Senior High Sol

11
Physical Science

4th Quarter

The Laws of Physics

( Week 2 )

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 Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
Schools Division of City of Malolos
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-SHS
Bagong Bayan, City of Malolos, Bulacan

Weekly Home Learning Plan

Quarter: 4th Week : 2

Date Learning Area Learning Competency Learning Tasks Mode of Delivery
Physical MELC 4,5& 6 (Specific Activities) *Blended Learning
Science 1. Compare and contrast 1. Take pictures with you or your through google
the Aristotelian and family featuring different classroom / meet
Galilean concepts of Newton’s Law of Inertia. Choose sessions - Online
vertical motion,
the best three photos. submission of
horizontal motion, and
projectile motion.
-Describe each picture and explain academic
(S11/12PS-IVc-46) how it is related to law of inertia. requirements
2. Use the Rubrics as guide in the
2. Explain how Galileo creation of the performance task. *Module/Handout/
inferred that objects in Instructional Delivery LAS - Personal
vacuum fall with uniform 1. For Asynchronous classes: submission by
acceleration, and Attend online classes through parents/students
that force is not Google meet and utilize materials to teachers in
necessary to sustain provided via Google classroom school
horizontal motion
(S11/12PS-IVc-47)
2. For Modular : Use the handout
3. Explain the subtle provided to gain familiarity on the
distinction between Cleaning agents content and uses
Newton’s 1st Law of
Motion (or Law of 3. Utilize the broadcasting of
Inertia) and Galileo’s Teleradyo platform that will
assertion that force is discuss the topic intended for the
not necessary to sustain week
horizontal motion
(S11/12PS-IVd-51)
Assessment
1. Answer the Assessment found
at the end of the handout

Prepared: Checked by:

GLORIA S. GARCIA BARTOLOME R. ASA

Subject Teacher Master Teacher II

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This handout covers the following lessons:
Lesson 1: The Concept of Motion
Lesson 2: Uniform Acceleration
Lesson 3: The Cause of Motion
At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of vertical motion,
horizontal motion, and projectile motion. (S11/12PS-IVc-46)

2. Explain how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum fall with uniform acceleration, and
that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion (S11/12PS-IVc-47)

3. Explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion (or Law of Inertia)
and Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion
(S11/12PS-IVd-51)

A lot of Physics can be observed in daily activities. Motion occurs all around you. It
refers to a change in a position of any mass with respect to time. It’s easy to recognize but
hard to describe. A motion has held the attention of scientists and philosophers since ancient
times.

In this lesson, you will be able to compare and contrast Aristotelian vs. Galilean views
of vertical motion, horizontal motion, and projectile motion.

Lesson 1: The Concept of Motion

The motion of objects has been studied since ancient times. Let us take a look at the
past for a thorough understanding of the motion concepts at the present.

Aristotle thought that heavy objects fall faster than light objects in proportion to their
weight. Galileo argued that the motion of a falling body should be nearly dependent on its
weight and should have constant acceleration through careful measurements of distances and
time experiments.

Several physical quantities help described the motion of objects. Here are some of
them:

Table 1. 1. Physical Quantities in Describing Motion

Physical Symbol Description Working Equation S. I.
Quantity Unit

Distance d length of the part m

travelled from starting
point to final point

Displacement length of the part m

travelled from the
starting point to the
final point with

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 consideration to the
direction

⚫ arrow indicates direction

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Speed 𝑣 the rate at which
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = m
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
distance is covered s
d
v=
t
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = m
Velocity 𝑣⃗ the displacement in a 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
given time interval s

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = m
Acceleration 𝑎⃗ a measure of how fast 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
the velocity changes ∆𝑣⃗ s2
with respect to time. 𝑎⃗ =
∆𝑡

Aristotle and Galileo were two of the most important historical figures that laid the
foundation of motion concepts. Their views regarding motion may be opposite but both helped
the progress of science.

Table 1.2 Aristotle vs Galileo’s Concept of Motion

Motion Aristotelian Concept Galilean Concept

Horizontal Force is required to maintain Objects moving in a straight line at

motion horizontal motion. a constant speed requires no force
to keep them moving.
All moving bodies naturally come to
rest It will continue in motion due to
inertia unless an external force acts
on them.

Vertical A. Freefall is a natural motion A. Objects move downward

motion occurring due to the tendency of because gravity disturbs their
nature to established balance to motion.
bring disturbing elements to its
natural resting place. B. The rate of fall or acceleration of
an object is independent of its
B. Heavier objects have more mass.
earthly elements than lighter ones
hence they should fall faster and C. The motion of falling objects is
will take a shorter time to reach uniformly accelerated.
the ground

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 C. Warmer bodies have access to
fiery elements hence they ascend
faster.

Projectile The motion of a projectile is parallel A projectile moves two-dimensional

motion to the ground until it is the object's motion in a parabolic path
time to fall back into the ground.
The horizontal motion component
has zero acceleration (constant
speed horizontally) and vertical
acceleration is constant.

⚫ Free fall-a body in vertical motion where only gravity is acting on it. It could be an object
thrown upward (positive initial velocity), thrown downward (negative initial velocity) or
dropped (zero initial velocity).

⚫ Projectile- a body or a particle in

two-dimensional motion given an
initial velocity and it moves
along a curved path under the
influence of gravity alone (see figure
a)

Figure 1. Projectile’s trajectory

In recent times, the motion of falling bodies has been studied with great precision.
When air resistance can be neglected, all bodies experience equal acceleration regardless of
their size and weight. This constant acceleration g is called the acceleration due to gravity.
The standard value of g at or near the earth’s surface is approximately 9.8 m/s2.

Activity 1. 1 Let the Coin Move!

Perform the following activity to help you acquire more understanding of motion
concepts. Collaborate with one or two of your housemates, use indigenous materials
whenever possible and keep safe all the time. Submit a complete report.. (Criteria: critical
thinking-15, collaboration-5, communication-5)

I. Objective: Explain the relationship between speed and acceleration

II. Materials: 2 pcs identical coins, timer, table

III. Drawing of the Set-up:

IV. Procedure:
A. Horizontal Motion

1. Label the coins A and B.

2. Place coin A 1 foot (0.30m) from coin B on the smooth tabletop. With your timer on
your left hand (if you are right-handed), slide coin A across the table (such as by
flicking with your finger using your other hand) so that it strikes coin B. Sliding the
coin and turning on the timer must be done simultaneously. Observe the motion
closely and stop the timer when coin A hits B. Complete Table 2.1.3.

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 Table 1.3. Horizontal Motion Description
Parameter Complete Answer
Time

Distance

Displacement

Speed

Velocity

3. Answer the questions:

A. Is coin A moving slower or moving faster?
B. Is it accelerating?

B. Projectile Motion
1. Place coin B at the edge of the tabletop so that it hangs over slightly.
2. Place a coin A on the same tabletop some distance from the overhanging coin B.
3. Flick coin A so that it strikes the overhanging coin B and both coins fall to the floor
below. Observe which coin hit the ground first and record Table 2.1.4 number 1.
4. Repeat Steps 2-3 but this time flick coin A harder so that it will have greater speed
as it strikes coin B. Complete the table.

Table 1. 4. Initial Velocity and Acceleration due to Gravity

Trial Which Coin Hit the Ground First
1. Flicking coin A to hit coin B
2. Flicking coin A harder to have
greater speed in hitting coin B

V. Conclusions:

VI. Guide Questions:

1. Does the landing of both coins on the floor depend on the speed of the sliding
coin? Explain.
2. What is the relationship between speed and acceleration?

Activity 1. 2 You Complete Me

Give an example of other real-life applications of motion by completing the table. The
first item is done for you. 1 point each

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 Table 5. Conceptual Application of Motion
Type of Motion Application

Projectile Motion the motion of water coming out from a hose you hold
when watering plants in your yard

Horizontal Motion

Free-Fall Motion

Projectile Motion

Lesson 2: Uniform Acceleration

Galileo Galilei having the insight and talent to link theory with the experiment was
regarded as the father of modern science. He did many experiments on the concept of Freefall.

In this lesson, you will be able to explain how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum
fall with uniform acceleration and that force are not necessary to sustain horizontal motion.

Objects in Vacuum Fall with Uniform Acceleration

Galileo was interested in the behavior of falling objects. He knew that as falling objects
go down, they increase their speed as they go down. This change in speed is acceleration.
Although he did not have any tool to measure this change, so he used inclined planes to
reduce the acceleration of the moving bodies. He was then able to take a close look at the
moving bodies carefully.

With his experiments, Galileo proved that regardless of their masses and air
resistance, two objects dropped simultaneously will reach the ground at the same time. He
also discovered that objects fall with uniform acceleration.

What is uniform or constant acceleration?

For Galileo, constant acceleration means moving with increasing velocity evenly
proportionate to time. The following graphs show the comparison between the motion of
objects with constant velocity and object with constant acceleration.

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 Figure 2. Comparison Between Constant Velocity and Constant Acceleration

Positive velocity-indicates the object moves toward the positive direction

Negative velocity- indicates the object moves toward the negative direction
Positive acceleration-indicates the object is speeding up
Positive acceleration-indicates the object is slowing down

In one of his experiment on the inclined plane, Galileo’s was able to gather the data as
shown in Table 2.2.1

Table 2.1. Galileo’s Data on a Free Fall Experiment

Time (s) Speed (m/s) Acceleration (m/s2)

0 0
1 2 ≈2
2 4 ≈2
3 6 ≈2
4 8 ≈2
6 10 ≈2

After every second, a ball rolling down an inclined plane increases its speed by the same
value. He then observed the following;
• acceleration of the rolling ball increases as the inclined plane becomes steeper.
• When the inclined plane was positioned vertically, the rolling ball has maximum
acceleration.

To have a constant velocity, an object must have a constant speed in a constant

direction. If an object maintains a constant or a uniform change in its velocity in a given time
interval along a straight line, then it is said to have a constant acceleration.

Force is Not Necessary to Sustain Horizontal Motion

While Aristotle believed that forces are necessary to keep objects in motion. Galileo’s
believe otherwise although a force is needed to start an object moving, Galileo believed that
force was not necessary to sustain motion and did this experiment:

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 Figure 3. Galileo’s Experiment on Sustaining Motion

Galileo rolled balls down inclined planes and observed and recorded the gain in speed
as the rolling continued. On downward-sloping planes, the force of gravity increases a ball’s
speed while on an upward slope, the force of gravity decreases a ball’s speed. If smoother
planes were used, the ball rolled up the opposite plane closer to the initial height. The
difference between initial and final heights was because of friction. He postulated the ball
would reach the same height if friction could be eliminated.

With regards to the ball rolling on a level surface, it neither slows down nor speeds up.
It maintains a constant speed. Galileo reasoned that a ball would move forever if it is in a
horizontal motion. If friction were absent once it is moving, no force is needed to keep it moving
except for the force needed to overcome friction. A moving object needs no force to keep it
moving. when friction is absent. Such a ball would remain in motion all by itself of its inertia.

Activity 2.2 FREE FALL

Perform the following activity to help you acquire more understanding of the free-fall
concept. Collaborate with one or two of your housemates, Use indigenous materials whenever
possible and keep safe all the time. Submit a complete report. (Criteria: critical thinking-15,
collaboration-5, communication-5)

I. Objective: Explain uniform acceleration

II. Materials: 2 pcs of used bond paper (any paper of the same size), old notebook, coin

III. Drawing of the Set-up:

IV. Procedure:

1. Crumple up one piece of paper.

2. Hold the piece of paper in one hand and the crumpled paper in another hand at about
a meter from the ground. Drop them simultaneously. Which falls to the ground faster?
A record at Table 2.2.2

3. Hold a piece of paper and a notebook at the same height. Drop them simultaneously.
Which falls to the ground faster? Paper or notebook?
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 4. Repeat Step 2 but this time pair the piece of paper with a coin. Complete the table.

5. Repeat Steps 2-4 but this time at a higher height (caution: safety first).

Table 2.2. Size and Acceleration Due to Gravity

Do the two objects If no, which falls to What if you do the

Pair of Objects reach the ground at the ground first? same activity more
the same time? than 1m above the
[Yes/No] ground?
Piece of Paper
and Crumpled
paper
Piece of Paper
and Notebook
Piece of Paper
and Coin

IV.Conclusions:

V. Guide Questions
1. Answer the question: What factors affect the fall of the object? Justify your
answer.
2. What is uniform acceleration?

Activity No. 2.3 My Ball

Throw a ball upward. Observe closely. Why does the ball not hang there forever? Write
your observation on a clean sheet of paper.

Lesson 3: The Cause of Motion

In the previous lessons, we learned how to describe motion. Galileo’s achievements

in the study of motion paved way for Newton in his development of the laws of motion. What
causes changes in motion? Applied force, you may say, but is that so?

In this lesson, you will be able to explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of
Motion (Law of Inertia) and Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal
motion.

For many years, the accepted opinion was Aristotle’s concept that moving objects
would stop because the natural state of objects was to be at ‘rest’. However, as for Galileo,
once the ball is in motion, no force is needed to keep it moving except for the force needed to
overcome friction. Friction is an opposing external force that prevents its continued motion. A
moving object needs no force to keep it moving when friction is absent. It will remain in motion
all by itself. All objects tend to resist changes in motion. This means they all have inertia.

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 Sir Isaac Newton made a great revolution in the growth of Science primarily in Physics
with his famous Laws of Motion. He built these concepts on Galileo’s concept of inertia. He
established a new set of ideas with his three (3) Laws of Motion that includes the 1 st Law of
Motion, more popularly known as the Law of Inertia. It states:

“An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion in a straight
line with a constant speed unless an external force acts on it.”

This means that things tend to keep on doing what they are already doing. Notebooks on top
of the table are in a rest state, they tend to stay at rest even when you quickly snap the
tablecloth or paper underneath. If you slide a coin along the road, the coin soon comes to rest.
If you let it slide along a frictionless surface such as an ice rink, it continuously moves. A
moving object tends to move in a straight line indefinitely in the absence of a force.

. The object’s resisting changes in its state motion depends upon its mass. The more
mass the object has, the greater is the tendency to resist changes in motion.

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Activity 3.1 Inertia in Motion

Perform the following activity to help you acquire more understanding of the inertia
concept. Collaborate with one or two of your housemates, Use indigenous materials whenever
possible and keep safe all the time. Submit a complete report. (Criteria: critical thinking-15,
collaboration-5, communication-5)

I. Objective: Explain Newton’s First Law of Motion

II. Materials: ball, clearly-marked target (i.e., notebook paper, tape measure or ruler)

III. Drawing of the Set-up:

IV. Procedure:

1. Mark a starting point and target point, A and B, respectively, six meters (about 20 ft)
away from each other. Mark also C, 1 meter (3.28 ft) before the target (B) and mark D
1 meter after the target.

2. With the ball in your hand, you are about to sprint towards the target (B) respectively
and to drop the ball on it. Record your predictions on table 2.3.1.

3. Hold the ball and do not let your elbow leave your side as you sprint toward the target
and drop the ball. Do not give the ball an initial velocity; hold the ball from its sides so
that you can freely release your grip as you let it drop.

4. Record where the runner released the ball and where the ball strikes the ground.

Table 3.1. Verifying Motion Prediction

Motion Prediction Actual Remarks
(What will (What
happen?) happened?)
1. Running in full sprint
2. Running at reduced speed
3. Walking speed

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 5. Draw the best diagram for each attempt to drop the ball on the target. Specify where the
ball was released and where it landed.

6. Repeat the experiment until the ball hits the target.

7. Repeat steps 2-5 but this time, do not sprint, just run at a slower speed. Record your
observation in Table 2.3.1.

8. Repeat step 7 but at a walking speed. Record your observation in Table 2.3.1.

V. Conclusions

VI. Guide Question:

How will you relate today’s activity with Newton's First Law of Motion and with inertia?

Performance Task No. 2 Photos of the Day

1. Take pictures with you or your family featuring different Newton’s Law of Inertia.
Choose the best three photos.
2. Describe each picture and explain how it is related to law of inertia.

RUBRIC

DIRECTIONS: Using the following criteria, choose the appropriate number from the
following scale that reflects your assessment of the student’s work.

1 = Weak 2 = Moderately Weak 3 = Average 4 = Moderately Strong 5 = Strong

1. The photo contains appropriate items and information about law of inertia.
2. The spelling, punctuation, and grammar of any text on the caption
are accurate.
3. Any caption on the photo is appropriate and carefully explained
4. The information on the photo is appropriate to the topic.
5. The photo shows an understanding of the topic and related concepts about law of inertia.

TOTAL

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 Assessment:
Multiple Choice. Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from among the
given choices.

1. What is the straight-line motion caused by the gravitational pull of the earth?
A. free-fall motion B. horizontal motion
C. projectile motion D. none of these

2. How does the acceleration of a stone thrown upward compare to the one thrown
downward?
. A. greater B. smaller
. C. the same D. undetermined

3. What will happen to a moving object if no external forces act on it?

A. It will come to an abrupt halt.
B. It will continue moving at the same speed.
C. It will move slower gradually until it stops.
D. none of these

4. When no forces act on moving objects on-air, how can you describe their paths?
A. circles B. ellipses
C. parabola D. straight lines

5. Suppose you are riding a motorcycle but it runs out of fuel while driving. The engine
stops abruptly but why don't you?
A. because of gravity B. because of inertia
C. because of continuation principle D. because of resistance

6. Suppose you are standing in the aisle of a moving bus. If the driver suddenly makes a
left turn, why are you likely to lurch to the right? Because of ___________________
A. an equilibrium challenge B. an unbalanced force
C. your momentum D. your tendency to keep moving forward

7. Which of the following best describes an accelerating object?

A. object at rest B. object in mechanical equilibrium
C. object moving at constant velocity D. object moving slower

8. A ball rolling along a horizontal surface maintains a constant speed. Why is it so?
A. friction is present B. no inertia on the object
C. no horizontal force acts on it D. surface is smooth

9. Why do a coconut and a bird's feather falling from a tree through the air to the ground
below gain speed?
A. their velocity changes B. there is a gravitational force acting on them
C. their inertia D. their nature to become closer to the Earth

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10. Which of the following is true about acceleration due to gravity?
A. It is different for different objects in free-fall.
B. It is a fundamental property.
C. It increases in decreasing altitude.
D. It is a universal constant.

11. Which of the following statements is true?

A. A body can have a constant direction but varying speed and still be accelerating
B. A body can have a constant speed but varying direction and still be accelerating
C. A body can have varying speed and direction and still be accelerating
D. All of these

12. When does an object undergo acceleration?

A. when it changes its direction B. when it gains speed
C. when it loses speed D. all of these
.
13. A ball is thrown upwards and returns to the same location. When it returns, how much
is the speed compared with the initial speed?
A. half as much B. the same
C. twice as much D. four times as much

14. How does Galileo's interpretation of motion differ from Aristotle's? Galileo
emphasized
A. rates of time
B. the acceleration of free fall
C. the role of distance in describing motion
D. none of these

15. From what you have learned from Galileo, what will happen if you roll a ball along a
level surface?
A. keep rolling if friction is absent
B. roll as long as its inertia nudges it along
C. soon roll in the opposite direction
D. soon slow down due to its natural place

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16
Master Teacher II Teacher III
BARTOLOME R. ASA GLORIA S. GARCIA
Checked: Prepared:
Teaching Guide for Physical Science (CHED with PNU: Quezon City, 2016)
Management Development Systems, 2003)
Department of Education. Project EASE Physics Module 10: Force and Motion (Learning Resource
Management Development Systems, 2003)
Department of Education. Project EASE Physics Module 9: Going Places (Learning Resource
Department of Education Central Office. Most Essential Learning Competencies (2020)
https://bit.ly/3dF9Kdb
Alternative Responsive Delivery (SHARED) Options (Cagayan de Oro City: DepEd CDO, 2019)
Department of Education CDO Learning Activity Sheets in Physical Science-Senior High School
References:
Activity1.1 A.2. Answers may vary depending on the time interval.
5. Moving slower; no
B.3
None, both coins hit the floor at the same time
None, both coins hit the floor at the same time
5 No. both have the same velocity just before hitting the floor as the
the height here and acceleration due to gravity are constant
Activity1.2 For similarity
horizontal motion: no similarity,
vertical motion: both-natural motion
projectile motion: both have horizontal and vertical motion
Activity 2.1
no crumpled paper same result
no notebook same result
no coin same result
5. air resistance; if there is no air resistance, objects having the same
mass (such as the first pair-piece of paper and crumpled paper) will
reach the ground at the same time
Activity 2.2 1. The ball rolled up on the opposite plane closer to the initial height on a
smooth surface.
2. The ball continuously moving at a constant speed in a straight light line
on a smooth horizontal surface.
Activity 2.3 Because it is pulled downward by gravity.
Activity 3.1 1. 2.  3. 4. 5.
Answer Key