13 Present Perfect (1) 1 We form the Present Perfect using the 3 We use the Present Perfect: present tense of have + a past participle: > to talk about recent actions: > to talk about our lives: 3 00D D’ve sailed across the Atlantic. 2. Regular past participles end in -ed or -d: I've seen gorillas in Africa. ‘Played travelled arrived washed Then danced ie Fanos, (For more regular past participles see 4 When we ask people about their lives, we Appendix 2, page 243.) often use ever (= at any time): 2 Many past participles are irregular: ie vu eve beer ea Su siauad When people talk about their lives, they T’ve never learnt French. (For irregular past participles see Appendix 3, page 244.) A Use short forms (I’ve seen, she’s gone) of the Present Perfect to make positive or negative sentences. (He/lose/his passport) (She/not/see/her sister) She hasn't. geen her. (Weffinish/our work) (They/buy/a new house) (They/not/phone/the doctor) (They/golto the cinema) (You/eat/four bananas!) (You/notitake/any photographs) Note that ever and never come before the past participle. OaReONnaVvyY PAGE 28 « TENSES: PASTNow use the Present Perfect to make questions. > (you/see/John?) Have you gee! 7 (youlbe/to Canada?) | 8 (they/cook/our breakfast?) 9 (Janelmake/any mistakes?) 40 (welvisitll the museums?) |B James is talking about his life. Put the correct past participles in the gaps. Nhe @)¢ (see) a lot of beautiful places in my life, and I've (1)... (do) a lot of interesting things. I've 2)... (travel) in North and South America, for example, I'Ve (3)........0000000+ (visit) all the big American cities. Ie (4) (drive) across Mexico. | haven't 6) . (be) to Argentina, but I've (6)... (work) in Peru and Bolivia. I've (7) (swim) in the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean . (eat) in the best restaurants in Paris, (sing) Italian songs in Rome. | haven't (make) much money in my life, but I've (meet) a lot of interesting people and I've (take) a lot of wonderful photographs! © Read the questions. If they refer to a recent event, put a tick (/). If they refer to someone's life rewrite the sentence using ever. Have you had coffee? Have you eaten elephant meat? Have you bought a newspaper? Have you flown in a military aeroplane? Have you washed your hands? Have you spoken to a prince or princess? Have you had anything to drink? anRenavy D Now write true answers to these questions, using either this morning or never. TENSES: PAST © PAGE 2914 Present Perfect (2) 1. We use the Present Perfect to talk about something that happened in the past, but we do not say exactly when it happened: Pve seen this film before. (= before now) We often use the Present Perfect in this way for things that happened in the past, and that have a result now: Pve seen this film before. I don’t want to see it again now. She's left the company. She doesn’t work there now. ‘We often use the Present Perfect with ever (=at any time) and never (= at no time): Have you ever met a famous person? He has never worked in a factory. 2. We can use the Present Perfect with for and since, to talk about situations or actions in a period of time from the past until now. We use for with a period of time (e.g. three months), and since with a point in time (e.g. Tuesday): past 4° 253 48 S16 for six months G @ We've lived here for six months. past Monday Tuesday Wednesday (now) | since Tuesday T haven't seen Tom since Tuesday. 3 Gone and been Look at the difference between these two sentences: He's been to Paris. (= He is now at home again.) He’s gone to Paris. (= He is in Paris now.) He’s been means ‘he has finished his trip’ He's gone means ‘he has begun his trip. A Look at the lures that show what Jenny has done in her life. Complete the sentences about her, using the Present Perfect form of the verbs in brackets ( ). aRONAY PAGE 30 + TENSES: PAST .. (work) as a secretary and as a schoolteacher. . (live) in Paris since 1991. (visit) Canada and the USA. . (be) married for four years. . (write) four books. . (climb) Mont Blanc twice.1 5 Present Perfect (3) 1 We use just with the Present Perfect to talk about things that happened a short time before now: Could I speak to Jane, please? ~ I'm afraid she has just left. (= She left a short time ago.) Is that a good book? ~ I don't know. I've just started it. (= I started it a short time before now.) 2 Look at this example with already: Do you want something to eat? ~ No thanks, I’ve already eaten. (= Late before now.) We use already with the Present Perfect to emphasize that something happened before now, o before it was expected to happen. We Here is another example: Nicola: Is Sarah going to phone you later? Robert: No. She’s (= She has) already phoned me. (= Sarah phoned before Nicola expected her to phone.) 3. We use yet with a negative verb to say that something has not happened, but we think that it will happen: The post hasn’t arrived yet. (= The post has not arrived, but it probably will arrive.) Thaven’t finished this work yet. (= [haven't finished this work, but I will finish it.) They haven't replied to my letter yet. ‘We use yet in questions to ask whether something that we expect to happen has happened: Have you paid the bill yet? (= Perhaps you have not paid the bill, but you are going to pay it soon.) Has it stopped raining yet? (= Perhaps it has not stopped raining, but it will stop raining soon.) Have you found a job yet? Notice that we usually put yet at the end of a negative statement or question: They haven't replied to my letter yet. Have you found a jab yet? A. Complete the dialogues, using just and the words in brackets (). Use the Present Perfect. > A: What's happening in this programme? (Sheffinish) her exams. B: | don't know. !¢'9 just started. ... (ltstart). 1A (Voome) back from my holiday. B: Did you have a good time? 2. A: Could | have a copy of Sports World, please? B: Sorry. (Uisell) the last copy. 3 A: How's Lucy? B: She's very happy. 4A (Ihave) a letter from Mike. B: Oh yes? What did he say? PAGE 32 ¢ TENSES: PAST16 Past Simple or Present Perfect Compare the Past Simple and the Present Perfect: 1 We use the Past Simple to talk about something that happened at a particular time in the past: I met John at four o'clock. When did Jane go to India? ~ In June. Martin bought a new car last week. 2 We use the Past Simple for situations or actions during a period of time that ENDED in the past: I worked there for two years. I left last year. past (now) aD Gow | I worked there for two years. We lived in that house for a long time; then we moved to this one. Our company opened two new shops last summer. 3. Notice how we often move from the Present Perfect to the Past Simple: Peter: Have you ever played this game before? Maria: Yes, I played it once when I was in England. Peter: Did you win? Maria: No, I lost. ‘We use the Present Perfect to talk about the past, but not about when things happened: Pve met John’s girlfriend. She's nice. Have you ever been to India? ~ Yes, I have. T have never bought a new car. ‘We use the Present Perfect for situations or actions during a period of time from the past to Now: He has worked here for two years. (He still works here.) past ow, He has worked here for two year: We've lived in this flat since we got married. (We still live in it.) We opened two shops last summer. Since then ince that time), we have opened two more. | Practice A. Complete the conversation by choosing the correct form in brackets ( ). Sarah: States? Jim: Yes, (1)... Sarah: (2)... Jim: Yes, (3) Sarah: What (4), Jim: (5). Francisco. (6)..... 7 Sarah: No, but (7)... . (Have you ever been/Did you ever go) to the United ... (I've been/l went) to California last year. (Have you liked/Did you like) it? (I've enjoyed/l enjoyed) the trip a lot. . (have you done/did you do) there? (I've visited/ visited) Hollywood, Disneyland and San . (Have you been/Did you go) to California, Sarah? sue (I've booked/I booked) a holiday there. I've got my ticket and I'm going next week! PAGE 34 * TENSES: PASTB Complete the dialogues using the Present Perfect (/ have seen) or Past Simple (/ saw). A 1 (>) 220 B: Oh really. | (1)... (see) Jack last night. . (not/see) him for months. How is he? A: We (2)... B: (3) ... (go) to the theatre last Saturday. (you/enjoy) the play? A: Yes, it (4) (be) very good. ASU ().cescssesssssssseesesssseeeee (Never/hear) of this group before. Are they famous in your country? B: Yes, they are very popular. They (6).... . (be) famous in my country for years. A: What (7). ... (you/do) last weekend? B:1(8).... (stay) at home. | (9)... (need) a rest. A: (10)... . (you/everlwin) a competition? B: Yes, I(11)..... . (win) a photographic competition in 2001 A; So, John is your best friend. (12)... at university? B: Yes. We (13)....... . (you/meet) him when you were . (be) friends for more than ten years. C Complete this paragraph about the London Underground by putting in the Present Perfect or Past Simple forms of the verbs in brackets ( ). THE LONDON UNDERGROUND London (p) has hi (have) an underground train system since the nineteenth century. The London Underground (1). .. (start) in 4863, when Victorian engineers and workers (2)... (build) the Metropolitan railway. This railway line (3).. = (go) from Paddington Station to Farringdon Street Station, and steam engines (4) (pull) the coaches. Eleven more lines ©... (open) since then. The world’s first underground electric railway (6)... .. (open) in 1890. This line (7)... . (go) from the City of London to Stockwell in South London. The most modern line is the Jubilee line, which (8) . (open) in 1979. Since the London Underground (9) (begin), many other cities, such as New York and Moscow, (10), (build) their own systems. TENSES: PAST + PAGE 35,