FORM ONE

CHAMPIONS COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY NOTES

INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT.
THE MEANING OF HISTORY.
 History as a discipline is the study of man’s past chronology account and record of events
in relation to the environment.
 The word history is derived from a Greek word historia which mean to ask, inquire or search for
the truth and report the findings.
 History is defined as a record, account and analysis of human activities and relationships on
earth in a given time..
Periods in History.
They are two basic periods in history.
1. Pre-history.
 Refers to those activities that humans engaged in before writing and drawing were invented as
ways of storing information.
 Sources of Pre-History.
 Songs
 Myths
 Stories
 Artefacts
 Fossils
 Language of the people.
2. History.
 This is the study of man in recent times.
 It may also be defined as a branch of knowledge which deals with past events of human beings
and their response to their environment over the years.
 This period relies mainly on raw data from narrations and written works within memorable past.
Branches of History.
i.Social history.
 Deals with the traditions, values and cultural practises of the people.
ii.Economic history.
 Refers to the means of livelihood of people, such as hunting, gathering, agriculture and trade.
iii.Political history
 This is the study of a people’s way of ruling, people’s leaders and the system of administration.
 Deals with control systems in society for example maintenance of law and order, leadership and
security.


CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 1

The meaning of government.
 The term government is derived from the word to govern which means to exercise authority
over, to rule or control.
 Government means the way of ruling, administering and controlling people.
 Government deals with the exercising of authority and the directing of people’s lives as spelt
out in their society.
Arms of government
i.The legislature/ parliament.
 It includes the national assembly and the senate
ii.Executive.
 Includes the president, the cabinet and the civil service, it implements the law.
iii.Judiciary.
 Its responsibility is to see to that the laws made are constitutional, that they are followed and
that those who break them are punished.
Forms of government.
i.Democratic
 This type of government requires the rulers to regularly seek public mandate through popular
vote.
iiAristocratic, etymology:
 It is the type of government in which a group of people from the highest social class that is the
royalty, in a society rule over others.
iii.Monarchical.
 It is a form of government where democracy is practised but aristocratic power is respected.
Types of monarchical government.
 Absolute monarchy- refers to the unrestricted power of the head of state. The monarchy is
dictatorial.
 Constitutional monarchy- restricted monarchical power is determined by what is spelt out in
the constitution E.G Britain and Lesotho.
iv.Dictatorial.
 It is a system of government where the ruler has total powers over his subjects.
Relationship between History and Government
 Government deals with people’s attempt at organised life while history is the study of people’s
political, social and economic activities in relation to their environment. Government is
therefore, part of history. It is people’s attempt to govern themselves, their political activities in
relation to the rest of society.
 History and government is therefore the study of people and society.
Sources of information on history and government.
They are divided into three namely:
 Unwritten sources.
 Written sources.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 2

  Electronic source.
Unwritten sources.
 Refers to historical information which is not recorded in writing.
 They are:
 Oral traditions
 Linguistics (language)
 Anthropology (culture)
 Archaeology
 Palaeontology
 Genetics.
Oral traditions:
 Refers to the practice of handing down historical information by word of mouth from one
generation to the next.
Forms of oral tradition
 Folktales.
 Proverbs
 Songs
 Stories.
 Myths
 Legends
Advantages of oral tradition.
 It is important in the study of pre-history.
 They integrate the study of history with other social studies.
 It is cheap as it doesn’t require experts.
 It compliments other sources of history
Disadvantages of oral tradition.
 The information may be exaggerated as it’s difficult to distinguish between what was real from
what was imagined.
 The information may be forgotten or omitted because it depends on human memory.
 some Information may deliberately concealed
 It is difficult to give the correct dates and chronology of events.
 It is an expensive method of gathering information as one has to pay for the information’s,
transportation, lunch and accommodation.
 Its time consuming, one requires a lot of time to interview one individual.
 The information may be biased.
Linguistics:
 Refers to the scientific study of language.
 Language is part of culture.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 3

  It can be studied in an attempt to discover what its form, content, grammar and vocabulary can
tell us about the historical experience of the people who use the language.
 People who speak related language may be assumed to have a common origin, be connected or
had been in close contact sometimes backing in the past.
Advantages of Linguistics
 It makes it easy to trace people’s interactions and course of movement.
 It is easy to identify groups with similar language traits, for example, Nilotes.
 Information is easily obtained as language is a cultural phenomenon.
 Language helps those using oral tradition to gather information from various sources.
 Linguistics is useful in the dating of migration of people.
Disadvantages of linguistics.
 It’s time consuming.
 Some words may be omitted when translating a language.
 Different languages may have similar words with different meanings, this can confuse a
researcher.
 There has been borrowing of words from other languages and this has corrupted the parent
language, this leads to inaccurate information.
 A linguist may find some of the words from different groups difficult to understand.
 Some languages have become archaic or extinct and are therefore difficult to translate.
Anthropology:
 This is the study of a people’s origins
 To carry out their work, anthropologists have to live among the people to experience their way
of life.
 This helps them to understand and explain structures of societies, forms of social organization,
institutions, marriage, and forms of government, systems of inheritance, religious customs and
cultural values.
 They can also explain aspects of the economic such as fishing and agriculture in which a given
community depends.
 Anthropology is vital because it gives a deeper understanding of particular aspects of people’s
culture.
Advantages of Anthropology.
 It enables historians to determine the cultural past of a community.
 Information is easily obtained from the surrounding.
 It compliments other sources.
Disadvantages of anthropology.
 It’s expensive because it involves living among the people you are studying or observing.
 It’s time consuming method of acquiring information.
 The researcher may find it difficult to adapt fully to the environmental during their research.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 4

  It is unreliable as people under study may try to behave differently when the researcher is
around.
 When observing a researcher may miss important details as it is mainly observing people in
their own culture.
Archaeology
 Archaeology is the scientific study of material remains of past human life and activities.
 After studying the artefacts, the archaeologies reconstruct the activities of the people who lived
in pre-historic time form various evidence such as the trace of weapons, coins, bones and
traditional crafts.
 Archaeologists often work with natural scientists such as palaeontologists.
 Palaeontologist deals with fossils.
 Fossils are remains of pre-historical plant and animals.
Examples of material remains include;
 Store tools
 Pottery
 Wooden implements
 Metal objects
 Baskets
 Garments.
 Shelters
 Rock paintings
 Art work.
Locating a historical site.
 They look for areas where artefacts have been exposed by tectonic forces or erosion.
 They excavate areas mentioned in historical documents.
 Vision may help find early areas of settlements such as a few stones in a regular pattern.
 They use long experience and skills to identify or potential site.
 Historical research and insights to areas of past civilization is useful in identifying a site.
 Some artefacts may be exposed during human activity like cultivation or building construction.
Method of dating fossils.
The following methods are used by scientists to arrive at the age of fossils remains.
i.Geological dating.
 It is the use of chemical analysis to estimate the age of geological specimens.
ii.Chemical Dating-
 They are two types of chemical dating.
i.Radio-carbon dating. (Carbon 14 dating).It is a measure of the amount of carbon
remaining in a fossil.
ii.Potassium argon.It is a measure of the amount of potassium remaining in a fossil.
iii.Stratigraphy-

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 5

  It is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers(strata) and
layering(stratification)
iv.Fission-Track Dating-
 This is the method of age determination that makes use of the damage done by the
spontaneous fission of uranium-238, the most abundant isotope of uranium.
v.Lexico- Statistics Dating-
 This is the study of vocabulary of languages with the interest to determine their age and
their historical lines with other languages.

vi.Statistical Dating.
 This is the analysis of ancient and medieval records.
Advantages of archaeology.
 It provides pre-history information.
 It gives accurate information on material culture of early humans.
 It links history to laboratory based sciences.
 It has sense of reality as artefacts can be seen or touched.
 It gives a sense of time through dating of artefacts.
Disadvantages of archaeology.
 It is expensive source as it requires expensive equipment.
 It is time consuming.
 Some artefacts and fossils are fragile and can break during excavation.
 It is only limited to the study of ancient records and not recent history.
 Information may be inaccurate resulting from wrong conclusion or reconstructions.
 It is not easy to accurately determine date when events took place. It is only estimate through
method of dating fossils.
 There are few archaeological experts and facilities for interpreting archaeological evidence in
Kenya.
Genetics
 Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
 It therefore studies how characteristics are passed from parents to their offspring’s through their
genes (this is known as hereditary).
Advantages of Genetics.
 It shows relationship between people who have a common ancestor.
 It can distinguish one person from another.
 Genetics can trace the movement of people or plants from their original habitat to other regions.
 Genetics can help locate where and when animals were domesticated and their routes of
migration with the help of zoologist.
Disadvantages of Genetics.
 It is expensive as it involves laboratory analysis of specimens.
 It is time-consuming to obtain results.
 It can only be used by experts

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 6

Written sources.
 These are recorded information in the form of drawing the printed word.
 They could be written using pens, pencils, keyboards or computer screen or some other surface.
 They can be used in many times without damaging them.
 Written sources includes
 Narratives sources of first hand information or eye intern recounts or happenings, informal
events, annual and newspapers.
 Private paper belonging to individuals like letters, autobiographies.
 Government records of institutions.
 Political records.
Classification of written sources.
i.Archives and manuscripts.
 Archives- are a collection of historical documents or resources and are resources center for
preserved information.
 Manuscripts- are a hand written text which has not been published.
ii.Printed sources.
 They include.
 Books.
 Journals.
 Novels.
 Newspapers.
 Magazines.
 Newsletters.
 Photographs.
Advantages of written sources.
 They preserve history since events are recorded for future references.
 Written records can be distributed to literate people all over the world.
 They are accurate as information preserved as was recorded and not dependant in human
memory.
 Written records can be translated into different languages.
 Written records are less costly compared to anthropology or archaeology.
 Braces and prejudices coming from authors are limited and hence more reliable.
Disadvantages of written records.
 It’s unreliable if the author omits essential information for one reason or another.
 It can be misunderstand or misinterpreted by readers to suit ones need or discredit others.
 Writers are at times biased when they write from a particular point or view e.g. early colonial
writers.
 They are limited to literate people in society but not useful to illiterate.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 7

  At times acquiring written records are expensive e.g. in Kenya many people cannot afford
newspapers.
 Reading written records is often time consuming.
Electronic sources.
 Electronic sources of historical information include.
 Micro films.
 Films.
 Radio.
 Television.
 Computerized data bases.
Advantages of Electronic sources.
 They provide information fast.
 The information is stored for future reference.
 Information can be conveyed to any part of the world.
Disadvantages of Electronic source.
 Can only be used in areas with electricity.
 They are expensive to obtain and use.
 They require experts.
Importance of studying history.
 It helps us to know the origin of mankind, his development and progress he has made to this
date.
 It helps us appreciate man achievements and learn from the failures of the past so as to manage
the present better.
 It helps man to understand how to relate and depend on each other. Decisions taken by one
person affects others.
 It helps understand our culture as well as other people’s culture.
 History inspires patriotism and nationalism among citizens as they learn of the past
political development.
 It helps to comprehend social, economic and political development of our societies.
 It helps one to be more knowledgeable as its documents information of varied importance to
human development.
 It helps man to know the time, place and space of past events. Through history, we learn about
the time and palace where an event occurred.
 We utilize historical records of events such as famine; clashes and civil wars to prepare people
cope with and avoid a repeat of such tragedies.
 It develops a critical mind as we try to explain historical events by asking questions of Why,
How and When.
 History provides intellectual fulfilment to the learner.
 History influences career choice.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 8

Importance of studying government.
 It helps us to understand how laws are made.
 We also learn how development programme are formulated and implemented.
 We learn how powers vested in different organs of the government i.e. legislature, judiciary and
executive are exercised.
 Through the study of government we understand and appreciate the need for a government.
 It helps us appreciate the constitution and the powers of making and reviewing laws and states.
 The study of government makes us know our role as citizens and roles of leaders who govern
us. This makes us law abiding and productive.
 Government is a social contract and hence helps us understand our rights, responsibilities as
well as limitations within which we must operate and protect us from dictatorship.
 The study of government just like history influences career choice.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 9

EARLY MAN
 Human beings are often referred to as ``man’’.
 Man is unique compared to other creatures because they are able to communicate reason, make
tools and create or discover things.
The Origin of Man.
They are three theories that explain the origin of man.
 The Creation theory.
 The Evolution theory.
 The Traditional theory.
i.The creation theory-
 This is explained in various Holy books, for example, the Bible and the Koran.
 In the book of Genesis, it is written that God created the universe and all the living creatures
including man in six days.
 In these stories Man is said to have been created in God’s own image. The woman was created
by God to provide man with a companion. Once created both of them were to reproduce and fill
the earth.
 In the Koran, evolution is explained as diverse, ranging from theistic evolution to old earth
creationist.
ii.The Traditional theory-
 Every community has his own myth or myths concerning the origin of man.
 Myths are explained through oral tradition, myths and legends.
 Agikuyu believe that Ngai appeared and created their ancestors, Gikuyu and Mumbi at
Mukurwe wa Gathanga.
 The Maasai believe their ancestors were dropped by Enkai from the sky.
iii.The Evolution theory-
 This is a scientific theory that explains the origin of man through a slow process of
change called evolution.
 The theory was put forward by Charles Darwin in 1859 in his book The Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection.
 He argues that plants and animals must have evolved from simple life forms and transformed or
changed slowly over millions of years through:
 Mutation
 Natural selections
 Environmental adaptation.
Mutation
 Is the abrupt change in the form of a living thing as dictated by climate or genetic
components of the living involved.
Natural selection
 Is when the stronger species out compete the weaker ones for resources.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 10

 Adaptation
 Is the last stage where surviving species isolate themselves as they adapt to the new
environment.
 It’s therefore a process of natural but continuous changes from a lower simpler state or
species.
Human evolution of man.
 Evolution is the process of slow or gradual change; it’s believed that living things were not in
the form we see them today.
 The earliest living things are believed to have appeared 200 million years ago.
 Man experienced physical and cultural changes over millions of years; he thus transformed
from a primitive form to the state he is in today.
 Man therefore shared a common ancestor with apes.
 Mans particular family group is called HOMONIDAE while that of the apes is called
PONGIDAE.
 Through evolution and environmental adaptation, man separated from his ancestors and took
his own life of development.
 Hominids therefore appeared which was man-like (rather than ape-like) forming the ancestors
of the human family.
Archaeological sites in East Africa
Kenya
 Rusinga Island
 Fort tenan.
 Kariandusi.
 Olorgesailie.
 Koobi fora.
 Gambles cave.
 Lukenya hill.
 Panga ya saidi.
 Lokalelei.
 Hyrax hill
 Ntuka
In Tanzania
 Olduvai George
 Mumba
 Isimila
 Laetoli
 Nasera
In Ethiopia
 Omo river valley.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 11

  Olduvai Gorge.
In Uganda.
 Nsongezi
 Napak
 Magosi
 Paraa
 Ishanga
 mweya
 Nyabusora.
In South Africa
 Klasies river mouth
 Blombos
 Border cave
 Mossel bay
Why Africa is considered the cradle of human.
 They are numerous archaeological sites on the continent where early fossils that resemble
human have been found.
 The savannah grasslands provided space for early human to effectively hunt and gather his
food.
 The tropical climate was suitable for early human’s existence for it was warm throughout the
year.
 There were many all-season rivers that provided fresh water and trapping for wild animals.
Stages through which human evolved.
 Archaeological studies show that humans evolved through various stages.
 At each stage human developed certain physical and cultural features.
 The following are the stages of the evolution of man.
i.Aegytopithecus.
 Probable earliest ancestor of man and apes discovered Faiyum depression in Egypt.
 It’s about 33 million years old.
 It was herbivores.
Features.
 Walked on four limbs.
 Had a tail.
 Weighed four kilogrammes.
ii.Dryopithecus.
 Were discovered in Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria in 1948.
 It dates back to about 25 million years.
Features.
 It had long teeth

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 12

  Smooth forehead
 Projecting face
 Moved on fours
iii.Kenyapithecus( Ramapithecus).
 Lived between 15 million and 7years ago.
 Discovered at Fort Ternan near Kericho in 1961
 It was human-like than any other earlier ape.
 Apart from fortenant it was also discovered at:
 samburu hills
 lake baringo
 Lake Turkana basin.
Features.
 It weighed about 18-36 kgs
 Had small teeth
 Had a lager brain
 Walked on two legs.
iv.Australopithecus ( zinjathropus)
 Lived between four and two and a half million years ago
 The creature was also referred to as Southern ape man because the remains were first
discovered in Southern Africa at Taung.
 In East Africa it was discovered in Olduvai Gorge and Lake Natron in Tanzania by Mrs. Mary
leaky.
 Australopithecus used stone tools made for defence and to get food. They used sticks and
pebble tools to kill small animals for food.
 They lived in small camps near water bodies.
Species of Australopiticus.
These were various types of Australopithecus.
 Australopithecus anamensis
 Australopithecus afarensis
 Australopithecus africanus
 Australopiticus robustus.
 Australopithecus boisei.
Australopithecus anamensis.
 It was discovered at Kanapoi and Alia Bay (southern and eastern sides of Lake Turkana)
 It was discovered by:
 Dr.meave Leakey
 Allan walker
 Kamoya Kinoya
 Bernard Ngeneo.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 13

  It is believed to be the oldest Australopithecus with an age of 4 million years.
Australopithecus afarensis.
 Lived between 4 and 3 million years ago.
 Its name is derived from the Afar Triangle in Ethiopia.
 Other remains have been discovered at Laetoli in Tanzania and Tugen hills in Kenya.
Australopithecus africanus.
 Lived between 3 and 2.5 million years ago.
 Discovered in Southern Africa
 He was smaller and slender.
 They had enlarged skull and jaws.
 Walked upright with bipedal.
 About 1.5 metres tall.
Australopithecus robustus
 Biggest and most recent.
 Lived between 2 and 1.5 million years ago in both Southern Africa and Eastern Africa.
Australopithecus boisei
 Found in Eastern Africa.
 Lived between 2.2 and 1.3 million years ago
Features of the Australopithecus
 Had an upright posture as he walked on two legs
 Had hairy body.
 Was short and small slender body.
 Was strongly built with heavy shoulders
 Had a large brain capacity of about 500cc.
 Had large face with a low forehead and stereo-scopic vision.
 Had large jaws and teeth.
 Weighed 30-68kg
v.Homo Habilis
 Means handy man or practical man.
 Discovered at Olduvai George by Jonathan Leakey.
 It is believed at one time Homo habilis and Australopithecus lived at East Africa about one and
three quarter million years ago.
 He was man-like and could group objects and make tools which lived about 2 million years ago.
His brain capacity was about 500-800 cm3.
Features of Homo habilis.
 Large brain capacity of about 775 cc.
 Bigger body stature of about 5 feet.
 Face and skull like that of modern man.
 Used elementary speech.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 14

  Well developed thumb like of modern man
vi.Homo Ergaster.
 Homo habilis evolved into homo ergaster about 1.8 million years ago
 Homo ergaster then expanded its range beyond Africa into Asia.
 Homo ergaster who migrated into Asia then adapted into the Asian environment known as
Homo erectus.
Features.
 He was tall and muscular.
 Was having 74% modern brain size.
 Lived in desert savannas.
 He was Omnivorous scavenger
 Had long legs
 Had smooth skin for sweating.
 First to leave Africa and later become Homo erectus.
vii.Homo Erectus
 It means upright man lived in Africa about 1 million years ago.
 He was claver, made Acheulian tools like the hand axe.
 He invented fire; he had a higher brain capacity between 750-1100cm3.
Features of Homo erectus.
 Had upright posture.
 Had a Larger brain capacity of upto 1100 cc.
 Made refined tools.
 Communicated well using speech.
 Was large in stature of 5.5 feet tall.
 Possessed a prominent brow ridge over the eyes.
viii.Homo sapiens
 Means intelligent or thinking man, it’s the name given to modern man.
 He had small teeth with steep rounded head.
 He had a higher brain capacity to about 1000-1800 cm3. He hunted, gathered and practised
fishing.
 There are 3 sub- species.
 Rhodesian man
 Was given the name because it was discovered at Kabwe in Zambia, then called Northern
Rhodesia.
 Features.
 Had straight legs and walked with long strides.
 Had large brain capacity.
 Had great ridges over his eyes
 Neanderthal man

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 15

  Features.
 It was heavily built with brow-ridges.
 Large brain capacity.
 Was intelligent and skilled in using his hands.
 Ate meat from animals.
 Cro-magnon man.
 Features.
 He was taller
 Had a thicker brow ridge.
 He painted pictures.
Features of Homo sapiens.
 Had straight legs.
 Walked on twos with long strides.
 Had a large stature of about 6 feet tall.
 Had small teeth.
 Had a steep well rounded forehead.
 Had a large brain capacity of upto1300 cc. Brain.
 Had heavy brows and ridges over the eyes.
 Had bushy eye-brows.
ix. Homo sapiens sapiens
 The most advanced creature to appear on earth. They were taller, slimmer and more intelligent.
 He started domesticating crops and animals and building huts, he led a settled life.
Features of Homo sapiens sapiens.
 High intellectual capacity with a large brain of 1400 cc.
 Spoke with well refined speech.
 Had small jaws and teeth.
 Was about 6 feet tall.
 Had well developed thumb for grasping objects.
Cultural and economic practices of early man.
 The culture of early man can be understood through the study of Stone Age or Palaeolithic
periods.
 The early period of human history mean man’s tools and weapons were mainly made of stone,
bone and wood.
 The things they made and used formed their material culture; archaeologists have divided Stone
Age in three categories.
 Early Stone Age: 2.1 million years’ ago-300000 years ago. The tools were still very crude.
 Middle Stone Age: 300000-50,000 years ago. There was an attempt to refine the tools to suite
specific function.
 Late Stone Age: 50000-2500 year’s ago.Microlithic tools began to be fitted onto handles.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 16

The old stone age (lower Palaeolithic) 300,000-200,000 years ago.
 The early Stone Age lasted approximately from 2.1 million years ago-300,000 years ago.
 There were advances in the pre-historic culture of early man. These advances included:
Culture of Old Stone Age period.
i.He made few simple tools.
 Weapons and tools are referred to as oldowan or pebble tools.
 Pre-oldwan tools have been found at Lokalelei in Turkana by Dr.Mzalendo Kibunja of the
national museum of Kenya. It was named oldowan after Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania where they
were first discovered.
 It was called pebble tools because they were made from a pebble that is fairly large round
stones.
 He made Acheulian tools in the second phase of Old Stone Age.
 Acheulian tools were made by Homo-erectus and Homo ergasters.
 These tools were used for:
 Digging roots
 Skinning animals
 Cutting
 Scrapping animal skin.
ii.Clothing.
 Was hairy and walked naked.
iii.Shelter.
 Did not build houses but slept on trees in forest. They used store, caves and rock as shelters.
iv.Food.
 They ate raw meat, plants, birds and eggs.
v.Hunting.
 They did hunting, gathering and collected food.
Method of hunting.
 Chasing the wild animals.
 Trapping and caughting wild animals around the watering points
vi.Communication
 There communication was through gestures, growling and whistling.
The middle Stone Age (middle Palaeolithic)
 Middle Stone Age was a period of African pre-history between early stone age and late stone
 It began around 280,000 years ago and ended around 50,000-25,000 years ago.
 The period is associated with Homo erectus.
Culture of Middle stone age.
i.Tools and weapons.
 Tools and weapons were improved to smaller scrappers, spears and choppers. Tools they were
called Sangoan tools.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 17

ii.Shelter
 Man had known rock shelters and later lived in caves for more security.
 At night they kept fires burning at the entrance to scare away wild animals.
Examples of caves.
 Matupi cave in democratic Republic of Congo.
 Ntuka near Narok.
 Dar es solton.
iii.Food.
 Man continue hunting for food
 Hunting improved due to lighter shaper and specialized weapons. They invented fire and started
cooking his own food.
 Cooking soften the food as well as neutralizes poisons.
iv.Rock art.
 They painted pictures of the animals he hunted like elephants and antelopes on walls of caves.
 The best of this in Africa are found in Kondoa and Singinda in Northern Tanzania, Lukenya
hills near Athi River in Kenya and Apollo ii cave in southern Africa.
 Drawing pictures of wild animals, human believed that they could magically have a controlling
power over their prey.
v.Clothing.
 Man wore animal skins. They scrapped the skins clean to make cloths out of them.
 He made shells and necklaces and painted his body with red ochre and oil.
vi.Communication.
 Man improved in gesture and growling and began to use clicks and grants.
vii.The invention of fire.
How the invention of fire changed man’s life.
 Man could warm himself during cold night.
 The flames of fire could be give him light at night.
 Fire enables man to cook roots and roast meat thus increasing availability of food because a
variety of roots and seed could now be cooked and eaten.
 Fire used for hunting and confining animals in certain areas.
 Fire was used for fighting away wild animals.
 It improved tool making as it hardened the tip of wooden tools.
 Early communication was through smoke and fire signals. It thus improved communication.
 Fire was used as food preservative e.g drying meat and fish.
 It made hominids to migrate through the world from the savannah.
New stone age (upper Palaeolithic)
 It is also referred to as late Stone Age.
 It is associated with Homo sapiens sapiens.
 Last roughly between 60,000 to 2500 years ago.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 18

  Man made great advances socially, politically and economically. There was technological
advancement.
Culture of Late Stone Age.
i.Tools and weapons.
 This period is marked by advanced tools called Microliths.
 Microlith were very small tools sometimes less than a centimetre in length.
 It was formed by pressing one stone against another. They were not used alone but fitted or
glued into wood and bone handles and used together as tools. Had straight sharp cutting edges
glued on bone and wood
 Examples of microlith tools.
 sickles
 arrowheads
 spears
 bows
 arrows
 knives
 slings
 daggers
 Saws.
ii.Settlement.
 Man had start living a settle life.
iii.Clothing.
 Human began to appreciate the need for bodily decoration. Humans prepared red ochre in stone
bowls and used it as body make-up.
 They also decorated themselves using beads of made of seeds, bone and ostrich egg shells.
iv.Shelter
 He made shelter using tree branches and grass. Wall and roofs were decorated with animal
paintings.
v.Food
 Domesticated plants and animals and thus began agriculture. He continued to hunt and gather.
vi.Communication
 He developed a cruel form of spoken language.
vii.art and crafts.
 Human learnt how to make rough baskets, to spin and weave flax, natural fibre and how to
make pots by shaping clay and baking it using fire.
 Drew pictures of animals and painted them. Specialized in basketry and pottery.
viii.Religion
 Started performing rite to and ceremonies in the belief to influence natural forces like rain,
drought and death. Human were buried with their tools and possessions.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 19

ix.Government.
 Man led a settled life in permanent shelters. The social life led to setting up of rules and laws.
This made some people specialize in leadership.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 20

 THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
 Agriculture is the growing of crops and the keeping of livestock. It is also called farming.
 Growing of crops is cultivativation.
 Keeping of livestock is pastoralism or herding. It is also referred to as animal husbandry.
Origin of agriculture.
There are two theories that explain the origin of agriculture.
 Independent theory.
 Diffusion theory.
Independent theory.
 The theory state that agriculture started independently throughout the world as local condition
dictated
Diffusion theory.
 The theory states that agriculture started in the Middle East i.e.in Mesopotamia from where it
spread to other regions in the world.
Domestication of animals.
 It is possible that human beings domesticated animals before crop growing.
 The 1st animals to be tamed were the dogs and later goats, sheep, cattle and camels. It was a
gradual process.
 Man kept animals for.
 Security.
 Meat.
 Milk.
 Transport.
 Hunting.
 This depended on the type of animal kept. However the animals are first to be tamed and kept in
bomas protection, man later learned the art of selecting breeding. Animals were led to good
pastures.
Dogs.
 They helped in hunting and drove away dangerous animals.
 They helped man to herd cattle, sheep and goats.
Goats.
 They were domesticated in south west Asia around 5000BC. They reached Africa by 5000BC
in Egypt.
Sheep.
 They were domesticated after dogs about 9000BC in Iraq.
 They were also kept in Syria, Europe and Africa.
Cattle.
 They were 1st domesticated in south west Asia in turkey around 5800BC and later in Iraq and
Iran.
 They later spread to North Africa and Ethiopia.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 21

Camel.
 It originated in North America though found in North Africa.
 It later spread to Asia and South America.
Benefits of domesticated animals.
 Animals provided regular food supply in the form of meat and milk.
 Animal’s skins are used for clothing and beddings among other purpose.
 The hooves and horns were used as containers or as drinking vessels. The horns were used as
communication instruments.
 Animal bones were used to make a variety of products e.g. ornaments, needles and weapons.
 Animals like camel, horses and donkey were used for transport and pulling ploughs.
 Oxen and donkey were used for ploughing the land during cultivation.
 The dog apart from being man’s friend protected him against dangerous animals.
 Some animals produced manure which greatly improved agriculture produce.
 Animals were traded for other items.
The beginning of Crop growing.
 The transformation or change from hunting and gathering to growing of food crops did not
happen suddenly, it took time.
Crop growing developed in stages.
 Man discovered that some plants had more nutrients than others, so he selected these he
considered better or superior.
 People realized that wild crops germinated along river valleys where water and fertile soils were
available.
 The crops grew faster when bushes and other plants were weeded out hence through trial and
error people acquired the skill of crop growing.
The earliest crops to be domesticated were:
 Barley
 Wheat.
 Sorghum.
 Rice.
 Millet.
 Maize.
 Yams.
 Cassava.
 Potatoes.
 Grapes.
These crops grew in different soils and climate conditions.
There are many centres of agricultural revolution such as.
 The Middle East.
 The Nile valley.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 22

  The Indus valley (India).
 The yellow river valley(china)
 The Danube valley (Europe).
The following are some of the crops that were grown.
Wheat.
 It is believed to have originally grown in south west Asia. It spread to Mesopotamia by 600 BC
and then Egypt by 3000BC.
Barley.
 It was probably the first cereal to be domesticated. It was grown in Syria and the river
Euphrates. It later spread to Egypt, India and china by 2000BC.
Sorghum and millet.
 They originated from different parts of Africa e.g. West Africa by 1500 BC around Lake Chad
and Ethiopia.
Rice.
 Originated in the Central America about 500BC in Mexico.
Yams.
 They are probably the first of the roots and tuber crops to be domesticate by about 9000BCe.g.
In south-east Asia and also south America and Africa.
Reasons for domestication of crops and animals.
 Climate change caused animals to migrate far away leading to lack of food.
 Increase in mans population which required more food form animals.
 Man and other wild animals competed for the same food leading to decrease in the animals man
could rely on.
 Over-hunting by man depleted stocks of animal he could rely on for food.
 Natural disasters like forest fires and floods killed many animals making the 1survivors to
migrate far away thus leading to scarcity of land.
 Hunting and gathering had become insecure and tedious as man could come back empty
handed.
 Hunting as well as gathering would sometimes be hindered by unfavourable weather conditions
like snow and rain.
 Animals were used for transport and security.
 Animals also provided cloths through hide and skins.
Early agriculture in Egypt.
 Egypt is one of the countries in the world where early agriculture started.
 Agriculture in Egypt was practised along the banks of River Nile.
 The waters of the Nile deposited the silt that it had carried from the Ethiopian and East African
highland into Egypt.
 The early Egyptian drained the water that caused the silt to be swampy and this way created their
earliest farms.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 23

  They livestock like:
 cattle
 sheep
 Goats.
 They also kept:
 Geese
 Hens.
 They grew crops like;
 cotton
 beans
 wheat
 barley
 onions
 vines
 figs
 flax
 Lentils.
 Canal irrigation replaced basin irrigation. This was followed by the invention of the shadoof
which consisted of a long pole that swings up and down with a bucket attached at one end.
 The use of shadoof made two harvests in a year possible.
 The Egyptians invented bronze hoes and the ox-drawn plough.
Factors that favoured the development of agriculture in Egypt.
 Availability of water for irrigation from river Nile.
 Availability of fertile soil along the banks of the nile.This was brought about by the annual
flooding of the Nile.
 Invention of shadoof system of irrigation led to increased agricultural production as it made the
farmers work easier.
 Inventions of bronze hoe that was more durable than the previous ones made from wood.
 Invention of ox-drawn plough made it possible to cultivate larger fields faster and more
efficiently and this led to increase in food production.
 Availability of indigenous crops e.g. wheat and barley, and animals like goats.
 Able leadership of the pharaohs who encouraged agriculture.
 High demand for food from the rising urban population.
 Climate- Egypt has a warm sunny climate which helps crops to grow and ripe faster.
 Knowledge of weather- Egyptian priest studied the stars and planets to know when the river
could flood. They would use this forecasting to determine when to prepare the land and plant
their crops.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 24

  Availability storage facilities- the farmers built storage facilities to keep their grains. This
enabled them to grow a lot of food during the years of plenty and then stored it to use during
famine times.
 Invention of writing- the Egyptians invented writing during the rule of king mene. This enabled
them to keep accurate records of the seasons and volumes of water that came with them.
 Availability of labour- the majority of the people in the Nile valley were poor and they were
ready to offer their services as farm labourers to wealthy farmers.
Effects of early agriculture in Egypt.
 It led to increase in food productions.
 Due to increase in food production, population also increased.
 Surplus agriculture production resulted in trade, for example food was exchanged with pots and
tools.
 It led to invention of writing, arithmetic and geometry due to the need to keep records. The
writings were referred to hieroglyphics.
 It led to invention of shadoof system of irrigation which put more land into use.
 It led to emergences of urban centres e.g. Memphis Aswan and Thebes.
 Farmers settled more permanently and improved their living standards.
 Religion developed, for example, god was associated with farming, offering to gods was
practised.
 Agriculture enables some societies to specialize in other activities since a few people could now
produce enough food for all. Specialization took place in handcrafts especially in the
manufacturing of tools.
Early agriculture in Mesopotamia.
 It was one of the earliest areas in the world to develop farming
 Mesopotamia means the land between the rivers. These rivers are river Tigris and Euphrates
River which flow into Asian gulf.
 Mesopotamia was located in present day Iraq.
 It is also known as the Fertile Crescent.
 The southern part of Mesopotamia is known as Sumerian. It is arid with little rain. The
Sumerians practised basin irrigation but later constructed canals and dykes. River deposited silt
at its lower valley.
 They invented the;
 Ox plough
 Seed drill.
 Clay vessels.
 Woven basket for the storage of their produce.
 Later people of Sumerians invented shadoof system of irrigation.
 People of Mesopotamia practised mixed farming i.e. they grow crops like:
 Wheat

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 25

  Barley.
 Fig
 Flax.
 Olives
 Vines
 Vegetables.
 They keep animals like:
 Cattle.
 Ducks.
 Donkeys.
 Goats.
 Horse.
 Sheep.
 Pigs.
Factors that made agriculture possible in Mesopotamia.
 Availability of water for irrigation from rivers Tigris and Euphrates.
 Sumerians built canals to control flooding and direct water to farm lands.
 Availability of fertile along the rivers along the rivers due to silt deposit.
 Availability of indigenous crops like wheat and barley and animals like goat.
 Availability of labour provided by local population as well as slaves.
 Demand for food increased as people settled and no longer in need to search for food.
Population stared to increase resulting to high demand for food.
 The invention of farming tools. The Sumerians invented farming tools, which enabled them to
improve the method of farming, they used implements like ox plough and seed drill.
 Good transport system. The Sumerians had a fairly good transport system in the form of
donkeys. Wheeled carts and canoes.
The effects of early agriculture in Mesopotamia.
i.Adoption of a sedentary lifestyle.
 People moved to areas where their farms were situated and settled their abandoning nomadism.
ii.Division of labour
 People began to specialise in specific occupation. Some concentrated on farming, while others
made implements.
iii.Trade.
 Trade emerged as the people within various professions regularly exchanged their products for
those they lacked. For example pots could be exchanged for grains.
iv.Urbanization.
 The areas where trade took place grew steadily in both size and population becoming urban
centre.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 26

v.Social classes.
 The society began to be stratified as specific classes began to emerge as people developed
various measures and degrees of wealth and prestige. Thus there were different levels of prestige
for land owners, blacksmiths, potters, weavers etc.
vi.Development of laws and government.
 As population increased, it becomes necessary to have regulations that would guide people’s
activities so as to avoid conflict. Thus the law were created.
 This was followed by the need for an authority to ensure that the laws were obeyed. This led to
the formation of governments.
vii.Invention of writing.
 With increased food production, came the need for record-keeping and thus writing was
developed. This form of writing was called cuneiform.
viii.Education.
 Record keepers conversant with writing and mathematics were required and thus centres began
to emerge where people, especially from the upper class, could be trained in literacy and
numeracy.
 This was the origin of formal education.
ix.Inventions.
 Important inventions including ox drawn plough, the seed drill and the wheel were made.
x.Development of religion.
 With time, man began to perceive that there were other forces that determined the yields from
his farm.
 The sun and other elements of the weather were recognised to have influence over harvests. As a
result, man began to beseech by speaking to them and later by offering sacrifices to them. Thus
various gods emerged that were related to agriculture, for example ninuria god of floods.
xi.Archicture.
 Due to advancement in mathematics and science, the inhabitants of ancient Mesopotamia were
to construct great buildings. Some of these were included in the seven wonders of the ancient
world like hanging gardens of Babylon.
The general effects of early agriculture in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
i.Adoption of sedentary life.
 People moved to where their farms were and settled on them.
ii.Division of labour.
 People began to specialize in specific occupations, some concentrated on farming while other
made implements, and this led to rise of blacksmiths and potters.
iii.Trade.
 Trade emerged in people within various regions regularly exchange their products for those that
lacked.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 27

iv.Urbanization.
 Areas grew in size and population as people settled there. It gave rise to towns like; Ur, Nippur,
Kish and Babylon.
v.Social classes.
 The society began to be stratified into specific class in consideration of their wealth and prestige
e.g. land owners and blacksmiths.
vi.Development of law and government.
 It became necessary to have regulations that would guide people at a activities to avoid conflict.
vii.Formal education.
 In Egypt hieroglyphics was developed, people especially the upper clans were trained in
numeracy and literacy, this was the origin of formal education. In sumeria it was cuneiform.
viii.There was invention.
 Egyptians and Sumerians are credited with important inventions e.g. ox drawn plough and seed
drill, wheel was invented in 3000BC and solar calendar in Egypt, Mesopotamia developed
science and maths, maths provided the formulae for measuring time, distance and area.
ix.Development of religion.
 There was architecture due to advanced in mathematics and science the inhabitants of ancient
Egypt and Mesopotamia were able to construct great buildings.
The Agrarian Revolution.
Definition.
 The agrarian revolution was the radical change in methods of agriculture and livestock rearing.
Characteristics of agriculture in Europe before the agrarian revolution.
 Land belonged to the king (feudal lords) who gave it to noblemen known as lords of the
manuor.
 Land was rented to peasant farmers who paid rent through labour.
 Land owners practised open field system where land was divided into three portions.
 Corn and wheat.
 Beans, peas, oats.
 Left fallow.
 Portion was sub-divided into strips for the peasants family needs.
 There were paths and cart tracks in the farms.
 Subsistence farming was done.
 Broadcasting method of farming was practised.
 Land was not fenced.
 The early farmers in Europe used simple implements for cultivation e.g. sticks hoes and pangas.
 They practised intercropping and mixed farming but it was in effective and produced low
yields.
 The farmers did not use manure or fertilizers hence the soil was depleted off its fertility leading
to poor produce or law yields.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 28

Disadvantages of the open field system.
 Land was not fully utilized because land was left fallow and produced nothing.
 The foot path and cart hacks that went through unfenced field wasted land.
 Farmers and labourers had to travel over long distances because pieces of land were scattered
all over.
 The open field system discouraged livestock rearing because diseases spread very easily. It was
even more difficult to practise selective breeding.
 It was not easy to get enough hay (animal feeds) for winter breeding. Farmers were therefore
forced to slaughter animals in autumn and have the food salted for later use.
 The method of farming was in efficient and consequently yielded very low produce that could
not cater for the increased European population.
 Monocropping and ignorance about the use of manure and fertilizers depleted soil nutrients
leading to soil erosion and poor yield.
The agrarian revolution in Britain.
 Agrarian revolution began in Britain.
 It was at peak between 1750 and 1850.
 Agriculture was transformed from a simple and humble occupation to a complex and a highly
professional practise.
The changes that occurred during the agrarian revolution.
 European countries underwent a lot of changes between 1750-1850. These changes were
referred to as agrarian revolution.
Factors that led to agrarian revolution in Britain.
i.Growing demand for agricultural produce.
 There was a big demand for food by the rapidly growing urban population and even greater
demand for agricultural raw materials for the many modern and improved textile and leather
factories. The agrarian revolution caused more fallow land to be cultivated.
ii.Abolition of fallows.
 The abolition of wasteful fallows increased land for cultivation.
iii.Use of fertilizers.
 Scientists discovered the use of fertilizers, which increase crop yields e.g. phosphorus and potash
for plants.
iv.Enclosure system.
 Another feature of the agrarian revolution was fencing and hedging of plots which replaced open
fields in 1750.In the same year, government legislation was passed making it mandatory for
farmers to fence their land.By 19th century, almost all the land farmland in Britain had been
enclosed. The enclosure system reduced the risk of either crops or livestock contracting diseases
as was the case in the open fields.
v.Land consolidation.
 The small strips of land were consolidated together to give room for large-scale farming.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 29

vi.Scientific methods of food preservation.
 The development of canning and refrigeration made it possible for farmers to preserve perishable
foodstuffs in large quantities and for domestic use.
vii.The industrial revolution.
 The industrial revolution provided the agricultural sector with inputs and at the same time
market for their produce.
viii.Crop rotation.
 Turnips and clovers could be grown alternatively on the same land. Clover was cattle feed which
also enriched the soil. Turnips, barley or oats, clover and wheat were now raised in a four-course
rotation.
ix.Breeding of livestock.
 Robert bake well had been experimenting on selective breeding for livestock. He developed
animal husbandry and is credited for new improved livestock breeds such as the
shorthorn,devon,hereford,aberdeen-angus and Ayrshire.
x.Farm mechanization.
 A number of machine were invented in Britain for example Jethro Tull invented the first major
farm implement called the seedrill.Seed drill made it possible for seed to be sown in rows
 Jethro tull also invented a horse-drawn hoe which replaced the harrow. The machine made it
possible to keep the roots of plants moist and clear harmful weeds since it went deep into the
ground.
 Adrew meikle invented mechanical thresher which speed harvesting of crops.
 In 1825 iron ploughs were invented which replaced the wooden plough.
The effects of the agrarian revolution.
 It led to increase in food production and therefore there was food security.
 The population of Britain increased rapidly due to increased quality and quantity and a variety
of food. Better diet reduced deaths caused by malnutrition.
 It led to diversification of agriculture by growing of cash crops, citrus fruits and keeping of
animals through selective breeding. They introduced e.g. the Leicester sheep.
 It led to establishment of large scale farming and abandoned subsistence farming. This
facilitated mechanization.
 There was the emergence of new classes. A new class of wealthy land owners emerged, these
were the people who had bought land and created agricultural estates. The poor farmers were
forced to migrate to urban areas to look for jobs in industries.
 It led to the development and expansion of agro-based industries. Agricultural produce from
crops and livestock’s facilitated the growth of industries.
 Unemployement.The peasants that had been displaced found themselves without work. They
then moved to seek for employment in the industries. However, not all of them were employed.
Some of those unemployed engaged in crime and other vices in an attempt to survive.
 Rural-urban migration. People moved to the urban centres to seek employment in the factories,
while others sought to set up business in these centres.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 30

  When farming was commercial used, Britain expanded both local and international trade. This
made her economy grow.
 The development of agrarian revolution in Britain led to the improvement of the system in the
country e.g. roads and railways were expanded to help in transport of agricultural products to
their markets and raw materials to the industries.
 The revolution also made people to migrate to new countries such as U.S.A, Canada, Australia,
and New Zealand and South Africa. Most of these people were the poor and landless that had
been displaced by the enclosure system.
 The royal agricultural society (RAS) was formed in 1838 in order to facilitate the exchange of
ideas amongst farmers. It enhanced scientific research and innovation.
The agrarian revolution in U.S.A
Introduction.
 The agrarian revolution first began in Britain in 1750.
 The revolution later spread to parts of the world such as; Latin America, North America, Asia,
Africa and Europe.
 The U.S.A is in northern America which covers U.S.A, Canada and Mexico.
 Many people migrated to North America starting from the 16thcentury to escape religious and
political persecution. They founded many colonies, but during the agrarian revolution in Britain,
agriculture in U.S.A also developed due to influence from Britain and other local factors. People
learnt cultivate indigenous crops like; maize, potatoes, tobaccos and pineapples.
 They were also cultivated by indigenous American community the red Indians.
Characteristics of agriculture in U.S.A before the agrarian revolution.
 The original inhabitants of U.S.A were hunters and gatherers.
 The early migrants practised subsistence farming, they grew crops such as; maize, cassava,
beans, tomatoes, pepper, ground nuts and cashew nuts.
 Farming was done in small scale and could not sustain and so they had to import from Britain
e.g. food.
Factors that led to the agrarian revolution in North America.
i.Immigration.
 The poor people who lost their land in Europe due to the enclosure system migrated to north
America with new skills and knowledge, they also took with them animals like; cattle, sheep and
horses.
ii.Modern farming.
 Plantation farming, crop zoning, and use of highbred seeds, farm machinery and agricultural
education transformed agriculture to a big industry.
iii.Availability of land.
 U.S.A was a vast country inhabited with very few people. Therefore there was a lot of land
available for all kinds of agriculture led to creation of agricultural zones e.g. cotton and corn
belts. Different climates zones accommodate a wide variety of crops.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 31

iv.Availability of labour.
 In the 18th century, many slaves were transported to the new world including USA where they
provided cheap labour in cotton, sugar and tobacco plantation.
v.Development of Machinery.
 The development of machinery and other scientific discoveries encouraged farming. John deer
invented the steel plough, Cyprus McCormic invented a reaper, refrigeration and canning
preserved food at a low temperatures.
vi.Government policies.
 The American government supported the agriculture sector. It invested heavily in science and
technology. It also granted financial assistance and loans for the purchase and developments of
land.Measures were put in place to protect farmers against competition from imported
agricultural produce.
vii.Infrastructure development.
 The development of transport and communication network e.g. roads, railways and water ways
enhanced and facilitated agriculture.
Effects of agrarian revolution in U.S.A
 It led to diversification of agriculture through the introduction of new farm animals and crops
brought by European immigrants.
 It led to invention of machines which boosted agriculture e.g. mechanical reaper by Cyrus
McCormick.
 It led to expansion of agro-based industries e.g. canning and refrigeration of food expended the
milk and meat industries.
 It led development of transport system, for example water, railway and road systems. This
enabled the transportation of farm inputs to farms and agricultural products to the markets.
 It led to introduction of new methods of farming e.g. use of fertilizers, highbred seeds and
control increase food production especially maize and wheat.
 Mechanization was widely used replacing slaves and other labourers on farm. It made them
move to urban areas.
 The expansion of food productions increased trade between U.S.A and Western Europe. It
boosted the economy of America.
 It led to increase in food production which in turn led to increase in population.
 It facilitated research and scientific inventions especially in the field of agriculture. These
improved crops and varieties of animals.
The food situation in Africa and the rest of the third world countries.
 The third world countries refer to the less developed countries in Africa, Asia and South
America.
 They are also referred to as Developing Countries or Less Developed Countries.
 Most of the developing countries were colonized by Europeans.
 They practised traditional agriculture.
 Colonization led to the introduction of new crops but they continued to have weak economics.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 32

  They depend mainly on relief food imported from the developed countries many years after their
independence.
Factors leading to food shortages in Africa.
 The rate of population is higher than the rate of food production.
 Poor land use and agricultural practise like traditional farming methods and lack of modern
means of agriculture like fertilizers and machines.
 Some countries experience adverse weather conditions e.g. droughts and floods.
 Desertification in formerly arable land has a negative effect on food production.
 Over emphasis on cash crop farming at the expense of food crops.
 Rural-urban migration of youth people in search of white collar jobs deprives rural areas of
labour force, for food production.
 Many lack funds to purchase required farm inputs e.g. fertilizers and pesticides and also money
to higher labour.
 Political upheavals and instability in many countries prevent people from concentrating on food
production and use money to purchase ammunitions.
 Neglect of drought-resistance crops such as cassava and millet due to miscohieved attitudes.
 Poor and in adequate storage facilities have reduced the availability of food. Great amounts
harvested are wasted due to poor storage.
 Pest and diseases has destroyed large amount of food crops and many animals like tsetse fly has
led to loss of many animals.
 Poor infrastructure discouraged farmers from increasing their food production. A lot is wasted
due to poor transport to markets.
 Over reliance of food aid or relief food and other forms of aid has created a dependence attitude
in many African countries.
 Poor economic planning by most third world government. A lot of emphasis is put on other
development projects at the expense of agriculture and food production.
 Poor land tenure systems where few European farmers own most of the best land, yet a small
portion is utilized. On the other hand many indigenous Africans own very small piece of land.
 Developing countries have a foreign debt burden as they depend on rich lending countries and
agencies like IMF and World Bank.
 The HIV/AIDS pandemic has led to the death of many among the work force reducing
agricultural labour of the young and economically productive.
The effect of food shortage.
 Many people have lost their lives due to drought and famine.
 Increased suffering among millions of malnourished children and mothers who are sickly and
weak.
 It has created problems among societies like stealing food.
 It has caused refugee problem in Africa because of drought and famine has caused people to
migrate to other countries.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 33

  Lack of food hampers economic development e.g. children can’t work or pursue education
when hungry.
 Food shortage has led to dependence on food aid from rich countries which test genetically
processed food; the side effects of such foods are yet to be known.
 It adversely affects agricultural based industries e.g. banking and confectionary, milk
processing and sugar factories inevitability leads to unemployment.
Solutions and steps taken to solve food shortage.
i.Land reclamation.
 This is the turning it potential land that was wasted into productive use through irrigation of arid
land, drawing swampy places, clearing bushes and reclaiming deserts.
ii.Agricultural Policies.
 Agricultural policies should be reformulated from concentration on cash crops to food
production.
iii.Extension services.
 Like research information, dissemination and advice to farmers are vital for agriculture.
iv.Family land use.
 Families should be discouraged from land fragmentation and encourage a sizeable portion of
land to be put under crops so as to have self sufficiency in house hold.
v.Research and development.
 There should be an increased emphasis on research and develoment.Research can lead to the use
and production of more efficient fertilizers, pesticides, and equipment and machinery.
vi.Infrastructural development.
 The development in transport, communication, storage, marketing and banking facilities should
be improved to link farming areas to towns to provide market.
vii.Farming methods.
 Developing nations need to introduce new farming methods in order to increase food production.
viii.Loans and grants.
 African government should give loans to farmers to buy farm machinery and other inputs to
encourage farmers.
ix.Civil wars.
 Government need to take immediate action to stop further civil wars and solve conflicts by
peaceful methods.
x.Family planning.
 Educating people on the need for family planning so that families have only the number of
children whom they can feed and provide for.
xi.Environmental conservation.
 Reforestation, proper utilization and checking soil erosion can led to increase food production.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 34

THE PEOPLE OF KENYA UPTO THE 19TH CENTURY.
 The earliest inhabitants of Kenya are believed to have been the khoisan.
 The inhabitants appeared to have similar features with the khoihoi and the san of South Africa
and the sandawe and hadza of Tanzania.
 They are described as having spoken a language which had ``clicking’’ sounds like of the
khoihoi of South Africa.
 The cushites appears to have migrated into Kenya next. The earliest were the southern cushites
who either occupied the drier savanna of Kenya with the khoisan or forced the khoisan to move
to the savanna woodlands.
 Kenya today is divided into three main linguistic groups namely;
 Bantus.
 Nilotes.
 Cushites.
 The largest group comprises the Bantu speakers who are believed to have migrated from the
area around Eastern Nigeria and Highland of Cameron or Congo basin shed.
 The nilotes who claim southern Sudan as their cradle land are second largest group of people in
Kenya. The plain Nilotes and the highland Nilotes point to the north of Lake Turkana as their
original homeland.
 The third linguistic group comprises the Cushites who entered Kenya from the red sea.
Bantu speakers.
 The term Bantu refers to a group of people who speak related languages. They constitute
the largest group in Africa..
 Believed to have originated from Eastern Nigeria and highland of Cameroon or Congo
basin.
 They occupy about 2/3 of Africa South of the Sahara.
 Historian agrees that the original homeland of the Bantu was somewhere between eastern
Nigeria and the Cameroon generally referred to as the Congo basin.
 From here they moved southwards towards the present day of democratic republic of Congo
(DRC) the east wards to eastern Africa.
 They entered Kenya from their cradle land and dispersed through different routes.
Reasons for the migration.
 Internal conflicts between clan and family.
 Escape from external attacks from neighbours.
 Disease and epidemics forced people to migrate.
 To satisfy their spirit of adventure.
 Escape drought and famine.
 Knowledge of iron-working technology facilitated migration.
 Search for more land for cultivation and pastures.
 Population pressure forced them to migrate into new areas of settlement.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 35

The Bantu entered Kenya into two distinct groups.
 Western Bantu.
 Eastern Bantu.
Western Bantu included.
 Abakuria.
 Abagusii.
 Abalulya.
 Abasuba.
 They are referred to as the western Bantu because they settled in Kenya from AD 1000 to the
middle of the 15th century.
Abaluyia.
 The Abalulya oral traditions indicate that they migrated from an area called ``misri’’.
 Historical evidence shows that the abaluyia had intermarriage with several ethnic groups in the
course of their migration.
 Believed to originate from Mt.Elgon as a major point of dispersal.
 Abaluhya has many sub tribes which include:
 Tiriki
 Marachi
 Maragoli
 Banyore
 In the course of their migration they interacted with the Kalenjins from whom some of them
learnt cattle keeping and age-set organisations.
 Southern Luhya has been heavily influenced by the Luo. Continued interaction between the two
groups has led to the sharing of common cultural practices for example language and removal
of teeth.
Abagusii.
 Oral tradition point to ``misri’’ as home of origin just like some of the abaluyia group.
 Lived around Mt. Elgon for several generations.
 From Mt.Elgon they further migrated following River Nzoia valley.
 By 16th century they had settle on the eastern shore of Lake Victoria areas. Others moved and
settled at a place called Goye in Yimbo.
 Movement of Abagusii was attributed to;
 Overcrowding
 Famine and droughts.
 External pressure
 Internal feuds.
 Human and animal diseases.
 When Luo ancestry arrived in the lake region, the Abagusii and Abalagoli(section of Abaluhya)
were forced to move to Alego,Kisumu,Sakwa and Asembo areas

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 36

  Due to natural calamities such as famine and plague Abagusii migrate from Kisumu to Kano
plains.
 From Kano plains Abagusii spread to their present day region.
 Abagusii were largely hunters and pastoralists but they started cultivation when they expanded
into Kano plains and Gusii highlands.
Abakuria.
 Live in South Nyanza.
 Oral traditions indicate that they are related to the Abalagoli of the Abalulya and the Abagusii.
 Traced their dispersal point to Mt. Elgon and maintained that their home of origin is `Misri’’.
 In their migration they moved through Chepalungu, Lolgorien and settled in Kurialand between
1580 and 1660 ad.
 Other clans of Kuria originated from Tanzania.
 Among them were:
 abairegi clan originate from musoma
 Abahirichacha clan originally were Maasai who were assimilated to become Kuria.
 Wasimbete and Watabori clans came from direction of Yimbo.
 Abukuntu clan came from Buganda
Abasuba.
 Occupy Rusinga and Mfangano Island on Lake Victoria.
 Arrived in Kenya at around AD 1750 from Buganda and Busoga.
 Most of the Abasuba spoke either Luganda or Lusoga as they migrated from Buganda and
Busoga.
 The Abasuba adopted the social custom of the Luo including their language dholuo.
 Today the Abasuba adopted most of the Luo culture.
Eastern Bantu.
 Divided into two namely.
 The Highland/ Mt. Kenya Bantu.
 Coastal Bantu.
The Coastal Bantu.
 They include the;
 Mijikenda
 Pokomo.
 Taita.
 Their ancestors are believed to have moved west of Lake Victoria through northern Tanzania to
the Taita hills.
 The Mijikenda and other groups moved along the coast up to a place called Shungwaya, from
Shungwaya they moved to present day.
 The main reason for disposal at Shungwaya was the attack from the Oromo who were
expanding southwards by AD 1600.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 37

The Mijikenda.
 Mijikenda is a Kiswahili word meaning 9 clans.
 Kauma.
 Giriama.
 Duruma.
 Chonyi.
 Jibana.
 Kambe.
 Ribe.
 Rabai.
 Digo.
 Due to internal and external pressure, the ancestors of the Mijikenda migrated north-eastward to
Shungwaya which is believed to have been somewhere between the rivers juba and Tana.
 Attack by Oromo forced Mijikenda to move from Shungwaya to their present homeland.
 The Mijikenda settled in their own ridges which they referred to as ``Kayas’’ meaning villages.
 Main enemy Oromo and Somali.
Taita
 They live in three hills known as Daivida, Sagalla and Kisigan.
 They are people of mixed origin
 They originated from shungwaya.
 They first settled at Mangea hill then migrated to present day home.
The Pokomo.
 They lived in Shungwaya and later moved southwards and settled along the river Tana.
The Highland/ Mt. Kenya Bantu.
Migration and settlement
 This group is also referred to as the Mount Kenya group.
 It comprises of
 Ameru.
 Agikuyu.
 Aembu.
 Mbeere.
 Akamba.
The Akamba.
 They migrated from Mt. Kilimanjaro are to the great bend of river Tana.
 They moved northwards and were attacked by Oromo.
 The major reason for their migration was population pressure.
 Later moved to Chyulu and Mbooni.
The Ameru.
 They comprises of Tigania, Igembe, Imenti, Igoji, Chukka, Tharaka, Muthambi and Muimbi.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 38

  According to their oral tradition they originated from Mbwa which is believed to be
somewhere at the coast.
 As a result of attack by Oromo, Ameru migrated from the Coast.
The Agikuyu.
 They moved to Othaya and Aguthi and north eastwards to Tetu and Mathira in Nyeri, then
southwards to Kiambu and westwards to Nyandarua.
 In the course of their migration they came into contact with the Maasai who seriously put a
check to their movement.
 Agikuyu also came into contact with Gumba and Athi.agikuyu borrowed several social and
economic aspects from the Athi.
 This includes:
Social aspect.
 circumcision
 clitoridectomy
 age-set system
Economic aspect
 iron-working
 Smelting.
The effects of Bantu migration.
 They spread iron working technology to the regions where they settled.
 Led to increased in population in the region where they settled.
 Led to Inter-communities conflicts with other groups e.g. fought Oromo in the coast, Maasai in
rift valley and Luo near Lake Victoria.
 Led to increased in trade. Trading activities intensified as the Bantu exchanged iron products
with other products.
 Led to cultural interaction between the Bantu and neighbouring communities. For example the
Bantu adopted circumcision and the age-set system from the southern cushites.
 Led to Inter-marriages between Bantu and neighbouring communities e.g. Abalulya with the
Kalenjin.
 Led to absorption and assimilation of neighbouring communities by the Bantus. For example
southern Cushites.
 Led to exchange of knowledge and skills between the Bantu and neighbouring communities, for
example, the Bantu borrowed the practice of breeding and branding livestock from the southern
cushites.
 Their settlement led to population redistribution e.g. Dorobo moved to forested areas.
 Since the Bantu were cultivators their settlement leads to the spread of agricultural practises in
Kenya.
Nilotes.
 The tern Nilotes is derived from the word Nile.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 39

  This group of people whose origin is associated with river Nile have similarities in the
languages they speak and are referred to Nilotic speakers.
 In Kenya they are second largest.
 Nilotic speakers have myths which point to the Nile valley in Southern Sudan as place of
origin.
 Divided into 3 major groups based on where they settled.
i.Plain Nilotes-
 Maasai
 Turkana
 Samburu.
ii.River-lake Nilotes
 Luo.
iii.Highland –Nilotes
 Kalenjin
River-Lake Nilotes
 This group consists mainly of the Luo.
 They are sometimes called southern Luo to distinguished them from river lake Nilotes in
Uganda and Southern Sudan who comprise the Dinka,Shilluk,Bor,Anwak,Alur
,Acholi,Japaluo,Padhola,Nuer and Luo of Uganda.
 Luo are believed to have come from the Bahr-el-Ghazal region of Southern Sudan as their
original homeland, from where they migrated to Pubungu Pakwach in Uganda where they
settled by 1450 AD.
 They later moved into Kenya and settled in Lake Victoria.
Reasons for Migration of the Luo.
 Population pressure in their original homeland.
 Disease and other epidemics affecting people and animals.
 Search for better fishing areas.
 External attack from their neighbours.
 Spirit of adventure.
 Drought and famine.
 Internal conflicts.
 Search for free grazing lands and water for their livestock since they are nomadic
pastoralists.
 By the 10thcentury the Luo began to move into present day Kenya.
 They moved in four distinct groups though they all claim a common ancestry called Ramogi.
Joka-jok
 They were the first group to arrive in Kenya and settled at Ramogi hills in Yimbo and later
spread to Sakwa, Alego, Asembo, Southern Nyanza.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 40

Joka-owiny.
 Are the second major group to arrive. This group passed through Mt. Elgon, Mbale, Tororo and
settled in Samia, Alego and Uyoma.
Joka-omollo.
 Third group to enter Kenya
 They settled in Samia and Yimbo region.
Abasuba.
 Last group to enter Kenya.
 They are now living in Rusinga and Mfangano Island in Lake Victoria.
 Most of them migrated from Buganda because of internal conflicts at the end of the 18th
century.
Effects of Luo migration into Kenya.
 It led to displacement of some communities who had settled in the region earlier. For example,
the Abagusii and the abalulya.
 It led to cultural interaction between the Luo and neighbouring communities, for example word
borrowing
 It led population increased in the areas they settled.
 It led to increased warfare among them thus displacing western Bantus.
 Assimilation of culture.
 It led to development of trade between Luos and their neighbours. Luos sold mainly fish in
exchange mainly for iron tools and the grains from the Maasai, Kalenjin, Abaluhya and
Abagusii.
 It led to Intermarriages between the Luos and the neighbouring communities, for example the
Abaluhya and Abagusii.
 It led to adoption of agriculture from the Bantu.
 It led to increase in conflict in the region settled, for example, between the luo and the abagusii
and the kalenjin.
 It led to redistribution of population in the region. For example, the abagusii moved from the
plains into highlands.
Plain Nilotes.
 The plains nilotes include
 Maasai
 Iteso
 Njemps
 Samburu
 Turkana
 The Maasai and the samburu are sometimes referred to as the Maa speakers since they
speak similar language.
 Plain Nilotes are believed to have entered East Africa at around 1000 ad from an area
north of Lake Turkana.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 41

  Being nomadic pastoralists, they probably migrated mainly due to the need for fresh
grazing lands and water for their large herds.
Reasons for migration.
 Diseases and epidemics.
 Internal conflicts.
 External attacks.
 Spirit of adventure.
 Population increased.
 Drought and famine.
 Search for fresh pastures and water for their livestock.
 Plain Nilotes moved slowly southwards and finally settled near Mount Moroto in Eastern
Uganda, probably at around 100ad.it is from this group that several other groups emerged.
 These include the Karamajong, Jie, Iteso and Turkana.
The Maasai.
 They moved to Uasin Gishu plateau.
 Previously it was small community but their numbers increased rapidly as they a absorbed some
of the people they had conquered
 By 1800 Maasai had occupied much of the plains of central Kenya and Northern-central
Tanzania.
 Maasai are divided into two:
 Ilmaasai-pastoralist
 Iloikop (Kwavi)-mixed farmers.
The Turkana.
 They originated from Mt. Moroto among the Karamoja of Buganda. Then moved to north east
and settled in south region of Lake Turkana.
 They have experienced constant warfare from their neighbours samburu and Rendile over
water, pastures and livestock.
Iteso.
 Between 1652 and 1773, the Teso had established themselves in Kumi and Soroti then moved
to Mt. Elgon then to western Kenya.
Results of their migration.
 It led to displacement of people who had settled in the region earlier, for example, the kalenjin.
 It led to absorption and assimilation of some communities who had settled in the region earlier,
for example, the ogiek.
 It led to adoption of cultural practises e.g.Maasai adopted age-set system, circumcision and
clitoridectomy from the southern cushites.
 It led to political influenced of their neighbours e.g. Nandi who adopted the institution of a
prophet or diviner from the institution of oloibon among the Maasai.
 It led to adoption of new economic activities from some of their neighbours e.g. Maasai adopted
farming.
 Maasai traded with their neighbouring communities like Akamba and Agikuyu.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 42

  They intermarried with neighbours like Akamba, Agikuyu and Kalenjin
 Maasai influenced the fighting tactics of other groups in Kenya.
 It led to population expansion in the region where the Maasai settled.

Highland Nilotes.
 The Kalenjin include
 Kipsigis
 Nandi
 Keiyo
 Marakwet
 Tugen
 Sabaot
 Pokot.
 Originate from South Sudan.
 Highland Nilotes began migrating from their cradle land in the Southern Sudan during the last
millennium.
 The Dadog of Tanzania and the pioneer Kalenjin immigrants in Kenya Sirikwa are reported to
have occupied the Rift valley by 700AD.
 Kalenjin remnants therefore escaped towards the western highlands around Mount Elgon near
border between Kenya and Uganda
 At mount Elgon,some Kalenjin groups behind around Mount Elgon.These include the
 Bok
 Bongomek
 Kony
 Later the Terik migrated to western Kenya
Nandi
 They moved from Mt.Elgon are between 1700 and 1800
 During last half of 19th century Nandi emerged as one of the strongest community in Western
Kenya due to decline of Maasai strength.
 By the end of the 19th century, the Nandi had dominated almost all the communities in the rift
valley with the exception of their Kipsigis relatives who acted as their allies.
 Their power declined following the colonization of Kenya.
Kipsigis.
 Nandi and the kipsigis believed to have separated from other Kalenjin groups such as Bok,
Bongomek and the Tugen among others at around Mt.Elgon.
 They move South-East to Teo, near Lake Baringo.
 Due to Maasai attacks, they moved westwards to Tambach they further moved south to Rongai
near Nakuru.
 Nandi separated from the Kipsigisis, perhaps due to drought and Maasai raids.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 43

  From here the Kipsigis moved south to Kericho while the Nandi move westwards to aldai.This
is believed to have taken place during the second half of the 18th century.
 Kipsigis assimilated groups they meet such as Sirikwa, some Maasai and Abagusii groups.
Reasons for their migration
 Search for better water and pasture for their livestock.
 Internal conflicts.
 External attacks from their neighbours.
 Disease and epidemics.
 Drought and famine.
 Population increased.
The Kalenjin.
The Result of their migration.
 It increased conflict in the region over control of resources, for example with the Maasai, Luo
and Abagusii.
 It led to cultural interaction with neighbouring communities for example; they adopted the age-
set system from southern cushites.
 It led to intermarriage with other communities such as Luo and Abagusii.
 They traded with other communities in the region.
 It led to displacement of some communities they came across e.g. Kwavi Maasai and Abagusii.
 It led to population expansion in the region where they settled.
 It led to assimilation and absorption of some earlier communities, for example, the southern
Cushites.
 It led to adoption of new economic activities from the neighbouring communities, for example,
crop cultivation from the Bantu.
Cushitic speakers.
 Are closely related people who speak the Cushitic languages that are mainly found in the
horn of Africa and South Eastern Ethiopia.
 Trace their origin to the areas in North East Africa
 There were two Cushites speakers group who migrated into Kenya this were;
 Southern Cushites.
 Eastern Cushites.
(a)Southern Cushites.
 They arrived in Kenya earlier than the Eastern Cushites.
 They migrated into Kenya from the Ethiopian highlands and settled in Kenya and northern
Tanzania.
 This included the Boni, Iraqi and Burungi of Tanzania and Dahallo and Sanye of the Lower
Tana who are the only remain Southern Cushites group in Kenya.
(b)Eastern Cushites.
 They include:
 Borana

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 44

  Somali
 Oromo.
 Gabra.
 Rendile.
 Burji.
 These people migrated into Kenya much later than Southern Cushites.
 They settled first settled in hone of Africa after migrating from Arabia around 1000BC then
southwards into modern Somali and reached the northern borders of Kenya.
Reasons for their migration.
 Internal conflicts among themselves.
 Population pressure in the area of origin.
 Search of better grazing lands.
 Fleeing outbreak of disease affecting both people and animals.
 Escaping famine and drought.
 External attacks from some neighbouring communities.
 Migrated to satisfy their spirit of adventure.
Results of Cushites migration into Kenya.
 It led to increased warfare for control of limited resources in the region among themselves e.g.
between Somali and Oromo against neighbouring communities.
 It led to displacement of some communities who had settled earlier e.g. the Bantu from
Shungwaya.
 Some communities interacted and formed alliances e.g. Rendile and Samburu formed an
alliance against turkana.
 Led to population increased in the region they settled.
 The cushites introduced some cultural practises in Kenya like, age set and taboo of eating fish.
 Led to intermarriages between them and other group’s e.g. samburu and the Bantus.
 The cushites intensified trading activities in the region they settled, for example, with the
Bantus.
 Their migration led to redistribution of population in Kenya.
 Led to assimilation and absorption of some communities who had settled in the region earlier,
for example, the Bantus.
 Led to adoption of new economic activities, for example, some groups of the Oromo and
Somali took up crop cultivation from the Bantus.
 Led to spread of Islamic religion.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 45

SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATIPN IN THE 19TH CENTURY.
Bantu.
 It’s the largest of the third linguistic groups in Kenya, by 1900 AD most of them had settled in
the regions they currently occupies among them are; Abaluhya, Abagusii, Abakuria of western
as well as the Mijikenda, Pokomo, Akamba, Ameru and Aembu.
Social organization of the Bantu.
 Bantu communities were organised in clans.
 Clans were made up of people believed to have descended from the same ancestor.
 They practise circumcision e.g. the Abaluhya and the Akamba circumcised boys where as other
communities circumcised both boys and girls.
 They believe in one God e.g. Luhya believed in God called were, kikuyu believed in Ngai.
 They offered sacrifices to God.
 They worshiped in sacred places e.g. in shrines.
 Believed in existences of ancestral spirits who guided their lives.
 Had diviners and medicine men e.g. Agikuyu community medicine person was referred to as
Mundu Mugo.
 They intermarry with other communities such as Luo’s.
 Believed in the life after death.
 Bantus celebrated life both songs and dances.
 Had sporting activities.
Political organization.
 Bantus communities had decentralized system of government, except the Wanga who had a
centralized government.
 Were divided into clans. Members of the same clan were believed to have originated from
common ancestor.
 Clans were govern by council of elders .Councils of elders in various communities were known
by various terms such as Kiama among the Agikuyu.
 Among the functions of council of elders include:
 Settling disputes.
 Presided over religious ceremonies.
 Declared war when fighting broke out.
 Sound a warning when an epidemic broke out so that the whole community will be
alerted.
 Responsible for ensuring good relationships with neighbouring communities.
 Often did solve and decided on matters of intertribal marriages.
 They had age-set system formed boys initiated together.
 Age set among the Bantu played a very important role in their political organization as it
provided warriors who defended the community from external attacks, these warriors also
raided other communities cattle.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 46

  They age-set worked closely with the council of elders in matters of administration in the
community.
In the Wanga section of the Luhya the king who was known as Nabongo was the overall ruler
of the kingdom.
Economic organization.
The Bantu of Kenya participated in various economic activities in the 19th century this includes;
 Trade with neighbours in that they exchanged goods.
 They cultivated crops like millet, sorghum and cassava among other crops.
 They kept livestock such as cattle, sheep and goats.
 They participated in fishing for those Bantu communities who lived along the rivers.
 They practised pottery and basketry especially the abalulya and the Abagusii.
 They participate in iron making e.g. knives.
 Participated in hunting and gather which was meant to supplement their food.
 Practised cattle raiding where many Bantu communities would raid their neighbours for cattle.
The Agikuyu
Social organisation.
 Family was important social institution. It was the smallest social institution.
 Family was headed by family head.
 Several related families form clan.
 They practise initiation for both boys and girls.
 Boys initiated joined age-set system (Riika or Mariika).
 They believed in one supreme God who was called Ngai who lived in Mt. Kirinyaga.
 They believed in ancestral spirits and used them as intermediaries between themselves and God.
 Also had diviners whose main work was to interpret Gods massage to the people.
 They had medicine that was known as Mundu-Mugo whose function was to cure diseases.
 Agikuyu had designated sacred places for worship, prayer and offerings such as the Mugumo
tree where they offered sacrifices.
 Marriage was an important institutional as it ensured the continuity of family and clan.
Economic organization.
 They grew a variety of food crops such as sorghum, millet and maize.
 They kept animals such as cattle, goats, chickens and sheep.
 They carried out batter trade among themselves and other communities e.g. spears, grains,
tobacco and red ochre for the lives animal products from the Maasai.
 They practise iron working. Black smiths made iron implements including spears, knives,
cowbells, swords, earrings, rings, anklets and arrow heads.
 They practise pottery and also they made baskets and mats.
 They engage in hunting and gathering. They hunt wild animals for meat and collected fruits
roots and vegetables to supplement their diet.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 47

Political organization.
 They had decentralised form of government.
 The smallest political unit was family headed by the father.
 Several families made up a clan that occupied local territorial unit Mbari.
 The clan was ruled by council of elders called Kiama.
 Had a senior elder called Muramati whose function was to coordinate activities of the
clan or Mbari.
 Several elders form a higher council called Kiama Kia Athamaki.Function of Kiama Kia
Athamaki include:
 Acted as a court of appeal.
 Administering justice in the society.
 Preside over religious functions.
 They had age-set system form by boys initiated together.
 Age-set provide the community with warriors whose function was to defend the
community from external attacks.
The Ameru.
 They are among the eastern Bantu.
Political organization.
 It was based on the clan.
 Had a system of council and age-groups which oversaw their administration of the community
affairs.
 Every man belonged to a relevant council. There was a council of children, the council of
warriors; the council of the Njuri Ncheke which was the supreme councils that set the moral
code to be followed,
 Among the function of Njuri Ncheke council were:
 Settling disputes.
 Presided over religious ceremonies.
 Officiated over social functions such as initiation.
 When fighting broke out they declared war with the neighbouring communities.
 Had age-set system form by boys initiated together.
 Age-set provided the community with warriors for defence against other communities.
 Religious leaders influenced political leadership of the administration. They acted as prophets
and had a lot of influence when it came to the political matters of the society.
Social organization of the Ameru.
 It was marked by the existence of the council of clan from the council of children to the
supreme council of Njuri Ncheke .This system of councils ensured the highest moral standards
in the Meru community
 Njuru Ncheke acted as the parliament and they set the moral codes that was adhered by
the communicate

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 48

  Marriage was an important institution among the Ameru. In marriage any spouse who was
involved in adultery was punished by being stoned to death. The same punishment was also to
girls who were not virgin at the time of marriage.
 Marriage was exogamous in the Meru community, one was not allowed to marry from their clan
because of their believe on common ancestors.
 They practise initiation for both boys and girls. Initiation was preceded by two preparatory
rituals that is making of spots where ear-hole perforation would be done and the time for actual
perforation of the ears.
 They believed in God called Baaba Wetu.
 Believed in existences of spirits. Spirits played a part in bringing either happiness or tears
depending on how one lived.
 They believed in life after death.
 They offered libation to the ancestors to quench their thirst and relieve their hunger. This was
done by pouring beer on the ground while drinking and dropping morsels of food during meals.
Economic organization.
 They practise hunting and gathering to supplement their diet.
 They cultivated crops like millet, peas, black beans and miraa.
 They kept livestock like cattles, sheep and goats.
 They collected honey from beehives.
 There were practising basketry and weaving.
 They participated in trade with other communities.
 They made iron tools such as spears and knives
The Akamba.
 Are part of eastern Bantus who eventually settled in Chyulu hills, Mbooni, Kitui and
Machakos between the 16th and 19th century.
Political organisation.
 The Akamba were a traditionally decentralised community.
 The smallest unit was homestead, Musyi.
 Several related families form clan which was the main political unit.
 Each clan had his own recreation ground, elder’s council, war leaders, as well as a place of
worship.
 Akamba had a larger territorial grouping above the clan called Kivalo.This also constituted a
fighting unit during war, although it was disbanded as soon as the war ended.
 The leaders in the community were ranked according to seniority.
 Junior elders defended their community while medium elders or Nthele assisted in the
administration of the community.
 The full elders or Atumia ma Kivalo participated in delivering judgements while the senior
most elders Atumia ma Ithembo were involved in religious activities as they were regarded to
be ritually clean.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 49

  By the end of the 19th century, a number of successful traders in the community had gained
followers and prestige in the community and they were regarded as leaders or chiefs as they
wielded political power. A good example was Chief Kivoi.
Social organisation.
 Were organised into clans each claiming to have originate from common ancestor.
 The Akamba clan’s practised exogamy which means that marriage between members of the
same clan was not allowed.
 Boys and girls were circumcised before reaching puberty.
 On reaching puberty both men and women were allowed to marry and bear children.
 The Akamba believed in a creator God whom they called Mulungu.
 They prayed to God through spirit of ancestor.
 The Akamba had ritual experts who included medicine people who guided them in their rituals.
 They had Shrines where offering and sacrifices were made by their elders called Atumia ma
Ithembo.
 They had many social ceremonies during which there was a lot of festivity especially music and
dancing.
Ecominic organization.
 They kept large herds of cattle, sheep and goats.
 They traded with other community.
 They were also skilled in crafts, which range from hut construction to granaries.
 They also kept bees as an economic activity.
 They grew crops like peas, potatoes and yams, sugargane and bananas.
The Mijikenda.
 Mijikenda are a coastal bantu community that comprise the
 Giriama
 Ribe
 Rabai
 Duruma
 Kambe
 Digo
 Chonyi
 Jibana
 Kauma
 Each of them live in fortified villages called Kaya.
 Kaya was the basic unity of social organization consisting of several united tribes.
 Kaya was surrounded with thorns for defence.
Political organization.
 Were organized into clans made up of related families who claim to originate from common
ancestry.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 50

  Had a council of elders called Kambi?
 among the function of Kambi include:
 Settled disputes,
 Acted as final court of appeal on judicial matters.
 Preside over religious matters and ceremonies.
 Heard cases and imposed fines on law breakers.
 They declare war on their neighbours.
 Had age set system formed by boys circumcised together.
 The age-set system provided the community with warriors for defence.
 Mijikenda clan system assisted in strengthening the bonds among the members of the
community.
 Intermarriage between different clans also contribute to the strength of their social and political
unity.
Economic organization.
 Practised crop farming where they grew millet, sorghum and coconut.
 They kept cattle, sheep and goats.
 They engage in craft work i.e.basketry, pottery and iron working.
 Traded with the Swahili, Arabs, Akamba and Agikuyu.
 They hunted wild animal for meat and skin and gathered fruits, honey and vegetables to
supplement their diet.
 Fishing was done in the Indian Ocean and the rivers.
Social organization.
 Were organized into clans comprising of several related families which claim to have common
origin.
 They practised initiation for boys. Boys initiated together joined age-set system
 They lived in fortified villages called Kayas.
 They believed in one supreme God called Mulungu.
 They worshipped ancestral spirits who they believed possessed strong influence among the
living.
 They had prophets called wafisi.
 Intermarriage between different clan was allowed.
 They practised polygamy.
 They had many social ceremonies that were with song and dances.
 They practise division of labour. Children looked after cattle, sheep and goats while young men
built houses, cattle sheds, hunted and cleared the bush for cultivation.
Nilotes.
social organization
 Were clan based made by several related families.
 Believe in supernatural being among the Maasai referred to as Enkai
 Believe in existences of ancestral spirit.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 51

  Had religious leaders like rainmakers and diviners. These include orkoiyot among the
Nandi and Laibon among the Maasai.
 Had age set system forms boys initiated together.
 They had social ceremonies that accompanied the rites of passage. Rites of passage
include circumcision, marriage and death.
Economic organization.
 Were fishermen
 Were keeping livestock
 Were growing crops.
 Were practising trade with their neighbours.
 Were practising crafts
 Were iron workers.
Political organization
 Had decentralised system of administration.
 Were organized on clans basis.
 Were led by council elders whose function includes:
 Maintenance of law and orders.
 Settle of disputes
 Had class of warriors e.g. Thuondi among the Luos and the Moran among the Maasai.
 Institution of religion also influenced most of the political affairs of the Nilotic speakers.
For example, the Orkoiyot among the Nandi and the Laibon among the Maasai.
The Luo.
Social organization.
 Basic social unit was the family.
 They practised polygamy.
 They practised exogamy marriage. Members of one clan were not allowed to marry but could
marry from other clans.
 Believed in a supreme God whom they called Nyasaye.
 Believed in ancestral spirits and in the existence of good and bad spirits which influenced their
lives.
 Had diviners who interpreted God message.
 They had sacred shrines where they worship their God.
 Participated in initiation which involved the removal of the 6 lower teeth.
 They had ceremonies which were carried out during birth, marriage, death, harvest and during
games.
Political organization.
 They had decentralized form of government.
 Basic political unit was the family headed family referred to as Jaduong.
 several related families formed clan
 There existed clan council of elders called Doho.Function of Doho include were to settle
inter-family disputes.
 Below Doho were lineage councils called Buch dhoot that tackled domestic issues.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 52

  A number of clans grouped together formed sub clans called Oganda.
 At the Oganda level was a council of elders whose chief elder was called Ruoth.
 Council of elders at the Oganda level was known as Buch Piny. Buch Piny was made up of
representatives from each clan.
 Among the function of Buch piny include:
 Settling major inter clan disputes
 Declared war
 Punished criminals such as murderes.
 Had a war leader called Osumba Mrwayi.
 Had a class of warriors referred to as Thuondi.
Economic organization.
 They practised fishing along the Lake. Victoria.
 Practised pastoralist.
 They were agriculturalists.
 They hunted wild animals and gathered roots, honey and vegetables.
 They traded with the Nandi, Kipsigis.
 They had craftsmen who made baskets, pots, fishing traps.
 They were iron workers.
 There existed a canoe building industry which boosted fishing work.
The Nandi.
Social organization.
 The family was an important institution in the community.
 Several related families made up a clan.
 They practised initiation for both boys and girls. Boy circumcised join age set system.
 Had a well organized age-set system after circumcision of both boys and girls.
 Nandi had eight age-set systems that are Maina, Chumo, Sawe, Korongoro, Kipkoimet,
Kaplelach, Kimnyige and Nyongi.
 A ceremony called Saket apeito (slaughter of the bullock) was performed to mark their
promotion to senior warrior which was done after fifteen years.
 Had both junior and senior warriors.
 Believed in God called Asis.
 Made sacrifices and worshiped God through the ancestral spirits.
 They remember their ancestors through libations.
 Had important religious leaders who included medicine people, diviners and rain makers.
 In 19th century, the Nandi borrowed Maasai institution of Orkoiyot who became a single
religious and prophetic leader for the whole community.
Economic organization.
 Were hunters and gatherers.
 Were pastoralist. They were keeping cattle, sheep and goats.
 They cultivated crops such as millet and sorghum.
CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 53
  They were iron workers.
 Were crafts men made baskets and pots.
 Raided other communities for cattle.
 Traded with neighbours like Luo, Maasai and Luhya.
 They kept bees and honey and wax.
Political organization.
 The basis political unit was family headed by the father. Among the function of the father
include:
 Deal with discipline
 Allocation of crops, land and cattle.
 Deal with matters of succession.
 Family head was assisted by the council of elders known as Kokwet who dealt with matters
above the family e.g. maintaining law and order, settling disputes among others.
 After Kokwet was the clan headed by clan council of elders. Function of clan council of elders
included matters to do with grazing rights.
 Above the clan was a larger socio-political unit comprising different war groups located in the
same geographical zone called Pororiet.This was the highest political unit among the Nandi.
 Pororiet was headed by Pororiet council of elders comprising of representatives from different
clan
 Had warriors who defend the community against external attacks.
 Nandi adopted the institution of Orkoiyot from the Maasai. Orkoiyot was a respected leader
among the Nandi whose functions included
 Chief medicine man.
 Rain maker.
 Prophet.
 Preceded over religious functions and offered sacrifices.
 Blessed warriors and advice them before going to war or raid.
 Always consulted in times of calamities.
 Solved disputes between clan and council of elders.
 Advised council of elders on matters affecting the clan.
 Was symbol of unity amongst the Nandi.
Plain Nilotes.
Maasai.
Social organization.
 Maasai were divide into Purko Maasai pastoralist Maasai and Kwavi or Iloikop agricultural
Maasai
 Were organized into clans each associated with a particular type of cattle. The five clans were
spread over larger areas of Maasailand.
 They circumcised for both boys and girls at puberty.
 Boys circumcised together join age-set system.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 54

  The initiated boys became warriors called Morans. The warriors defended the community
against external attack and raided other community.
 Believed in a supreme being called Enkai.
 They offered sacrifices and prayed to Enkai at the shrine so that they continue blessing the
community.
 They had religious leaders who included diviners, medicine men among others.
 Oloibon was respected religious leader and custodian of religious rituals.
 They had several ceremonies that marked their rites of passage. These rights of passage include
birth, circumcision and death.
 Eunoto ceremony marked the graduation of the Morans into junior elders.
Economic organization.
 They practised hunting and gathering.
 They were basically nomadic pastoralists.
 They raided other communities for cattle.
 The Kwavi practised agriculture.
 They traded with their neighbours.
 They engaged in craft work and iron making.
Political organization.
 Largest political among the Maasai was the tribal section. This was a geographically distinct
entity which operated as a nation especially during emergencies.
 Affairs involving inter-clan cooperation were dealt within adhoc committee comprising of age-
set spokesmen.
 Maasai boy went through four major stages of life, each with its status
 Boyhood. Youth at this stage this stage looked after family and clan livestock until they reached
circumcision stage
 Warriohood (ilmurran) young Maasai underwent circumcision. After circumcision they become
warriors. Among their function include: defend the community and conducting raid. They were
led by military ruler known as olaiguani.
 Junior elder. They formed political authority which evaluate day to day issues of the
community. Junior elders head their household and were responsible for maintenance of peace.
They also handle policy issues in the community
 Senior elders. Comprised of the senior most age-set in Maasai society. They deal with the
difficult judicial and political decisions.
 Maasai adopted the institution of the prophet Oloibon whose function
 Was the unifying factor among the Maasai.
 Advised the council of elders.
 Blessed and advised warriors when going to war.
 He foretold the future.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 55

Cushites
Social organization.
 Were patrilineal society which means they traced their origin through the Father.
 Were divided into clans made up of related families.
 They practise initiation for both boys and girl. They practise initiation for boys and
clitoridectomy for girls.
 Boys circumcised together joined age-set system.
 Age set system provide the community with warriors whose function was to defend the
community and to conduct raid.
 Cushites believe in god who was given different names. Oromo referred them as Wak
 Through interaction with their neighbours almost all the Cushites become Muslim.
 They practise exogamous form of marriage. All the Cushites were polygamous.
 They had various social ceremonies accompanied by songs and dances.
Economic organization.
 They were pastoralist. They kept cattle, sheep, camels and goats.
 They were hunters and gatherers. They hunted wild animal food, ivory, skin for clothing.
They also gathered food crops.
 Those living the rivers were practising fishing.
 They traded with their neighbours such as the Pokomo and the Mijikenda.
 They practised craft industries that included the manufacture of baskets and leather
goods.
 They practised iron working. They made knives, spears, arrowhead and hoes.
Political organization.
 Had decentralised system of government.
 Had clan formed people claimed to originate from common ancestor.
 Clan were headed by council of elders.
 The function of council of elders include:
 Settling land disputes.
 Maintaining law and order.
 Act as ritual experts.
 Presiding over religious ceremonies.
 Clan was independent of others except when the wider community faced a common
enemy they form an alliances. Such alliances were common but they broke up when the
crisis passed.
 Had age set system formed by boys circumcised together.
 Age set provide the community with a class of warriors.
The Somali.
Social organization.
 Divided into clans consisting of related families.
 Clan was headed by council of elders.
 Function of council of elders include:
 settling disputes
 Maintaining law and order.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 56

  Had age-set system formed by boys circumcised together.
 Age set played an important role as they defend the community.
 Believed in the existence of God called WAK( Waq)
 Practise division of labour based on gender. Men took care of animals and protect wells while
women carried out domestic chores and constructed houses.
 They practised exogamous marriage which was polygamous in nature.
 As the Somali adopted Islam, their culture too becomes Islamic in nature.
Economic organization.
 Hunters and gatherers. They gathered food crops and hunted animals for food.
 Were nomadic pastoralists. They kept camel, cattle, goats and sheep.
 They traded with neighbours to get what they could not produce.e.g trade with Mijikenda and
Pokomo
 they practised iron working and
 They practise craftsmanship e.g. pottery, basketry and others.
Political organization.
 Had decentralised system of government.
 Based on clans.
 Clan was made up of related families.
 clan was Headed by council of elders who performed roles like
 Settling of disputes.
 Maintaining law and order.
 Made decisions of community.
 Had age-set system formed by boys circumcised together.
 Age set provide community with military.
 With introduction of Islam, their political set-up was changed. They now had sheikhs as
community leaders. Their political system was now based on the Islamic sharia law.
Borana.
Social organization
 Family was the smallest social unit. Senior most married man was recognised as the head of the
camp.
 Had clans made by related family members. Clan were led by elders.
 Residential sections of the Borana were the CAMP.
 Senior married and competent man would be recognized as the camp and was known as Abba
Olla.
 Had an age-set system called Gada.most powerful individual would be identified from the
group. His title was Abba Boku.His function was to preside over village meetings and presiding
over religious ceremonies.
 Had two kinship groups that is Gona and Sabbo.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 57

  They practised exogamous marriage that they could only marry from kinship different from
their own.
 Worshiped a super natural being whom they referred to as wak.
 They were patrilineal society where inheritance was from father to son. Firstborn son, Angafa
had the right to inherit property of the father.
Economic organization.
 Were nomadic pastoralist who kept cattle, sheep, goats and donkey.
 Traded with neighbours to acquire what they lacked.
 Were hunters and gatherers.
 Were cultivators i.e. planted maize along River Tana.
 They had craft industries where women wove baskets and made leather products from animal
skin
 They practised fishing as they settled along river tana.
Political organization.
 Had political system based on the kinship system.
 Was divided into clans that were related through common descent.
 Borana was divided into two moieties or kinship.
 Moieties/Kinship were further subdivided into Sub-Moieties.
 Sub-moeties were divided into clans.
 Each moieties or kinship was headed by a hereditary leader known as a Kallu e.g. Kallu of
Sabbo comes from Dyallu clan.
 Among the functions of Kallu include:
 Sacred ritual leader.
 Judge in major conflicts between clan.
 Had a council of elders who settled disputes, maintained law and order and also offered
territorial defence.
 Power was distributed equally between the two moieties at all levels such as in the Gada class.
 Borana had complex age-set system which provided a military base for the society.
 Had eleven grades through which Gada classes. Each grade lasted eight years. Boranas passed
through eleven grades from birth to death.
 Age-sets formed the age-set council that recruited warriors.

CONTACT BETWEEN EAST AFRICA AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD UP TO 19TH

CENTURY.
CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 58
  Historical information about east African coast before the 7th century is scanty due to
inadequate written evidence.
 However they are documentary, archaeological, authropogical, linguistic and oral traditions
evidences which have appointed the presence of early visitors at the coast.
Historical sources of information on East African Coast.
 Periplus of the Erythrean Sea which means sailing around the Indian Ocean. It was written by a
Greek commercial agent based in Egypt in 120 AD.
 Ptolemy geography written during the half of the fifth century.
 He wrote a book “geography’’ which talked about trade in the east African coast.
 The work of Arab merchants such as Ibn batuta and Ali masudi.
 The Christian topography. Talked about the Persian dominant of the Indian Ocean trade.
 Greco- roman documentary. Makes indirect references to the east coast of Africa.
 Archaeological evidence, for example, coins which suggests that the people from other parts of
the world had already sailed to the east Africa coast by 200 BC.
Early visitors to the East African Coast up the 15th century.
Factors that enabled the early visitors to come and settle at the East African Coast.
 Contact between east Africa and the early visitors was possible because of the accessibility of
the coast by the sea from Sofala in Mozambique to Mogadishu in Somali.
Reasons why early visitors came to the coast.
 Religious persecutions at home like in Persia and Arabia made them flee in search for new
settlements.
 Political instability and civil wars made some flee their homelands, for example in Arabia.
 Desire to trade. Coast provided a conducive climate and goods for trade.
 They wanted to spread their religion, for example Islam.
 They wanted to explore East African Coast.
 Accessibility of the coast by sea enhanced movement by use of dhows.
 Desire to establish settlements at the coast which had adequate supplies of fresh water and food.
Early visitors who came to the coast include:
 Greeks.
 Romans.
 Persians.
 Phoenicians.
 Chinese.
 Arabs.
Greek.
 They came to the East African coast in after the death of Alexander the Great.
 After the death of Alexander the great quarrels erupted among the Greek rulers.
 Some of the rulers were Seleucus, Ptolemy of Logos and Antigonus.
 The Seleucids rulers controlled the land route to India.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 59

  The Seleucid rulers blocked the route to India forcing the Greek ptolemies of Egypt to get an
alternative route and alternative source of ivory. Hence they travelled via the red sea and down
along the east Africa.
 Ptolemic gold coin found Dar es Salaam provides evidences of this trade.
Romans.
 The Romans like the Greek had greater demand for goods such as ivory, species, gold, precious
stones, rhino horns and slaves.
 The Romans were also keen to break the Arab monopoly over trade.
 In 45AD the Roman sailor called Hippaplus sailed via the red sea to the Indian Ocean during
the reign of Augustus ceaser.
 He had the knowledge of the monsoon winds; hence the Roman sailed directly to India via the
Indian Ocean.
 The Romans started getting Ivory, Rhinoceros horns and Slaves in exchange of glass, wine and
wheat.
 The fall of Roman Empire in the 5th century ad affected international trading in the empire.
Persians.
 Persia was ruled by Shirazi dynasty form 224-636 AD who were determines to rebuild their
empire after its destruction by the Macedonian Greek.
 Persians were keen to derive wealth from international trade and were also interested in learning
the art of maritime navigation.
 By the 6th century the Persians were trading with India and China. They controlled the red sea,
part of Egypt and Arabia.
 Later the Persians came to East Africa Coast and established their ruling dynasty. They also
intermarried with local people and introduced Islamic civilization which included trade,
architecture, religion and culture.
 They traded with local people in items like:
 Bowls
 Glass
 Pots
 Swords.
 They build towns e.g. Zanzibar and Lamu.
 They called the coast of Zanzibar zenj (black), bar (coast) i.e. Zenj bar –black coast.
 They called the land between Mogadishu and cape Delgado the land of zenj (land of black
people).
Chinese.
 They visited the East African Coast in large fleets of sheep around 1430 AD.
 Chinese authors during the dynasties of Sung (960-1279AD) and Ming (1368-1644AD) were
familiar with the East African Coast.
 The Chinese coins dating 700AD have been found at the East African Coast.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 60

  Through trade the Chinese brought
 Silk cloths
 Porcelain bowls
 Plates
 In return they acquired
 Ivory
 Gold
 Leopard skins
 Rhino horns
 Tortoise shells.
Arabs.
 The Arabs came to the east African coast for trade by 650AD.
 The earliest Arab settlement was at Pemba and later Kilwa, Lamu, Maunda, Mombasa and later
to 37 other towns to the east African coast.
The East African Coast was attractive to the Arabs due to:-
 Its offshore islands which were well watered had cool climate compared to hot Arabia.
 Fertile soils for crop growing for the Arab population.
Factors that facilitated coming of the Arabs.
 Presence of monsoon winds. I.e. the North East and the South West winds which blew the Arab
ship from Arabia via the Indian Ocean.
 The ports of Southern Arabia were good sailing places on the journey to East African Coast.
 Presences of deep harbours for ships to anchor.
 Arabs were skilled in marine technology i.e. Boat making, Map reading and use of compass.
Reasons for the coming of the Arabs to the East African Coast.
 They wanted to trade and control the commercial activity along the coast.
 Some Arabs came as refuge fleeing religious and political persecutions in Arabia.
 Some came to explore the East African Coast.
 Some came to spread their religion.
 Some came to establish settlement along the east African coast.
 Accessibility of East African Coast to the outside world by the sea.
 Some of them to come because of the cool climate and fertile soils found at the coast.
Trade between the east African coast and the outside world.
 Historically the East Coast of Africa has had contact with the Middle Eastern and Far Eastern
Countries for long.
 These contacts was established through Indian Ocean trade
 Notable traders were Egyptians, Greeks, Phoenician, Chinese, Persians, Indians and Arabs.
 Archaeological evidence shows that different people brought different goods to the coast of
East Africa.
Development of trade.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 61

  Trade between east African coast and the outside world developed because of many factors.
Factors that led to development of trade.
 Availability of items of trade like ivory and slaves.
 High demand for the trade items in the outside world.
 Presence of merchants at the coast willing to finance the trade.
 Availability of long distance trader in the interior like Akamba, Swahili and Mijikenda.
 Accessibility of East African Coast by sea.
 Availability of good natural harbours.
 Presence of Monsoon wind system which propelled the dhows.
 Relative peace and stability along the coast.
 Technological advancement in dhow and ship building.

Organisation of trade.
 Trading items from coast were ivory,slaves,gold,tortoise shells.rhinocerous horns and hide and
skin
 These items were obtained from the interior of Africa
 The coastal people organised themselves into caravans which moved along established trade
routes. They took to the interior guns, glass, beads, swords and porcelain bowls. All these were
acquired from the visiting merchants from the outside world. Slaves were obtained either by
raiding or through exchange with other goods.
 The major markets for this trade were at the coast notably Mombasa, Zanzibar and Sofala.
 Traders from the outside world came to these markets by use of boats on the Indian Ocean.
Impact of the Indian Ocean trade on the people of east Africa.
 It to the emergence and growth of settlements which developed into towns and eventually stone
built cities.
 It leads to the settlement of Arabs at the coast.
 It led to inter-city conflicts over trade and taxes e.g. between Mombasa and Malindi.
 It led to emergences of new structures of administration controlled by sultans.
 It led to emergence of classes of wealthy merchants which greatly contrasted from ordinary
lifestyle of the majority of Africans and slaves.
 Trade contacts between the coast and the interior were expanded.
 Led to spread of Islamic religion.
 Led to spread of Islamic culture in the coast e.g. construction of stone building and new way of
dressing.
 Islamic law, sharia law was introduced.
 Led to emergence of Swahili people as a result of intermarriages between the coastal Bantu and
Arabs.
 New crops were introduced like rice, cloves, coconuts and spices.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 62

  Led to decline of local industries such as weaving, ironworking due to importation of foreign
goods.
 Slave raids led to wars among African communities.
The coming of the Portuguese.
 It was the first European country to explore east African coast at 15th century supported by
Prince Henry the navigator.
 The first appearance of the Portuguese to the East African Coast was in 1498 by Vasco d
agama.
Reasons for the coming of the Portuguese to east Africa coast.
 They were interested in establishing a trading empire in the Far East.
 They wanted to convert the people of East Africa to Christianity.
 They had knowledge in navigation and were ready to carry out exploration voyages at the sea
through support of Prince Henry the navigator.
 They came to explore and to satisfy their spirit of adventure.
 They had for a long time been challenged by the Arabs and Turks over the eastern trade. To
stop them, they had to control the east African coast.
 Strategic importances.East African coast was a mid-way between India and Europe. It could
provide a base for the supply of fresh food and water.
 They were looking for a sea route to India.
 They came to counter the growing influence of Islam.
 Presences of good natural harbours along the East Africa Coast.
 Revenge against the arabs.Portuguese wanted to revenge their earlier defeat by the Muslims
who had conquered the Iberian Peninsula.
Portuguese conquest and rule of the east coast of Africa.
 In 1498 Vasco da Gama was the first t sailor to reach East African Coast with the aim to explore
the coast.
 He landed of the coast of Mozambique on March 1, 1498. The sultan of Mozambique was
hostile to vasco d agama. He later sailed to Mombasa where he and his companions met a lot of
hostility.
 He left for Malindi where he was warmly welcomed by Seyyid Ali, the sultan of Malindi.
 He was accorded all the assistance he needed including a Gujerati pilot known as Ahmed bin
Majid, to guide the crew to India.
 Vasco d agama’s return to Portugal in 1499.he informed the king of Portugal about the lucrative
trade between the coastal people and those from the middle and Far East. He advised the king of
Portugal to conquer the east African coast.
 The king responded to the advice and immediately sent more people to East African coast.
 In 1500 Pedro Alveres Ras Cabral led an expedition with the intention of capturing Sofala but
failed.
 Vasco d agama led the next expedition against Kilwa, which he conquered in 1502.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 63

  In 1503 Ruy Lourenco Ravasco defeated Zanzibar and forced its sultan to pay tributes to the
king of Portugal.
 In 1505 a large expedition of 20 ships and 1500 men under Francisco de Almeida was sent to
east African coast. It conquered Sofala, Kilwa and Mombasa.
 In 1506 and 1507 Tristao da Cunha attacked Oja,Brava,Pate,Socotra and Lamu
 In 1509 the island of mafia,pempa and Zanzibar were brought under Portuguese rule
 In 1515 Portuguese had succeeded in conquering most of the coastal towns, bringing them
under Portuguese rule.
Reasons for Portuguese success.
 They had superior weapons and well trained soldiers compared to the coastal traders.
 They had better naval power like ships and dhows.
 There was disunity among the coastal city states.
 The Turkish and Persian navies in the Indian Ocean were too weak to offer any help to the
coastal towns against the Portuguese.
 The Portuguese made alliances with some local rulers who sent soldiers to fight alongside the
Portuguese.
 They were able to receive military assistance from their headquarters at Goa in India.
 There was lack of resistance from some towns like Sofala.
Portuguese rule.
 They established their rule which lasted for 200 years and in 1507 they made Mozambique their
headquarters.
 It was under a captain who took orders from the Portuguese viceroy stationed at Goa in
southern India, later they divided the area into two and another captain was in Mombasa.
 The duties of the captains were to :
 Collect tributes from the local rulers.
 Impose custom duties on import and exports
 To suppress resistance or opposition to their rule.
 They supervised the ruling families in the city.
Factors that led to the decline of Portuguese rule.
 Inadequate personnel as compared to the vast East African Coast.
 Portuguese officials were greedy and corrupt who amassed personal wealth at the expense of
administration.
 Lack of systematic form of government.
 Portuguese faced hostility and rebellions from the coastal people.
 Decline in trade made them lose revenue for administration.
 Distance between Portugal and East Africa Coast slowed reinforcement.
 Portuguese were attacked by tropical diseases.
 They were challenge by the Britain, Dutch, France and the Turks.
 At home, Portugal suffered annexation by Spain (1590 and 1640).

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 64

  Invention by the Zimba warriors from Mozambique which undermined their position in east
African coast.
 Attacked and siege of fort Jesus by the Omani Arabs.
Impact of the Portuguese rule.
Negative.
 Coastal towns and their people were exposed to heavy taxation.
 Led to decline of coastal trade when the Portuguese discouraged other trading powers from
visiting the city due to their presence.
 Led to decline of some coastal towns declined due to people moving away to escape taxation
and the interior traders avoided them.
 The Portuguese demand for slaves on their plantations abroad increased raids, which were
perfected with the use of new more powerful ammunition.
 Led to racial and religious segregation of the local people.
 It led to suffering of the coastal people, when Portuguese officials misruled the cities..
Positive.
 Led to introduction of new crops like maize, groundnuts, cassava, pineapples, pawpaw and
guavas.
 Portuguese introduced new word which enriched Kiswahili like Meza (table) and Mvinyo
(wine).
 They built historical monuments like fort Jesus and Vasco Da Gama pillar.
 They fostered good relationship between east African coast and India.
 They also introduced Christianity.
The establishment and impact of Oman rule in East Africa coast.
 In 1698, the Portuguese’s were driven out of the coastal region and taken over by the
Oman Arabs. The imam became the ruler of the East African Coast.
 At the initial stages of their rule, the imams could not come from the Oman to enforce their rule
on the coastal due to civil wars in their homeland. So they were ruled by local Arab family the
Mazrui rule Mombasa and Nabahan family rule Lamu.
 The Mazrui family were troublesome to the imams for they wanted to be independent
 They eventually established themselves as independent rulers Mombasa and forced towns like
Malindi, Pate and Pemba to pay allegiance to them.
 They made alliances with the Mijikenda communities living around Mombasa.
 In the 19th century their possessions extended from Malindi in the north to Pangani in the south.
 As they extend their possessions, they attacked Lamu, whose governor appealed to Oman for
assistances.

Seyyid said’s reign 1804-1856.

 He wanted to the master of the whole Indian Ocean trade. To consolidate his power and protect
his East Africa interests, he transferred his capital to Zanzibar in 1846.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 65

Reasons for choosing Zanzibar were.
 Zanzibar was loyal to him.
 Zanzibar was a green and pleasant island with a good climate compared to Muscat which was
hot and dry.
 Had good harbours in which ships could anchor.
 Had good and clean water.
 Its position was convenient for trade with the mainland and also with Mombasa to the north.
 Its climate and fertile soils were good for cultivating cloves.
 Seyyid controlled the whole of the coast and developed trade links with the interior and some
communities in Kenya like Akamba and Mijikenda got involved in it.
 The main exports were slaves, ivory and cloves, caravans were sent out into the interior to
collect slaves and ivory.
Effects of Oman rule.
 It led to growth of slave trade.
 It led to growth of towns like Zanzibar.
 It led to development of local, long distance and international trade.
 It linked east Africa coast to the rest of the world.
 It led to spread of Islamic religion.
 It led to growth of plantation agriculture.
 Missionaries came to East Africa Coast in an attempt to stop slave trade.
Development of plantation agriculture.
 It was the major cause of increased slave trade in the 19th century who became labourers in
agricultural plantations. By 1840 clove plantations in Zanzibar and Pemba had attracted slave
labour and slaves were heavily overworked.
 In 1840’s the Arabs and Swahili started growing grain on the mainland and this continued up to
the beginning of colonial period.
 In Malindi several planters had acquired land of over 400 hectares where hundreds of slaves
were used to plant millet and sesame. The success of plantations depended on the long working
of slaves.
 In Mombasa it was cultivation of coconut because their farms were small and required less
labourers and more yield compared to grains per hectare.
 On the mainland, the Swahili also became major planters. The Mijikenda sub-tribe did not
participate in plantation agriculture; they traded with the Arabs and sold ivory, cattle and grain.
 Often slaves attempted to escape from plantations. There were efforts to improve their
conditions; some of them who ran away were employed by rich Arabs and Swahili in their
armies to fight against the sultan’s government.
Factors that facilitated plantations agriculture by Seyyid Said in East Africa coast.
 Existence of slave labour.
 Fertile soils that favoured farming.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 66

  Presence of large tracts of land for plantation farming in the mainland and the coast.
 The coast had suitable climate and abundant rainfall.
 There was high demand for grains at the coast and overseas.
 Large number of Oman settlers who settled in Malindi, Lamu, Mombasa acquired land for crop
growing.
Crops grown in East African Coast.
 Rice
 Maize
 Millet
 Beans
 Sesame
 Sorghum
 grain
 Coconut.
Trees crops
 Coconut
 Mangoes
 Citrus fruit
 Cashenuts.
Crops grown in Malindi
 Millet
 Sesame
 Beans
 Coconuts
 Mangoes
 Oranges.
Main sources of labour in plantation agriculture in East Africa Coast.
 Slaves
Effects of plantation agriculture on the East Africa Coast.
 Need for slave labour increased slave trade.
 Growth of cash crops for export led to international trade.
 It led to introduction of new crops at the coast.
 Agro-based industries emerged.
 Increased Omani Arabs settlement at the East Africa coast to do agriculture.
 There was suffering and misery by the slaves who worked for long hours

Factors which promote the demand of slaves

 Demand for labour in plantation farms in Malindi.
 Increased in demand for slave porters

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 67

  High demand of slaves to work as domestic servants and soldiers in Arabia.
 Portuguese plantation in Brazils.
Methods which was used to acquire slave in the coast
 Slave raids.
 Chief sold criminals from their areas to the slave traders.
 Children and lone travelers were kidnapped by the slave traders and sold into slavery.
 Defenceless and helpless people were captured by the raiders and sold into slavery.
Reasons why Britain champions the abolition slave trade.
 Britain had undergone industrialization and so needed the people back on the farms in Africa to
produce cheap raw materials for her industries.
 Britain believed that slaves would be market for her produce goods.
 Machines were invented which more efficient than human labour.
 Britain public opinion was also influenced by many writings that exposed the evils of the trade
e.g. .Dr David Livingstone journal.
 Britain economist such as Adams smith argued that free people were better and more willing
workers than slaves.
Steps taken by Britain to end slavery.
In an effort to end slave trade, the British signed treaties with the sultan at the coast and it include:
Moresby treaty of 1822.
 It stated that no slaves would go out of Seyyid Said’s possession to Arabia.
 It forbade the sale of slaves to West Indies, Reunion and Mauritious as well as Arabia
Hammerton treaty.
 It forbade slave trade between Zanzibar and Oman.
Frère treaty.
 Signed by the British and Seyyid Barhgash.
 It stated that no slaves were to be shipped from the coast
 All slaves market were closed.
 Slaves trade was finally abolished in east Africa coast territories in 1907.
Effects of slave trade
 Africans were subjected to untold suffering and misery during slaves raid and trade.
 Led to depopulation of the interior of east Africa.
 It led to fear and suspicion among the people as they had lost confidence in their leaders.
 Warfare increased due to slave raids. This was enhanced by the use of guns.
 It undermined traditional industries as those with such skills were taken as slaves
 The use of slaves as porters promoted the trade in ivory and copper.
 Africans later regained their moral status and dignity as human being after abolition of the
trade.
Development, organization long distances trade and consequences of trade.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 68

  It refers to exchange of trade goods between communities over long distances e.g. trade
between the East African interior with the East African Coast.
Communities who participated in the long distances trade
 Akamba
 Arabs
 Waswahili
 Yao
 Nyamwezi
 Mijikenda
 Buganda
Imports into the interior
 Beads
 Iron hoes
 Cotton cloth
 Red eyes
 Brass wire
Export from the interior
 Slaves’ivory
 Iron ornaments
 Rhinoceros horns.
 Bees wax
 Animal skin.
 Gum
 Honey.
Method of trade.
 Barter system
 Currency system.
Development of Long distance trade.
 It connected the interior of east Africa with the coastal in Kenya with commodities like ivory
and slave with exchange with clothes, utensils, ironware and beads.
 The Akamba and the Mijikenda acted middlemen between the interior communities and the
coast; they travelled to Mount Kenya region looking for slaves and ivory and all the way to
Baringo and Lake Victoria.
 They tried to keep good relation with the communities they passed through and discouraged
other communities from participating in long distance trade by spreading malicious tales.
 The Arabs and Swahili in 1860s took control of the interior and used caravans into the interior
as far as Uganda.
Organization of the trade.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 69

  The people involved were the Akamba, Yao, Nyamwezi and Mijikenda.Trade routes went all
the way to Mt .Kilimanjaro, M.t. Kenya and Lake Victoria region but they did avoid Maasai
region due to hostility.
 They gathered in the coast and moved in caravans to the interior. The goods were carried to and
from the coast by porters who were either free men or slaves.
 Items of trade included guns, cotton, cloth, beads, glass, swords, porcelain vessels, bracelets and
bangles. From the interior the traders obtained ivory, rhino horns, slaves, hides and skins.
 The trade was financed by the Arabs and Swahili, it was a barter trade but cowrie shells were
introduced as currency.
Effects of Long distance trade.
 It led to increased in contacts among the people of the interior like Akamba and Agikuyu.
 New items were introduced like guns, cotton, cloth and glasses.
 It opened up interior to the outside world leading to colonization.
 It led to emergence of powerful chiefs and kingdoms like Wanga kingdom and chief Kivoi of
Ukambani.
 It led to spread of Islam into the interior.
 It led to introduction of new crop like maize, bananas, rice, sugarcane and mangoes.
 It led to decline of indigenous industries due to many foreign goods which were cheap.
 It promoted slavery and slave trade.
 Town such as Mombasa, Lamu, Kilwa, Pemba and Zanzibar developed into commercial
centres.
 The volume of local and regional trade increased due to introduction of varieties of new goods.
 It led to the development of money economy that replaced barter trade.
International trade.
 In addition to long distances trade east African coast also participated in international trade
during 19th century with traders from different countries such as USA, Britain and France.
Factors which facilitated development of international trade.
 The east African coast had trade links with the Far East.
 Presences of regional trade.
 Role played by Seyyid Said. He encouraged foreign traders to come to the coast and give them
sultan flag. He also ensured security in their conquest for ivory and slaves.
 The Arabs and waswahili traders to the interior were given the flag of the sultan to ensure
security in their conquest foe ivory and slaves.
 Seyyid said improve the monetary system to facilitate trade e.ghe introduced small coins from
india to supplement silver currency, Maria Theresa dollar and Spanish crown.
 Sultan levied a uniform custom duty. He levied 5 percent throughout to encourage trade.
 Availability of raw materials and demand for goods from the coast and international community
such as gold,ivory,slves

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 70

  Physical features of east African coast, the deep harbours and attractive beaches lured many
foreigners to the regions.
 Existences of wealthy class of merchants.
Impact of international trade.
 It linked east Africa to the outside world that later to result to colonization.
 It led to emergence of strong leaders who welcomed foreigner from whom they gained guns.
 The coming of Europeans in the scene ended Arab dominance in the trade.
 The existence of slave trade and Islam made missionaries come to abolish slave trade and
spread Christianity.
 new crops were introduced e.g. maize
 It led to introduction of new items of trade e.g. guns, clothes, beads.
 Led to intensification of warfare during slave raids, which caused suffering and destructions.
The Spread of Christianity.
 It was introduced by the Portuguese at the coastal region and won converts in Mombasa
and malindi.
 As soon as they were driven out by the Arabs who established the Islamic culture and religion
overwhelmed the Christians effort.
 In the late 19th century there was a Christian revival in Britain and Western Europe. This
movement was also known as the evangelical revival. This movement provided the inspiration
for the missionaries to go out into other parts of the world.
Reasons for coming of Christians missionaries.
 They came to spread Christianity to the Africans.
 They came to spread western civilization.
 They came to abolish slave trade.
 They wanted to introduce legitimate trade.
 There was formation of missionary society in Western Europe which competed to send their
members out to Africa.
 The missionaries wanted to counter the spread of Islam.
 Others like Johann Rebman came to explore Africa.
First missionary society to come to Kenya
 Church Missionary Society.
First missionaries to come to Kenya.
 Ludwig Krapft.
 Johann Rebmann
 Jacob Enhardt.
Missionary activities and challenges in Kenya.
 It began in 1844 when a Germany missionary Ludwig Krapf arrived in Zanzibar.
 He was sent by church missionary society of England who obtains a letter from Seyyid said
asking the local people go give him any assistance he required. He was later joined by Johann
Rebmann from Germany.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 71

  They started work at Rabai, near Mombasa where they established a mission station in 1846.
 In 1849, they were accompanied by Jacob Erhardt.
 Krapf encouraged members of other Christian societies to help in spreading Christianity.
 In 1862, members of united Methodist church arrived from Britain and settled at Ribe, under
the leadership of Thomas Wakefield and open a mission at Jomvu and Lamu.
 In the interior church missionary society opened stations at Sagala in Taita and at Taveta.
 There were challenges like the Akamba were unfriendly to the missionaries when Chief Kivoi
was killed while travelling with Krapf.
 In the 19th and early 20th century saw the spread of Christianity into the interior of Kenya. In
1891, the Church of Scotland mission began to work at Kibwezi in Machakos. After several
missionaries died there, the mission moved to kikuyu in central Kenya.
 The second group in Ukambani was African inland mission from the United States of America.
They open a mission station at Nzaui, in Machakos district later expanded to Kijabe, Nandi,
Kabarnet and Nyakach.
 After the Kenya-Uganda railway reached Nairobi in 1899, some French catholic missionaries
opened a mission station at st. Austin’s, near Nairobi.
 In 1903 the Consolata Fathers from Italy opened a station in Nyeri.
 By 1914, several Christian societies-Churches of God Mission, the Seventh Day Adventist and
the Friends mission-were all working in western Kenya.
Contribution of Jacob Erhardt to history of Kenya
 He managed to draw a crude map of the interior of east Africa from the stories he heard from
the stories.
Catholic missionaries who came to Kenya
 Holy Ghost Fathers
 Consolata Fathers
 Mill Hill Fathers.
Missionary group who came to Tanganyika
 Church missionary society
 Roman Catholic missionaries.
 Holy Ghost fathers
 Holy Ghost Fathers began free slave settlement on the mainland at Bagamoyo.
 Church missionary society a free slave center at Freetown near Mombasa in 1875.
Missionary groups in Uganda.
 Church missionary society.
 Roman Catholic missionaries.
 White fathers.
Factors that facilitated spread of Christianity in Kenya.
 Some African communities were friendly to the missionaries.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 72

  The early missionaries enjoyed the support of Seyyid Said.When Krapft arrived at Zanzibar, he
was given an introductory letter to the coastal rulers to assist him.
 Missionaries were quick to realize the importance of studying the languages of the people
among whom they worked.Krapf was able to publish first Swahili dictionary together with a
translation of the new testament in Kiswahili. He also translated the gospel of mark into
Kikamba and Luke into Kirabai
 Most of the missionaries at first used Kiswahili in their work.
 African converts were used to spread the gospel.
 Other activities like education, health influenced Africans into conversion.
 Building of Kenya- Uganda railway facilitated movement.
 Discovery of quinine enabled missionaries fight diseases.
Challenges faced by missionaries.
 They were attacked by tropical diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness.
 There was poor means of transport no roads or railways or vehicles.
 Missionaries lacked adequate supplies of food, medicine, money and other necessary materials.
 Hostility from some communities.
 There was insecurity in some areas.
 In areas were Islam was prevalent like the coast, missionary work was impossible.
 The missionary were few and could not cover their regions effectively for they were too big.
 The missionaries were from different denominations and had to compete for followers, this lead
to hatred.
 Slave traders were hostile to the missionaries because from their activities, business was
adversely affected.
Effects of missionary activities.
 It led to spread Christianity into the interior of Kenya.
 Africans gave up their culture practices like female circumcision and burial rites.
 It led to introduction of western education.
 They build up rehabilitation centres where they taught vocational skills, reading and
Christianity.
 They built health centres where western medicine was administered to cure and control
diseases.
 They introduced new crops like coffee and new farming methods.
 They pioneered the construction of roads to their missions.
 They translated the bible into Kiswahili and local languages.
 It led to emergences of new social class. Africans who had received missionary education and
trained formed a new elite social class which was a new creation in the African set-up.
 Some missionaries combined evangelisation with exploration activities, naming mountains and
rivers.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 73

  Missionaries became pioneers of colonialism as they appealed to their home countries to offer
them protection as they carried out their work.
 It led to rising up of independent churches and schools.
 During colonialism missionaries represented African interest in the legislative council e.g Dr.
John Arthur was appointed to represent Africans in the legislative council.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 74

CITIZENSHIP
 A citizen is a person who legally belongs to a state.
 Citizenship is the act of belonging to a particular country.
There are two ways of becoming a citizen
 By birth
 Registration.
Citizen by birth.
 Anyone born to parents who are Kenyan citizens is entitled to citizenship. It applies to one born
in or outside Kenya.
 It’s also given to a child found in Kenya who is less than eight years, and whose nationality and
parents are unknown.
 A citizen by birth does not lose citizenship by acquiring the citizenship of another country.
Citizenship by registration.
 This is where a person who is not a Kenyan citizen is granted Kenyan citizenship.
Categories of people who are eligible for registration as Kenyan citizen.
 A person who has been married to a citizen for a period of at least seven years.
 A person who has been lawfully living in Kenya for a continuous period of at least seven years.
 A child adopted by a citizen.
Revocation of citizenship.
 If the person acquired the citizenship by fraud, false representation or failure to provide full
information.
 If a person supports or is found to have supported an enemy country during war with Kenya.
 If the person has within five years been convicted to a prison term of three or more years.
 If a person has been convicted of treason or offence of which a penalty of seven or more years
may be imposed.
Rights and freedoms of citizens.
Right of life.
 Every person has a right to life and no person shall be deprived of life intentionally except
where the law authorises.
 The life of a person begins at conception and abortion is not permitted.
The following are limitations to the right to life.
 When a person acts in self defence or defence of property.
 When security officers execute a lawful arrest.
 When security officers act to prevent the escape of a person who is lawfully detained.
 When security officers suppress a riot, rebellion or mutiny.
 When security officers act to prevent an individual from committing a crime.
 When the country it at war.
 When a person is sentenced to death by a court of law.
Equality and freedom from discrimination.
 Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 75

  No one should be discriminated against on ground, of race, sex, pregnancy, marital status,
health status, ethnic, colour, age disability, religious belief and conscience.
Rights to human dignity.
 No one should be treated in a dehumanising manner. People should be respected and protected.

Right to freedom and security of the person.

 Every person has the right to freedom and security.
This include the right not to.
 Subject to corporal punishment.
 Treated or punished in a cruel way.
 Subjected to violence from either public or private sources.
 Detained without trial.
 Subject to torture.
Right to privacy.
Every person has a right to privacy which includes the right not to have:
 Their personal, home or property searched.
 Their possessions seized.
 The privacy of their communications interfered with.
 Information relating to their family or private affairs revealed unnecessarily.
A person’s right to privacy is not considered to deprive when.
 Public officers inspect premises for purposes of tax.
 Security officers enter premises to arrest suspected criminals or prisoners who have escaped
from lawful custody.
 Public officers effect a court order.
Rights to freedom of conscience, religious belief and opinions.
 Every person has a right to hold their views and practise their own religion.
 No person may be forced to engage in acts that are against their beliefs, however, this rights is
limited by:
 All religious groups should be registered by the government.
 Religious, beliefs and opinions that create hatred and suspicions are not allowed.
Right to freedom of expression.
 Every person has a right to seek, receive and impart information or ideas. However, the right
does not extend to:
 Propaganda for war.
 Incitement to violence.
 Hate speech.
Access to information.
 Every citizen has the right to access information from the state, or any other person.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 76

Right to freedom of association.
 Every person has the right to peacefully and while unarmed assemble, demonstrate and present
petitions to public authorities.
 However, these are the limitations:
 Demonstrations should not lead to breakdown of law and order.
 There should not be a conspiracy against the government.
 The police should be notified in advance.
Right to political activity.
 Every citizen is free to make political choices forming a party, recruit members and campaign
for a political party and final vote in free, fair and regular elections.
Right to freedom of movement and residence.
 Every person has a right to move and live anywhere in the country.
 One’s freedom of movement may be limited under the following circumstances:
 When preventing the spread of an infectious disease.
 When affecting a court order requesting one to be arrested.
 When one is suspected to have committed or about to commit a crime.
 When securing education or welfare of a person below the age of 18.
 When rehabilitating a drug addict.
 When securing the welfare of a person of unsound mind.
 There are restricted areas. E.g. military barracks and private property.
 When a curfew is imposed in times of war or insecurity.
Right to property.
 Every person has a right to acquire and own property in any part of the country. The following
are limitations to this right.
 The government may acquire property for public use provided there is compensation.
 Property should not have been acquired unlawfully.
Labour relation.
 Every person has the right to fair labour practices.
 Workers have the right to:
 Fair remuneration.
 Reasonable working conditions.
 Go on strike.
 From and join trade unions.
Environment.
 Every person has a right to a clean and healthy environment.
Economic and social rights.
 Every person has the right to:
 High standards of health to emergency treatment.
 Adequate housing and sanitation.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 77

  Adequate food of acceptable quality.
 Clean and safe water in adequate quantities.
 Education.
 Social security.
Language and culture.
 Every citizen has a right to use the language and to participate in cultural life of the person’s
choice.
Right to family.
 Every adult has a right to marry a person of the opposite sex. Parties to a marriage are entitled
to equal rights.
Responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen.
Political responsibility.
 Obey the law. Every citizen has a responsibility to respect and obey the law in order to enhance
peace and stability.
 Protecting the law. Every citizen should protect the law by reporting law-breakers and not
harbouring law-breakers.
 Participating in the democratic processes. Like registration as voters, voting for leaders and
offering them for electoral position.
 Maintaining valid documents. Like identity cards, passports, driving licence and birth
certificates among others.
 Participating in public meetings.
Economic responsibility.
 Every citizen has a responsibility to pay tax to the government to enable it provide services such
taxes include income tax, value added tax and excise duty.
 Citizens should take part in development programmes like harambee.
 Citizens should participate in income generating activities to earn a descent living. These
include trading, making crafts, employment and many others.
 Every citizen should protect the environment and natural resources. These include forests,
wildlife, soil and water resources.
 Citizen should fight corruption in the country by reporting corrupt practices and not taking or
giving bribes.
Social responsibility.
 Promote gender sensitivity in relation in the community. This is achieved by avoiding gender
discrimination and respecting and protecting the rights and freedoms of each gender in
education, politics and education
 Promote positive values in the society and good morals. These include honesty, decency,
hardworking, respect and moral uprightness.
 Promotion of good health practices like hygiene, protecting themselves and others against
infections, seeking prompt treatment and discouraging drug and substances abuse.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 78

  Helping in emergencies like disaster. Every citizen has a duty to help people during disaster.
These include flood, famine, earthquake, fire and outbreak of diseases. This can be done by
providing food, clothing, drugs and shelter.
 Taking care of the vulnerable in the society like the sick, physically challenged, the poor,
orphans and elderly.
Values of good citizenship.
 Natiolism.Nationalist work for ones country and devotes oneself to serving the nation and the
unity of his/her nation
 Patriotic. A patriot is one who loves serves and seeks to promote the well-being of one’s
country.
 Morality. Good citizen are expected to uphold good morals such as honesty and decency.
 Intergrity.Good citizen does what law expects at all times and in all situations. These include
being dutiful, faithful and efficient without seeking any further inducement apart from salary or
wage.
 A good citizen should adhere to work ethics such as accountability, transparency, zero tolerance
to corruption, hardwork and personal initiative.
 One should be thrift that is being wise and prudent in the use of resources such as money and
time.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 79

NATIONAL INTEGRATION.
 It’s the act, process or means of bringing people of different or diverse cultures, religion, race,
tribe, occupation and social status into forming one nation.
Importance of National Integration.
 Enhances conditions favourable for peace and prosperity.
 Promotes national unity.
 Promotes the achievement of rapid economic and development.
 Eliminates and reduces inter-community conflicts and suspicions.
 Enhances nationalism and patriotism.
 Creates favourable investment conditions that attract foreign investment.
National unity.
 It refers to a nation that is fully fused into one, or integrated where every member or
citizen has a sense of belonging.
Factors promoting National Unity.
i.Constitution.
 Constitution being supreme law of the land has created a unitary state.
 It protects Kenyans from discrimination on the grounds of race, religion, place of origin,
community or creed and quarantees equality of opportunities for all citizens.
 The constitution provides for equality of all Kenyan before the law
ii.The national language.
 The use of common languages English and Kiswahili enable people of different ethnic
groups to communicate.
iii.National philosophies.
 National philosophies in Kenya are socialism, Harambee and Nyayoism.
 Harambee calls people from different ethnic groups to pool their resources together.
 Nyayoism as a philosophy is meant to promote peace, love and unity among Kenyans.
iv.National symbols.
 They are national anthem, coat of arms and public seal. They symbolises the existences of the
country as a sovereign state.
v.Social and economic interaction.
 Social interactions among Kenyans of different communities play an important role in the
promotion of national unity. Such interactions include inter-community marriages, playing
games together and working together.
vi.National Currency.
 In Kenya there is one currency that is used to transact business, this is the Kenya shilling.
vii.Fair distribution of resources.
 Ensures equal development in all parts of the country.
viii.Education.
 The establishment of National schools which enable pupils from different parts of the
country to meet and interact/education integration of
 The school curriculum stresses on the importance of national unity and develops a feeling
of belonging to the nation among young people.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 80

ix.Government institutions.
 Serve all citizens equally. These are judiciary, the legislature and executive.
x.National days and events.
 These are national days and events held throughout Kenya.these are Mashujaa day, Jamhuri and
Madaraka day.
Factors limiting National Unity.
i.Tribalism
 This is the practice of favouring people who are from one’s own ethnic group in employment,
admission to schools and allocation of resources. Others end up being discriminated against
thus leading to hatred and enmity.
ii.Nepotism
 This is the practice of people favouring their relatives. This vice is similar to tribalism
iii.Religious differences.
 Sectarian differences and intolerances may lead to conflict.
 In Kenya, conflicts between the Muslims and Catholics in 2000 led to destruction of a catholic
church in Nairobi
iv.Ethnicity.
 Favouring one community against others may lead to conflict.
v.Racial intolerances.
 Favouring one racial group against others may lead to disunity.
vi.Corruption.
 Asking for and offering of bribes to obtain and give services violates people’s rights to equal
treatment. Corruption creates suspicion and hatred among people since those who cannot afford
to bribe feel cheated and frustrated.
vii.Divisive politics.
 Preaching political hatred may result in conflict.
viii.Economic disparity.
 Standards of living, others find it difficult to meet their basic needs. This undermines national
unity as the people don’t have a sense of belonging together in the same nation.
 Cultural diffrences.Diverse cultural practices could result in disunity.
Conflicts resolution.
 Conflict means serious disagreement between people resulting from each opposing views
or interest like armed struggle.
 Conflict resolution is the working out of a settlement to defuse or solve a conflict.
Causes of conflicts.
Political causes.
 Differences among political parties over ideology or policies.
 Failure to uphold the laws of a country.
 Denial of citizens’ rights.
 Improper conduct of election.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 81

  Border disputes between countries.
Economic causes.
 Un-equal allocation of economic resources.
 Disputes over natural resources.
 Differences between employers and workers.
 Differences over trading policies, e.g. tariffs among nations.
 Failure to adhere to contractual obligations.
Social cause.
 Religious differences among people.
 Cultural intolerances between communities.
 Influx of refugees from neighbouring countries leading to pressure on resources.
 Mistrust between family and community members.
 Tribalism, nepotism and racism within a nation.
Categories of conflicts.
i.Individual against individuals.
 This is where an individual differs with another.
ii.Individual against the state.
 This occurs when an individual is involved in conflict with the state.
iii.Community against community.
 This occurs when different communities engage in conflicts with one another.
iv.State against state.
 This is where two countries are involved in a dispute over a boundary, resources, trade etc.
Methods of resolving conflicts.
i.Arbitration.
 It’s a neutral person who is appointed to solve a conflict amongst people.
ii.Diplomacy.
 It’s an art of negotiation between individuals or countries to resolve conflicts and may involve
creating understanding and room for reconciliation.
iii.Legislation.
 It’s done by the parliament through passing of legislation that control conflicts.
iv.Use of elders.
 Parties involved appear before the elders who listen to them and come up with a solution.
v.Religious action.
 Religious leaders have been called upon several times to resolve political and social conflicts in
Kenya.
vi.Court action.
 This is where parties take other parties to court for arbitration.
vii.Community Policing.
 The presence of the police helps to control crime that brings about conflicts.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 82

viii.International agreement.
 International agreements on boarder security and utilisation of natural resources are a method of
conflict resolution between countries.
The process of resolving conflicts.
Legal process.
 The constitution of Kenya empowers the judiciary to resolve conflicts; the judiciary has
established courts throughout the country with powers to solve cases.
 There are cases which the parties at conflict may take to court or have them settled out of court.
 Out of court settlement is allowed by the Kenyan constitution. This is usually in conflicts or
cases which are civil, industrial, cultural or political. They should not be criminal in nature. But
some criminal cases have been solved out of court so long as they did not involve capital
punishment.
 if out of court mediation does not lead to the resolution of the conflict, the parties may take their
cases to a court of law

Civil.
 This is where a conflict is brought to attention of the court directly by the complainant in
person, through a sympathiser or a lawyer. The process is referred to as filing a case against
someone.
 The court will study facts presented by the complainant after which it determines if to file a
case against the accused. It may dismiss or allow the case to continue.
 The accused will attend court in person or through an advocate on a given date as both parties
are allowed to call witnesses.
 When all parties are through with their testimonies, a date is set for the verdict or judgement
where the verdict is delivered and if any party dissatisfied is given chance to appeal to higher
courts.
Criminal cases.
 Criminal cases that causes conflict are reported to police who arrest the suspects, interrogate
them, record statements and investigate the crime.
 They present the suspect before a court of law and prosecute. The suspect may be releases on
bond as the case proceeds.
 All parties in this conflict must be heard and their evidence considered, they are allowed to hire
lawyers after which the magistrate sets a date for the verdict.
 Any party not satisfied with the verdict is allowed to appeal to higher courts.
 The Kenyan Supreme Court is the highest court one can appeal to.
Arbitration.
 The process of solving conflicts out of court includes identifying the source of the conflict by
the parties concerned.
 The party’s agents call on each other to sit and iron out their problems.
 the process is referred to as round-table discussion.
CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 83
  By meeting face to face and talking to each other, creating room for understanding and giving
explanations, they may find a solution to their problem which bring to an the conflict in
question.
Negotiation.
 This is where the mediator is called and negotiates on the behalf of the parties involved in the
conflict.
 Mediator must be a person or group of people who are trust-worthy to both the parties.
 Mediator calls the parties in conflict to a meeting after individually studying the points of
disagreement.
 After making the parties discuss and listen to another, a peaceful resolution may be arrived at.
 Mediators are usually elders, religious leaders, high-ranking professionals and diplomats.
 In 2008 following the post election violence triggered by disputes in presidential election, Koffi
Annan led negotiations in Kenya which led to signing of the national accord.
Armed forces.
 There are other conflicts which must be solved through force where there is no law and order.
 These kinds on conflicts will require the use of the police or the army.
 A state of emergency can be declared in cases of serious social conflict or in the event of
breakdown of law and order.
Effects of conflicts.
 Massive displacement of people, they become refugees.
 Fear and insecurity due to anarchy.
 Losses of lives as people are killed.
 Destruction of property.
 Starvation due to crops destruction and disruption of agriculture activities.
 People become poor due to economic decline.
 Human suffering and misery becomes widespread.

CHAMPIONS HISTORY NOTES FORM ONE_ BY MR GER CHARLES Page 84