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    16th August

    Uploaded by

    Branavan Arulnathan
    The letter d is 100 in ASCII. In binary, it is: 01000100

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    16th August

    Uploaded by

    Branavan Arulnathan
    11 views3 pages
    The letter d is 100 in ASCII. In binary, it is: 01000100

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The letter d is 100 in ASCII. In binary, it is: 01000100

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views3 pages

    16th August

    Uploaded by

    Branavan Arulnathan
    The letter d is 100 in ASCII. In binary, it is: 01000100

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    16 August 2022

    BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)

    • BCD is a 4-bit value that represents a denary digit.


    • It is used due to the convenience and accuracy over certain other methods (eg: floating point).
    • It can be used to represent values in a formatted manner. For example, the date in the format
    DD/MM/YYYY can be represented in BCD for storing in the CMOS.
    • For example, the value 23 can be represented in BCD as follows:

    • The denary value 95 can be converted into BCD as:

    • The BCD value 10001001 can be converted to denary as:

    • Recall that each denary digit was taken as a group of 4 bits to form a BCD value. So the following
    conversion is impossible: 11001010BCD
    • This is because when grouped into 4s each pattern exceeds the denary value 9. So it is an invalid
    BCD value. However, this is a valid binary value that can be converted into Hexadecimal or
    Denary.
    • Despite its convenience and ease of use, BCD takes up more space than a value converted into
    binary.
    Character representation
    • A character is a letter, digit or symbol that is represented in a computer.
    • By default a computer system can represent a specific set of characters. This is known as a
    character set.
    • In the earlier days different manufacturers had their own standards. Consider the following
    example.

    Parallel port
    Serial port

    Commodore EPSON LX-80


    64 Computer printer

    • The Commodore computer (European) had a character set that was not fully compatible with the
    EPSON printer.
    • To resolve this problem, the user had to connect the printer to the computer using a hardware
    interface.
    • This interface provided 2 uses:
    ◦ A physical connection that connects the computer through the serial port to the printer using a
    parallel port.
    ◦ It converts the Commodore’s character to an equivalent EPSON code so that the correct
    character is printed.
    • Thus there was an increased cost for users to work with various devices.
    • As a result, computer hardware and software manufacturers started to set some standards so that
    there would be greater compatibility.
    • From amongst these standards is:
    ◦ ASCII
    ◦ Unicode

    ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

    • ASCII was available in two modes.


    ◦ Standard ASCII – used 7 bits to represent each character. So the MSB was always 0.
    ◦ Extended ASCII – used 8 bits to represent each character.
    • By following the standard, it increased the possibility of exchanging files and programs.
    • Hardware manufacturers had an easier job since they didn’t have to worry about incompatibilities.
    • However, the ASCII character set had to be set at the time a computer was formatted or prepared for
    first time use. It was difficult or impossible to easily switch between languages.
    • For example, a computer set for English using a European character set could not correctly read or
    recognise data from a different language such as Arabic.
    • So when setting up the computer, the user had to specify a code page for the base language. And if
    8-bit extended ASCII were to be used, we could have a maximum of 256 characters (28 = 256).
    • The characters are assigned a numeric value in ASCII. This is done considering the order of letters
    in the alphabet.
    Character ASCII (Denary) ASCII (Binary)
    NULL 0 00000000

    ESC 27
    SPACE 32

    0 48
    1 49

    ENTER 13
    A 65 01000001
    B 66 01000010
    C 67 01000011

    a 97
    b 98

    • The first 32 characters (codes 0 to 31) in ASCII are known as non-printable characters. That is, they
    have a significance but are not printable on screen or printer.
    • When a computer sorts data, it uses the character codes behind them.
    • Note that NULL is character 0 and the symbol/digit 0 is character 48. They’re not the same.

    Eg: The letter a is 97 in ASCII. Show the letter d in binary.


    Eg: The letter a is 97 in ASCII. Show the letter d in binary.

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