0% found this document useful (0 votes)
313 views64 pagesBee 2nd Semester R.G CSE-A
Uploaded by
Shivam. KumarCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
313 views64 pagesBee 2nd Semester R.G CSE-A
Uploaded by
Shivam. KumarCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 64
‘Scanned with CamScanner BASIC
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
-PAPER CODE: ESC-EE-101-G
Ist Year
PREVIOUS YEAR’S
SOLVED QUESTION PAPERS
For
B.Tech. STUDENTS
Solved By
A TEAM OF EXPERIENCED FACULTY
RG ieavein PVT.LTD.
Email : rgpublishinghouse@gmail.com © RGPUBLICATIONSPVT. LTD. :
pat otis book maybe reproduced or copied in any form or by any ey |
electronic or mechanzlinlaing pho-copying eordng, taping or informations @™h, SYLLABUS BASIC ELECTRICALENGG
tems) or reproduced on any disc, tape, perforated media or othe information stone Exam 75 Marks
te ithoat the writen permission ofthe publisher. Breach of thisknd iia forigg oe ae
Every effor has been made o avoid evors and omissions in this book Aas net ee
mistake noted may be brought tthe notice of the publisher which shall be taken caer Dein geben iste
pestedon ofthis book isntiedthatneethe publisher northeauorallberesa ct section ;
forany mistake, eror or omission in this book. : oe cum
This book is meant for educational and lating purposes, The authors ofthe bak, DC iret: Elec circuit lement (RL and ©), vata aad curt soures, PASSE
have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the content of the book donot vilateany ne SME" anda aw to cons oda nd Mesh ). analysis of spe
i Cheuits withd exetation Superposition, Thevenin and Norton Theorems. Time-domsi analy
copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever
event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright hes
inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writting for corrective a
PTY SL)
PRICE: , 70.00
Int sis of fistorder RL ard RC circus
be AC Circuits : Representation of sinusoidal waveforms, peak and rms values, phasor represen-
tation, rel poster, reactive power apparent power, power factor. Analysis of single-phase ac
cuits consisting of RL, C. RL, RC, RLC combinations (series and parallel). resonance.
Section-B.
‘Transformers : Magnetic materials, BH characteristics, ideal and practical transformer. equiva
lent ere, losses in transformers, transformer tests regulation and efficiency. Auto-transformer
and three-phase transformer connections.
Polyphase Circuits : Three phase balanced circuits. voltage and current relations in sta amd
delta connections. Power Measurement by nwo wattmeter method.
Seetion-C
Electrical Machines : Generation of rotating magnetic Fields, construct
and speed control of single-phase induction motor. Construction and working
induetion motor. Construction, workin, torque-spec characteristic and speed control of de motor.
Construction and working of synchronous generators.
Section-D
onstruction, operating and uses of moving iron type and moving
coil type, induction type voltmeter, Arometer, wat meter. energy metet.
Electrical Installations : Components of LT Switchgear: Invadustion t9 Switsh Fuse Unit
(SFU), MCB, ELCB, MCCB, Types of Wires and Cables Earthing. Types of Batteries, Impor=
‘tant Characteristics for Batteries. Elementary calculations for energy consumption, power face
{or improvement and battery backup,
NOTE : Examiner will set nine questions in total, Question one will be
‘compulsory. Question one will have 6 parts of 2 marks each from all units and remaining
‘ight questions of 15 marks each to be set by taking two questions from ench unit. The
students have to attempt five questions in total, first being compulsory and selecting
tne from ench Unit,
Scanned with CamScanner . ELECTRICALTI
BE-101-F Sessional
Theory
Total
‘SYLLABUS
section Note : Atiem pt five questions in all, selecting ome question from each Section,
Law, Kitch Lays, nog 2neon Na 14 computor Al questions carry equal marks
+ Oh
ve AND THEOREM e1 in the following
ne erm nom Dane erm on es
‘Loop methods of ron theorem. maximum powervransfer tere Milmansthys (BIT Curve and is Characteristics: e5)
“Norton’s theorem, superPOs (©) Torque-Speed characteristics of DC Motor. @s)
section B (3) Power factor and its improvement es)
Ge) Voltage and Current sources. es)
curs:
SINGLE PHASE A.C. CIR values. RMS and average va © RMS. value, es)
and peak val SS *al¥cy Ans. (a) Phasor Dingram : The diagram in which diferent alternating quantities ofthe
(a) Sinusoidal signal, instantaneous
ase, phasor repre
snd peak fase, Cone of has. ts in. circuit
Soom trie forms, behaviors of RL. and C component io : its. onboard
nude circuit, Concept of active and reactive power, power: significance of Phasor ram:
OG eh Power (1) Asphasor diagram can be dawn at any instant, XandV as are not included it
ea ea oie eof fries and bandwith as monte ngrerfaces dom utatnunigin pace erent ae
sentation: polar & e (Bonen kenny a
erent lowing th ce Tad x ;
ee) ad silty wate gvssthe ttl power ofthe leuk “ape :
eet power P= auc eis SY a comic dl “Ampere tums due 0 section AC= 4(%=Mad=HM| 1-52) =H MO-KY gay
Neneh ep cc bcd Equations) ad show tha te amepere urs df eton BC nd AC bane
=a enyone winding woundong smote hihi the eanteristi of tarsfomer acon
srnafrner wi ny sides On oa, ‘Ans(c) Relationship of current and voltage in cate of star-connected system :
naan ry ana secondary ies ea,
cre eg osc
‘Consider the balanced star-connected system as shown in Fig (1).
are ondary windingsaeelectrcally
ene te
iy and cecal,
ch tha CB 0
len isconnected aos
core, itinducesan
rernating ux isset up inthe core
Taken in the secondary cifcults
; solige: a Yn TYRES
V, = primary applied voliage za Anan stas
La, V, = Rendon voltage aerss the load ‘The prose fr deaving the Bhasrdagram of ig. 16) isa tows
5 Ww three phasors V,, V, and V, .
: 1, = primary current: devine ca dram of 1) ao
A, = tod caret ‘of equal magnitude bu displased by 120" "The l ges These voltages are
xf = number of tums between A snd Band
x
vectorally adding the phase voltages. Fo xa
somber fr beeen Cand B Piase volgen
Jeng noon coro nage macance and loves, V,* , and Vy .
i Spotendetca ‘Thephasor V,, is obtained by
Moh and V8 hs been shown i
ae Phase Caren
Aste secondary ampere us re opp primary ampere tums othe current BIE
inphase oppositional, The sonar vclage sles tan te primary therefore cutent,
mmrethan The estan cure owing ough seton BC,
voltage phasors, Vy Vg: Vag af drawn by
to draw Tine voltage Vi we have to add the
ine * Van = Vag CV)
evening V\,-V,, is obtained by vectorially/adding V,.,
n Fig. 1(b}. Similarly the other line voltages have been drawn, The
{and 1, have been shown lagging the phase voltages by the power factor
«
From the phasot diagram shown in Fig. 100),
i. Vy) 60", =
the phase angle between phasors V, and
Scanned with CamScanner - pie opi
s entn et
oe oe = IAT a BIGM o8 OF :
i
Vig 2 Cones otal alo
i vi = Vi¥m
v, = lin
“Thus. for the str-connected system
Line Voltage = 3x Phase voltage
Line Current = Phase current
section = C
ctw ene generation of rotting magnet Held works 7 ESTO Ne
ean ea in tn moter nt wih sable Br4™ 9
onstruction rent apieaion of tre-phaseInduetion We a)
re phase Rotting Mngt Feld Consider ge Se
“tae atten ya estownin igehandconneced Pe ore
A Band Cae ee sgetcuersincalADand Cereal i tore
Lae ap, nd Or, eet vig whales nie
A, and OA OP. a aero w= 2 Ping the soppy Hegeny
monn FG) pcre neil Ae maximum At hs inant Boho he
son a OA oft teeing eld profvedby te arent Ar sng
cannons Onn oa Te centin co 120" behing the instant of ie mann
seo eal ponent OB, nd OB, wil hav torte though 120" in ove
vale hee Te nlong OD. Hetce components OB, and OD, ae along OC and
ach te ott nto 240" beng ent ofits maxim vale, therefor
arin These and OC, ofthe Red produced by curentn coll C
will have to rotate
through 240" in order to reach the ais
sofcoil C/e. along OC. Hence at this instant components
(0C, and OC, are along OB and OA respectively.
SEL Peers tee cht component Oy 00, sa ©C, are rotating in counter
se direction with same angular velocity o but are 120° apart, therefor, ther resultant is
ee 1 Year, Sob pipers. May -2019
B ap 20 3 _
field rotating at synchronous speed. vs ma)
iterchanging any two of the terminals. -
fen 8
i
Fig.:(e)
( Sutorfameorouroady ee ae
@ Stator frame. ter be
ander nining Te ane Seed
eo sto fannie ne aso
ee
Fig: (1)
Scanned with CamScanner ‘panic Ofletrcal Engg.
e corey healtermating magnetie fax that produces
Stator core: Thestator corehas 1068 T° sigh grade silicon stel stampings
4 os Fcc nt. mT
the hysteresis and eddy current
that have low iron loss. The thick
fare punched on the inner perinhen of
winding.
‘Gy Stator winding + The
insulated stator slots. Three separates
irapace by 120" lectrical are made. The
annewed in the eminal boa of He MITE
is, The exact number of POTS
‘numberof pol re
{eness of laminatio
Fhe stamping &
feof formed coils and are placed in
ren
se inky tren i ea seat
“ree pase winding m=)
with the help of a
gypes of rotor. which ae
4 (2) Rotor: tise aatng pat ofthe meta Thee FeO 9f rote
sed in 30 Induction motor
1) Squire aperotor
Ay Stpringor phase wound rotor
(@ Squire cage rotor:
rer consisofalaniatedeyindil
‘The rotor ses heavy bars of cOPPe
created at bth dhe ends by end ring 35 how
jee case rotor. A squirrel cage
atthe outer periphery
Teore having semi-cosed circular slots: siphon.
reminjam or brass.instead of windings, These
nin Fig)
Figs)
isnot posible to add any extern resistance inthe rotor eteuit
“Therotorslts are sully not paral tothe shaf bt are in ome angle, known as skewing, The
skewing of rotor has some advantages like reduces humming, smoother torque and reduces
magnetic locking ofthe stator and rotor.
( Slipring or phase wound Rotor : The motors having this types of rotor are rarely
sed. The typeof motors ae used wher high stating torque is equired, In this type of rotor, it
In this type of rotor
B.Tech Year, Solved popers, Nay-2019 : 5
fs possible to add any’external resistance to achieve the starting torgue
Slipring rotor consists ora laminated eylindrical core having semi-closed slots at the
‘outer periphery and carries the three phase insulated winding. The rotor is wound for same
umber of poles as that of stator. The three phase winding terminals are connected to three
insulated slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft as shown in Fig (4). The sectional front view is
shown in fi-(5).
TA he,
ams | a
(1) Squirrel cage induction motor
(General purpose with normal torque and normal starting current
‘Application — Fans, blowers. centrifual pumps. line shifting et.
(a) High torque medium slip
Applications — Compressors. crushers, reciprocating pump ets.
(dip High torque medium slip germline
Application = Sheers, punch, presses et.
(Ge) Normal starting current and low starting torque
Application Fans and centrifugal pumps.
@) Stipring Induction motor
‘These motors are used where very high starting torque is required sucl t
Pumps, conveyor, compressor etc. - ms seer ae
eo ima cea a
Maher oad: the ppeed hops vearly but slowly with increasing torqu “eee
the load such as fans whose speed falls with the increase in load torque. ne
his characteristic curve is shown,
used in applications requiring medi s torque
cui 1g medium starting torque such as
urifugal pumps, blowers, fans, conveyors, boring mill, shapers, wood working machines,
spinningand weaving machines, printing presses, machine tools et
Scanned with CamScanner . Base Of ete
- aod on heavy loads BeCASe Such fog,
ot
DC shunt motos should never Be SE
heavy staring curren
Speed in RPM
‘Speed in RPM.
Torque in Nan —>
Toque —>
L a
=
(1) Stator: The armatures an iron rng, formed of lamination of special magnetic iro
ue aan meine
eee
deta
Fig(1) : Stator ofa Synchronous Generator,
‘BTech I Year Solved papers, May-2019
a
saa, ttPmiatonthesmercrer min woes and ei
‘The open slots are more commonly used because the coils can be form-wound and
insulated prior to being placed inthe slots giving leastexpenitureand moresatisactory winding
method. This typeof slots also facilitate in removal and replacement of defective
{@) Rotor : The field system is just ike that of de generator which is excited from a
separate source of 125 of 250 V de supply. The excitation is usally provide from a small de
Shunt or compound generator, known san exeter. mounted on the shat ofthe alternator itself
‘The field system ofthe altemator is rotated with inthe armature ing and is known as ror. The
xciting current is supplied tothe rotor through two slip-rings and brushes. The polarities ofthe
Field produced are alternately North and South.
“The power eating ofthe exciter is ordinarily 0.3t0 1% of power rat
generator. Te rated volta
of synchronous:
fof the exciter is usually between 125 and 250 volts
(a) Salient Pote'Type Field Structure (b) Non-Salicnt Pole Type Field Structure
Fig)
Rotors ate of two types namely (i salient-pole type and (i) smooth cylindrical type or
‘non salient pole type. Both types are shown in fig.(2).
Principle of operation of synchronous genes
‘operates on the basic principle of electromagnet
‘energy into electrical energy
stor : The synchronous generator
luction, Altemator converts mechanical
‘Scanned with CamScanner = :
Be OF Ee g
tothe production of emf. Ze, emt is induceg
agate relates ‘wn in fig.(a. This is called Faraday
aes
‘The law of ek
conductor whenever teats
frat law of electromagnetic
aerators aT i
eae 1 rotating magnetic field. The armature
dings o sing! i The field windings excited by de
conf hee ase windings Tipe move the stator conductors i he nee
sous and when toe Faraday ao elecromagetic induction, ent wil fg
nnd
ar vng wNENEN
bers
Secon -D
remit he following
08. Diferentiate th . 4
{ay Watt meter and Energy meter
(8) Moving iron Type and M
‘ns(a) Watt meter and Energy meter
Coil Types a
Energy Meter
Basis For meter
Comparison
Definition __] measures the power flows |The energy meter measures the eneray
intheciruit consume by the electrical load.
Uae Measures power in watt, [Mesures energy in joules,
Working] GurrensCarging conductor | Workon the principle of conversion oF
Principle | placeinamagneticfield_| electrical energy into mechanical wotk.
experiences & torque 4
Consiraction | Fixedand moving eil,conrol_[Driving system, moving system, braking
system, dampingsystem, system and counting mechanism are the
Seale & pointer Four main pats ofthe energy meter.
“Repicatons ] is used for measuring power [Is used for measuring electrical energy]
inan electcal cireit and for [in homes and industries.
determining the power rating
ofthe appliances.
‘Ans.(b) Moving iron Type and Moving Coil Types E
Basis For Moving tron Instrument Moving Coil Instrument
aren ig Coll Instrument
|, Pefsion | inmovinginoninsrumentthe soft |. Inmoving oil nstrumentihe
irons used for moving mechanism. |” conductor coil i used for
measuring the curent and voltage
Working | Magnetism i ing prin
in Siri working principe of
‘tee ear Sod papers, May -2017
‘Uses Both for AC and DC measurement | DC measurement
TRecuracy | Less Nore
Seale ‘Non-uniform | Uniform
Danping | AleFrition Damping Teddy Curent Damping
Power High Tow
Consumption
‘controling | Gravity or spring ‘Spring,
“Torque .
Deflection | Proportional ro Current ‘Square of current
Tysteresis | Not occurs ‘Occurs
Loss
Usedin | Ammeter, Vollmeter and Wattmeter |. Voltmeter.ammeter, galvanometes
‘ohmmeter.
(Q9. Explain the following detail.
(@) Induction type Wattmeter °
oy
(®) SFU and MCB
(© ELCB and MCCB eo
‘Ans. (a) Induetions type Wattmeter : Induction ype wartmeters are used fo measure
the power in A.C Circuits. Where as the dynamo meter type wattmeters can be used for
‘measurement of power in both D.C and A.C Circ
“The working principle of induction wattmeter depends onthe production of tory
reaction between a flux @, oF eddy currents induced in a metal dise by ancther flux @,. The
‘magnitude of fluxes 9, and @, depends on the current or voltage to be measured.
“The instant farems value ofthe deflecting torque is proportional tothe square ofthe
ceurrentor voltage under measurement andthe value of mean deflecting torque is proportional to
the mean square ofthe current or voltage
‘Consriruction: The essential parts of an induction type wattmeter and coonection is
shown ig. 1(a). In this instruments there ae two electromagnetic coils. The current coi which
is connected in series with the load have and caties the toad current. The coil is made of thik
wire having lesser numberof turns, The coil which is of m= tums of thin wire fs made to have
high inductance and is known as pressure coil. The pressure coil is connected across the supply
and caries current proportional to Supply voltage. The current in pressure col lags behind supply
voltage by 90°, The phase angle of the current in pressure coil depends upog the nature ofthe
load.
Inbetween the two electromagents there is an aluminium dise which cuts the flux set up
by mese electromagnets and thus eddy currents are induced in the dis
“The interaction between the eddy currents and the two tues develops deflecting torque.
‘The defleting torque is proportional tothe power supply.
Scanned with CamScanner |
Basie OF Ee
tothe spindle. For,
spiralis attached tthe spi npg
* pongo bone -
conan gn NN he disc and ely corer camping
seco apt tine
ee ror rT as the fs othe presse cil mad 1015 behind gy
See restonet
aerial
Advantages of induction Qype water =
(Bete damping argue
(Gi Fre from frequency enor
()Frce trom heeft of say feds
{) Fay long scale
Disabontages of duction No water
nae
eesti 5 Ameena
the contacts will get closed through sitch and then th .
Soe
men wtoplewr Sean ‘When we operate it the fuse unit will close the
dain ete
Bich 1 Your, Sood papers. May 2019 a
sreuit Breaker: MCB isan cleciromechanscal device which guards
pene that may effect from shor circuit. overload or imperfect
MCB-Miniature C
jocun’t eoquire alternate once an overtcad iy
an cles iret fom an overcent. tat
i a een besimpl ‘beter operational protection and
Tie in Deter oi ange and thn inate operational
ied NO ps ace opting sv the oporang Proc of MCB
stability of electrical flow throu
vit breaker isa switch which routinely turns off
prale limit, Generally. these are
ANNE fancy iterpting
an erori dcted: Insp condtios ths
Teco iegh andres mein
sn par guns ovr cuentand ovr domestic andi
“nen s 3 is substituting the rewirable switch-fuse units for low power domestic and nde ra
sec et ickmanar a iringpton he MCB ns land al rations
ont ec aot cal overoad and switching Protzstin of
Benn.rempa thor circ protection by esed solenoid
double. triple pole & four poles with
!
ble in diferent pole versions like sing
ie ranges From 0.5.63 A with a symmet
evel of 30 or 440%:
‘These are obta
neural poles ifnecessar. The normal current rating is
short circuit breaking capacity of 3-10 KA, ata voltage
“The characteristics ofan MCB mainly include the follow ng
(G) Rated curent is not more than 100 amperes
Normally. trip characteristics are not adjustable
Thermal thermal magnetic operation
‘Ans.(e) ELCB-Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker : The ELC & wsed to pro
circuit from theeletrcal leakage. When someone gets an electric shock, then tis cites
cuts offthe power at the time of 0.1 secs for protesting the personal safety and avel
fiom the circuit against shor cireuit and overload.
ELCB is security device use in electrical system with high Earth impedance to avoid
shock. It notices small stray voltages on the metal fields of electrical gear, and interrupt the
circuit ifan unsafe voltage is detec. The main principle oF Earth leakas prowetor
injury to humans and nature duc to electric shock
‘This circuit breaker isa specialized hind of latching relay that has structures incoming
‘mains power connected through its switching contacts so that this eireuit breaker disconnects
the power supply in an unsafe condition
The ELCB notices fault currents from live to the ground wire inside the installation it
guards. Ifenough voltage emerges acco the sense coil inthe cirsuit breaker, it will tam ofF the
‘supply and stay off until reset by hand. A soltage-seosing earth leakage circuit breaker doesn’t
detect fault curents from exist 1 any other ground bos
The characteristics of an ELCB mally include the following
(i) This circuit breaker connects the phase, earth wire and neutral
Gi) The working ofthis cieuit breaker depends on current leakage
MCCB-Molded Case Circuit Breaker : The MCCB is used to control electric
‘energy in distribution Wand is having shor circuit and overload protection. This circuit Breaker
scuitand over current. They
isan electromechanical device which guards a siccuit trom short
Scanned with CamScanner Basie Ore
anges from 63 Amps-3000 An,
ae ron protection fret
fe uncions Of MCCO load conditions. an electrical cirouit the overcoat ORES
ital der ion toa fine since edoest need an alternate onee ano
roti ch mc grease _
A ce esto Wor a arc five questions tn al selecting ane question fram eae Sect
ar ‘The characteristics ‘ofan MCCB mainly include the following : =
(nec eect tei de anes
jer voltage sources are
Gi) Thermal thermal magnetic operation
alone, when all oth
. Soures has no internal resistance th
the current sources are present they are removed
Isto which it was connect
and the network terminals to which they were
connected are lelt open.
jon theorem isas follows:
§ “The procedure for applying superpositi
3 Replace all but one of the sources of supply by their internal resistance. 1 the
internal eintence of any source is very small as compared to other resistances existing in the
stork. the source is replaced by a short circuit. Incase of current source open the circuit
Ieaving in place any conductance that may be in parallel with it
the currents in various branches using Ohm's lav.
process using each of the emf’ turn by turn as the sole em
in any branch of the circuit isthe algebraic sum of currents due to each
‘equivalent in star connection.
; Lon,
. Q.1.(c) What are the features of an ideal transformer 7 Qs)
An The eis ofa Kat ne
(1) Zero winding resistance : It is assumed that, ce of pri
‘seoondary wit of an ideal transtonmer is. 2600 ih instal eco doce ie
se , nam ero That i bath the coils ae purely indutive in
Scanned with CamScanner Basic Ekctrici gy
B
mS re: Hi Ist temag
seability of the core : Hi ve Mung
2 eat means if permeability hing
‘enact
high less magnetizing currents
pe ransom Cf Hae “in
ti ge skagen sap f magnetic Mix which does a gy
oe yearns In an ideal transformer, itis assumed that entre amoune orn
wil a winding (hati 0 eakage fo), te
Fake ate efcieny + An ideal transformer doesnot have any loses like
sp ey tment os So the att power ofan ideal wansformer is exact
int power. Hence, 100% efficiency
Wal og
Fig ica snine Vasioring we in
Si Trnitmer Lass The we ou ps oes ch my ea
transformer:
(1) kon losses or coere losses or constant losses.
(2) Copper losses or FR losses.
(0) ron losses or core losses: This loss includes hysteresis loss and ey cig
los. This loss is independent of load and isalso known as constant loss This loss canbe dene
mined by open circuit test on transformer 7
(@ Hysteresis loss: Since the fux inthe transformer core i ltemating, power ism
or Total average power,
p= WrW
Hence the algebraic sum of two atumeter readings gives the total power in the
S-phase, 3-witestar-connecte load circuits whether the load is balanced or unbalanced.
{() Deli-Connecied System: In deta-connected system the three phases form aclosed
loop and according to kichhof’s second law,
ite tH 0 oF
Instantaneous power,
Since
therefore
42-29)
(ttt a
= HG, + Hi) .
‘Since -v, is the instantaneous pd across pressure cil and (,~,s the instantaneous
‘current flowing through current coil orf warrmeter W,, wattmeter W, reads average of
=¥,((,~4).and similarly wattmeter W, reads average of (i, i).
Hence total power, P= W, + W,
Hence the algebraic sum of two wattmeter readin gives the total power ofthe circuit *
infespective ofthe fact thatthe circuits Balanced or unbalanced and siar-connected or deta-
connected.
(Q5.b) A230/460 V transformertas a primary resistance of 0.20 and reactance
‘of 0.50 and secondary resistance and reactance are 0.780. and 1.80 respectively. Find
the secondry termi itis supplying a load of 108 at 0.8 PFlageing. (75)
‘Ans. R= RARER, = 075+202=1550,
1805-380
Voltage drop /(licosd + Nyy sing) = 101 55x0.8+38%0.6)=3527
second terminal voltage = 460 ~35.2=424.8V
Scanned with CamScanner Basic Electr,
ral Eg
|
Unit
ain the principle of operation of three phase induction, ici Sar Soe papers Dee 2019+ =
0
64a) Ep m
‘Ans.Principle of Operation : Consider a portion ofthe rotor and starr g¢ SE Og, will benocutent As rev ofthis wo rr ld and hence no targus pode. Therefore
fig.ta) Re fndon mir neve ie torts Kany hed en
‘Stator fax (0.6.06) How is synchronous machine different than an induction motor? (7.5)
‘Stator Direction of rotation Say Ans. Comparision between 34 synchronous motor and 3-9 induction motor
of stor fx $4 spnchronows motor 38 induction motor
Tis not self warting iiss saring
2 Tralways runs at synchronous speed. | Is sped depends upon the Fequeny of
(Curent in, ac. suply.
Rotor Conductor 3. Auxiliary means are required fi ‘No auxiliary means
® ry searing
Tthas to be synchronized Tras not be synchro
speed
‘Speed is constant at any Toad
Tealways runs wit lagging power factor
Tr can be operated under a wide ranse
ofpowerfictor,both laggingand | only.
leading.
7, lRiseosth and complicared
The Break down torque proportional the]
'8, The break down torque is approx
ssuare ofthe applied vol,
‘mately prpectional tthe applied
wage |
| 3 taterqutslassautneto anges Into mae touine anges |
Festi Stop elase, Issel
ee |
‘When 3-4 supply is gvento the stor winding, a revolving magnetic field, rotating
orstomse ,= 2 pent tate neice pe
ee ea a . improvement, 1
ay ent catching Sade sermmnpictaon
itr nrc cra et
through them, The direction of this induced current is determined by
Sunemnaaaty oe tea
Q.7. Draw and explain the construction, working and
characteristics of de, motor,
‘Ans. Main consturctional features : The complete assembly of various part in a
seatered form of dc, machine is showa in fig (1) The essential pars of a bs, machine are
ed bythe conduct
mene dct which hen apphing Fling than] decide
Dior conductors will experience force inthe anticlockwise direction. i i) Magnets fame or Yoke (si) Commutator
toe fon same drection a hat of star magnetic el acne o reneponikey Pol {yup Brurhes
because if te nan Pee an rst atin the synchronous speed but fails to do so this {iil Field or Exciting (wii End bousing
ins the syachronous speed then the relative speed between rotating iv) Armature core fay Being
csr
‘stator field
sndrotar willbe ero, no ent willbe induced inthe rotor conductors even tha {) Anaing winds
Scanned with CamScanner Fig. : (1)
Working Peacple of DC Motor: The principle upon which a de motor work yg
single If eurent carping conductor is placed in a magnetic field, mechanical for,
‘xprcnedon the andor, the direction of whichis given by Fleming’s left hand rule
called maori snd ence the conductor movesin the direetion of force. The magnitude
‘mechanical force experienced onthe conductor is given by
F = B11 newtons
where B isthe fl strength ineslas (Wim), /_ isthe current flowing throught
‘conductor in amperes td i the length of conductor in metres,
‘Foc Pale Solve papers, Dee 2019 =
When the motor is connected tthe de sup
mains. a direct eurre
‘curent passes through the
brushes and commutator t the armature winds: while ® passe thy
werted into ac so thatthe group of co
vah the commutator itis
crs under si
Figtay At
ive field poles earty currents in
st inthe individyal conductors
uence of one pole to that ofthe next.
olede motors shown when th
theepposite directions, as shown
reverses as they pas away from
InFig@)a Tield and armature cireuits are connested
across de supply mains. Let the current in armature conduc
(shown by dots) and inssards under S-poles (shown by crosses)
tule, the direction of force on each conductor can be deter
Fig(a). From Fig), it is observed that each cv
rotate the motor armature in clockwise di
torque.
Speed-Turque Characteristic of DC Series Motor
is shown in Fig.(b). Speed
Speed sheply fais with the
speed drops linearly but lowly with increasing torque.
Hence series motors are best suited f
the load such as fans whose spoed fills with the increase ilo
* be outwards under the N-poles
1y applying Fleming's lett hand
ined, which ha
seen ilusteated in
Wes a force which tends to
tively produ
a driving
he sp
ue characteristic is also known as mec
gue characteristic
er foads, the
rrease in torque tor smaller val
of load. But ath
services where the motor is directly coupled to
——— SPEED IN RPM ——
TORQUE NN ——
Fig.(b) : Speed-Torque Characteristics uf DC Series Motor
Speed-torque Characteristic of DC Shunt Mo
‘his characteristic curves shown,
This type of motor is used in applications reguieing medium starting torque such as
centrifugal pumps, blowers, fans, conveyors, boring mills, shapers, wood working machines,
spinning and weaving machines, printing presses, machine fools ee
DC shunt motors should never be started on heavy loads because such loads ned
hheayy starting eure
Scanned with CamScanner —
a
Fig( c): Speed-Torque Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor
Unit—1V
QS. Write detailed notes on = a
(@) Earthing and its importance ‘
i Mec
‘Gi) Capacity of batteries
Ans ( Earthing : The proces of connecting metalic bodies ofall he electrical
andequipmentto thehuge mass of cath by a wire having negligible resistance is called ear
___ When bo is earthed, itis basically connected to the huge mass of earth by aw,
‘evng eligible resisace Ths the body tains 2 potenti potential of ert, Ty
Sms tat whenever ve condor comes in const with the outer body, the charg
Purpose or importance of Earthing : The basic pu i
anaes nterns of Earting: The basic pupos of earthing to poet
Toftusaethe pupae ofcarhingcosideran deta cit shown
tm ceil ple ef rsinane Ris cmmeced tote op ene et
When the opersior touches the metalic bod
ihe operates te meal body of hea
th nn alent shownin fg 18). Where parle pats are erred Sina
Stance Bis very high as compared to appliance resistance R. whole ofthe
nd no cutent flows through human body( operators
Basar
yn ton telnet ornare
cm a i a
and operator gets a severe shock
Pear Solel papers Dec-2019 —
prruwice
PFS rea
‘oeTon
spruce
Ae Soom
+
Fig.)
MCB-Miniature Civeuit Breaker : MCB is an electromechanical device
‘hich guards an electrical circuit from an overcurrent, that may effet from shor circuit, overload
or imperfect design. This isa beter option to a Fuse since it doesn’t require alternate once an
‘overload is identified. An MCB can be simply rearranged and thus gives a better operational
protection and greater handiness without incurring huge operating cost. The operating principle
of MCB is imple.
‘An MCB function by interrupting the stability of electrical flow through the eireit once
an eroris detected. In simple conditions this circuit breaker isa switch which routinely turns ofT
‘when the current flows through itand passes the maximum acceptable limit, Generally, these are
designed to guard against over curent and overheating.
‘MCB is substituting the rewirable switch-fuse units for low power domestic and industrial
applications ina very quick manner. ln wiring system, the MCB isa blend of al three functions
such as protection of short circuit, overload and switching. Protection of overload by using a
bimetallic strip & short circuit protection by used solenoid
‘These are obtainable indifferent pole versions like single, double, tripe ple & four poles
With neutral poles if necessary. The normal current rating is ranges from 0.5-63 A with @
symmetrical short circuit breaking capacity of 3-10 KA. ata voltage level of 230 oF 440V.
‘ofan MCB mainly include the folowing
is not more than 100 amperes
i) Normally, trip characteristics are not adjustable
(Gl) Thermal/thermal magnetic operation
‘Ans.(iil)Capacity of a battery: The quantity of electricity which a battery can deliver
during single discharge until its terminal voltage flls to 1.8V/cell is called the capacity of a
battery.
Scanned with CamScanner Basic Ey
nee . al,
er |
" Feb, _
ty denoted by AH. ts gg) GRIEG /* Year Sotved papers, Dee 2019
secs attery or cell = 1, T, _ampere-hours, ‘ _ -
pores, pun decingter Tha he nership
city of ab
ie 1, = discharging current in amperes
where, scale
T, = discharging time ofa attery or cell in hour, "
(99, Wet technical nots 0
{@ PMML instructions ts
Gi Single phase induction type energy meter
Power factor improvement
Ans () Permanent Magne type moving coll instruments: These instr
very sesiv acute, Tes insrumens cn be used oly ond 38 vometer andes
Prine: The bs prinilet pamanen magnet ype evingccilinstumem
when acnentcarying conductors placed na napnetiefield arnechaical force
the cds a shown nig). The basi principle can alo Be tated that when a a
ply mecca Wi he min te
cing aque i developed as shown in fig.) uction of deflecting ome t
pone decor be sale sigiutscran heat
Fig. = 8) -
I current inthe coil is reversed, the direction of deflecting torque will be reversed
because field produced by the permanent magnets does not change. This will give a wrong
direction of rotation, thus, the instrument can not be used on a.c.,itcan only be used dc.
< ‘Ans.i)Single phase induction type energy meter : Induction type instruments are
used only for a, measurements. These instruments can be used either as ammeter, voltmeter
‘or wattmeter, However, the induction principle finds its widest application as an energy meter.
Induction type single-phase energy meter i used invariably to measure the energy consumed in
tn a prescribed period where supply voltage and frequency are constant. Energy
@ ‘meter is an integrating instrument which measures the total quantity of electrical energy supplied
to the circuit in a given period.
Principle : The basic principle of induction type energy meter is electromagnetic
Agri induction. When alternating current flows through two suitably located coils (current eo and
ight aluminium former An iron core is inserted in betwee POtetal coil produces rotating magnetic field which s cut by the mctallic dse suspends near
10 the coils, thus, an em. is induced in the dise which circulates eddy currents in it By the
interaction of rotating magnetic field and eddy currents, torque is developed and causes the dise
torotate, This isthe same principle which is applied in the single-phase induction motors.
+ An induction type single phase enerey meter, as shown in fig (1), as
‘magnetic lines of foree, The
‘coil is mounted on the
"0 phosphor bronze spiral hair springs are attached
volling torque as well as they act as incommin
‘outgoing leads for the current. Eddy curnen 1g and
Morin: When thn Senin povided by hala omer, Coparreet
through the col whichis mounted onthe, the following main parts of the operating mechanism:
romana eer (9 Brine
G) Braking system
(4) Recording mechanism.
Scanned with CamScanner Fig.: (1)
whe
tet nthe ey mtr is oon inthe cic, the current ci,
The Dower factor forging
el
ec Year Solved papers, Dee 2019
: 6
Didone of Lo Pot Far: Th ar or hen eg
cenuatolag: ith toe poner anion siete te 8
inh oedema perce rg eae
Tongue is given by =
_
bey, C05}
panda cns he nde sine oer pone cn
ie, lower the power fcr higher he cuenta ie see
power actor affnts and system and esuls inthe felling Gree
(0) Rating of generators and ransforen se ropanon
inversely proportional to power factor, therefore, large generators:
todelversame load but ao power stor,
current due to poor
Output current hence
and transformers are required
(i) The x-sectional area ofthe bus-bar and the contact surface of site
to be enlarge forthe same power to be delivered but ata low power fax
{ui Forthe same power tobe transmited bt at low power factor, the ransmision ine
0 the distributor or cable will ave to carry more current. Thus
required for transmission lines, distibutors and cab
power factor. ,
(is) Cooper losses sre
proportional tothe square of the
hich resulsin poor efficiency.
hgearisrequired
or matey is
ad but at & low
Proportional to the square of the curent hence inversely
ower factor. e, more copper losses incur at low power facie,
() Low tagging power factor results in arge vt
‘wonsmission fines and distibutos which results
‘equipment isrequited to keep the velage drop within
‘Thus We see thatthe Low power factor lead
‘Switchgear, transformers, transmission lin
1 drop in generates, transformers,
oor regulation. Hence extra regulating,
permissible lini
toa high capital cos forthe alteatos,
es distributors and cables
Advantages of Power Factor Inproven
power station is raised to unity,
reduced 1 minimum. This results in rouction
‘voltage drop intrnsmision ine andi alten
tothe square of supply eurent nd valtase drop is diet pro
‘The advantages of good power facie are that hf
ilized (i ine losses are reduced! 1 mininm, thereto
(Gi volage drop or vatage regulations considers tedecce
supply or
sunt of power to be supplied is
nof transmission Fine copper losses and eduction oF
rede proportional
suppl cure.
given plant is bette
ior windings copper lo
>
Scanned with CamScanner pr hance
Mar = 2021
paper Code:BSC-EE-101-G
selecting one question from
‘equal marks. aaa
vin
ote: Attempt five questions
pont copa. esc
1 ng ough acon} Proportona the potential gin
‘the same, the arent reat) ~)
—
itremains conan provided sate ie. temperature ec. ofthe conductor remains unchangt
;
sere is known asthe resistance ofthe conductor.
‘his law maybe altertively expressed as
Vem
Limitations: Ohn’s lw cannot be applied 10 circuits consists of electronic tb,
transistors becasue sch elements ae not bilateral. they behave in different way wheny,
rection ofl of curtis reversed as incase ofa diode’ Ohm's law also cannot be app
to circuits consisting of nonlinear elements such as powdered carbon, thyrte, electric ae
Forexample, fr silicon cide, relationship between applied voltage (or potential differen)
and uret flowing lis givenas Y= K P* where Kand m are constant and sls than um
214) spain varies pe of ein ransforme.
‘Ans. Transromer Losses: There ae two types of :
nmr Losses : There are two types of loses which may occue i
(1) ron losses or core losses or constant ase
2) Conger ases or ses. :
iron losses or core loses: Ths loss
toss. This loss is independent of oad an is also know
ied by open circuit test on transformer
ais cen et: Sie te xa henson eat
oss is known as hysteresis loss, nee
cludes hysteresis loss and eddy cure
mas constant los,
1B Power is
h the iron is composed. Thi
Since the flux in
seem mt fea mtg
| Rid iow altyeonee 'y currents. This power is dissipated in the form of hed!
| ung per losses : These losses are due to the ohmic ‘Fesistance of the transformé
ipl" Vea, Saved papers, Marc 2021 °
Qs.) Discuss the principle of DC motor
‘Ans. The prineple upon which a dem
conductor x placed in a magnetic field, mechanical fore ix experienced on the conductor, the
Soest of which i given by Fleming’ left hand rule (aso called motor rule) and hence the
detuator moves inthe direction of free. The magnitude of toe mechanical fore experienced
fn the conductor is given by
tr works 5 en
simple. Ifa curren carying
F = Bi f,newtons
“where B isthe field strength in teslas (Wb), is te curren
1 length of conductor in metres,
flowing through the conduct
ampereas and J sth
Fig. (0)
sa direct current passes through the
he commutator itis
‘When the motors connected to the de supply
brushes and commutator ofthe armature winding: while
converted into ac so thatthe group of conductors under successive field poles carr currents in
the opposite directions, as shown in Fig{1)-Alsothe direction ofcurretin the individual conductors
reverses as they pass away from the influence of one pole to that ofthe next
InFig(1),4-pole de motoris shown when the field and armature circuits are connected
‘across de supply mains. Let the current in armature conductors be outwards under the N-poles
{Ghown by dots) and inwards under S-poles (shown by crosses). By applying Fleming's left hand
rule, the direction of force on each condsstor can be determined, which has been illustrated in
Fig.(1), From Fig.(I), it is observed that each conductor experiences a force which tends to
rotate the motor arsature it clockwise direction, These forces collectively pro ving
torque.
passes th
Q.1.(@) Explain ELCB,
‘Ans, ELCB -Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker : The ELCB is used to protect the
circuit from the electrical leakage. When som elects hoc, then this circuit rea
‘cuts off the power atthe time of 0.1 sees for protecting the personal safety and avoiding the gear
from the circuit against shott
ELCBis asocurity device used ine
shock! It notices small stray voltages on the
circuit ifan unsafe voltage is detected. The
injury to humans and nature de to electric
cuitand overload
{rica system with high Earth impedance to avoid
tal fields of electrical gear, and interrupt the
Earth leakage protectors is tostop
in principle o
Scanned with CamScanner Basi Bec
latching relay that bas Sutures ggg
nd ats 0 that is iE breaker gy
‘within
nd wite inside the instal,
hag and. A VOTE sensing earth leakage rei breaker a
layer od bY
aac oF an ELCB s) idee flowin
tora er cones hac WHS OTST
yc er enon
2. Find the val caren (flowing through the batery Using “node voy
Q2.Find the vale of
method”.
Fig (1)
‘Ans. All nodes are indicated in Fig (1) nd "Node" is selected as reference voltage.
voltage source is connected directly between the two nodes, the current flowing throught
voltage source cannot be determined directly since the source voltage ¥, is independent et
current, Further to note thatthe source voltage V, fixes the voltage between the nodes only. Fa
‘the present example, the votlage ofthe central node isknown since itis equal to(V.,~10) vols
KCL equation at nodea :
¥4-0
Stl = lOL+¥,=30
~)
KCL equation at node-b :
GO eu = y-ayarm oe
Tose thet}, wend ne moe etn which canbe snc
spplying KCL at the central node (note central node voltage is (V,,~ 10). |
Fhe, 10)
a
eee ee) a
Satin the curentexresion()ineqution I) we po.
“gi Ter Soe papers, March 2021
(8h, Vo =40)
©
+H, = 30 > toy,
eustions (2) and (4) can be saved to find
We can now eer to orginal rut
v,= 200
50.43 and V,= 16:99 ¥.
[Fig,(1)] to find directy the voltage across every
clement andthe eutrentthrough every element. The value of current flowing through the voltage
arenes ean be computed using the equation (3)and its given by = 1.307 4
‘Note thatthe current / (ve) is entering through the positive terminal of the voltage
‘source and this indicates thatthe volatge source is absorbing the power. in other words this
‘Situation is observed when charging battery or source.
0.3. Catculate the current /,, flowing through the resistor 30 using
superposition theorem.
eo
Fe)
‘Ans. Assume thatthe current source 3 A (eftto the I volt source) is acting alone inthe
circuit and the internal resistance replace the ther sources. The curent flowing through 30.
resistor can be obtained from fig.)
=.
=
Fig: Wa
anditis given by
1,
AN)
Scanned with CamScanner Ds
2 P source (only) can be gy A
Pe bing
p30 ess 1°
enone “a
Fel ae
|
Fig: 10)
no cuentis Mowing
ee mo ace only see Fig. a
a edt 1 ota S48 ly 5 FB.) gg
Foe ta es 4
(Current through 30 resistor due to 3 4 current source only [see fig.1(4)] is obtained
»
Of
Fig, : May
4,
pnsaae.
‘Weed Acomminns ~ 345 =>A(a108) ol
inteeh 1 Ye Solwad papers, Marc 2021
st
‘Current through 30 resistor due to 27 voltae source only [see Fig.) gven by
‘—t
2
= 2abwa)
Fatbwa
(3)
Resultant current /, flowing through 30 resistor due tothe combination of al sources
is obtained bythe following expression (the algebraic sum of ll curents obtained in eqs. (1}45)
with proper direction of currents)
Meal
+1,
-_ ne te nt Fa as
Qe. Explain how open circuit
and copper loss.
‘Ans. Open circuit test: The purpose of this testis to determine the core (0 iron or
excitation) loss, P and no load current /y and thereby the shunt branch parameters Ry and Xq of
theequivalent circ
Inthistest, one ofthe windings (usually high voltage windings) is kept open circuited and
the rated voltage trated frequency is applied tothe other windings. as shown fig). No doubt,
the core los willbe the same whether the measurements are made on Jv winding othr winding,
so ong asthe rated voltage of that winding is applied tit in case the measurements are made on
‘hy winding, the voltage required to be applied would often be inconveniently large while the
current fy would be inconvenient smal
Either an auto transformer or a voltage divider (VD) is used for varying the voltage
applied to the low voltage winding. Ammeter 4 and wattmeter Mare connected to measure NO
load current /p and input power ?. Volumeter V is connected to measure the applied voltage.
‘Since no current flows in the open-sireuited sevondary, the curent in the primary willbe
‘merely that necessary to magnetize the core at normal voltage. Moreover, magnetising current is
4 very small fraction ofthe full-load current (usually 3 10 10°% of fll-tond current) and may be
neglected as far as the copper loss is concented consequently, the test give core loss alone
practically,
Scanned with CamScanner Fig) : Circuit Diagram for Open-Cireuit Test.
‘With normal voltage applied tothe primary, normlal flux will be setup in the
therefore, normal ion (or core) loss will occur which are recorded by a wattmeter 1
The open circuit test gives enough data to compute the equivalent circuit op,
no-load power fictor 60s 0, no-load current Ip and no load power loss (iron
ed mentee . Oo no-load hy id po (iron toss ft
Ironloss,P; = Input power on no load ~ Py watts (say)
Noload current * fy ampers
Applied voltage of primary = volts
Angleoflag, y= 55
Notand cen enn compoont, = osenty =
"No oad curent magnetizing component Jy, =
ee
Cpchate cca patncn, 8, = fn SE
ee)
nee ee
elec pcm Ay” Tas
sseundan tated load current and variable tow voltage Is applied to the primary
a cl aa divider as shovenin fg (2), The transformer now becomes
Soil having an impedance equalto impedance of both the wind
The applied voltage
ee we olage V tothe primary is pradully increased il the ammeter A indo,
inking nin tin side. Since applied voltage is very low (5-8%4)of ne
‘ron losses are so small
Beeb 1 Yor Solved papers Stuck 3024
Fig.(2): Circuit
Full oad copper oss. 2, W,
Equivalent resistanc
Equivalent impedance, Z
Equivalent reactance,"
The above values are refered tothe
desired, the values could be easily detern
Q54a) Explain the construction
Ans. Auto-Transformer :\n auto
laminated core. Apart ofthis windin
1 part of the load current is obtai
transformer action. nan ordinary
insulated from each other but conn
transformer the primary and sevoridary wins
Fig.2) shows the primary winding.AB from which
a secondary winding. The supply vo
CB. The tapping may be fixed or
1d working of am Auto transformer
sary sides. On load,
st direct
and electrically.
CBactsas
Primary
1, = prima 5
1, © fod sunset
1, = naber ot tas Betwsen A
N= number of ttt Betwest Ca
ve and loses = E,and V,=
Neglecting no-load current, leakage rea
1
foranatiow ratio
Scanned with CamScanner spree Year Sod papers, March 2021
3
“To derive the relation between fad apply KCI at nde Ras sho,
ae wo as shown inFig2)
1, = bey ~ ban
Similarly at node Vand, we can write
- Ny = eb
4, = ba In
“e Since phase angle between phase curents I, and ty is 60”.
Fig (0) Fig. : (2) By = len’ tla + Lay Ay 008 0"
i 7
asthe secondary ampere tus are opposite to primary AMPEFE LUT So the ey 4 $2 bo
sete Terenas iss than the primary. thereon a
auc pio Tietz vlogs estan te ima. ert.
ae ri Teme fornpneepectes Peet)
amperes ue econ BC = care» us
i= Baty
“Ts forsee pas eleeonmeed ten
4 “Line current ~ J3 * Phase current
= PT Draw and explain the various speed control methods of DC motor
sree 4
™ * mc
ne Sete speed sence The ea saa of DC meters fo ane of
xa ow he ego es eo son BC and Act Bee hd wen oye oo eat
| ‘each other whichis the characteristic of transformer action, tag sone forte strong competitive position of D.C machinery in modern inductral applications.
9540) Deve the redaton beeen voltage and cerent in dela connec a ea a
As Ratnsp hice rena vilige i ne af delta-connecy Net
stem a-connected as shown in Fig.(2), “Therefore, the speed of D.C. motor can be regulated by changing 9, R oF or in other
words, by
{@) Fieldcontro!
{) Rheosttic control
i) Voltage contr.
(1) Field control Method : Field contol isthe most sommon method and forms one
of the outstanding advantages of shunt motors. The method i, of eourse, also applicable to
compound motors. Adjustment of field curcentand hence the fluand speed by agjustment ofthe
shunt field eitcuit resistance or with a solid-state como! when the field's separately excited is
‘accomplished simply, inexpensively and without much changs in mes
“The speed is inversely proportional tthe ela
1
ou
Naat
“Thelowestsped obtainable that correspon to maxima eld cure the highest
speedis Limited electrically bythe eects of ansatre restonunderfld conditions incasing
o ‘motor instability and poor commutation.
Fie.@) : Delta-connected system : ‘Since, voltage across he motor remains constant, it coninues to deliver constant output
froma deta 4a three phase deta conacted oad supplied __THscharcteitics makes this mts suai for Hd ss eas THE PSASE SNS
connected suppl source, ‘ >
Ol source: (b) phasor diagram ofvolinge and eerge, __ 0f4D.C motor with volage an econo issown ine)
ee
Scanned with CamScanner 2
Inarmatre or rcottic cons mth of sce the tage arn th amature
ormally constant) i vari by inser avarhle hese cohen eet
ress, ss Wi he ware it Ave or ae ee
Senna difrence aro the amatie detec teey decree eee
For a load of constant torque, speed is approsimately proportional tthe potent talons
foros the armature.
Merits () The ability to achieves
(a) Simplicity andeave of
a (Gi) The possibly of combi
low the hase speed
\ctions of mac string with ped cont
Demers: The relatively high cost flare. comtmananly raed erebleseeeoes
capable of spating large amourts of power (pricalry a higher yous nen
{a) Poor peed repuation or any green oon sp
) Law ciency esalting in high operating come
iv) Difficulty in obtaing pes conta of pectin higher power rings
(@) Capatiliy of minute sped control. tage while maintaining constant feldcurenti
(6) Thespedis nately load, and spect conrolcanbe performedeting, °°" Win votage cent. the
omaigatee Dae eccrsaiotetre an
(0) Reltnelinexprsveandsinpletoacomplish bahmanully and automgigg she riage hast be resulted
{oi Within mits field col docsnotafetspeedregulationin thecaseofget limited to separately exited motor
‘compound. and series matory. ‘
Demers: The demeits ffl consol a method of peed contro are
(@ Inability obtainn speeds below the basic speed. ‘
6 tosabity a hih pds bssuseof armature reaction
gta)
Merits: The merits of this method are:
(@) Good working efficiency
{G@) Commutation difficulties and possible commutator dam: igh s ensotes
Rio Cot: hs rts fcaingrecndeete Seg - a
staircisut Habel vibacienttendec
shun felt
conte ose
motor conte by se
pedis rene,
‘source may be a D.C. vacuum tube, a gas or thyratow tube, of a seimi-condustor silicon conffolled
eins )Spedooatet oversee ongeopo
Late ita ore Gy Theovelleficcn) efesyam nb pal ate
Scanned with CamScanner Basic Ee
ng
so a
pring, working of 9 H6H0 00008 peng
"A
27. Explain constrution.
yw the suitable diagram. Sa
Fe to trtion of Three Phssesynebronous GENEFALOPS: Syichyong
5
oni ently two pars rama heaatre (Far andthe Feld magne
sey
h
riot.
ti
an ironing, formed of lamination oF pea map
(9 Stator: Thea
este llay(silieon steel) havingslts on its
‘Goer periphery to accommodate armature
vendors andskrown a stuf. The WROle
Sot is eld ina frame whic” may be of
Seton cr weledsel plates. Thefts
inbeneenthe stator lx ofthe rotating eld
tuts the core of the stator core. To minimize
the eddy current loss, the stator core is
laminated. The laminations are stared out
complete rng (for smaller machines) or in
Seams (or ger machines) and insulated
from each oer with pape or varnish. The
stampings lo have opeing which make axial
andradalveniating dts provie eset
cealng. A general view of stator and “eis
showninfg(D
Slo provided onthe stor sor are
imines) pe St i sisson.
open slots are more comin used because the cos canbe form-woundm
method. Thstype of slots sso ciliate in emoval and replacement of defective cols
1): Stator ofa Synchronous Genera,
(4) Salient Pote Type
eld Structure
ese eto ,
tor # The field system is just like that of de gonerator whichis excited fix
) Rowe sor 250 Eoaiply Texctalon sana pea fe aes
ese soma thie meander eee ee
ne scl vi ms ude
ee ee ae ena vate eee
panes rly Naan rae eae
Fa eco 3 ot poner gf cen
eer ete ofiac esr een 0 he
The eyo ama (salen pc tnd oman ene peo
satin pole type. Both types are shown in fit).
on ie pl Ps Oo fan of mehronvs gener The sncrnou eer
sates on te base principle of eletomagneticindoton Alternator conver mechanical
ener let ene
“The law of electromagnetic relates to the production of emt. ie. emf induced in a
‘conductor whenever i cus across the magnetic field as shown in fig.(a). This called Faraday
first aw of electromagnetic induction
‘An alternator has stationary armature and rotating magnetic field. The armature may
consist of three phase windings or single phase winding. The field winding is excited by de
Source and when its rotated by suitable prime mover, the stator conductors eut the magnetic
flux and as stated above, according to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, emf wll be
inducedin the stator winding, whichis given as,
as, = Bly
‘The wave shape ofthe induced emf depends upon the wave shape ofthe Mux density.
Q.8. Explain the consteuetion and operating principle of moving iron instruments.
‘Ans. Attraction type Moving iron instrument
Construction: In such an instrument, the movin 1 oval-shaped dsc (or seetr)
3m eccentrcally mounted ona spine. The stationary (oe ied) coils semieyindrsa in
shape, and has a narrow slot-like opening forthe moventent often. The eontolling torque is
‘usually provided by spring but gravity control ean also be provided only in case of vertically
‘mounted instrument. Damping provided is usually of ariction ype
‘Operation : tis well-known that ifan unmagnetised pieee of sof iron is brought near
ther ofthe two ends ofa current col it would be atrate towards the coil, Hence, when &
‘current flows through the stationary (or fel!) ool, x magnetic field is produced in it and the
‘moving iron is attracted by the field, Thus the moving roa dse swings into the coil As the Feld
Scanned with CamScanner @ oo a ee
t pean attain il HEMT gee Sada aiseeees
sng strongest te er spindle artying the dis) deflects, when ey and is proportion SUITE passing through the cl
consequently the pointer («pointers deflection is proportional tothe cu e Jer to achieve uniformity of scale, the fixed iron is
sce nap te pien esion rock ah ay eusis rice tedisoteraesns
S oa pee
ea wy
me '
Moe
oe eee
Se nr ae
= moa
— oe — ees
or aan Ses
‘oval shaped _—
see ag] Gye
Fig (1): Attraction type moving iron instrument
fa eee nneeee
a pe
‘Deflecting iorque (7,)= Controlling torque (7,) ll
ei w
4c, the defection es ropontoa tthe square ofthe ms value of pea
current, . ie
Repulsive-Type moving iron (or coil) instrument
insenad emtion ons fa ei! wound ona brass bobbin. Two so ron pieces
insened inthe empty space ofthe coll. one of which i fixed ; while the other is attached t
spindle, which also cartes the pointer. At zero postion. two soft iron aa
lose to eachother see Fig (a
Operation : Wen current is passed through the coil, both th
: assed throuzh the coil, oth the iron pieces are magnets
tothe same olriy and the repulsive fre which causes the movement of te mov lt
ieee, which in turn e>ses the movements of th
se ‘ovements ofthe pointer against the controlling force of bt
Sng (or waviy we). This epsive ces ndpendent of the dcenon tae cet
ewes are almost vey
Fig (a) : Repulsive type moving iro iastrament
epctng tongue : The repulsive fre etnen to silly mages ie iss
fof pole strength se mm, -
eta magnetisng field (H), the pole strength is proportional oH of the eal So
replive free a Hf
= Deflesting forces T, oe F ; 0
iiasping contol sued then the controling torque.) te sping.
T,, « 0 (angle of deflection)
Inthe steady state postion :7,=T,.
Brom Es (and id, weak:
a,
Kit)
‘te, the angular deflection is proportional othe square of the operating cuent
Q9. Write short note on
{(@) Methods of power factor improvement
(b) Types of Battries
‘Ans a) Methods of Power factor Improvement The fllowing metbods are usually
‘adopted for improving the power factor:
{O. By Une st Taduction Motors Wi Phase Advances The power itr of at
induction motor falls mainly due toits exciting curent drawn from the ac suply mais, because
cin set ag $ tm ep ieee
‘ cit ap
tc eacer or phase advancr which sup ts ting urea ie oa
fequne. Such an excite may be mowed on he sane Sf she mala moo oF my
‘suitably diven from it, Use of phase advancer is not generally economical in conjuction
{W By Use of Satie Ca . ecg t
capacitors in parallel with the equipment operating at lagging power fctor such 8 ndusion
tm fant bes Se rr rend
are very convenient inthe small sizes. The current esd ae
thes canbe rsa nto to component te aie component wich si phase wi
Scanned with CamScanner - Basic Bei
cunts ante guna owatconpoet ofTSSP MABE They
overt adie rl votes advert qiaEOr aes
fuente the eqipnet ass which these are comected. CaPHETs cme copy
cither in star o in delta, as showin Fig) and (2) respectively
=x], =I,
oe *
Sir Connected Capac
Fig =) Fig:
“These capacitors remain connected permanently in parallel with the
across the supply mains whenever the equipment is switched on.
“The value of static eapecitors for improvement of power factor ean be determined ay
‘allows:
equipment and re
Lethe current drawn by am inductive load be of Famperes lagging behind the applica
sltage by an angle 6, and pb improved ta 0s 0, (lagging) by connecting a capacitor aeros
the inductive lad illustrated in Fie 3).
‘Active component of current drawn by load = 1 cos 0, 2 sage
represented by phasor OB in phasor diagram. (Fig 36) [
Reactive (lagging) component of curren drawn by load
~ Isin 6,~ 1.05 6, «tan 6, represented by phasor
ABin phasor diagram
Lath current dawn by capacitor be of, amperes leading
‘heappied voltage V by 22. as repented by phasor BD in Fig 3)
Lagging component of current drawn fom supply ma
‘represented by phasor BC in phasor diagram = OB tan 6,
sn 9,
£086,
‘The-currentdravin by capacitor C, j, should neutralize the
‘active component (lagging) represented by phasor AC in phasor
diagram ce. 1, should be equal to current represented by phasor AB
less curent represented by phasor BC. So
c= Current represented by phasor AB ~ curren
represented by phasor BC ne :
= 105 9, tan 6, 1080, tan 9,
6, ~tan 6).
The value of capacitance required,
erate
; Rsv
‘where Vis supply voltage and fis the supply frequency.
Leos 9,
seein Mach-202
ih ge of Synchronous Condensers = Aa overex
5 yy et Tah mon ee nee terns mar
norton’ Tor the capacitive reactance of which dope
8 phase advancer and
Gmproved by Using SyMchTOnOUs condenser
1 On the motor excitation,
shunt capacitors connected
n [Fig.(4)]- phasor, represents the cur
Wy a large angle ®, and plas ent
Ny Fepresents the
whe ingle @. Tr -
ing he condenss a. The resultant current |i
vances ese taser einen
hse than
Mee ETE or ean be rade ity even. his way
ae tes of syiichronous condenser over stati i
poe a ; ic eapacitor is that power
The aE lied by variation ofthe fieldexctation, By werchoe emes aC
ry be co ; use synchronous condensers
ean very ea erations the voltaze of the Tine can be kept constant at vanous pone lone
Faced at incensed cient capasy ft andingere ne
fh THe vantages of sychronws nko () enna he a SO
The Te igher than that of static capacitors ofthese xing n poste nee
‘falling O°
by. and (i inerenses of shore
ing tent when the ul