UNIVERSITY VISVESVARAYA COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING K. R CIRCLE BENGALURU-560001

UNIT 04
WIND ENERGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

University Visvesvaraya college of engineering
Bengaluru - 560001
 Introduction to Wind
▪ Wind – Atmospheric air in motion.

▪ It has become an energy source.

▪ Sun produces 4 x 1026 joules of electromagnetic radiation every

second that is radiated into space.

▪ About 2% of the sunlight that falls on the earth is transformed to

wind energy.

▪ Wind provides around 1% of the world’s electricity

 Growth rate
• The worldwide total cumulative installed electricity generation
capacity from wind power amounted to 432,883 MW.

• An increase of 17% compared to the previous year. Global wind power

installations increased by 63,330 MW, 51,447 MW and 35,467 MW in 2015, 2014
and 2013 respectively.
 Process of Wind Creation
▪ Wind is caused by differences in the atmospheric pressure. When a difference
in atmospheric pressure exists, air moves from the higher to the lower pressure
area, resulting in winds of various speeds.

▪ The two major driving factors of wind patterns are the differential heating
between the equator and the poles (difference in absorption of solar energy )
and the rotation of the planet.

▪ Each second, the sun releases an enormous amount of radiant energy into the
solar system.

▪ Some of it reaches the earth:

▪ strikes the equator directly (giving it the most radiation)
▪ diffuses along the Northern and Southern Hemisphere
▪ the poles receive the lowest amount of radiation
 Cont…

▪ The radiation from the sun heats the Earth's surface.

▪ Heating process creates temperature differences between the Land, Water, Air
due to their different physical properties i.e.
o Density

▪ Hot air rises, it expands, becomes less dense, and is then replaced by denser,
cooler air.

▪ Heated air rises from equator.

▪ Moves north and south in the upper levels of the atmosphere and circulates
above cooler air.

▪ Wind is formed due to the phenomena called Coriolis Effect “ the tendency for
any moving body on or above the earth's surface to drift sideways from its
course because of the earth's rotation”.
Wind formation
Coriolis Effect
 Principle of energy conversion
The principle of energy conversion is invoked during the conversion of one form of
energy into another.
According to this principle. Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, it can only
be converted from one form into another.

Total mechanical electrical total energy total energy

Energy input = energy output + dissipated + stored

Total Electrical Mechanical total energy total energy

Energy input = energy output + dissipated + stored
 Wind power in India
• The development of wind power in India began in the 1986 with first wind
farms being set up in coastal areas of Maharashtra (Ratnagiri), Gujarat (Okha)
and Tamil Nadu (Tuticorin) with 55 kW Vestas wind turbines.

• These demonstration projects were supported by the Ministry of New and

Renewable Energy (MNRE).

• As of 31 July 2016 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 27,441.15
MW with south, west and north area including the major part.

• The wind power generation capacity in India is 49,130 MW as per the official
estimations in the Indian Wind Atlas (2010) by NIWE.
 Cont….

▪ India at this time is known as the world's fourth largest producer of wind power having
surpassed Spain in 2015 and there are no wind power grid connections in East and North
east regions as of March, 2015 end.

▪ No offshore wind farm consuming traditional fixed-bottom wind turbine technologies in

shallow sea areas or floating wind turbine technologies in deep sea areas are under
implementation.

▪ MNRE has made target of producing capacity at 60000 MW till 2022.

▪ National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) has been established in Chennai in the year
1998, as an autonomous R&D institution by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE), Government of India.
 Cont….

▪ It is a knowledge-based institution of high quality and dedication, offers services and

seeks to find complete solutions for the kinds of difficulties and improvements in the
entire spectrum of the wind energy sector by carrying out further research.

▪ As measured by NIWE, there are 54 locations near shore wind beside coast.

▪ Introductory studies by NIWE and Indian National Centre for Ocean Information
Services (INCOIS) Hyderabad endorse potential sideways Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and
Maharashtra coasts.

• Tamil Nadu Renewable Energy Development Academy (TEDA) has developed an

integrated solar and wind energy as an example of grid system
Wind pattern in India
Installed Capacity
 INDIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY
SCENARIO

Solar Energy Waste to Energy

13% 0%

Biomass Power
11%

Small Hydro Power

11% Wind Power
65%
 0nshore
• Onshore wind refers to turbines located on land.

• Power generation capacity is 49,130MW (C-WET).

• At higher hub heights, the potential of 49,130 MW at

50 meter level

• Presumed at 80 meter standard hub height, the expected

wind potential using the same land availability will be
of the order of 1,02,788 MW.
 Capacity
State Total Capacity (MW)
Tamil Nadu 7,684.31
Maharashtra 4,664.08
Gujarat 4,227.31
Rajasthan 4,123.35
Karnataka 3,082.45
Madhya Pradesh 2,288.60
Andhra Pradesh 1,866.35
Telangana 98.70
Kerala 43.50
Others 4.30
Total 28,082.95
 State wise scenario in India
25
WIND PO TENTIAL UTILIZED B Y STATE IN %
DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS (MW)

2016 operational cumulative wind power installed capacity (MW) 20

At 100m above ground level total wind potential

Wind power potential utlizied percentage

15

90000
80000
70000 10 19.4
60000
17.3
50000
40000
30000 5
8.4
20000 7.1 6.4
5.4
10000
3.3
0 1.1 0.6
0
State/Union Territories Number of Monitoring Total Wind Monitoring Stations with the Annual
Stations operating Stations Formed Average WPD > 200 W/m2
at a height of 50 m

Andaman & Nicobar 1 14 2

Arunachal Pradesh - 9 -
Andhra Pradesh 4 67 35
Assam 1 9 -
Bihar 3 3 -
Chhattisgarh 4 7 -
Goa 2 3 -
Gujarat 7 68 41
Haryana 1 8 -
Himachal Pradesh - 10 -
Jammu & Kashmir 2 11 1
Jharkhand 2 4 -
Karnataka
KPCL Stations: - 19 16
MNES Stations: 13 55 22

Kerala - 27 17
Lakshadweep - 11 6
Madhya Pradesh 7 42 7
Mizoram - 5 -
Manipur 3 8 -
Maharashtra 30 119 32
Meghalaya 2 2 -
Nagaland 4 4 -
Orissa - 11 6
Pondichery - 4 -
Punjab 2 13 -
Rajasthan 1 39 8
Sikkim - 3 -
Tripura 2 5 -
Tamil Nadu 7 74 47
Uttar Pradesh 5 12 -
Uttarakhand - 11 1
West Bengal - 10 1
Total 104 687 234
 SITE SELECTION CONSIDERATION FOR WIND
ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
❖ The power available in the wind increases rapidly with the speed, hence wind
energy conversion machines should be located preferable in areas where the
winds are strong and persistent.

❖ The major contribution to the wind power available at a given site is actually
made by winds with speeds above the average. Nevertheless, the most suitable
sites for wind turbines would be found in areas where the annual average wind
speeds are known to be moderately high or high.

❖ The site choice for a single or a spatial array of WECS is an important matter
when wind electrics is looked at from the systems point of view of aero turbine
generators feeding power into a convertional electric grid.

❖ If the WECS sites are wrongly or poorly chosen the net wind electrics generated
energy per year may be sub optimal with resulting high capital cost for the
WECS apparatus, high costs for wind generated electric energy, and low
Returns on Investment.
CONTINUED
Some of the main site selection consideration are given below:
1. High annual average wind speed:
2. Availability of anemometry data:
3. Availability of wind V(t) Curve at the proposed site:
4. Wind structure at the proposed site:
5. Altitude of the proposed site:
6. Terrain and its aerodynamic:
7. Local Ecology
8. Distance to road or railways:
9. Nearness of site to local center /users:
10. Nature of ground:
11. Favorable land cost:
 Parts of Wind Turbine system:
i. Blades BLADES

ii. Rotor TURBINE

iii. Pitch system ROTOR
iv. Low speed shaft
v. Brake
vi. Gear box
vii.High speed shaft
viii.Generator
ix. Controller
x. Anemometer
xi. Wind vane
xii. Yaw drive
 Cont…

▪ Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.

▪ Blades: Lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them, causing the rotor to spin.

▪ Brake: Stops the rotor mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically, in emergencies.

▪ Controller: Starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and
shuts off the machine at about 55 mph.

▪ Gear box: Connects the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increases the rotational
speeds from about 30-60 rotations per minute (rpm), to about 1,000-1,800 rpm; this is the
rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity.

▪ Generator: Produces 60-cycle AC electricity; it is usually an off-the-shelf induction generator.

▪ High-speed shaft: Drives the generator.

▪ Low-speed shaft: Turns the low-speed shaft at about 30-60 rpm.

▪ Nacelle: Sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator,
controller, and brake.
 Cont….
• Pitch: Turns blades out of the wind to control the rotor speed, and to keep the rotor from turning
• in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
• Rotor: Blades and hub together form the rotor.
• Tower: Made from tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice. Supports the structure of
• the turbine.

• Wind direction: Determines the design of the turbine. Upwind turbines—like the one shown
• here-face into the wind while downwind turbines face away.
• Wind vane: Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the turbine
properly with respect to the wind.
• Yaw drive: Orients upwind turbines to keep them facing the wind when the direction changes.
Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive because the wind manually blows the rotor away
from it.
• Yaw motor: Powers the yaw drive.
 Wind Turbines
• Rotating machines that can be used to generate electricity from the kinetic
power of the wind.

• Alike aircraft propeller, turn in moving air, power the electric generator, supply
electric current.

• For fan Electricity Wind

• For turbines Wind Electricity

• Wind rotates the turbine blades

o spins a shaft connected to a generator
o The spinning of the shaft in the generator makes electricity

• Efficiency depends on number of blades in windmill.

Efficiency↑ as Blades↑ .
 Blades
One Two Three
• Rotor must move more rapidly • Rotor must move more • Balances of gyroscopic
. rapidly. forces.
• Gearbox ratio reduced. • Higher speed means more • Slower rotation
• Higher speed means more noise and other impacts. • Increases gearbox and
noise and other impacts. • Needs shock absorber transmission cost
• Captures 10% less energy than because of gyroscopic • More aesthetic, less
2 blades design. imbalances. noise , fewer bird strikes.
• Ultimately provide no cost • Captures 5% less energy
savings. than three blades design.
 Types of Wind Turbines
Vertical axis Horizontal axis
 Vertical axis Horizontal axis
• Rotating axis of the wind turbine is vertical • Rotating axis of the wind turbine is
or perpendicular to the ground horizontal or parallel to the ground
• Primarily used in small wind projects and • Primarily used in big wind application
residential applications
• Powered by wind coming from all 360 • Able to produce more electricity
degrees, no yaw mechanism from a given amount of wind
• Ideal for installations where wind conditions • Disadvantage of horizontal axis however
are not consistent, or due to public is that it is generally heavier and it does
ordinances the turbine cannot be placed high not produce well in turbulent winds
enough to benefit from steady wind
• Yaw mechanism
Comparison
 Working Principle

Principle:

The energy in the wind turns two or threee blades around a rotor. The
rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create
electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power.
 Working of Wind Turbine
▪ Wind blows toward the turbine's rotor blades.

▪ The rotors spin around, capturing some of the kinetic energy from the wind,
and turning the central drive shaft that supports them.

▪ In most large modern turbines, the rotor blades can swivel on the hub at the
front so they meet the wind at the best angle (or "pitch") for harvesting
energy. This is called the pitch control mechanism.

▪ Inside the nacelle, the gearbox converts the low-speed rotation of the drive
shaft into high-speed rotation fast enough to drive the generatorefficiently.

▪ The entire top part of the turbine (the rotors and nacelle) can be rotated by a
yaw motor, mounted between the nacelle and the tower, so it faces directly
into the oncoming wind and captures the maximum amount of energy.
 Cont…

• If it's too windy or turbulent, brakes are applied to stop the rotors from
turning (for safety reasons).

• The electric current produced by the generator flows through a cable

running down through the inside of the turbine tower.

• A step-up transformer converts the electricity to about 50 times higher

voltage so it can be transmitted efficiently to the power grid (or to nearby
buildings or communities). If the electricity is flowing to the grid, it's
converted to an even higher voltage (130,000 volts or more) by a
substation nearby, which services many turbines.

• Homes enjoy clean, green energy: the turbine has produced no

greenhouse gas emissions or pollution as it operates.
 Advantages
• Very low carbon dioxide emissions (effectively zero once constructed).

• No air or water pollution.

• No environmental impacts from mining or drilling.

• Completely sustainable—unlike fossil fuels, wind will never run out.

• Turbines work almost anywhere in the world where it's reliably windy,
unlike fossil-fuel deposits that are concentrated only in certain regions.

• Unlike fossil-fueled power, wind energy operating costs are predictable years
in advance.

• Freedom from energy prices and political volatility of oil and gas supplies
from other countries.

• New jobs in construction, operation, and manufacture of turbines.

 Disadvantages
• High up-front cost .

• Extra cost and complexity of balancing variable wind power with other forms
of power.

• Extra cost of upgrading the power grid and transmission lines, though the
whole system often benefits.

• Damage local wildlife

• Large overall land take—though at least 95 percent of wind farm land can still
be used for farming, and offshore turbines can be built at sea.

• Can't supply 100 percent of a country's power all year round, the way fossil
fuels, nuclear, hydroelectric, and biomass power can.

• Loss of jobs for people working in mining and drilling.

 Turbines: Sizes & Application
Small Turbines (<1kW)
- Homes(grid-connected)
-Farms
-Remote applications

Intermediate wind turbines(10-

500kW)
-Village power
-Hybrid systems
-Distributed power
-

Large wind turbines (500kW -5MW)

-Central station wind farms
-Distributed power
-Off-shore wind
 National Wind Energy
Mission

TARGET: 60 GW by 2022

• Utility Scale On-shore Wind: 58000 MW

• Offshore Wind: 1500 MW
• Distributed Power: 500 MW

Need an additional 37 GW in next 7 years

 OFFSHORE
• India’s coastline of 7600 KM and Exclusive Economic Zone of over
2.3 million sq. km provides good potential for offshore wind power
development.

•Off-shore Wind Energy Steering Committee (OWESC) was constituted in

2012 to suggest policy frame work and inter-agency coordination.

•National Consultation to discuss draft policy and its provisions with

investors, manufacturers, PSUs and related Ministries & Agencies from
Union and State Governments organized by MNRE on 14th August 2013.

• Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) has prepared and

issued draft National Offshore Wind Energy Policy.
 Main Features
• National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE)- single window agency.

• NIWE to coordinate with CERC and SERCs for tariff setting and regulatory
issues.

• EIA study of proposed offshore wind farms regarding aquatic life, fisheries,
avian life, archaeological remains, etc. to be conducted by thedeveloper.

• Oceanographic studies to determine construction costs for special foundations,

special vessels for construction .

• Sea Bed Lease Arrangements.

 Cont….

• Fiscal and Financial Incentives

• Tentative sites identified in coastal states – Gujarat and Tamil Nadu for
possible offshore wind power projects.

• A 100 m level wind monitoring station installed and commissioned at

Dhanuskodi in Tamil Nadu by NIWE in September, 2013.

• To explore and promote deployment of wind energy farms in the exclusive

economic zones of the country.

• To promote indigenization in the offshore wind sector

• To create skilled manpower and employment in offshore wind energysector.

CONT…..
 Comparison
Onshore Offshore

• Moderate speed wind • High speed wind turbine

turbines • No damages to human
• Damages to human life life
• Bad visual impact • Zero visual impact
• Low erosion • High erosion
• Low capital cost • High capital cost
• Low maintenance cost • High maintenance cost
• Convenient accessibility • Inconvenient accessibility
 Conclusion
✓ Energy demand across world, including developing countries like India, has led to
depletion of fossil fuel which, although, provides energy in enormous quantity but
effect the environment.

✓ Hence, to protect the environment from hazards, other sources including wind energy
is used. It has proved to compensate for energy very well.

✓ The future looks bright for wind energy because technology is becoming more
advanced and windmills are becoming more effective.

✓ Wind energy is rapidly increasing with the passage of time. Government as well as
world is putting effort to understand its importance and bringing best out of it.

✓ Government is implementing policies to harness it to recompense the hike in energy

demand.