Mean, Median & Mode

Mean
The Mean (𝑋̄) is the arithmetic of a set of scores. It involves the values of the scores in the
distribution. This makes the mean the most dependable measure of central tendency. It is the most reliable
since all scores are important.
The Mean of the Ungrouped Scores

When the scores are ungrouped, the Mean can be computed by just adding scores and dividing the sum by
the total number of scores.
The formula is :
Σ𝑁
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑁
Where: N = scores
(Σ) = sum or summation of all the scores.
Examples:
Scores
42
40
` 38
35
32
30
28
27
27
20
Σ𝑁 319
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑁
= 10
= 31. 9
Finding the Mean of Grouped Scores
X f d fd
90-94 2 5 10
85-80 2 4 8
80-89 5 3 15
75-79 7 2 14
70-74 10 1 10
65-69 11 0 0
60-64 8 -1 -6
55-59 3 -2 -8
50-54 0 -3 -0
45-49 2 -4 -8
N= 50 Σ𝑓𝑑 = 35
Σ𝑓𝑑
Mean = Am + ( 𝑁
)i Am = Assumed mean
35
67 + ( 50 ) 𝑥 5 Σ𝑓 = Summation of frequency of deviation
67 + (. 7 𝑥 5) d = deviation
67 + 3. 5 i = interval
= 70. 5 N = No. of Cases
To compute the Mean, the followin steps are followed:
1. Choose the interval (for the assumed mean) to be the arbitrary starting point or “origin”.
In this example the interval 65-69 has been chosen. Call this interval zero.
(Note: Any interval can be chosen, and the final result will be the same. The
particular interval chosen is purely a matter of convenience.)
2. Call the next higher interval + 1, the one above that + 2, etc.; call the next lower -1, the
one below that -2, etc. These are shown in the column labeled d. This column indicates
the number of interval steps each interval is above or below our chosen assumed mean.
3. For each row, multiply the number of cases of frequency (f) by the number of steps of
deviations (d) above or below the chosen origin. These products give the values in the
column fd. Note the minus signs in the lower half of the column.
4. Sum the values in the fd column taking account of the plus and minus signs. (It will be
easier if the plus and the minus entries are summed separately, and then the two part
sums combined to give the final total.)
5. Sum the frequencies in the column f to get the total number of cases in the group. This is
usually labeled N.
6. Divide the sum of the fd by N.

In our example, the sum of fd is 35. So, 35 ÷ 50.
7. Multiply the answer in step 6 by the interval.

The answer in our example in step 6 is .7 and the interval is 5. So, . 7 𝑥 5 − 3. 5
8. Add the result to the assumed mean

The assumed mean in our example is 67. (67 is the midpoint of the interval
(67-69). So, 67 + 3. 5 = 70. 5 This is the Mean.
Median
Another way of representing the typical or average score is to find the value of the score
scale that separates the top half of the group from the bottom half. This is called the Median. It is
also the middle score when all the scores in a distribution are ranked according to size. It is that
score which has 50% of the remaining cases above it and 50% below it. When the median of the
distribution is calculated, all the scores are considered but only with respect to rank. Thus the
inclusion of an additional score usually does not change the median much. Unlock the mean the
median is not affected by extremely high or low scores.
Steps in finding the Median of Ungrouped scores:

a. Arrange the scores from highest to lowest.
b. Add one to the total number of cases ( N + 1)
c. Divide the total by 2
d. Find the th
Study these examples:
X
98
95
92
90
88
88
86
81
80
75
72
𝑁+1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( 2
) 𝑡ℎ
11 + 1
= ( 2 ) 𝑡ℎ
12
= 2
= 6th
Median = 88 is the 6th scores, so it is the Median.
Finding the Median of the Grouped scores
Study how the Median is computed
f cf
120-122 2 40
117-119 2 38
114-116 2 36
111-113 4 34
108-110 5 30
105-107 9 25
102-104 6 16
99-101 3 10
96-98 4 7
93-95 2 3
90-92 1 1
N= 40
Where:
= 104. 5 + ( )3
20−16
9
LL= Lowest Limit
= 104. 5 + ( )3
4
9
N = No. of Cases
= 104. 5 + (. 44 𝑥3) cf = cumulative frequency
= 105. 82 fm = frequency where the measure lies
i = interval
Mode
Now, when the scores are grouped the Mode is computed in another manner. Inspection is
not possible as it is with ungrouped scores.
The Mode of grouped scores can only be computed after the Mean and the Median have
been computed. Why?
Look at the formula used in finding the Mode of grouped scores.
Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean
Let’s assume that the Median of a set of grouped scores is 62.55 and the Mean is 60.25. What is
the mode?
To translate the formula:
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 3 𝑥 62. 55 − 2 𝑥 60. 25

= 187. 65 − 120. 5
= 67. 15
We need to be very careful in computing the Mean and the Median because this will affect
computation of the Mode. If one or the other is wrong, the Mode will be also be wrong.

Mean, Median & Mode

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Mean

The Mean of the Ungrouped Scores

6. Divide the sum of the fd by N.

7. Multiply the answer in step 6 by the interval.

8. Add the result to the assumed mean

Steps in finding the Median of Ungrouped scores:

Study these examples:

Study how the Median is computed

Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean

To translate the formula:

𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 3 𝑥 62. 55 − 2 𝑥 60. 25

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