Manualfor Mango Pres Surveillance

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Manual for Mango Pest Surveillance
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MANUAL FOR
MANGO PEST SURVEILLANCE
National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture
Implementation : Natural Resources Management Division,

ICAR, New Delhi
Project Coordination : Central Research Institute for Dryland
Agriculture, Hyderabad
Pest Surveillance Coordination : National Centre for Integrated Pest Management,
New Delhi with ICAR Research Complex for
Eastern Region, Research Centre, Ranchi
NICRA Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance
Contributors
Choudhary JS, Das B, Mali S, Maurya S : ICAR Research Complex for Eastern
Prabhakar CS, Kumari A, Shukla G Region, Research Centre (ICAR RCER, RC)
Kumari Asha, Singh M & Kumar S Ranchi, Jharkhand
Verghese A & Saxena AK : Indian Institute of Horticulture Research
Bengaluru, Karnataka
Shukla RP & Shukla PK : Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture
(CISH), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Anita Kumari D & Bhagvan A : Fruit Research Station, Andhra Pradesh
Horticultural University, Sangareddy
Andhra Pradesh
Munj AY & Dalvi MB : Regional Fruit Research Station
Vengurle, Maharashtra
Sharma H, Ghoghari PD & Shah N : Navsari Agricultural University
Paria, Gujarat
Rao MS, Prasad YG : Central Research Institute for Dryland
Prabhakar M & Desai S Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad
Ahuja DB, Singh Niranjan : National Centre for Integrated Pest
Kanojia AK, Singh RV Management (NCIPM), New Delhi
Sathyakumar S, Mehta Neelam
Singh Dharmendra, Kalra Bharti
and Vennila S
Technical Assistance : Ghosh Vishal & Kumari Alpana
Published by : Dr. O.M. Bambawale, Director

NCIPM, New Delhi
Dr. Shivendra Kumar, Head
ICAR RCER, RC, Ranchi
Dr. B.P. Bhatt, Director
ICAR RCER, Patna
Dr. B. Venkateswaralu, Director
CRIDA, Hyderabad
Dr. H.Ravishankar, Director
CISH, Lucknow
Citation
NICRA team of Mango Pest Surveillance 2012. Manual for Mango Pest Surveillance. Jointly published
by National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, ICAR Research Complex for Eastern
Region, Research Centre, Ranchi, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, and
Central Institute for Subtropical Agriculture, Lucknow. 39 pp.
Printed at
M/s Royal Offset Printers, A-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi 110 028
NICRA
Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance
Foreword
National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) was launched during
2010-11 by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). The mega project has three
major objectives of strategic research, technology demonstrations and capacity building.
Assessment of the impact of climate change simultaneous with formulation of adaptive
strategies is the prime approach under strategic research across all sectors of agriculture,
dairying and fisheries. Evolving climate resilient agricultural technologies that would
increase farm production and productivity vis-à-vis continuous management of natural
and manmade resources constitute an integral part of sustaining agriculture in the era of
climate change.
Plant protection deserves prime importance in crop production because of the fact
that potential yield of crops are limited by pest groups of various categories viz., insects,
diseases, weeds, nematodes and rodents. Since pests are biotic natural resources of the
Earth, their interdependent interactions amongst system variables are equally influenced
by the factors of climate change. Climate effects on pests could be direct as well as crop
mediated. NICRA recognized the importance of pest risks associated with climate change
and provided a research platform across crops of rice, pigeon pea, groundnut, tomato and
mango during its first phase of implementation under eleventh plan. Assessment of the
changing pest scenarios, mapping of vulnerable regions of pest risks, and to evolve
curative and preventive pest management strategies towards climatic stress have been
emphasized among many approaches to study the impact of climate change on pests. The
long term trend analysis of their association with climate is important. Most often the
available historical data lack continuity and their holistic retrieval is cumbersome.
Availability of information technological tools has made it possible to create centralized
database of desired resources and associated activities with ease, in turn making scientific
analyses and inferences more meaningful.
In case of studies relating to pest dynamics, it is essential to streamline methods of
surveillance through carefully designed data recording formats relating to crops, pests,
and production and protection practices in addition to weather. Implementation of pest
surveillance across six different mango growing agro ecologies under NICRA offers per
se heterogeneity of climate and would help to draw the underlying mechanism of the
observed pest status. Analyses with weather would further aid in delineating climate
effects on pests. Making pest surveillance operational through provision of pest scouts
and data entry operators make it possible to capture quality data at field level guided by
scientific staff.
“Manual for Mango Pest Surveillance” has been updated to give specific skills to
the users to undertake sampling related to mango pests. I appreciate the team work of the
mango plant protection specialists of the Nation, and wish that the research outcome
would be useful for the present and future of mango pest management.
(Dr. A. K. Singh)
(Deputy Director General,
Natural Resource Management, ICAR, New Delhi)
NICRA
Contents
Foreword
1. Introduction 1
2. Surveillance plan and procedures 2
2.1. Orchard surveillance – selection of orchards 2
2.1.1. Experimental/Research station
2.1.2. Orchards of farmers 3
2.2. General information for fixed orchards 3
2.3. Specific guidelines for observations in fixed orchards 3
2.3.1. Insect pests 4
2.3.2. Beneficials 14
2.3.3. Diseases 16
2.4. Additional information to be collected from fixed orchards 23
2.4.1. Trap catches 23
2.4.2. Assessment of fruit damage 23
2.4.3. Cultural practices 24
2.4.4. Plant protection sprays 24
2.4.5. Weather of the week 25
2.4.6. End season records on yield and price 25
2.5. Random field survey 25
2.5.1. Field selection for random survey 25
2.5.2. Guidelines for pest observations 25
2.5.3. Record of meteorological information 25
3. General instructions 26
Annexures
Annexure I : Schedule for Surveillance 27
Annexure II : Data Sheet for General Information of 28
Fixed Orchards
Annexure III : Data Sheet for Pest Observations in Fixed 29
and Random Fields
Annexure IV : Data Sheet for Meteorological Observations 33
Annexure V : Additional Insects, Diseases and Disorders 34
1. Introduction
Mango described as the “king of fruits”, known for its strong aroma, delicious
taste, and high nutritive value is a prominent horticultural crop of India. Mango is
a tropical and subtropical fruit crop grown in India over an area of 2.31 million
hectares with production of 15.03 million tonnes (2009-10). The perennial crop
grown in diverse agroclimatic conditions face differential biotic and abiotic stress
limiting the production and productivity of mango. Climate change is expected to
trigger the changes in diversity and abundance of arthropods, geographical and
temporal distribution of insect pests, insect biotypes, herbivore plant interactions,
activity and abundance of natural enemies, species extinction, and efficacy of
crop protection technologies which in turn will have a major bearing on food and
nutritional security.
Severity of mango pests is influenced both by crop growth and prevailing
weather. In the context of climate change, we expect both the crop in terms of
phenology and physiology and the pests in their occurrence and abundance likely
to change. Study of impact of climate change on mango crop-pest interactions
requires carefully collected data on long term basis. While already available historical
data could form an approach for partial study of climate change impacts, formulation
and implementation of a robust research strategy combining the present scenario
of cropping patterns, cultivars, and production and protection practices across
heterogeneous locations over time would yield improved and holistic understanding.
“National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)” has given emphasis
to study the pest dynamics in relation to climate change. A plan to study of mango
pest dynamics in multiple locations over seasons along with other system
components including weather was formulated to be implemented through
surveillance integrating geographical, field, crop, agronomical and pest management
practices. During the XIth plan, six mango centres (refer map), that represent
dominant mango growing climatic zones have been included under NICRA for
pest surveillance Pre requisite for such surveillance is to devise a plan followed
by design of data recording formats suiting to the purpose.
The consultative group meeting of identified mango workers under NICRA
finalized the structure of pest surveillance to be carried out in orchards located at
the research/experimental station of the identified mango growing regions, and at
villages in the orchards of farmers.
1
This manual presents the procedures to be followed towards selection of

orchards at the experimental/research stations and at villages besides the methods
to be adopted for recording the observation of pests using the data recording
formats finalised. The modifications made in the sampling methodology during
the second group discussion are included in the manual.
2. Surveillance plan and procedures
Two orchards each at the experimental station and in ten selected villages of
the region are to be fixed for mango pest surveillance. Fixed orchards are those
fields with mango trees, that once selected would be continuously monitored year
round on weekly basis for pests and diseases using the specified data sheet formats.
In addition, a random survey covering eight orchards @ one per village among
villages other than the ten selected villages for fixed surveillance has to be done
once a week. The schedule of surveillance is given as Annexure I.
2.1. Orchard surveillance – selection of orchards
2.1.1. Experimental/Research station
Two orchards -one unprotected without any plant protection measures
(designated as Fixed 1) and the other protected with need based plant protection
2
practices (designated as Fixed 2) are to be used for weekly observations. Area

of each orchard should be near to one acre.
2.1.2. Orchards of farmers
Ten orchards @ two orchards per village at ten villages representative of the
agro ecology of the identified region in the same and neighbouring district, distributed
randomly should be selected. In each village, two selected orchards of near to
one acre each are to be fixed (designated as Fixed 1 and Fixed 2) for weekly
observations. Assigning fields of farmers as Fixed 1 and Fixed 2 should be
made at the time of village selection and same should be maintained all through
the project period. In case of orchard destruction due to any reason, almost similar
orchard nearby in the same village has to be used for pest surveillance. Care should
be taken to select farmers growing common mango variety (ies) of the region.
2.2. General information for fixed orchards
The geographical, cropping system and agronomical details relating to each
of the fixed orchards (Proforma 1; Annexure II) which are self-explanatory
should be collected once in the beginning of the season from orchards designated
as Fixed 1 and Fixed 2 (both at experimental station and farmers’ fields).
2.3. Specific guidelines for observations in fixed orchards
● The recording of observations on insect pests and diseases in the selected
orchards should be initiated with the implementation of the project and
continued till the end of project period.
● Fill in the details State, district, taluka, village or location name of orchard
being sampled along with the designated field type (protected or unprotected
in case of experimental station) and appropriate orchard number as Fixed 1
and Fixed 2 in the Page 1 of Proforma 2 (Annexure II).
● For crop stage, tick mark appropriate terms relating to stage of the tree at
the time of surveillance viz., vegetative or emergence of inflorescence or
full bloom or fruit set or fruit stages (pin head sized or pea sized or marble
sized or fully grown) or harvesting.
● For crop health, tick mark appropriate term as to excellent or good or poor
based on the status of orchard relating to tree growth and development.
● In each selected orchard, select five trees such that four are from four corners
and one from the centre of the orchard. Two rows of trees alongside of
boundary of orchard in all directions should not be selected for observations.
● The tree selection for pest observations during each weekly visit should be
random and it is not the fixed trees in an orchard that would be sampled
continuously.
● In each of the selected trees, the observations are to be made from four
directions viz., East, South, West and North. (Make it a habit to start at East
direction of a tree, and follow anticlockwise direction).
3
2.3.1. Insect pests
Mango (leaf) hoppers
Scientific name : Amirtodus atkinsoni,

Idioscopus niveosparsus,
I. clypealis
Family : Cicadellidae
Order : Hemiptera
Description
● Three different species of hoppers are common.
● Nymphs and adults are seen on younger leaves and inflorescence.
● Nymphs are pale yellow and adults vary in size from small to large depending
on the species. Adults may be dark with wavy lines on wings and three spots
on scutellum, or light brown with dark spots on the vertex and two spots on
scutellum or light brown with two spots on scutellum.
● Presence of honeydew secretion on leaves, inflorescence and on fruits with
sooty mould development is common.
● Characteristic clicking sound could be heard during higher infestation periods
of hoppers produced by the movement of hoppers amidst leaves.
● Hoppers shelter in the cracks and crevices of the bark or underside the
leaves of the trees during the off season.
Procedure for observation

● Number of nymphs and adults in a single panicle/inflorescence from each
direction of selected tree should be visually counted during season.
● During off season, standard sweep nets ( 4 sweeps /tree @ one sweep per
direction) should be used to sample the hoppers resting on tree trunks after
disturbance using net. Make sweeps across the zone of flight of hoppers.
Empty the net after each counting.
Honey dew deposition Leaf hoppers on trunk
4
Mealybugs
Scientific name : Drosicha mangiferae,

Rastrococcus iceryoides
Family : Coccidae
Order : Hemiptera
Description
● Presence of pinkish nymphs and adult mealybugs covered with white waxy
filaments are seen on leaves, inflorescence, branches and fruits

● Number of mealybug infested panicles or shoots from each direction of the
selected tree should be visually counted during season and off season.
Mealybug infestation
On leaf On twig
On inflorescence On fruit
5
Leaf webber
Scientific name : Orthaga exvinacea,

O. euadrusalis, O. thyrisalis
Family : Pyralidae
Order : Lepidoptera
Description
● Webbing of terminal leaves is seen with presence of pale grey larva(e) with
brown head and body having white lines and few brown spots.

● Count the number of webs formed in each direction, thus covering the
whole tree.
Webbing of terminal leaves due to

leaf webber
Larvae of leaf webber
6
Thrips
Scientific name : Scirtothrips dorsalis

Family : Thripidae
Order : Thysanoptera
Description
● Nymphs and adults of thrips are creamy yellow to brown insects with fringed
wings, largely seen ventral surface of the tender leaves although present on
inflorescence and fruits. Thrips infested leaves show silvery shine with the
leaf edges curled upwards.

● Count and record the number of adults and nymphs of thrips fallen on to
white paper. One of the randomly selected terminal shoot/panicle of any one
branch from each direction should be used. Single tap of shoot or panicle on
to a white paper should be the sampling criteria.
Thrips on leaf
Damage symptoms due to thrips
7
Stem borer
Scientific name : Batocera rufomaculata

Family : Cerambycidae
Order : Coleoptera
Description
● Irregular galleries/tunnels are seen on the stems and grub(s) of the borer are
found feeding inside. Chewed food matter along with excreta is seen at the
infestation site. Sometimes sap oozes out of the feeding holes on the stem.
Wilting of branches or death of tree in severe cases can also happen.

● A total of five spots (all four corners and at centre) should be examined for
stem borer infestation per orchard. Number of trees with symptoms of stem
borer out of five trees in each spot should be noted.
Stem borer infested trunk
Grubs of stem borer
8
Shoot borer
Scientific name : Chlumetia transversa

Family : Noctuidae
Order : Lepidoptera
Description
● Downward tunnelling in terminal shoots caused by dark pink caterpillar with
dirty spots is seen. Abnormal stunting with bunchy appearance of terminal
branch is seen under high severity of attack by shoot borer.

● Number of infested shoots per five tender shoots from each of the four
directions of the selected tree should be counted.
Terminal stunting
Larva of shoot borer
9
Scale insect
Scientific name : Chionaspis spp.,

Aspidiotus destructor
Family : Diaspididae
Order : Hemiptera
Description
● White elongate hard scales with pinkish active crawlers are seen on leaves,
twigs and panicles

● Number of scale infested shoots per five tender shoots from each of the
four directions of the selected tree should be counted
Scale infestation on leaves
Closeup view of eggs, crawlers and male
10
Red ant
Scientific name : Oecophylla smaragdina

Family : Formicidae
Order : Hymenoptera
Description
● Reddish ants with their nests formed through webbing of leaves are seen
mostly on terminal shoots.

● Number of nests of red ants from each of the four directions of the selected
tree (covering whole tree) should be counted and noted.
Leaf miner
Scientific name : Acrocercops syngramma

Family : Gracillaridae
Order : Lepidoptera
Description
● Light brown caterpillars mine the dorsal epidermis of tender leaves and feed
within. Mining results in greyish- white blisters on leaves.

● Number of infested leaves per 10 leaves of a shoot from each of the four
directions of the selected tree should be counted
Blisters on leaves Larva of leaf miner
11
Termites
Order : Isoptera
Description
● Presence of brown muddy layers as earthen galleries on tree trunk is seen.
● Fresh muddy layers when examined by removal of mud would have live
termites that are white and active. In termites the head is highly sclerotized
and mandibles of soldier termites are well developed.

● Presence of termite symptoms (old and new) on trunk portions of five trees
per spot of the selected five spots (from four corners and at centre) should
be examined per orchard.
Tree trunk and branches infested with termites
12
Shoot gall psylla
Scientific name : Apsylla cistellata

Family : Psyllidae
Order : Hemiptera
Description
● Terminal shoots are affected by nymphs and adults of psyllids. The affected
terminal buds develop into hard conical green galls. Adult psyllids with black
head and thorax and light brown abdomen are seen.

● Number of infested terminal shoots out of five shoots from each of the four
directions of the selected tree should be counted. If psylla infested shoots are
found, number of galls in any one of the infested shoot in each direction
should also be counted and recorded.
Midge
Scientific name : Dasineura amaramanjarae,

Erosomyia indica,
Procystiphora mangiferae
Family : Cecidomyiidae
Order : Diptera
Description
● Maggots of midge attack the twigs/shoots, inflorescence stalks, flowers and
small developing fruits. They bore into the buds and feed on inner contents,
and the infested buds fail to open and drop down. Maggots are light yellowish
and the adult flies are orange red, or yellowish or light orange.

● Number of infested new shoots out of five new shoots and number of infested
panicles (during flowering season) out of five panicles in each direction is to
be counted from the selected tree.
13
2.3.2. Beneficials
Coccinellids (Lady bird beetles)
Family : Coccinellidae
Order : Coleoptera
Description
● Adults are bright (red/orange/cream/black) coloured convex shaped beetles.
Grubs are elongated, black to greyish with white spotting. Pupae are fixed to
plant substratum and are inverted ‘C’ shaped. Commonly found feeding on
hopper nymphs, aphids, mealybugs and scale insects occurring on panicles,
leaves and shoots.
● The number of grubs, pupae and adults of ladybird beetles per square meter
in each direction of the selected tree should be counted and recorded.
Hover flies or syrphids

Family : Syrphidae
Order : Diptera
Description
● Hoverfly or syrphid maggots are soft bodied, greenish to brownish in colour.
Mouth part of maggot is tapering, and feed through piercing on soft bodied
hopper nymphs, aphids and mealybugs etc., found on panicles and leaves.
Pupae are hardened puparia (mostly brown) found attached to plant
substratum.

● The number of maggots and pupae of hoverflies per square meter in each
direction of the selected tree should be counted and recorded.
14
Chrysopids or Green lace wings
Family : Chrysopidae
Order : Neuroptera
Description
● Chrysopid grubs are brown with mandibles highly developed (sickle shaped),
and feed on insects such as aphids, eggs of lepidopterans and other soft
bodied insects. Pupae are whitish round cocoons found amidst plant parts.

● The number of grubs, pupae and adults of chrysopids together per square
meter in each direction of the selected tree should be counted and recorded.
Spiders
Family : Araneidae/Tetragnathidae/
Theridiidae
Order : Araneae
Description
● Spiders are eight legged arthropods and the body is divided into head
(cephalothorax) and abdomen. Spiders vary in size, shape and color. Some
are free living and some are web spinners.

● The number of nymphs and adults of spiders per square meter in each
direction of the selected tree should be counted and recorded.
15
2.3.3. Diseases
Powdery mildew of mango
Causal organism : Oidium mangiferae
Symptoms
● White superficial powdery appearance of the fungal mycelium is seen on
leaves, inflorescence and fruits.
● These superficial mycelia produce a large number of conidia on conidiophores.
Symptoms are quite severe at the time of flowering and fruiting

● The ratings to be used for assessment of powdery mildew disease are
furnished here under and also in the data sheet. The number of
inflorescence(s) affected under each of the ratings out of 10 inflorescences
examined should be entered.
Disease scoring scale for powdery mildew is as given below.

0 : Inflorescence free from infection.
1 : Less than 25% of the inflorescence covered by powdery mildew
2 : 26-50 % of the inflorescence covered by powdery mildew
3 : 51-75% of the Inflorescence covered by powdery mildew
4 : More than 75 % of the inflorescence covered by powdery mildew
Closeup view of powdery mildew infestation
16
Anthracnose
Causal organism : Glomerella cingulata

(Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides)
Symptoms
● Disease produces leaf spots, withered tips and twig blight.
● Small dark brown or black spots appear on newly emerged leaves.
● Panicles turn black in colour and dry off. When entire inflorescence is
damaged during severe infection no setting of fruits takes place.

● Recording of anthracnose on rachi is based on per cent leaves on rachi infected
following the severity grades of no infection, mild, high and severe infections.
Disease scoring scale for anthracnose on rachi:

0% affected leaves : No infection
1-5% affected leaves per rachi : Mild
6-10% affected leaves per rachi : High
>11% affected leaves per rachi : Severe
● Number of infected rachi in respect of the severity scale out of 10 rachi of
the selected tree should be recorded.
Severe infection of anthracnose
17
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB)
Causal organism : Xanthomonas campestris pv.

mangiferaeindicae
Symptoms
● Lesions on leaves are angular to irregular, dark brown to black, cankerous on
lower side but occasionally on both the sides and surrounded by chlorotic
halo.
● Cankers on petioles are raised and dark brown to black in color, while on
twigs and branches are raised with longitudinal fissures.

● The rating to be used for bacterial blight is based on percentage lead area
affected on the selected shoot for sampling.
Disease scoring scale for BLB:

0 : No infection on leaves
1 : 1 to 10 % of leaf area covered
4 : > 50 % of leaf area covered
● No. of infected shoots in respect of the severity scale out of 10 shoots of the
selected tree should be recorded.
Bacterial canker infected mango leaf
18
Sooty mould
Causal organism : Capnodium mangiferae
Symptoms
● Black velvety thin covering on the surface of the leaves, stem and fruits are
seen
● Mycelia are superficial and do not penetrate in the host tissues
● Tree appears black from a distance

● The rating to be used for sooty mould is based on percentage leaf area affected
on the selected shoot for sampling.
Disease scoring scale for sooty mould:

0 : No infection on leaves
4 : > 50 % of leaf area covered
● Number of sooty mould infected shoots in respect of the severity scale out of
10 shoots of the selected tree should be recorded.
Sooty mould on leaves
19
Mango malformation
Causal organism : Fusarium subglutinans
Symptoms
Two types of malformations are common viz., vegetative and floral
● Vegetative malformation is more pronounced on young mango seedlings
and plants. The affected plants develop swollen abnormal vegetative growth
with short internodes. Leaves are small, narrow and often produced on the
top of seedlings in clusters, giving it a bunchy appearance.
● Floral malformation is characterised by compact and clustery appearance
of flowers. The flower buds transform into vegetative forms and leaves the
flower bud seldom opens and remains dull green in colour. Some malformed
panicles are not compact but both types of malformed panicles do not bear
fruit.

● Vegetative malformation: Count all the malformed shoots/twigs in a tree
and record.
● Floral malformation: Count all the inflorescences with malformation in a
tree and record.
Vegetative malformation
20
Dieback
Causal organism : Lasiodiplodia theobromae

(Botryodiplodia theobromae)
Symptoms of disease
● Drying of twigs from top to down in trees followed by dying of leaves are
seen.
● Dark patches are seen on young green twigs
● Cracks are seen on branches and gum exudes from the cracks before its
death

● Die back severity counted on (1-5 scale) out of 10 trees per orchard
Disease scoring scale for die back disease:

1 : Trees free of disease
2 : An early stage of infection characterized by browning of leaf petioles
and mild veins and presence of distal or marginal leaf blade necrosis in
one or two branches.
3 : The presence of dead leaves, which may remain attached in the tip of
several branches, vascular browning and evidence of pathogen invasion
of vascular tissue, formation of tylosis in xylem vessels, and dark
inclusions and fungal hyphae present in stem upon breaking
4 : Dead leaves and progressive defoliation extend to many larger branches
along with increased severity and spread of vascular system.
5 : Severe die-back that extended to major portions of the tree.
Severe dieback (score 5)
21
Anthracnose on fruits
Causal organism : Glomerella cingulata
Symptoms
● On green fruits infection remains latent and largely invisible until ripening and
hence cannot be sampled.
● On ripe fruits anthracnose infection causes sunken, prominent, dark brown
to black decay spots before or after picking. Fruits may also drop from trees
prematurely. Fruits can show “tear stain” symptoms, resulting in “alligator
skin” effect. Such infection causes fruits to develop wide and deep cracks
on the skin that extend into the pulp.Lesions on fruits may also produce
conspicuous, pinkish-orange spore masses under wet conditions.
● The disease may also start from injured portion on the fruit surface. Entire
fruit surface is covered with the dark brown to black area and complete fruit
rots in 2 to 3 days.
● Number of anthracnose infected fruits in respect of the severity scale (0-4)
out of 10 fruits selected in situ (not to be plucked) on trees at random in the
orchard being monitored should be recorded.
Disease scoring scale for anthracnose on fruits:
0 : No lesions
1 : 1 to 3 fruit lesions
4 : > 15 fruit lesions
Lesions on green fruit Lesions on ripe fruit
22
2.4. Additional information to be collected from fixed orchards
2.4.1. Trap catches
Description
Pheromone trap for fruit flies@ one
/ fixed orchard has to be installed at the
start of fruit set till the completion of
fruiting season. Install the trap in the
centre of the selected fixed orchard.
During each week of surveillance the
number of fruit fly adults found in traps
should be counted and entered. Emptying
fruit flies from fly collecting container/bag
and ensuring the trap presence/ readiness
to replace in case of breakage/missing Fruit fly adult
events should be followed meticulously.

Therefore after initial installation surveillance team or member should carry few
traps and lures during each week of surveillance for attending to missing traps
immediately.
Adult flies are light brown and yellow with transparent wings.

● Total number of fruit flies/trap/ week should be recorded during fruiting
season. Empty the trap after each recording and destroy the trapped flies.
2.4.2. Assessment of fruit damage
● Fruit borer : A small hole is seen at the
distal end of the fruit. The hole is encircled
by a dark ring. The entry hole is plugged with
excreta. Wet looking frass is seen on the
outside of the fruit. After hatching, the larvae
will initially feed by chewing the surface of
the skin of the fruit and then tunnel into the
flesh. Both immature and mature fruits are
affected. Full grown larvae were with dark
brown head, mandible heavily sclerotized and
white body ornamented with inter segmental Fruit borer damage and larva
red bands.
● Stone weevil : Symptoms of damage due to
stone weevil are not easily deductible on the
fruits. Oviposition injuries on marble sized
23
fruits and grub makes zigzag tunnels in pulp while

feeding on unripe tissues. Fruit dropping occurs
when the unripe fruits are marble sized. Fruits
have to be cut to inspect for the presence of grubs
and pupae of the weevils. Grubs of the weevil
can be located by slicing the seed of the mango.
The stones show holes and the seed reserves
Grub of stone weevil
turn black and become a rotten mass.
● Spongy tissue : Fruits look normal from outside. Inside of the fruit has a
patch of flesh that is yellowish, spongy and sour. The affected spongy tissue
is visible only when ripe fruit is cut into two halves.
● Bacterial canker (fruit lesions) : Lesions on
fruits are raised and dark brown to black which
gradually develop in to cankers. Under favourable
condition lesions increase in size and sometimes
cover complete fruit. Such lesions often burst
extruding gummy substances containing bacterial
cells of the pathogen. Fruits may drop off, if
Canker of fruits
infection comes at stem end.
● Fruit flies : The eggs laid by the females into
the fruits hatch to maggot that are apodous and
bore into semi ripen fruits. Decayed spots that
are brownish rotten patches are visible on the
fruits. Oozing of fluid is also common.
Fruit fly damage

● Twenty fruits of harvestable stage from different trees of the orchard should
be collected randomly by plucking. The infestation due to different categories
of pests based on the characteristic symptoms caused by fruit borer, stone
weevil, fruit flies and for symptoms of spongy tissue, anthracnose and bacterial
canker as described above should be examined and recorded.
2.4.3. Cultural practices
During each time of visit to the fixed orchards i.e., once in a week the details
on application of farm yard manure (FYM), the inter cultural operations carried
out viz., deep ploughing, pruning, weeding, fertilizer used, and nutrient (micronutrient
or hormonal) sprays should be noted in consultation with the farmers and recorded
in the table of Page 4 of Proforma 2 (Annexure III).
2.4.4. Plant protection sprays
During each time of visit to the fixed fields ie., once in a week, the plant
24
protection sprays taken up against insects, diseases, weeds and use of any
biorational or bio-pesticides including bioagents, botanicals and microbials along
with their name, dosages and number of applications should be collected from the
farmer and entered in the table of Page 4 of Proforma 2 (Annexure III).
2.4.5. Weather of the week
Details of weather that is prevailing during the week of surveillance in respect
of the farm/village should be stated in an objective pattern of YES or NO. If any
other weather pattern prevails, other than those mentioned in the table it can be
written against ‘Any other remarks’ as a short phrase.
2.4.6. End season records on yield and price
The average yield of fruits per tree from each of the fixed orchards should
be recorded. Market prices of mango fruits prevailed at the time of sale during
the season also should be noted.
2.5. Random field survey
2.5.1. Field selection for random survey

The survey is to be conducted once in a week (preferably Friday) by scientists
along with project staff in the area/villages not covered for fixed field surveillance.
During the survey, the team will cover eight orchards selected at eight different
villages having large area under mango in the vicinity of about 70-80 km distance
and the villages being selected randomly. Around 7-8 km distance can be maintained
between two villages for random survey. In each village one mango orchard has
to be selected for surveillance.
2.5.2. Guidelines for pest observations
All relevant details of random survey viz., date of survey, GPS coordinates,
village name, age of orchard and cultivar should be recorded and the pest
observations are to be carried out as per the proforma 2 (pages 1- 3) (Annexure
III). Eight individual data sheets (Proforma 2) should be used for the eight
orchards across eight villages during random survey. Additional details such as
cultural practices, plant protection sprays, fertilizer management, and weather of
the week and trap installation need not be done for fields of random survey.
2.5.3. Record of meteorological information
Daily records of weather data from the observatory of the research station
or any other nearest location should be collected as per the Proforma 3
(Annexure IV). Their upload can be once a week.
25
3. General instructions
Depending on the agro climatic zone the species of insects/diseases vary.
There could be occurrence of additional species of the same group of insect or
altogether a new species so far. Therefore the hitherto unrecorded species needs
to be collected and preserved for identification. Preservation of insects has to be
done in 70% ethyl alcohol in screw capped glass vials. Identification and reporting
can be done at institution level directly or through crop coordinators of NICRA.
Description of some of the insects and diseases of importance that are of varying
significance to mango production are given in Annexure V for reference and
reporting separately.
In case of closed holidays, the surveillance should be adjusted so as to cover
the orchards on the subsequent day and the same flexibility applies to upload of
data also. Ensure quality data collection by adhering to datasheet and guidelines.
Only presence of pests on the crop need sampling and recording of their
counts/severity etc., and the columns of pests not present should be left empty.
In case of non-recording of observations in any of the orchards during any of
the weeks, it should be reported as not recorded with reasons, in the provision
that would be made in the software.
Each farmer whose field has been selected can be given a diary for record
keeping on the intercultural operations, plant protection sprays, fertilizer application,
weather events, yield and market price of paddy at harvest. By visiting the fixed
fields in villages on fixed days in a week for surveillance, farmer too can be made
to be an effective partner of the programme. Their contact details including postal
address and phone numbers (land line and mobile, whichever is available) must
be maintained for feedback and impact assessment in future.
26
Annexure I
Schedule for Surveillance
Day Surveillance Schedule of pest scouts No. of

& data entry operators (DEO) orchards
Monday Two fixed orchards (Fixed 1: Unprotected) and Two

(Fixed 2: Protected) at research station;
Documentation of historical data of the centre
Tuesday @ two fixed orchards / village in two villages by Eight

one scout (Total of eight orchards at four villages in four
by two scouts); DEO to enter the data collected villages
on previous day + documentation of historical data
Wednesday @ two fixed orchards / village in two villages by Eight

one scout (Total of eight orchards at four villages in four
by two scouts); DEO to enter the data collected villages
on previous day + documentation of historical data
Thursday @ Two fixed orchards / village / scout (Total of Four

four orchards at two villages by two scouts) in two
Scouts would also look for presence of new villages
pests (insects and diseases) and outbreaks for
general reporting under pest alerts
Friday Random orchard survey across eight villages Eight

(@ one orchard / village) by scientist and in eight in eight
surveillance team; look for new/emerging pests villages
for reporting in addition to using prescribed
data sheet (proforma 2; Page 1 to 3 only)
Saturday Checking data / upload of pest and weather data –
*Kindly maintain a diary of surveillance for reporting during monitoring by officials of funding
agency/lead centre
27
Proforma 1 Annexure II
NICRA
Data Sheet for General Information of Fixed Orchards
REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (MANGO)

(General Information for Fixed Orchards-to be filled only once in the beginning of the season)
Geographic Details
Agro Climatic zone State District Tehsil/Block Experimental Station/ Latitude Longitude Altitude
Village Name
Cropping system details of the region

Major Cropping Systems of region Age of orchard Flowering period Fruiting period New crops of the region Major insect pests & diseases
From.....to..... From.....to..... (during last five years) (during last five years)
28
Agronomic details of the Orchard
Orchard Name of the Farmer Name of Cultivar Bearing habit Spacing (cm)
Variety Hybrid (regular/alternate) Plant to plant Row to row
Fixed 1
Fixed 2
Orchard Approx. Area of the Soil type Soil health Crops in the Source of irrigation Method of irrigation
orchard (Excellent/Good/Poor) adjacent (Canal/Well/Tubewell) (Flood/drip)
orchards
Fixed 1
Fixed 2
Annexure III
Data Sheet for Pest Observations in Fixed and Random Fields
Profroma 2
NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (MANGO) Page 1
State Surveillance unit Experimental station Orchards of farmers

District Location/village name
Tehsil Orchard type & no. Unprotected (Fixed 1)/protected (Fixed 2) Fixed 1 / Fixed 2
Area of surveyed Orchard (approx) in
Random Village Name Latitude Longitude Altitude acres Variety Age of orchard
Survey
Date of observation
Crop Stage Vegetative/Emergence of inflorescence/full bloom/fruit set/Fruit stages (pin head, pea, marble, fully grown)/Harvesting
Crop health Excellent / Good / Poor
Leaf hopper nos. per panicle or No. of mealybug infested panicles No. of webs in each direction No. of thrips / shoot or panicle No.of stem
Tree borer infested
sweep or shoots (5 / direction) in one tap per direction
29
No. trees / spot*
East South West North East South West North East South West North East South West North
1
2
3
4
5
No. of infested shoots per five tender shoots Leaf miner (No. of infested No. of termite
Tree Red ants (no. of nests)
Shoot borer Scale insect leaves/10 leaves of a shoot) infested trees
No. / spot*
1
2
3
4
5
* Five trees per spot

NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (MANGO)
Page 2
NICRA
Shoot gall due to Psylla per five shoots Midge (No. of infested) per five panicles and on five new shoots
East South West North East South West North
Tree
No. No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Panicles New Panicles New Panicles New Panicles New
infested galls / one infested galls / one infested galls / one infested galls / one Shoots Shoots Shoots Shoots
shoots shoot shoots shoot shoots shoot shoots shoot
30
No. of natural enemies / m2
Tree
Coccinellids Hoverflies Chrysopids Spiders
No.
4
5
NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (MANGO) Page 3
Powdery Mildew Assessment of Powdery mildew Anthracnose of rachi Assessment of Anthracnose
No. infected out of 10 random inflorescence No. infected out of 10 rachi based on on rachi
Tree 0 : Inflorescence free from infection. Tree
(Severity on 0-4 scale) % leaves
No. 1 : Less than 25% of the inflorescence covered by No. 0% No infection
0 1 2 3 4 powdery mildew 0% 1-5% 6-10% > 11%
2 : 26-50 % of the inflorescence covered by powdery 1-5% affected leaves per
1 mildew 1 rachi (Mild)
2 3 : 51-75% of the inflorescence covered by powdery 2 6-10% affected leaves per
mildew rachi (High)
3 3
4 : More than 75% of the inflorescence covered by >11% affected leaves per
4 powdery mildew 4 rachi (Severe)
5 5
Bacterial Leaf Blight Sooty mold Assessment of Bacterial Leaf blight & Mango malformation
Tree Sooty mold
No. No. infected out of 10 Shoots (Severity on 0-4 scale) Tree No. (No. infected / tree)
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 : Shoots free of infection Vegetative Floral
1 1 : 1 to 10 % of leaf area covered 1
31
4 4 : > 50% of leaf area covered 4
5 5
Die back (Severity (1-5 scale out of 10

No. of trees with Die back (Severity (1-5 Anthracnose of mango fruits Anthracnose fruits
trees / orchard)
scale) out of 10 trees/Orchard 1 : Trees free of disease\
2 : An early stage of infection characterized by Tree No. No. infected out of 10 fruits based on fruit
1 2 3 4 5 browning of leaf petioles and mild veins and presence lesions (0-4 scale)
of distal or marginal leaf blade necrosis in one or two 0 : fruits free from infection
branches 0 1 2 3 4
1 1 : 1 to 3 fruit lesions
3 : The presence of dead leaves, which may remain attached in the tip of several branches,
vascular browning, formation of tylosis in xylem vessels, dark inclusions and fungal hyphae 2 2 : 4 to 6 fruit lesions
present in stem upon breaking 3 : 7 to 15 fruit lesions
4 : Dead leaves and progressive defoliation extending to many larger branches along with 3
increased severity and spread of vascular system. 4 4 : > 15 fruit lesions
5 : Severe die-back that extended to major portions of the tree.
5

Record the following only for fixed fields Page 3
No. of fruit flies per Trap (To deploy trap in fixed orchard from fruit set stage)
Trap 1
No. of fruits affected out of 20 randomly collected fruits

Due to fruit borer
Due to stone weevil
No. of fruits infested with fruit flies
Due to spongy tissue
Due to anthracnose
Bacterial canker (fruit lesions)
Cultural Management Practices

FYM applied Yes / No
Deep ploughing Yes / No
Pruning Yes / No
Type of weeding Manual / weedicide
Type of fertiliser use Over use / optimal / deficit use
Name of the nutrient / hormone sprayed:
Plant protection sprays Name of chemical No of spray

Against insects
Against diseases
Against weeds
Use of biorationals
Unusual weather events of the week, if any

Unseasonal rains Yes/No
Hail storms Yes/No
High intensity rains Yes/No
Prolonged dry spells Yes/No
cloudiness/cloudy days Yes/No
Floods Yes/No
Temperature High/Low/Normal
Any other remarks
End Season Record
Fruit yield (Kg/tree) Price per quintal (Rs)
32
Annexure IV
Data Sheet for Meteorological Observations
Proforma 3
Location Name : Latitude :
Longitude : Altitude :
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION for NICRA (based on the nearest location /research station)
RH
Date Max. Temp Min. Temp Morning Evening Rainfall Sun Shine Wind velocity
O
( C) O
( C) % (mm) (hrs.) (km h-1)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
33
Annexure V
Additional Insects, Diseases and Disorders

Depending upon the agro climatic zones some of the following pests of insect and
disease categories are found occurring on mango. Since not all the documented
pests of mango figure in the data sheet formats prepared, mention and description
of the symptoms of important insects, diseases and disorders are made below. In
case of their occurrence they should be identified following the descriptions given
and recording should be made separately during the surveillance. Their reporting
should be made in excel or word formats of MS office.
Insect pests
Leaf cutting weevil
Scientific name : Deporus marginatus

Family : Curculionidae
Order : Coleoptera
Description
Yellowish grubs feeding on tender leaves through mining are seen. The leaves
present whitish blotches. Leaves twist and roll. Terminal leaves are partially cut
mainly due to the feeding by adults that are reddish brown weevils with snout

Number of infested shoots out of five tender shoots from each of the four
directions of selected tree should be counted and recorded.
Damage due to leaf cutting weevil
34
Bark-eating caterpillar
Scientific name : Indarbela (Ludarbella)

quadrinotata
Family : Cossidae
Order : Lepidoptera
Description
Larvae also make shelter tunnels inside the stem in which they rest. Stem
entry is achieved by way of cracks. The caterpillar spins brown silken web on the
tree which consists of their excreta and wood particles that hang loosely on the
tree trunks more commonly at the junction of branches. The affected areas crack
and scale off. In severe infection the bark becomes thickened, twigs get enlarged
but remain stunted and the foliage becomes sparse and finally dries up.

Presence or absence of symptoms of bark eating caterpillar on each of the
selected tree should be looked for and recorded.
Damage due to bark eating

caterpillar
Tea mosquito bug

Scientific name : Helopeltis antonii
Family : Miridae
Order : Hemiptera
Description
Necrotic lesions are found on petioles, tender shoots and leaf veins. Symptoms
should be confirmed with the presence of adult bugs that are reddish brown with
black head, red thorax and black and white abdomen.
Number of infested shoots out of five tender shoots from each of the four
directions of selected tree should be counted and recorded.
35
Diseases
Phoma blight
Causal organism : Phoma glomerata
Symptoms
Disease is noticed on matured and old leaves only. The spots on leaves are
characterised by dark margin and dull grey necrotic centre. The spots coalesce to
form patches that lead to defoliation and withering of infected leaves.
Red rust
Causal organism : Cephaleuros virescens
Symptoms
● Initially the spots are greenish grey and velvety in texture which finally turn
to reddish brown.
● After shedding the spore the algal matrix remains attached to leaf surface,
leaving a creamy white mark at the original rust spot.
Rust spots
36
Gummosis
Causal organism : Lasiodiplodia theobromae
Symptoms
● The disease occurs on stem and branches of the plants
● Profuse oozing of gummy substances on the wood surface and bark of the
cracked branches is the characteristic symptom of the disease.
● With increasing severity, the gumdrops may roll down the stem bark, setting
off rotting of the bark.
● Bark rots completely, and the tree dries up
Black banded disease
Causal organism : Rhinocladium corticolum
Symptoms
Disease symptoms appear in the form of black velvety fungal growth on
midribs, twigs and branches of mango tree. The disease is seen in to black colour
bands on twigs (hence named as black banded). The infected portion of the bark
contains mycelial growth and cluster of conidiophores which are confined to upper
layer only.
37
Scab
Causal organism : Elsinoe mangiferae
Symptoms
Spots that are circular, slightly angular and brown are seen on leaves, panicles,
blossoms, twigs, bark of stems and fruits. Symptoms are similar to anthracnose.
Infection is grey to greyish brown with dark irregular margins and on fruits.
Procedure for observation:

Diseases described above should be recorded following the widely adopted
standard procedures available.
Disorders
Mango crop is also known to suffer many physiological disorders such as
black tip, fruit clusters (Jhumka), woody stem gall, red or soft nose and fruit
tumours. Nutritional deficiencies of potash, zinc, iron, copper and boron also produce
typical symptoms on foliage. Salt injury due to excess salt can also be possible.
Physiological disorders
● Black tip: Also referred as Chimney disease occurs on developing mango
fruits. Black area develops around nose of the fruit. The blacked area is hard
and fruit growth is affected.
● Fruit clusters : Also referred as Jhumka.

Many fruits are formed at the tip of panicle.
Fruitlets are smaller, dark green and slightly
curved at the nose Fruits do not have seeds
and do not grow further.
● Woody stem gall : Woody galls are found

on branches and the number of galls varies
with cultivars.
38
● Red nose : Also known as soft nose largely occurs on late maturing varieties
late in the season. The distal end i.e. nose shows red coloration that turns
soft with time.
● Fruit tumours : Pea to marble sized tumours occurs on developing fruit and
are ugly to look at. The tumours are found mostly at the distal/nose end with
the top portion of the fruit attached to the stalk free of tumours.
Nutritional disorders
● Potassium deficiency : Scorching of leaf margins is typical symptom of
potassium deficiency.
● Zinc deficiency : The leaf become smaller and narrow with margins bent
upwards or downwards. Internode length is reduced and the twigs with
clustered leaves give rosette appearance. Green veins with intermittent pale
areas are common.
● Iron deficiency : Green coloured leaves get bleached in to white color i.e.
chlorosis. Severe iron deficiency causes drying of leaves from tip to base.
● Copper deficiency : Terminal shoots become weak and defoliation and die
back symptoms occur. Braches are seen drooping.
● Boron deficiency : Leaves loose lustre and become leathery. Leaf veins
are thickened. Cracking of fruits is characteristic of boron deficiency. The
yellow pulp of fruit shows conspicuous brown areas.
● Salt injury/toxicity : Leaves are scorched and turn bronze in colour. Tip
burning is seen in severe cases of salt injury.

● Disorders described above should be recorded following the widely adopted
standard procedures available.
Such additional insects, diseases and disorders could be sporadic or evolving
with the changing soil-plant-climatic interactions across mango growing regions.
Such changes may be captured with the help of specialists using any of the
scientifically based procedures and reported separately.
39
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Manual for Mango Pest Surveillance

Book · January 2012

Chandra Shekhar Prabhakar Jaipal Singh Choudhary

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Bikash Das Sudarshan Maurya

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Standardization of basin enrichment in bael (Aegle marmelos) View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Implementation : Natural Resources Management Division,

Technical Assistance : Ghosh Vishal & Kumari Alpana

Published by : Dr. O.M. Bambawale, Director

This manual presents the procedures to be followed towards selection of

practices (designated as Fixed 2) are to be used for weekly observations. Area

2.3.1. Insect pests

Mango (leaf) hoppers

Scientific name : Amirtodus atkinsoni,

Procedure for observation

Honey dew deposition Leaf hoppers on trunk

Scientific name : Drosicha mangiferae,

Procedure for observation

Scientific name : Orthaga exvinacea,

Procedure for observation

Webbing of terminal leaves due to

Larvae of leaf webber

Scientific name : Scirtothrips dorsalis

Procedure for observation

Damage symptoms due to thrips

Scientific name : Batocera rufomaculata

Procedure for observation

Stem borer infested trunk

Grubs of stem borer

Scientific name : Chlumetia transversa

Procedure for observation

Larva of shoot borer

Scientific name : Chionaspis spp.,

Procedure for observation

Scale infestation on leaves

Closeup view of eggs, crawlers and male

Scientific name : Oecophylla smaragdina

Procedure for observation

Scientific name : Acrocercops syngramma

Procedure for observation

Blisters on leaves Larva of leaf miner

Procedure for observation

Tree trunk and branches infested with termites

Shoot gall psylla

Scientific name : Apsylla cistellata

Procedure for observation

Scientific name : Dasineura amaramanjarae,

Procedure for observation

Hover flies or syrphids

Procedure for observation

Chrysopids or Green lace wings

Procedure for observation

Procedure for observation

Powdery mildew of mango

Causal organism : Oidium mangiferae

Procedure for observation