lOMoARcPSD|26633703

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM)

KAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR, PERAK

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

DIPLOMA IN BUILDING

BGN 292
(CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH)

PREPARED BY:

No Name Student ID Contact No

1 Awang Asykal Bin Awang Ahmad 2021644612 016-5160558

CLASS GROUP: AP1164C

PREPARED FOR:
TS NOORSAIDI MAHAT

DATE OF SUBMISSION:
30 JUNE 2023
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 3
2.0 Content
2.1 Hazard 4
2.2 Type of hazard…..................................................................................................4-5
2.3 Hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control (HIRARC)….................6-7
2.4 Case study
2.4.1 Background of case study.....................................................................8
2.4.2 The project of the case study................................................................ 9
2.4.3 Related photograph of the incident......................................................10

3.0 Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 11

4.0 References....................................................................................................................... 12
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

1.0 Introduction

The construction industry holds significant importance in the economies of developed nations,
making a substantial contribution to their gross domestic product (GDP). However, alongside its
economic impact, the sector also poses risks to the health and safety of workers. Both economically and
socially, the construction sector plays a crucial role. The diverse range of activities undertaken by
construction workers exposes them to various hazards, specific to the tasks they perform and the dangers
faced by their colleagues working nearby. Due to the unique characteristics of each construction site,
such as design, materials, proportions, and site conditions, there is a continuous learning curve and
adaptability required. Consequently, injuries can occur at multiple stages of the construction process,
presenting challenges to ensure a safe working environment.

Construction is a high-risk industry encompassing a multitude of tasks involving building,

modification, and repair. Construction workers face numerous dangers, including falls from rooftops,
exposure to unprotected machinery, accidents involving large construction equipment, electrocutions,
and risks associated with silica dust and asbestos. To assist those involved in the construction sector,
whether as employees or employers, various online resources and tools are available that provide
information and guidance on identifying, minimizing, and eliminating construction-related hazards.
Unfortunately, incidents in the construction industry have resulted in the loss of lives, substantial
property damage, and legal consequences in the form of lawsuits or settlements. State Plan Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) offices and OSHA field offices conduct investigations into
these incidents, aiming to determine the cause and provide insights into construction design, project
management, and field engineering adjustments. The involvement of regulatory agencies, employers,
employees, construction engineers, and project managers in these investigations aims to enhance safety
measures and reduce future occurrences of fatalities and severe injuries.

The objective of establishing safety and health codes within the construction industry is to
provide a practical framework encompassing legal, administrative, technical, and educational aspects.
This framework seeks to ensure the prevention of accidents, diseases, and adverse health effects for
workers employed in construction. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of appropriate design and
implementation of construction projects, enabling the analysis of projects from the perspective of safety,
health, and working conditions. The aim is to create a comprehensive approach that addresses the unique
challenges of the construction industry and promotes a culture of safety and well-being for all involved
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

In conclusion, the construction industry holds both economic and social significance,
contributing to the GDP of developed nations while also posing risks to workers' health and safety. With
the diverse range of activities and hazards inherent in the sector, it is crucial to prioritize safety measures
and minimize the occurrence of accidents and detrimental health effects. Collaboration among regulatory
agencies, employers, employees, construction professionals, and project managers is essential in
investigating incidents, identifying areas for improvement, and implementing measures to enhance safety
in construction projects. Through the implementation of effective codes and guidelines, it is hoped that
the construction industry can progress towards a safer future, reducing the occurrence of incidents,
fatalities, and major injuries.
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

2.1 Hazard

The term "hazard" can be interpreted in various ways, often leading to confusion or its
interchangeability with "risk" in dictionaries. One common definition found in dictionaries describes a
hazard as "a danger or risk," highlighting the tendency to conflate the two terms. When discussing
workplace health and safety, a widely used definition for hazard is: anything that has the potential to
harm someone's health, cause injury, or result in damage. In essence, a hazard represents the possibility
of negative outcomes or harm, whether it be health effects for individuals, property or equipment losses
for organizations, or harm to the environment. Occasionally, the term "hazard" may refer to the actual
source of danger rather than the harm that arises from it. For example, tuberculosis (TB) could be
referred to as a "hazard," although in most cases, the bacteria responsible for TB (Mycobacterium
tuberculosis) would be identified as the "hazard" or "hazardous biological agent."

2.2 Type of hazard

1. Physical hazard

A physical hazard refers to a substance, element, or situation that can cause harm upon contact.
These hazards can be classified as either environmental or occupational hazards. Physical hazards
encompass a range of risks, such as those related to ergonomics, radiation, extreme temperatures,
vibration, and noise. Engineering controls are commonly employed to mitigate these risks. Physical
hazards often contribute to accidents in various professions, although safety practices have been
developed over time to minimize the likelihood of injuries occurring in the workplace, especially in
high-risk industries like mining and construction. However, particular attention should be given to
situations involving child labor. Examples of physical hazards include exposure to heat, cold, fire,
electricity, noise, vibration, and radiation.

2. Biological hazard

Biological hazards originate from diverse sources, encompassing bacteria, viruses, insects, plants,
birds, animals, and human beings. These sources possess the capability to cause a broad spectrum of
adverse health effects, ranging from allergies and skin irritations to infections, such as AIDS, cancer,
and tuberculosis, among others. The potential risks associated with biological hazards highlight the
importance of implementing robust preventive measures and safety protocols to safeguard individuals
and communities from the harmful consequences of exposure to these hazards.

4
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

3. Chemical hazard
Chemical hazards encompass non-biological substances that pose risks to human life and health.
These hazards are prevalent in various settings, including households and workplaces. Exposure to
chemicals can have immediate or long-lasting adverse effects on health. Hazardous chemicals exist in
diverse forms, including neurotoxins, immunological stimulants, dermatologic irritants, systemic toxins,
reproductive toxins, athames, pneumoconiosis agents, and sensitizers. Occupational exposure to
chemical hazards is a significant concern. However, the risk of harm from contact with hazardous
materials can be substantially reduced through the utilization of protective personal equipment (PPE).
Furthermore, long-term exposure to chemical hazards such as lead, tobacco smoke, engine exhausts,
silica dust, and others has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood
pressure. This emphasizes the importance of implementing preventive measures and adopting
appropriate safety protocols to minimize the risks associated with chemical hazards, safeguarding both
immediate and long-term health.

4. Ergonomics hazard

Ergonomic hazards refer to environmental factors that have the potential to cause musculoskeletal
injuries. Key areas of ergonomic risk encompass the arrangement and utilization of equipment, manual
handling activities such as lifting, pushing, and pulling, lighting conditions, noise levels, computer
systems, task and job design, workspace design, workstation setup, and working at heights. These
hazards involve factors such as repetitive motions, unnatural movements, exertion of excessive force,
maintaining fixed postures, direct pressure on body parts, exposure to vibration, extreme temperatures,
high levels of noise, and work-related stress. Recognizing and addressing these ergonomic risk areas is
crucial to create a safer and healthier work environment, reduce the likelihood of musculoskeletal
injuries, and promote the overall well-being of employees.
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

5. Psychosocial hazard

The term "psychosocial hazard" commonly refers to risks that have the potential to impact an
individual's psychological health, mental well-being, or emotional state. Within the framework of the
WHS Act, both physical and mental health are recognized as integral aspects of overall health.
Therefore, employers bear the responsibility to protect their employees' emotional and mental well-
being to the extent reasonably achievable. It is imperative to accord psychosocial risks the same level
of attention as physical risks, such as those related to manual labor, chemicals, and electricity, during
the risk management process. Within the context of UTS, psychosocial hazards can include work-
related stress, instances of bullying and harassment, lone or remote working, workplace violence,
fatigue, and substance abuse. As stipulated by section 19 of the WHS Act, all staff members have an
obligation to minimize these hazards to the extent that is reasonably feasible. By effectively managing
psychosocial risks, organizations can foster a healthy and supportive work environment that promotes
the well-being of their employees.

5
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

2.3 Hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control (HIRARC)

The Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC) framework was
developed with specific objectives in mind. Firstly, it aims to comprehensively identify all potential
hazards or risk factors present in a given situation. Secondly, it involves assessing the likelihood of
these risks occurring and the potential severity of their consequences. Lastly, HIRARC provides
employers with the necessary tools to plan, implement, and continuously monitor preventive measures,
ensuring that risks are effectively managed and controlled at all times. By following the HIRARC
framework, organizations can proactively address potential hazards, minimize risks, and promote a safe
and secure environment for employees and stakeholders.

Steps of HIRARC

1. Classify work activities

Work activities can be classified based on their similarities, which can include geographical or
physical locations both inside and outside of premises, as well as steps involved in the
manufacturing or service process. This classification helps group activities that are not too large in
scale, such as building a car, or too small, such as fixing a nut. It also encompasses specific defined
tasks like loading, packaging, mixing, and fixing doors. By categorizing work activities in this
manner, organizations can gain a better understanding of the different types of tasks involved and
tailor their approach to managing and organizing these activities more efficiently.
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

2. Identify hazard
The process of hazard identification involves determining whether a specific circumstance,
object, entity, or other elements have the potential to cause harm. This process is commonly
referred to as risk assessment, encompassing various steps. Firstly, hazard identification involves
identifying the potential dangers and risk factors that could result in injury. Secondly, it entails
analyzing and assessing the level of risk associated with the identified hazards through risk analysis
and evaluation. Lastly, if the hazard cannot be eliminated, the focus shifts to identifying and
implementing appropriate strategies to reduce the risk, known as risk control. The primary
objective of hazard identification is to locate and document any potential risks present in the
workplace. Engaging a diverse team that includes individuals familiar with the work area and those
who are not can be beneficial. This collaborative approach provides both experienced and fresh
perspectives during the inspection process, enhancing the effectiveness of hazard identification
efforts.

3. Evaluate the risk

Risk evaluation encompasses the examination of how individuals perceive and value the risks
they are exposed to, as well as the trade-offs between perceived dangers and potential benefits. It
plays a crucial role in the decision-making process following risk assessment, as demonstrated by
the controversy surrounding BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy). This chapter explores the
factors that influence risk acceptance and perception. The primary objective of risk evaluation is to
provide affected individuals or those with concerns about the risk with a comprehensive
understanding of the actual projected risks. Central to this evaluation is the consideration of how
people perceive hazards, as their perceptions greatly shape their responses and actions towards
managing risks.

4. Risk control
Hazard control, also known as risk control, is a crucial step in the risk management process,
focusing on implementing techniques to eliminate or minimize hazards. By effectively
implementing hazard control measures, the likelihood of risks occurring and their negative impacts
is significantly reduced. Prior to hazard control, it is essential to conduct hazard identification and
risk assessment to identify and evaluate potential risks. While eliminating the hazard altogether is
the most effective way to reduce risk, it is not always feasible. In such cases, a hierarchy of hazard
controls is recognized, typically prioritized in descending order of effectiveness and preference.
The hierarchy includes:
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

Risk Control

 Elimination: Completely eradicating the hazard by avoiding its presence.

 Substitution: Replacing the hazard with a less dangerous or lower-risk substance, machinery, or
method.
 Isolation: Keeping the hazard separated from tools or individuals at risk through the use of barriers
or clear boundaries.
 Safeguarding: Implementing guards, interlocks, and similar technical solutions to modify tools or
equipment.
 Procedural methods: Utilizing safer approaches and methods to carry out tasks.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Employing protective gear as a final resort when other
control measures are not sufficient.
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

2.4 Case study

2.4.1 Background of case study

 Sungai Besi-Ulu Kelang Elevated Expressway (SUKE) is a 24.4km, three-lane, dual-

carriageway that connects Sri Petaling to Ulu Kelang.
 SUKE has 14 interchanges, providing access to over 60 residential areas and connecting to
major highways and roads in Kuala Lumpur.
 The expressway is built by Projek Lintasan Sungai Besi-Ulu Klang Sdn. Bhd., a subsidiary of
Projek Lintasan Kota Holdings Sdn. Bhd. (PROLINTAS), a renowned developer of
Malaysia's intra-urban elevated highways.
 The primary objective of SUKE is to serve as an alternative to the Middle Ring Road 2
(MRR2) and alleviate traffic congestion in Cheras, Pandan Indah, and Ampang.
 SUKE aims to promote economic growth by connecting high-density areas and offers an
effective traffic dispersal system. It is expected to reduce 30% of peak hour traffic congestion
on MRR2.
 SUKE completes a network of highways and roads in the Klang Valley, linking with existing
expressways such as KESAS, KL-Seremban Highway, BESRAYA, MRR2, CHERAS-
KAJANG, AKLEH, and DUKE. It spans from the Sri Petaling interchange to Ulu Kelang,
providing road users with more route options for intra-city travel.

Figures 2.4.1.1 Elevated Expressway (SUKE)

(Source:https://paultan.org/2022/09/15/suke-highway-officially-launched-cheras-ampang-
phase-1)
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

2.4.2 The project of the case study

Figure 2.4.1.2 SUKE crane crash

(Source : https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysian-authorities-suspend-kuala-lumpur-
highway-project-after-fatal-crane-accident)

An unfortunate incident occurred at the construction site of the Sungai Besi-Ulu Kelang
(SUKE) Elevated Expressway in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, resulting in the loss of three foreign workers'
lives. The accident took place in the early morning when a crane fell on top of a car at the construction
site along Persiaran Alam Damai, Puncak Banyan. Two workers tragically fell approximately 120 feet
from the site and died instantly, while a road user sustained severe injuries after being struck by the
fallen crane. The incident highlighted a disregard for safety procedures in the construction of the
highway project.
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

Figure 2.4.1.3 Senior Works Minister Datuk Seri Fadillah Yusof.

(Source : https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/03/22/after-suke-accident-in-cheras-works-
minister-says-roads-must-be-closed-for/1959938)

Following the accident on March 22, two contractors involved in the SUKE project faced
penalties for their failure to ensure site safety. The main contractor for Package CA3, Muhibah
Perniagaan dan Pembinaan Sdn Bhd, was fined RM100,000, while the subcontractor, China
Communications Construction Company (M) Sdn Bhd, received a penalty of RM200,000. The
Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, responsible for enforcing safety
regulations, imposed the fines. The CIDB emphasized its serious approach to construction site accidents
and urged industry players to prioritize the improvement of safety measures and occupational health
standards at work sites.

The incident has prompted a comprehensive investigation to determine the cause of the accident
and whether there were violations of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. This act places the
responsibility on employers to ensure the safety, health, and welfare of their employees and the public
within their work jurisdiction. CIDB Chief Executive Datuk Ahmad Asri Abdul Hamid stressed the
importance of upholding legal requirements and reiterated the need for industry players to remain
committed to enhancing safety aspects and occupational safety and health measures. The investigation
aims to prevent similar incidents in the future and create a safer working environment for all construction
personnel.
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

Key Steps in Job Hazard Analysis

1. Identify the target job task for analysis

Begin by determining the specific work activities that will be the focus of the job hazard analysis.
Prioritize tasks where accidents and injuries have occurred in the past, especially those that pose a
high risk of severe harm. Additionally, when introducing new processes or tasks, include an
assessment of the associated job tasks that will be involved.

2. Break down the selected job task into steps

Once the target job task has been identified, proceed to break it down into individual steps or
subtasks. This step-by-step breakdown allows for a thorough examination of each component of
the task and the potential hazards associated with them.

3. Identify potential hazards for each step

Analyze each step of the job task to identify potential hazards that may be present. Consider factors
such as equipment used, environmental conditions, physical exertion required, and the presence of
any hazardous substances. It is essential to involve workers who are familiar with the task to
provide insights into potential hazards they have observed or experienced.

4. Assess the level of risk for identified hazards

Evaluate the severity and likelihood of each identified hazard. This assessment helps prioritize
hazards based on their potential to cause harm. Consider the frequency of exposure, potential
consequences, and the number of workers exposed to the hazard when determining the level of risk.

5. Implement hazard control measures

Develop and implement appropriate control measures to eliminate or minimize the identified
hazards. This may involve modifying work processes, introducing engineering controls, providing
personal protective equipment (PPE), or implementing administrative controls such as training and
standard operating procedures.
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

6. Review and update the job hazard analysis

Regularly review and update the job hazard analysis to account for changes in work processes,
equipment, or workplace conditions. Periodic reassessment ensures that new hazards are identified
and addressed, and control measures remain effective over time.
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

2.4.3 Related photograph of the incident

Figures 1

Figures 2
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

3.0 Conclusion

In conclusion, conducting a thorough job hazard analysis is crucial for ensuring workplace
safety and mitigating potential risks. By following the major steps outlined above, organizations can
systematically identify and address hazards associated with specific job tasks. The selection of the
target job task allows for a focused analysis, prioritizing tasks with a history of accidents or high-risk
potential. Breaking down the task into steps enables a detailed examination of potential hazards, while
involving workers with firsthand experience enhances the analysis. Assessing the level of risk
associated with identified hazards helps prioritize control measures. Implementing appropriate hazard
control measures, such as modifying processes or providing personal protective equipment, is
essential for minimizing risks. Regularly reviewing and updating the analysis ensures that new
hazards are identified and control measures remain effective. By adopting a proactive approach to job
hazard analysis, organizations can create safer work environments, protect employees' well-being, and
prevent accidents and injuries.

11
 lOMoARcPSD|26633703

4.1 Reference

1. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2021/03/676050/stop-work-order-issued-suke-
following-fatal-crane-collapse
2. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/11/crane-gantry-crash-suke-
contractors-fined-rm300000-over-failure-to-ensure-s/2012605
3. https://gempak.com/rojakdaily/news/suke-crane-crash-three-killed-and-one-injured-what-
exactly-happened-61929
4. https://themalaysianreserve.com/2021/03/22/negligence-among-reasons-for-fatal-incident-at-
suke/
5. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/03/22/after-suke-accident-in-cheras-
works-minister-says-roads-must-be-closed-for/1959938

12