(1)

D We form the Present Perfec~ using the present D We use the Present Perfect:
tense of have + a past participle:
..,. to talk about recent actions:
At 18.00, Anna arrived home.
At 18.01, we can say. Anna hers tll'riwd home.
from 18.30 to 19.00, Anna ate her diMer.
At 19.01, we can say. She~ eaten her dinner.

..,. to talk about our lives:

I've sailed across the Atlantic.

I've seen gorillas in Africa.
I haven't danced the Flamenco.

D Regular past participles end in -ed or -d:

D When we ask people about their lives, we often
use ever (= at any time):
Have you ever been to Australia?
ANSWER: Yes, I have./No, I haven't.
(For more regular past participles see Appendix 2,
page243.) When people talk about their lives, they
sometimes use never (= not at any time):
Many past participles are irregular: I've never learnt French.
Note that ever and never come before the
(For irregular past participles see Appendix 3, past participle.
page 244.)

Use short forms (I've seen, she's gone) of the Present Perfect to make positive or negative
sentences with the words in brackets ( ).

• (He/lose/his passport.) .ti.~'~J.Q~"t..b.i~ pqs~pQ.rt. .. .

• (She/not/see/her sister.)
1 (We/finish/our work.)
She h~~n:t.~ecn her.sister.

2 (They/buy/a new house.)

3 (They/not/phone/the doctor.)
4 (They/go/to the cinema.)
5 (You/eat/four bananas!)
6 (You/not/take/any photographs.)

28
 Tenses: past

Now use the words in brackets ( ) and the Present Perfect to make questions.
+ (you/see/John?) .1-.l.:wc you.?.c~n John?................................................................................................
7 (you/be/to Canada?) .................. ........ .....................................................................................................................
8 (they/cook/our breakfast?) .................................................................................................. ...................................................
9 (Jasmine/make/any mistakes?)
10 (we/visit/all the museums?)

James is talking about his life. Put the past participle of the verbs in brackets () in the gaps.
I've • se~n. ............... (see) a lot of beautiful places
in my life, and I've 1 . ... .. .......... (do) a lot of
2
interesting things. I've .. ... .. .. (travel)
in North and South America, for example.
I've 3 .. . .... ... (visit) all the big American
4
cities. I've .. . ..... .... . .... . . (drive) across Mexico.

I haven't 5 .... . . ............. (be) to Argentina, but

6
I've .................................... (work) in Peru and Bolivia. I've
7
.. . ....................... (swim) in the Pacific Ocean, the
Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea. I've
8
.......... (eat) in the best restaurants in
Paris, and I've 9 .. . .... ....... .......... .. (sing) Italian songs
in Rome. I haven't 10 ... .. . (make) much
11
money in my life, but I've .. .... ... . .. ...... (meet) a
lot of interesting people and I've 12.... .............. ..
(take) a lot of wonderful photographs!

Read the questions. If they refer to a recent event, put a tick(.!). If they refer to someone's
life, rewrite the sentence using ever.
+ Have you had coffee? { ................................................................................................. ...
+ Have you been to Jamaica? .tl~Y~ you.~.v.~r.~~en.tq.Ja.r.naic~?. ............ .........
1 Have you bought your ticket?
2 Have you flown in a helicopter?
3 Have you washed your hands?
4 Have you spoken to a prince or princess?
5 Have you had anything to drink?

Write true short answers (Yes, I have./No, I haven't.) to the following questions.
1 Have you ever been to New York? .... .. .. .... . . . ... .. . . . ... . ................................. _
2 Have you bought a newspaper this week?. ...... .•.. . ....... . ..... ......................
3 Have you played a computer game today?
4 Have you ever made a grammatical mistake in English?
5 Have you learnt something new today?
6 Have you ever danced the tango?
7 Have·you used your phone yet today?

29
 D We use the Present Perfect to talk about We use for with a period of time (e.g. three
something that happened in the past, but we mont hs), and since with a point in time (e.g.
· do not say exactly when it happened: · Tuesday):
I've seen this film before. (= before now) PAST 1 2 3 4 S 6
We often use the Present Perfect in this way for FOR SIX MONTHS
things that happened in the past, and that have
a result now: We've lived here for six months.
I've seen this film before. I don't want to see it
again now. PAST MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY

She's left the company. She doesn't work SINCE TUESDAY

there now.
I haven't seen Tom since Tuesday.
We often use the Present Perfect with ever
(=at any time) and never (= at no time): D Gone and been
Look at the difference between these
Have you ever met a famous person? two sentences:
He has never worked in a factory. He's been to Paris.'(= He is now at home
D We can use the Present Perfect with for and again.)
since to talk about situations or actions in a He's gone to Paris. (= He is in Paris now.)
period of time from the past until now.
He's been means 'he has fin ished his trip'.
He's gone means 'he has begun his trip'.

Look at the pictures that show what Jenny has done in her life. Complete the sentences
about her, using the Present Perfect form of the verbs in brackets ( ).

+ She .ha?.¥JQr~_ed....... ........................... (work) as a secretary and as a schoolteacher:

1 She .... .. ..... ............ . .... .... . ... ............ (live) in Paris since 2015.
2 She ......- ................................................... (visit) Canada and the USA.
3 She ...................,........... .. ..................... (be) married for four years.
4 She ................................................................... (write) four books.
5 She .................... ........... ................... ...... (climb) Mont Blanc twice.

30
 Te nses: past

Complete the sentences using the Present Perfect form of the verbs in brackets ( ).
+ Don't take my plate away. I h.~xen't. fi.n.!?.hed ..... ... ....... ... (not/finish) my meal.
A: What's that book about?
B: I don't know. I ........................................... ............. (not/read) it.
2 I ..... (lose) my pen. Can I borrow yours, please?
3 My father ........ ...... . .... .. .. . ... ... ........... (buy) an expensive new car.
4 A: I . ... ... .. ... . .... ... ... . ............. (book) a room here for tonight.
8: Yes madam, what 's your name, please?
5 I ......... .... .. ......... ...................... (make) some sandwiches. Would you like one?
6 I'm not sure what the problem with the car is. it ...... ...... ..... ............. (not/happen) before.
7 A: ........ ....... .. ... ............ ........ ......... (you/reply) to that letter from the bank? .
B: No I haven't, but I'll do it soon.

Write this conversation using the Present Perfect and the words in brackets ( ).
+ Rob: (you/ever/want/to work in another country?)
l:i.~vt:; .Y9Lt everwg~nkt:d. tQ '.VOr..~ .ir:l..~!1Qth~rY..ount.ry?....
Noah: (Yes, in fact 1/work/abroad twice.)

2 (1/work/in Ireland and in Brazil.)

3 (What about you?/you/ever/have/a job abroad?)

4 Rob: (No, 1/never/want/to leave my home town.)

5 (1/live/here for 20 years, and 1/never/think/of working abroad.)

6 Noah: (Really? Well, 1/apply/for another job abroad.)

Make sentences using the words in brackets ( ) with the Present Perfect and for or since.
+ (1/not/play/tennis/last summer.)
I haven:t plii!yed.t~nni? since l~st sum.m~r, ....... ........... ............... ... ........ .
(1/know/her/more than ten years.)

2 (1/not/eat/anything/lunchtime.)

3 (you/live/in this town/a long time?)

4 (Charlotte/be/a good friend/we were at school together.)

5 (you/see/Jack/the party last week?)

31
 (3)

D We use just with the Present Perfect to talk ·D We use yet with a negative verb to say that
about things that happened a short time something has not happened, but we think that
before now: it will happen:
The post hasn't arrived yet.(= The post has
not arrived, but it probably will arrive.)
I haven't finished this work yet. (= I haven't
Could I speak to jasmine, please? ,..., I'm afraid
finished this work, but I will finish it.)
she has just left. (= She left a short
time ago.) They haven't replied to my letter yet.
Is that a good book? ,..., I don't know. I've just We use yet in questions to ask whether
started it. (= I started it a short time something that we expect to happen
before now.) has happened:
D look at this example with already: Have you paid the bill yet?(= Perhaps you
have not paid the bill, but you are going to
· Do you want something to eat? ,..., No thanks,
pay it soon.)
I've already eaten. (= I ate before now.)
Has it stopped raining yet?(= Perhaps it has
We use already with the Present Perfect to not stopped raining, but it will stop raining
emphasize that something happened before soon.)
now, or before it was expected to happen. Have you found a job yet?
We use already like this:
Notice that we usually put yet at the end of a
negative statement or question:
They haven't replied to my message yet.
Here is another example: Have you found a job yet?
Nicola: Is Sarah going to phone you later?
Robert: No. She's (= She has) already phoned
me. (= Sarah phoned before Nicola
expected her to phone.)

Complete the dialogues using just and the words in brackets ( ). Use the Present Perfect.
+ A: What's happening in this programme?
B: I don't know. lt'sjust st.:jrted. (it/ start).
A: (!/come) back from my holiday.
B: Did you have a good time?
2 A: Could I have a copy of Sports World, please?
B: Sorry. (1/sell) the last copy.
3 A: How's Lucy?
B: She's very happy. .. (She/ finish) her exams.
4 A: (1/have) a message from Mike.
B: Oh yes? What did he say?
5 A: Have you heard from Alice and Frank recently?
B: Yes, ... .. ....... .... .... . (they/move) to another town.

32
 Tenses: past

6 A: Have you still got the same car?

B: No, ...... ... .... .... ... . .. ............ (1/buy) a new one.
7 A: Would you like something to eat?
B: No, thanks. (1/have) breakfast.

Make sentences using the Present Perfect with already or yet and the words in brackets ( ).
Use the Present Perfect.
+ (1/not/read/today's news.) yet
I haven't r:e<:ld tqday'!? ney.'s y~t.....
(you/decide/which one to buy?) yet

2 (1/explain/this to you three times.) already

3 (Their baby son/start/talking.) already

4 (you/phone/Jasmine?) yet

5 (The game/not/finish.) yet

6 (1/have/lunch.) already

7 (He/spend/all his money.) already

Complete the conversation using just, already or yet and the words in brackets ( ).
Use the Present Perfect.
Julia: Are you having a good time here?
Anna: Yes, I haven't been here long, and • I've alre<!ldy visited (1/visit) a lot of interesting places.
Julia: .................. (you/visit/the Art Gallery).
2
Anna: No I • . . . . . . .. (1/not/do/that), but I'm going to do it.
3
Julia: What about the theatre? .. (you/see/a play)?
4
Anna: No, but .. (1/book/a ticket) for one. it's called The Friends.
I did it online five minutes ago. Would you like to come with me?
Julia: Thanks, but 5 (1/see/that play). I saw it last month.
6
Anna: (1/hear) that The Adventurers are going to give a concert next
week. Do you like them?
7
Julia: Yes, I do. (they/make) a really good new album. lt came out a
couple of days ago.
Anna: I really want to get a ticket.
8
Julia: ........ .. ...... ..... .... .. . ................ (they/not/sell/all the tickets). But be quick! They're a very
popular group.

33
 or Present Perfect

Compare the Past Simple and the Present Perfect:

D We use the Past Simple to talk about something We use the Present Perfect to talk about the
that happened at a particular time in the past: past, but not about when things happened:
I met John at four o'clock. I've met John's girlfriend. She's nice.
When did jasmine go to India? In June. IV Have you ever been to India? Yes, I have.
IV

Martin bought a new car last week. I have never bought a new car.

D We use the Past Simple for situations or We use the Present Perfect for situations or
actions during a period of time that ENDED actions during a period of t ime from t he past
in the past: to NOW:
I worked there for two years. I left last year. He has worked here for two years.
(=He still works here.)

I WORKED THERE FOR TWO YEARS. HE HAS WORKED HERE FOR TWO YEARS.

We lived in that house for a long time; then We've lived in this flat since we got married.
we moved to this one. (= We still live in it.)
Our company opened two new shops We opened two shops last summer. Since
last summer. then (= since that time), we have opened
two more.

D Notice how we often move from the Present Perfect to the Past Simple:
Peter: Have you ever played this game before?
Maria: Yes, I played it once when I was. in England.
Peter: Did you win?
Maria: No, I lost.

Complete the conversation by choosing the correct form in brackets ( ).

Sarah: • Hav~ you ever been (Have you ever been/Did you ever go) to the ~nited States?
1
James: Yes, . (I've been/1 went) to California last year.
2
Sarah: ..................... (Have you liked/Old you like) it?
3
James: Yes, ............... (I've enjoyed/! enjoyed) the trip a lot.
4
Sarah: What ..................................................... (have you done/did you do) there?
5
James: (I've visited/! visited) Holly.wood, Disneyland and San Francisco.
6
(Have you been/Did you go) to California, Sarah?
Sarah: No, but 7 . (I've booked/! booked) a holiday there. I've got my ticket
and I'm going next week!

Complete the dialogues using the Present Perfect (I have seen) or Past Simple (I saw) of the
words in brackets ( ).

A: I· ..~~W........................................... . .. (see) Jack last night.

B: Oh really. I '- ................................ ........ (not/see) him for months. How is he?

34
 Tenses: past

2
A: We ............................. . ........................ (go) to the theatre last Saturday.
3
B: .... ... ........ .. ....... ......... .. ........... (you/enjoy) the play?
4
A: Yes, it ....... ............. .......... ............ .. ... ... . ....... (be) very good.

A: I 5............. ................ ....... ....... ........... ..... (never/hear) of this group before. Are they famous in your country?
B: Yes, they are very popular. They 6................................................................. (be) famous in my country for years.

7
A: What .......................................................................... (you/do) last weekend?
9
B: I 8................................................................... (stay) at home. I .......................................-..... ... .... (need) a rest.

10
A: ........................................................................... (you/ever/win) a competition? .
11
B: Yes, 1 ............................................... ...................... (win) a photography competition in 2015.

A: So, John is your best friend. 12.......................................................... (you/meet) him when you were at university?
B: Yes. We 13 ......... ... ..... . . ... .. .... •............ (be) friends for more than ten years.

Complete this paragraph about the London Underground using the Present Perfect or Past
Simple forms of the verbs in brackets ( ).

The London Underground

London • has had .. . ..... ... (have) an underground train system since the 191h
1
century. The London Underground .................. . ............. .................. (start) in 1863, when
2
Victorian engineers and workers ....... .... . .... . .. .... .. ............... (build) the Metropolitan
3
railway. This railway line .. .. .............. .. ............. ............ (go) from Paddington Station to
4
Farringdon Street Station, and steam engines _ .. . . .. ... . .. ... ... . .. . (pull) the
5
coaches. 12 more lines ... .... ....... . .. (open) since then. The world's
6
first underground electric railway .. :.. . ..... ..... ......... .. .......... (open) in 1890. This line
1
...... ..................................................... (go) from the City of London to Stockwell in South London.
8
Since the London Underground ........................................ ..... _ ............ (begin), many other cities,
9
such as New York and Moscow, ................................................................... (build) their own systems.

35
 D We can use the Present Simple to talk about We use used to to talk about a past situation
present situations or habits: or habit that continued for months or years,
and to emphasize that the situation today
Ill> situations:
is different:
My sister works as a translator.
Charlotte doesn't live in Ireland now.
Andrew lives in London.
Nowadays people usually buy bread from
Ill> habits: a shop.
Peter usually wears jeans. My husband doesn't work at home now.
I often eat a sandwich for lunch.
Compare the Past Simple and used to:
Mike doesn't smoke anymore.
Does John drive to work every day? Ill> Past Simple:
When he was young, he ran three miles
D Look at these sentences with the Past Simple: every day. (He may or may not run three
Ill> situation: miles every day now.)
Henry lived in France jor many years. Ill> used to:
Ill> habit: When I was young, I used to run three
miles every day. I don't do that now.
When I was young, I ran three miles
(I don't run three miles every day now.)
every day.
The verbs are in the Past Simple and the We make negative sentences and questions
sentences are about past situations or habits. with did + use to:
Lucy didn't use to like black coffee.
D Look at these sentences with used to:
Paul didn't use to smoke.
Charlotte used to live in Ireland. Did Oliver use to cycle to school?
Many people used to make their own bread. Did your parents use to read to you?
My husband used to work at home.
D We do not use use to for present situations or
habits; we use the Present Simple:
Anna sings in a band. (NOT Anna uses to sing
in a bat1fi.)
)oe doesn't cycle to school. (NOT )oe doesn't
use w cyde to school)

Look at the table of people who have changed what they eat or drink and complete
the sentences.

name
. in the past now .;;- ·...., (

Anna Grace meat tap water fish bottled water

Tom Mary coffee tinned fruit tea fresh fruit
Robert Lucy white bread margari_ne brown bread butter

+ Ann a .\..l~~cjtq ea:~( meat, but now she e~ts fish ............... ..
+ Tom qr_
[nk.?.t:ea .. ... now, but h~ .u~e,~_ tqcjrin..~ coffee.
1 Robert .. ........... . . . .. . . . ..... . .. .... white bread, but now . brown bread.
2 Grace ............................................. tap water, but now .............. ... ..... . ... ...... .. bottled water.
3 Mary ............................................... fresh fruit now, but ............................................. tinned fruit.
4 Lucy ....................................................... butter now, but ............................................ margarine.
42
 Tenses: past

Now complete these questions.

+ ()id Anna use t,o ea~ meat'? ~Yes she did, but now she eats fish.
· 5 ... .... . . white bread? ~Yes he did, but now he eats brown bread.

6 tinned fruit? ~Yes she did, but now she eats fresh fruit.

7 tap water? ~Yes she did, but now she drinks bottled water.

Now complete these sentences.

+ Anna fl!dn't.\J.!:?e..t.o..~fl·t.... ..... ...... fish, but she does now.
+ Tom drinks tea now, but he didn't...use t.o drink.. it.
8 Lucy . .. .. .. butter, but she does now.
9 Mary eats fresh fruit now, but she ... .... .... . .. ..... .. it.
10 Grace drinks bottled water now, but she ... . . ........ it.

Tick (J") the sentences which are correct and cross out the sentences which are incorrect.
+ When he was at primary school, Anthony used to work very hard. J"
+ Last )'ear Peter e~seEI te §Jet a r=tew ei€y€1e fer Christr:Rii&:
I d idn't use to watch TV much, but I do now.
2 When he was a teenager, my grandfather used to buy all the Beatles' records.
3 Paul used to go the cinema almost every weekend.
4 Did Grace used to go to the concert last night?
5 Paul used to be really fit when he played a lot of volleyball.
6 John use to spend a lot of money on that new jacket he bought last week.
7 Kate didn't use to come to school yesterday because she was sick.
8 Jasmine used to play tennis a lot, but she doesn't have time now.
9 Did you use to go to the seaside for holidays when you were a child?
10 We used to live in Canada before we came here.

Complete the sentences with the words in brackets ( ) to say what these people used to do
and what they do now.
+ (Andrew/get up/seven o'clock/now/half past seven)
Andrew used.to get .up .;:it s~ven.o'cloyk, bl..lt. now he get~ up.~?t ha!f p.<:~~t. sey~n-...... ......... __ ............... .
+ (!/swim/before work/now/after work)
I u~_ed .t.o swim before work, bllt JlO_W I ~wLm after.work. .
(Dan/play/violin/now/guitar)

2 (Anna/be/best friends/Annie/now/Cathy)

3 (Lucy/have/dancing lessons/now/riding lessons)

4 (1/buy CDs/now/download all my music)

5 (John and Abigail/live/London/now/Cardiff)

6 (David/drive/Fiesta/now/Jaguar)

43