Managing Interest Rate Risk(II):

Duration GAP and Economic Value

of Equity
Measuring Interest Rate Risk with Duration
GAP
 Economic Value of Equity Analysis
 Focuses on changes in stockholders’
equity given potential changes in
interest rates
 Duration GAP Analysis
 Compares the price sensitivity of a
bank’s total assets with the price
sensitivity of its total liabilities to
assess the impact of potential changes
in interest rates on stockholders’
equity.
Duration GAP
 Duration GAP Model
 Focuses on either managing the market value of
stockholders’ equity
 The bank can protect EITHER the market value of
equity or net interest income, but not both
 Duration GAP analysis emphasizes the impact on
equity
 Compares the duration of a bank’s assets with the
duration of the bank’s liabilities and examines how the
economic value stockholders’ equity will change when
interest rates change.
Steps in Duration GAP Analysis

 Forecast interest rates.

 Estimate the market values of bank assets,
liabilities and stockholders’ equity.
 Estimate the weighted average duration of
assets and the weighted average duration of
liabilities.
 Incorporate the effects of both on- and off-
balance sheet items. These estimates are
used to calculate duration gap.
 Forecasts changes in the market value of
stockholders’ equity across different
interest rate environments.
Weighted Average Duration of Bank Assets

 Weighted Average Duration of Bank

Assets (DA)
n
DA   w iDai
i
 Where
 wi = Market value of asset i divided by
the market value of all bank assets
 Dai = Macaulay’s duration of asset i

 n = number of different bank assets

Weighted Average Duration of Bank Liabilities

 Weighted Average Duration of Bank

Liabilities (DL)
m
DL   z jDlj
j
 Where
 zj = Market value of liability j divided by
the market value of all bank liabilities
 Dlj= Macaulay’s duration of liability j

 m = number of different bank liabilities

Duration GAP and Economic Value of Equity
 Let MVA and MVL equal the market values of
assets and liabilities, respectively.
 If: ΔEVE  ΔMVA  ΔMVL
and
Duration GAP
DGAP  DA - (MVL/MVA)D L
 y 
 Then: ΔEVE  - DGAP  MVA
 (1  y) 

where y = the general level of interest

rates
 To protect the economic value of equity
against any change when rates change , the
bank could set the duration gap to zero:
 Hypothetical Bank Balance Sheet
1 Par Years Market
$1,000 % Coup Mat. YTM Value Dur.
Assets
Cash $100 $ 100
Earning assets
3-yr Commercial loan $ 700 12.00% 3 12.00% $ 700 2.69
6-yr Treasury bond $ 200 8.00% 6 8.00% $ 200 4.99
84 1 84  2 84  3 700  3$ 900
Total Earning Assets
 -
$ 900
  11.11%
(1.12)1
Non-cash earning assets $ (1 .12) (1.12)3
2
(1.12)3$ -
Total assets D  $ 1,000 10.00% $ 1,000 2.88
700
Liabilities
Interest bearing liabs.
1-yr Time deposit $ 620 5.00% 1 5.00% $ 620 1.00
3-yr Certificate of deposit $ 300 7.00% 3 7.00% $ 300 2.81
Tot. Int Bearing Liabs. $ 920 5.65% $ 920
Tot. non-int. bearing $ - $ -
Total liabilities $ 920 5.65% $ 920 1.59
Total equity $ 80 $ 80
Total liabs & equity $ 1,000 $ 1,000
Calculating DGAP

 DA
 ($700/$1000)*2.69 + ($200/$1000)*4.99 = 2.88
 DL
 ($620/$920)*1.00 + ($300/$920)*2.81 = 1.59
 DGAP
 2.88 - (920/1000)*1.59 = 1.42 years
 What does this tell us?
 The average duration of assets is greater than the
average duration of liabilities; thus asset values
change by more than liability values.
 1 percent increase in all rates.
1 Par Years Market
$1,000 % Coup Mat. YTM Value Dur.
Assets
Cash $ 100 $ 100
Earning assets
3-yr Commercial loan $ 700 12.00% 3 13.00% $ 683 2.69
6-yr Treasury bond $ 200 8.00% 6 9.00% $ 191 4.97
Total Earning Assets $ 900 12.13% $ 875
84 700 $

3
PV 
Non-cash earning assets $ -
 t
 -
Total assets $ 1,000 t 1
1.13 10.88%3 $
1.13 975 2.86

Liabilities
Interest bearing liabs.
1-yr Time deposit $ 620 5.00% 1 6.00% $ 614 1.00
3-yr Certificate of deposit $ 300 7.00% 3 8.00% $ 292 2.81
Tot. Int Bearing Liabs. $ 920 6.64% $ 906
Tot. non-int. bearing $ - $ -
Total liabilities $ 920 6.64% $ 906 1.58
Total equity $ 80 $ 68
Total liabs & equity $ 1,000 $ 975
Calculating DGAP

 DA
 ($683/$974)*2.68 + ($191/$974)*4.97 = 2.86
 DA
 ($614/$906)*1.00 + ($292/$906)*2.80 = 1.58
 DGAP
 2.86 - ($906/$974) * 1.58 = 1.36 years
 What does 1.36 mean?
 The average duration of assets is greater than the
average duration of liabilities, thus asset values
change by more than liability values.
Change in the Market Value of Equity

y
ΔEVE  - DGAP[ ]MVA
(1  y)

 In this case:

.01
ΔEVE  - 1.42[ ]$1,000  $12.91
1.10
Positive and Negative Duration GAPs

 Positive DGAP
 Indicates that assets are more price sensitive
than liabilities, on average.
 Thus, when interest rates rise (fall), assets will
fall proportionately more (less) in value than
liabilities and EVE will fall (rise) accordingly.
 Negative DGAP
 Indicates that weighted liabilities are more
price sensitive than weighted assets.
 Thus, when interest rates rise (fall), assets will
fall proportionately less (more) in value that
liabilities and the EVE will rise (fall).
DGAP Summary

DGAP Summary
Change in
DGAP Interest
Assets Liabilities Equity
Rates
Positive Increase Decrease > Decrease → Decrease
Positive Decrease Increase > Increase → Increase

Negative Increase Decrease < Decrease → Increase

Negative Decrease Increase < Increase → Decrease

Zero Increase Decrease = Decrease → None

Zero Decrease Increase = Increase → None
An Immunized Portfolio

 To immunize the EVE from rate

changes in the example, the bank
would need to:
 decrease the asset duration by 1.42
years or
 increase the duration of liabilities by
1.54 years
 DA / ( MVA/MVL)
= 1.42 / ($920 / $1,000)
= 1.54 years
Immunized Portfolio
1 Par Years Market
$1,000 % Coup Mat. YTM Value Dur.
Assets
Cash $ 100 $ 100
Earning assets
3-yr Commercial loan $ 700 12.00% 3 12.00% $ 700 2.69
6-yr Treasury bond $ 200 8.00% 6 8.00% $ 200 4.99
Total Earning Assets $ 900 11.11% $ 900
Non-cash earning assets$ - $ -
Total assets $ 1,000 10.00% $ 1,000 2.88

Liabilities
Interest bearing liabs.
1-yr Time deposit $ 340 5.00% 1 5.00% $ 340 1.00
3-yr Certificate of deposit$ 300 7.00% 3 7.00% $ 300 2.81
6-yr Zero-coupon CD* $ 444 0.00% 6 8.00% $ 280 6.00
Tot. Int Bearing Liabs. $ 1,084 6.57% $ 920
Tot. non-int. bearing $ - $ -
Total liabilities $ 1,084 6.57% $ 920 3.11
Total equity $ 80 $ 80

DGAP = 2.88 – 0.92 (3.11) ≈ 0

Immunized Portfolio with a 1% increase in rates

1 Par Years Market

$1,000 % Coup Mat. YTM Value Dur.
Assets
Cash $ 100.0 $ 100.0
Earning assets
3-yr Commercial loan $ 700.0 12.00% 3 13.00% $ 683.5 2.69
6-yr Treasury bond $ 200.0 8.00% 6 9.00% $ 191.0 4.97
Total Earning Assets $ 900.0 12.13% $ 874.5
Non-cash earning assets$ - $ -
Total assets $ 1,000.0 10.88% $ 974.5 2.86

Liabilities
Interest bearing liabs.
1-yr Time deposit $ 340.0 5.00% 1 6.00% $ 336.8 1.00
3-yr Certificate of deposit$ 300.0 7.00% 3 8.00% $ 292.3 2.81
6-yr Zero-coupon CD* $ 444.3 0.00% 6 9.00% $ 264.9 6.00
Tot. Int Bearing Liabs. $ 1,084.3 7.54% $ 894.0
Tot. non-int. bearing $ - $ -
Total liabilities $ 1,084.3 7.54% $ 894.0 3.07
Total equity $ 80.0 $ 80.5
Immunized Portfolio with a 1% increase in rates

 EVE changed by only $0.5 with the

immunized portfolio versus $25.0
when the portfolio was not immunized.
Economic Value of Equity Sensitivity Analysis

 Effectively involves the same steps as

earnings sensitivity analysis.
 In EVE analysis, however, the bank
focuses on:
 The relative durations of assets and
liabilities
 How much the durations change in
different interest rate environments
 What happens to the economic value of
equity across different rate environments
Embedded Options

 Embedded options sharply influence the

estimated volatility in EVE
 Prepayments that exceed (fall short of)
that expected will shorten (lengthen)
duration.
 A bond being called will shorten duration.
 A deposit that is withdrawn early will
shorten duration.
 A deposit that is not withdrawn as
expected will lengthen duration.
 First Savings Bank Economic Value of Equity
Market Value/Duration Report as of 12/31/04
Most Likely Rate Scenario-Base Strategy
Assets

Book Value Market Value Book Yield Duration*

Loans
Prime Based Ln $ 100,000 $ 102,000 9.00%
Equity Credit Lines $ 25,000 $ 25,500 8.75% -
Fixed Rate > I yr $ 170,000 $ 170,850 7.50% 1.1
Var Rate Mtg 1 Yr $ 55,000 $ 54,725 6.90% 0.5
30-Year Mortgage $ 250,000 $ 245,000 7.60% 6.0
Consumer Ln $ 100,000 $ 100,500 8.00% 1.9
Credit Card $ 25,000 $ 25,000 14.00% 1.0
Total Loans $ 725,000 $ 723,575 8.03% 2.6
Loan Loss Reserve $ (15,000) $ 11,250 0.00% 8.0
Net Loans $ 710,000 $ 712,325 8.03% 2.5
Investments
Eurodollars $ 80,000 $ 80,000 5.50% 0.1
CMO Fix Rate $ 35,000 $ 34,825 6.25% 2.0
US Treasury $ 75,000 $ 74,813 5.80% 1.8
Total Investments $ 190,000 $ 189,638 5.76% 1.1
Fed Funds Sold $ 25,000 $ 25,000 5.25% -
Cash & Due From $ 15,000 $ 15,000 0.00% 6.5
Non-int Rel Assets $ 60,000 $ 60,000 0.00% 8.0
Total Assets $ 100,000 $ 100,000 6.93% 2.6
 First Savings Bank Economic Value of Equity
Market Value/Duration Report as of 12/31/04
Most Likely Rate Scenario-Base Strategy
Liabilities

Book Value Market Value Book Yield Duration*

Deposits
MMDA $ 240,000 $ 232,800 2.25% -
Retail CDs $ 400,000 $ 400,000 5.40% 1.1
Savings $ 35,000 $ 33,600 4.00% 1.9
NOW $ 40,000 $ 38,800 2.00% 1.9
DDA Personal $ 55,000 $ 52,250 8.0
Comm'l DDA $ 60,000 $ 58,200 4.8
Total Deposits $ 830,000 $ 815,650 1.6
TT&L $ 25,000 $ 25,000 5.00% -
L-T Notes Fixed $ 50,000 $ 50,250 8.00% 5.9
Fed Funds Purch - - 5.25% -
NIR Liabilities $ 30,000 $ 28,500 8.0
Total Liabilities $ 935,000 $ 919,400 2.0
Equity $ 65,000 $ 82,563 9.9
Total Liab & Equity $ 1,000,000 $ 1,001,963 2.6
Off Balance Sheet Notional
lnt Rate Swaps - $ 1,250 6.00% 2.8 50,000
Adjusted Equity $ 65,000 $ 83,813 7.9
Duration Gap for First Savings Bank EVE

 Market Value of Assets

 $1,001,963

 Duration of Assets
 2.6 years
 Market Value of Liabilities
 $919,400

 Duration of Liabilities
 2.0 years
Duration Gap for First Savings Bank EVE

 Duration Gap
= 2.6 – ($919,400/$1,001,963)*2.0
= 0.765 years
 Example:
A 1% increase in rates would reduce
EVE by $7.2 million
= 0.765 (0.01 / 1.0693) * $1,001,963
 Recall that the average rate on assets
is 6.93%
Effective “Duration” of Equity

 By definition, duration measures the

percentage change in market value for
a given change in interest rates
 Thus,a bank’s duration of equity
measures the percentage change in
EVE that will occur with a 1 percent
change in rates:
 Effective duration of equity
9.9 yrs. = $8,200 / $82,563
Asset/Liability Sensitivity and DGAP
 Funding GAP and Duration GAP are NOT
directly comparable
 Funding GAP examines various “time
buckets” while Duration GAP represents
the entire balance sheet.
 Generally, if a bank is liability (asset)
sensitive in the sense that net interest
income falls (rises) when rates rise and
vice versa, it will likely have a positive
(negative) DGAP suggesting that assets
are more price sensitive than liabilities, on
average.
Strengths and Weaknesses: DGAP and EVE-
Sensitivity Analysis
 Strengths
 Duration analysis provides a
comprehensive measure of interest rate
risk
 Duration measures are additive
 This allows for the matching of total

assets with total liabilities rather than the

matching of individual accounts
 Duration analysis takes a longer term
view than static gap analysis
Strengths and Weaknesses: DGAP and EVE-
Sensitivity Analysis
 Weaknesses
 It is difficult to compute duration
accurately
 “Correct” duration analysis requires that
each future cash flow be discounted by a
distinct discount rate
 A bank must continuously monitor and
adjust the duration of its portfolio
 It is difficult to estimate the duration on
assets and liabilities that do not earn or
pay interest
 Duration measures are highly subjective
Speculating on Duration GAP

 It is difficult to actively vary GAP or

DGAP and consistently win
 Interest rates forecasts are frequently
wrong
 Even if rates change as predicted,
banks have limited flexibility in vary
GAP and DGAP and must often
sacrifice yield to do so