an arrow or spectral line, upward transition leads to


absorption spectral line and downward transition leads to emission spectral line

- The size of the arrow represents the energy of the emitted or absorbed photon.

Longer transition means,


Greater photon’s energy,
Greater photon’s frequency,
Shorter photon’s wavelength.

Ionization energy:
It is the energy required to completely remove an electron in the ground state from an atom.

E ionization =E∞- E1

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 1:
If light is incident on a metal surface, which property of the light will determine if electrons
will be emitted?
1. Amplitude
2. Exposure time
3. Frequency
4. Intensity
Ans. (c)

Question 2:
A light with a frequency (8×1014Hz) shines on the surface of a certain metal which has a work
function (3eV).
Determine the maximum momentum of the emitted photoelectrons.
Ans. (3.02×10-25kg.m/s)

Question 3:
If a laser green light of wavelength (546nm) is shone on the surface of all the given metals.
From which of these metals, electrons will be ejected? Explain.

Metals A B C D
Threshold 5.2×1014Hz 5.4×1014Hz 5.6×1014Hz 5.9×1014Hz
frequency fo

Ans. (A and B)
Question 4:
When light of frequency (8.6×1014Hz) is incident on a metal surface, the maximum kinetic
energy of the photoelectrons is (0.5eV). What is the work function of the metal in (eV)?
Ans. (3.06 eV)
Question 5:
A metal has a work function (4.5eV). What is the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected
electrons, if the wavelength of the incident light is (2.5×10-7m)?
Ans. (0.47eV)

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 6:
Which phenomenon supports the particle-theory of light?
1. Diffraction.
2. Interference
3. Photoelectric emission
4. Reflection
5. Refraction
6. Compton shift
Ans. (3&6)
Question 7:
Which phenomenon supports the wave-theory of light?
1. Diffraction.
2. Interference
3. Photoelectric emission
4. Reflection
5. Refraction
6. Compton shift
Ans. (1, 2, 4&5)
Question 8:
What is the unknown metal if the light of wavelength (187nm) shines on its surface, and the
maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons is (2.5eV)?

Ans. (B)

Question 9:
If the work function of silver is (3.83eV). What is the range of the wavelength of sunlight
that can eject an electron from silver surface?

Ans. (𝜆 ≤ 324𝑛𝑚)

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 10:

A light source of wavelength (𝝀) illuminates a metal and ejects photoelectrons with a maximum
kinetic energy of (1eV). A second light source of (𝝀/2) shines on the same metal and ejects
photoelectrons with maximum kinetic energy of (4eV). Calculate the work function of the
metal.
Ans. (3.2×10-19J)
Question 11:

Calculate the maximum wavelength (𝝀) and the minimum frequency (f) that will cause
photoelectric emission from a metal surface having a work function (2eV).
Ans. (621.5nm, 4.82×1014Hz)
Question 12:
The threshold frequency of silver is (1.14×1015Hz), EMR with wavelength of (250nm) strikes a
piece of pure silver. Determine the speed of the electrons that are emitted.
Ans. (2.9×105m/s)
Question 13:
The graph below illustrates the maximum
kinetic energy of emitted electrons versus
frequency of the incident light of the
photons.
Using the given graph, determine:
1. The frequency at which photoelectric
emission will not occur? Explain.
2. The work function of the metal.
Ans. (𝑓 < 4 × 1014 𝐻𝑧, 2.65 × 10−4 𝐽)
Question 14:
Using the adjacent graph, answer the following
questions:
1. Which of the given metals has more threshold
wavelength? Justify.
2. Which of the given metals has more work
function? Justify.
3. From which metal the electrons will be emitted
with more kinetic energy? Explain.
Ans. (A, B, A)

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 15:
A material with a known work function of (2.3eV) is shone with incident light of wavelength
(632nm). Will this light cause the metal to exhibit the photoelectric effect? And if not, what
maximum wavelength will cause the photoelectric effect?
Ans. (not, 540nm)
Question 16:
The work function energy of a certain metal is (4×10-19J).
1. Calculate the longest wavelength for which photoelectric emission is obtained.
2. This metal is irradiated with ultra-violet radiation of wavelength 250nm. Calculate, for the
emitted electrons: (Given: mass of electron is 9.1×10 -31kg)
a) The maximum kinetic energy.
b) The maximum momentum.
Ans. (497nm, 3.95×10-19J, 8.48×10-25kg.m/s)
Question 17:
Electromagnetic radiation of frequency (3×1015Hz) is incident on the surface of sodium metal.
The emitted photoelectrons have a maximum kinetic energy of (1.6×10-18J). Calculate the
threshold frequency for photoemission from sodium.
Ans. (3×1015Hz)

Question 18:
Using the data in the following table, answer the following questions:

Metal Threshold frequency (×1014Hz) Work function (×10-19J)


Platinum ? 9
Sodium 5.8 3.8
Zinc 8.8 5.8

1. Calculate the threshold frequency of platinum.


2. A beam of electromagnetic radiation having continuous range of wavelengths between
320nm and 550nm is incident, in turn, on each of the above metals. Determine which
metals will emit photoelectrons.
3. When light of frequency f and intensity I is incident on a certain metal surface.
Electrons are emitted. State and explain the effect, if any, on the emission of
photoelectrons for light of frequency 2f and intensity I.

Ans. (13.6×1014Hz, sodium and zinc)

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 19:
If the stopping potential of electrons for a certain metal is (400mV) when a light of
frequency (7.5×1014Hz) is used in the process of photoelectric emission. Determine the
threshold wavelength of the used metal.
Ans. (4.6×10-7m)
Question 20:
If an electron has a speed of (1×104m/s), what potential difference must be applied to stop
the electron?
a) 4.6×10-23V
b) 8.4×10-20V
c) 2.8×10-4V
d) 5.2×10-1V
Ans. (c)
Question 21:
The stopping potential of a metal is (2.4V). Calculate the work function, if the light incident on
the surface of the metal has a wavelength (4×10-7m).
Ans. (1.13×10-19J)
Question 22:
When light having frequency (3×1015Hz) is shone on a certain metal, electrons are ejected. If
the stopping potential of these electrons is (7V). Calculate the work function of this metal.
Ans. (8.7×10-19J)
Question 23:
Determine the maximum kinetic energy of electron emitted from a zinc surface if they are
stopped by a (16N/C) uniform electric field over a distance of (3cm).
Ans. (7.7×10-20J)
Question 24:
Light of a particular wavelength is incident on a metal surface. If electrons are emitted from this
metal surface, what situation would result in more electrons per unit time with less kinetic energy
per electron?

Intensity of light Wavelength


a) Decreases Decreases
b) Decreases Increases
c) Increases Decreases
d) Increases Increases
Ans. (d)

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 25:
Blue light is shone on a metal surface and electrons are ejected at a given rate and with a certain
amount of energy. If the intensity of the blue light is increased, which describes the rate and
the energy per electron of the ejected electrons?

Rate Energy per electron


a) Decreases Constant
b) Increases Constant
c) Increases Decreases
d) Constant Increases

Ans. (b)
Question 26:
Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron travelling with a speed of 5.5×107m/s.
Ans. (1.32×10-11m)

Question 27:
Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron which has been accelerated from rest
through a potential difference of 100V.
Ans. (1.23×10-10m)

Question 28:
Calculate the speed of a neutron with de Broglie wavelength 1.5×10-10m. Given that; the
mass of neutron is 1.7×10-27kg.
Ans. (2600m/s)

Question 29:
Which principle was used by Einstein to derive the photoelectric equation?
a) conservation of energy
b) conservation of mass
c) conservation of momentum
d) conservation of both energy and momentum

Ans. (a)

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 30:
An electron and a proton have the same de Broglie wavelength, what is the ratio of their
kinetic energy ( 𝑲. 𝑬𝒆 /𝑲. 𝑬𝒑 )?

a) 5.68 × 10-4
b) 1.83 × 103
c) 0.42 × 102
d) 2.38 × 10-2

Ans. (b)

Question 31:
In the diagram shown below an electron is accelerated by
two parallel plates (A) and (B). What is the de Broglie
wavelength of the electron when it strikes plate (B)?
a) 0.1 nm
b) 0.83 nm
c) 1 nm
d) 8.3 nm

Ans. (a)

Question 32:
A student uses an experiment to investigate the photoelectric effects as shown in figure (A). The
variation of the stopping voltage against the frequency is shown in figure (B).

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
1. Name the parts in figure (A) which are labeled (X) and (Y).
2. What is the stopping potential for the photoelectrons ejected by light of (11 × 1014Hz)
frequency?
3. How many photons with a frequency of (7 × 1014Hz) are required to emit electrons with
a total kinetic energy of (165 × 103 eV).
Ans. (cathode, anode, 2.48V, 2× 105)
Question 33:
Calculate the wavelength of the radiation emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom
makes a transition from the energy level at -3.4× 10-18J to the level at -8.5× 10-18J.
Ans. (39nm)
Question 34:
The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition from the energy level at -13.58eV to the
level at -0.38eV when a photon is absorbed. Calculate the frequency of the radiation absorbed.
Ans. (3.18×1015Hz)
Question 35:
The energy levels of an element are given
as shown in the adjacent diagram.
Identify using necessary calculations, the
transition which corresponds to the
emission of a spectral line of wavelength
(482nm).

Ans. (c)

Question 36:
The diagram below
shows the lowest four
energy states of
hydrogen atom.

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
1. Which of the given transitions has:
a) Maximum emitted photon’s energy.
b) Minimum absorbed photon’s energy.
c) Longest absorbed photon’s wavelength.
d) Minimum emitted photon’s frequency.

1. Explain what happens to the electron in each of the following cases:


a) An electron in the ground state may absorb a photon with energy (12.75eV).
b) An electron in the 1st excited state may absorb a photon with energy (0.5eV).
c) An electron in the 1st excited may absorb photon of radiation with frequency
(4.561× 1014Hz).
d) An electron in the 2nd excited may absorb photon of radiation with wavelength
(2× 10-6m).
Ans. (B, D, E, A)
Question 37:
The diagram below shows the energy levels of the electron in the hydrogen atom.

1. How many emission spectral lines in the given diagram? Specify them.
2. Which of the given transitions correspond to an absorption spectral lines? Justify.
3. Which emission spectral line has the minimum wavelength? Explain.
4. Which absorption spectral line has the maximum frequency? Explain.

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
5. Calculate:
a) The ionization energy for the electron of hydrogen atom in Joule.
b) The frequency of the emitted photon for the 3rd spectral line.
c) The energy of the absorbed photon during the transition from the ground state to the
2nd excited state.
Ans. (4, EFGH, D, H, 2.17× 10-18J, 1.6× 1014Hz, 12.09eV)

Question 38:
The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition from an energy level at (-3.4 eV) to a
level at (-1.5 eV).
1. What is the type of the line spectrum? Justify.
2. Find the frequency of the transition.

Ans. (absorption spectra, 4.6× 1014Hz)

Question 39:
The adjacent diagram shows three of the
electron energy levels of mercury:
1. What is the ionization energy of
mercury in eV?
2. Calculate the three possible energy
downward transitions in (eV) for the
given three energy levels.
3. Find:
a) The shortest wavelength of the given transitions.
b) The minimum frequency of the given spectral lines.
Ans. (1.8× 10-7m, 4.3× 1014Hz)
Question 40:
The energy states of hydrogen atom can be determined by the following Bohr’s equation:
1. Calculate the ionization energy of hydrogen atom in Joule.
2. Find the value of energy for the following energy states or levels:
a) 1st excited state.
b) 3rd excited state.
3. Determine the wavelength of a photon during the transition from the 2nd excited state to the
5th excited state.
Ans. (2.17× 10-18J, -3.4eV, -0.85eV, 1.1× 10-6m)

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 41:
In a photoelectric effect experiment, photons of energy (5.76× 10-19J) are incident on a metal,
and photoelectrons are emitted. The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons is
(1.92× 10-19J).
1. Find the wavelength of the incident photons.
2. Find the threshold frequency of the metal being used in this experiment.
3. Calculate the De-Broglie wavelength of the photoelectrons emitted with maximum
kinetic energy.
Ans. (345.3nm, 5.79×1014Hz, 1.12×10-9m)
Question 42:
Which metal needs the highest light energy to extract electron from?
1. Cesium
2. Potassium
3. Sodium
4. Lithium
Ans. (4)
Question 43:
The electron in the hydrogen atom drops from the energy
level (E3) to energy level (E1).

1. Find the energy of the emitted photon.


2. Find the frequency of the emitted photon.
3. If the electron moves from E2 to E3, which
transition has a longer wavelength the emitted or
absorbed photon? Explain.

Ans. (12.1eV, 2.92×1015Hz, absorbed)


Question 44:
1. When a light with a certain frequency (f) is directed towards sodium cathode of
photoelectric cell, it is noticed no deviation in the pointer of ammeter but when same
light is directed towards cesium cathode the ammeter is deviated. Explain.
2. Using the three different colored lights shown in the table below separately with a
photocell. It is noticed, the ammeter reads zero current when yellow light is used
where its pointer deviates when green and purple lights are used.
Light color Frequency
Answer the following:
Yellow 5.5×1014Hz
Green 6×1014Hz
Purple 7.5×1014Hz

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics

a) How can you explain what is observed?


b) What do you observe if you try to increase the intensity of light for both yellow and
green lights? Justify.
c) What happens to kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons when the intensity of the
purple light is increased? Justify.
d) Which of the following has greater kinetic energy? Justify.
i. The emitted electron when green light is used.
ii. The emitted electron when purple light is used.

e) If the yellow light can emit electrons from the used photocell but with zero kinetic
energy. Calculate:
i. The work function of the used metal.
ii. Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons when green light is used.
iii. Maximum speed of photoelectrons when purple light is used.

Ans. (3.63×10-19J, 3.3×10-20J, 2.69×105m/s)

Question 45:
The given graph shows the variation of stopping potential versus frequency of light. Using the
graph below, answer the following:
1. What is the threshold frequency of the
used cathode?
2. Calculate the work function.
3. Find the cutoff wavelength.
4. What is the speed of emitted electron
when the energy of photon equal to that of
the work function?
5. Calculate the speed of electron when light
of frequency 13.3×1014Hz is used.
6. Find the value of plank’s constant using
the graph?
7. What is the value of stopping potential when light of frequency 13.3×1014Hz is used?

Ans. (7.3×1014Hz, 4.8×10-19J, 4.1×10-7m,zero, 9.3×105 m/s, 6.6×10-34J.s,2.475V)

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Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 46:
Using the graph below; determine the difference between
the real value of plank’s constant (6.63×10-34J.s) and the
value of plank’s constant that can be obtained from the
used graph.

Ans. (2.26×10-35J.s)

Question 47:
Using the given graph, calculate the following:
1. The work function of the used cathode.
2. The minimum photon’s energy required to emit
electrons from the surface of cathode.
3. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron
when light of frequency 2×1015Hz is used.

Ans. (7.2×10-19J, 7.2×10-19J, 6.6×10-19J)

Question 48:
Which of the following equals to the wavelength of light radiation according to Plank’s theory?
1. 𝑛ℎ𝑓
2. 𝑛ℎ

3.
𝑚𝑣
𝑛ℎ𝑐
4.
𝐸

Ans. (4)

Question 49:
A photocell is projected by different light radiations with different frequencies, what happens
when the wavelength of the used light is decreased?
1. Stopping potential increases
2. Kinetic energy of photoelectron decreases
3. Work function decreases
4. Threshold frequency increases

Ans. (1)

Raouf series – 1st edition Page 21


Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 50:
Two different light radiations with wavelengths (450nm and 590nm) are used to eject electrons
from four different metals, mentioned in the given table. What is the largest maximum kinetic
energy of emitted photoelectron?

Metals A B C D
Work function 1.2eV 1.7eV 2.1eV 2.6eV

1. 0.19eV
2. 0.85eV
3. 1.56eV
4. 1.94eV

Ans. (3)
Question 51:
What happens to the work function of the used metal if the frequency of used light in
photoelectric emission is doubled?
1. It becomes quarter its initial value
2. It becomes half its initial value
3. It doesn’t change
4. It is doubled

Ans. (3)
Question 52:
The figure below shows four electron transitions (A, B, C and D) in a hydrogen atom.
a) Which transition (A or B) produce
the following particles:
i. Absorption line spectrum.
ii. Emission line spectrum.
b) Calculate the energy required in
Joules when the electron transfers
from the first level (n=1) to the
third level (n=3).
c) From the transitions (A, C and D),
calculate the minimum wavelength
of the required photon.

Raouf series – 1st edition Page 22


Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 53:

Question 54:

Raouf series – 1st edition Page 23


Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 55:

Question 56:

Raouf series – 1st edition Page 24


Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 57:

Question 58:

Raouf series – 1st edition Page 25


Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 58:

Question 59:

Raouf series – 1st edition Page 26


Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 60:

Question 61:

Raouf series – 1st edition Page 27


Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 62:

Question 63:

Question 64:

Raouf series – 1st edition Page 28


Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 65:

Question 66:

Raouf series – 1st edition Page 29


Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 67:

Question 68:

Question 69:

Raouf series – 1st edition Page 30


Lesson 3: Quantum Physics
Question 70:
Question 71:

Question 72:

Question 73:

Raouf series – 1st edition Page 31

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