Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and management, Nagpur-13

Department of Electrical Engineering

I Semester : 20-21
Basic Electrical Engineering
EET151

Introduction to electrical

power systems
1
Introduction to Electrical Power Systems

By Prof. N. M. Deshkar

,
 Power and Energy are buzz words in today’s world.
 Electricity is emerged as basic necessity with Food, Shelter and
Clothing for human being.
 Life without electricity has become highly unimaginable.
 Electric locomotives, Heating, Cooling, Fans, Blowers, Motors,
Illumination are some applications that converts electrical energy
into useful work.
 Progress of any nation is measured in terms of per capita consumption
of electrical energy.(KWH consumed per person per year)
 India- 1208 KWH /person per year (31-03-2020)
UK- 15 times that of India
US- 30 times that of India
 Reasons of Popularity of electricity:-
Clean environment for user
Higher efficiency
Better controllability
Quick transfer of power from source to load
Energy conservation is simple
RES Scenario In India (31-12-2019)

 Wind Power ---37,505 MW

 Small Hydro--4,672 MW
 Bio Power ---9,861 MW
 Solar PV ---33,712 MW
 Total Installed Capacity-- 85,908 MW
 Power Generation Scenario in India (31-03-2020)
Power Generation
 Thermal Power --- 2,30,600MW
24%
 Hydro Power --- 45,699MW 2%
Thermal
Hydro
12% 62%
 Nuclear Power --- 6,780MW Nuclear
Other

 Other sources --- 87,028MW

 Total Installed Capacity--- 3,70,106 MW

 Sources Of Electrical Power Generation

A. Conventional Sources B. Non conventional Sources

 Thermal (Coal)  Wind

 Nuclear
 Solar- PV
 Gas
 Biomass

 Water
Disadvantages Of Conventional Sources
 Fossil fuels shall be depleted, forcing us to conserve them
and find alternative resources.
 Toxic, Hazardous gases, Residues pollute environment.
 Overall conversion efficiency is very poor.
 Sources are located at remote places with reference to load,
increasing transmission cost.
 Maintenance cost is high.
Coal Based Thermal Power Plant
 Coal Based Thermal Power Plant
Procedure:
 India has rich stock of coal as natural resource.
 Chemical energy stored in coal is transformed to electrical energy.
 Coal powder is fired in boiler that converts water into steam at high temperature and pressure.
 This steam is injected over the blades of steam turbine (prime mover) in controlled way and hence,
rotor of 3 PH a.c. generator rotates.
 Mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy at rated voltage(10-30KV).
 Used steam is cooled down to water using cooling towers and condensers.
 This preheated water is again injected in boiler tubes to convert back to steam.
 Flue gases are passed into atmosphere and fine particles of ash are collected through ESP.
 Ash(40% of coal weight) is collected and transported to AHP.
Block Diagram Of Coal Fired Thermal Plant
Merits of Coal Thermal Plant

 Coal is cheap and available in abundance at present

 It is a time tested process, so no experimentation is required.
 Less space required as compared to Hydro based station and
less hazardous than Nuclear power plant.
 Less initial cost as compared to other conventional process of
power generation.
Demerits of Coal Thermal plant

 Calorific value (Kcal/Kg) of Indian coal is very low and

large ash content.
 Huge volume of ash is produced daily and it’s disposal is
burning issue today.
 Atmospheric pollution is very high.
 Transportation of coal to plant and transmission of
generated power to load centre involves large expenses.
Nuclear Thermal Power Plant
Nuclear Thermal Power Plant
 Nuclear Thermal Power Plant
 Huge amount of thermal energy is produced through
Nuclear Fusion and Fission process of radioactive
elements.
 This thermal energy is used to produce steam that can be
utilized to rotate the turbine coupled to 3 PH a.c. generator.
 Fusion is the process in which two light weight nuclei
combine to produce heavier nucleus, a neutron and lot of
exothermic energy.
 In fusion Deuterium and Tritium nuclei are fused to produce heavy
Helium, Neutron and 17.6 MeV of energy.
 One gram of Deuterium contains 1,00,000 KWh of energy which is
10 million times that released by combustion of one gram of coal.
 Fission is the reaction in which heavy nucleus is split in to two or more
lighter nuclei with release of neutrons, fission fragment, gamma rays and lot
of thermal energy.
 Released neutrons has high KE and collides with other nuclei resulting into
secondary fission which again produce same components as before.
 This process results into sustained chain reaction
producing huge amount of energy that can be utilized for
producing steam that is subsequently used for rotating turbine.
 The main requirement of fission is such that the reaction should
be self sustained in nature.
 For self sustained reaction the substance should be
fissile, it should not decay quickly and should be available
in nature in moderate quantity.
 All radioactive elements are fissile and satisfy the
conditions as specified for self sustained reaction.
Uranium-235 is commonly used for the process.
 When it accepts neutron, it is fissioned into Barium,
Krypton, neutrons, gamma rays and 200MeV energy
 All the time this huge heat energy is not required and if it
is not controlled then may result in disaster.
 Speed of neutrons is controlled by moderators like Graphite
and heavy water to achieve critical speed of reaction.
 Further more, control rods, like cadmium, are placed between
fuel rods that absorb neutrons for regulation of reaction thereby
to obtain power control of generators.
 The control rods are pushed in and pulled out to decrease and
increase power output respectively.
Block Schematic for Nuclear Power Plant
 Advantages of Nuclear Power Generation
 Less quantity of fuel for generation of given amount of energy
compared to other sources.
 High reliability, Efficient and less running cost.
Disadvantages of Nuclear Power Generation

 Fuel is expensive and not available in abundance everywhere.

 High capital cost.
 Maintenance cost is very high.
 Nuclear waste disposal is a great problem.
Hydro power plant
Hydro power plant
 Hydro-electric power is generated by the flow of water through turbine,
turning the blades of the turbine.
 A generator shaft connected to this turbine also rotates and hence generates
electricity.
 The main components of a hydel power plant are:
• 1. Dam/Reservoir/Large buffer tank
• 2. Penstock
• 3. Power House
• a. Turbines
• b. Generators
• c. Step-up Transformers
Schematic Block Diagram for Hydroelectric
Power Plant
Depending on the capacity, hydel power plants are divided
into the following categories:
 Hydel plants are normally not in a continuous operation mode and used for peak periods
during the day like the wee hours and in the evening.
 Also, they are used when the continuously operating thermal plants go into overhauling.
 This is possible due to the less start up time required by hydro power stations which is
normally in few minutes as compared to thermal power plant which is more than 8 hours.
 The command for starting or shutting is issued by from the related Load Dispatch Center
(LDC) of that particular region
 Hydel plants have an efficiency of 75%.
The power delivered is given by the following expression:

Power delivered = 7*H*dQ/dt Kilo watts, Where,

H = Head in meters
dQ/dt = Rate of discharge in m3/s.
Advantages of Hydro Power Generation
 Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rate
 If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping electricity
generation
 The build up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored until
needed, when the water is released to produce electricity.
 The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes.
 Hydropower is fueled by water, so it's a clean fuel source. Hydropower
doesn't pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as coal, oil
or natural gas.
Disadvantages of Hydro Power Generation
 Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built
to a very high standard.
 People living in villages and towns that are in the valley
to be flooded, must move out.
 Hydro power plants can be impacted by drought. When
water is not available, the hydro power plants can't produce
electricity.
Wind power plants
Wind power plants :
 The wind energy is one of the most effective renewable power and relevant
technologies for its conversion in useful form.
 India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world.
 A Wind Energy Conversion System is a structure that transforms the kinetic energy
of the incoming air stream into electrical energy.
 There are two basic configurations namely vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) and
horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT).
 Today the vast majority of manufactured wind turbines are horizontal axis with either two
or three blades.
 Block Schematic for Wind Power Plant

Grid Connected Wind Turbine System

Stand Alone Wind Turbine System
 Block Schematic for Wind Power Plant

DC/ DC DC/AC utility line

wind
Rectifier converter inverter
generator

The grid-connected application

wind DC/DC D C / AC AC l oad

g e ne rat o r recti fier
converter inverter

DC l oad
DC-DC
C onve r t e r

B a t t e ry

The stand-alone application

Wind Generator
 HAWT
VAWT

VAWT
Wind Zones in India
 Types of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS)

There are two types of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS).

1. Variable-speed WECS
2. Fixed-speed WECS.
 Variable-speed wind turbines are currently the most used WECS.
 Fixed-speed WECS operate at constant speed and Variable-speed WECS at
variable speed.
 In Fixed-speed WECS generated voltage and frequency is constant but in Variable-
speed WECS generated voltage and frequency is varying with respect to wind speed.
 Advantages of Wind Energy System
 The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently.
 Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces, does not cause green
house gases or other pollutants.
 Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use
wind turbines to produce their own supply.
 Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range
of people and businesses can use them.
 Single households to small towns and villages can make good use of range
of wind turbines available today
Disadvantages of Wind Power:
 The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies
from zero to storm force.
 This means that wind turbines do not produce the same

amount of electricity all the time.

 There will be times when they produce no electricity at all.

 Wind turbines are noisy.

Solar Energy
 A photovoltaic cell is the basic device that converts solar radiation into
electricity.
 PV cell can be either circular in construction or square.
 Cells are arranged in a frame to form a module. Modules put together
form a panel. Many Panels together form an array.
 Each PV cell is rated in watt-peak (Wp).
 Only a small part of the radiant energy that the sun emits into space ever
reaches the Earth, but that is more than enough to supply all our energy
needs. The energy which reaches earth surface is taken as 1 KW/ sq.m
approximately
 Applications

 Solar Water Heating :

Solar energy can be used to heat water. A solar water heater works a lot
like solar space heating. A solar collector is mounted on the roof where it
can capture sunlight.
Photovoltaic Electricity:-
Photovoltaic comes from the words photo meaning light and volt, a
measurement of electricity. Sometimes photovoltaic cells are called PV cells
or solar cells for short.
Solar cells are made up of silicon, the same substance that makes up
sand. Silicon is the second most common substance on Earth.
Electricity is produced when sunlight strikes the solar cell, causing
the electrons to move around.
 Advantages of Solar Energy Systems
 After initial investment, all the electricity produced is free.
 Incentives and rebates from government and utility
companies offset the initial investment.
 Clean, renewable energy source.
 No transmission costs for stand alone systems.
 Virtually no maintenance and no recurring costs
 Ideal for remote locations that cannot be tied to the grid
Solar Energy Disadvantages

 High initial cost to purchase solar panel system

A relatively large area is required to install a solar system
 The highest efficiency is dependent on full sun exposure
 No electricity can be produced at night, and reduced
production on cloudy/rainy days
 Interconnection of Generation, Transmission,
Distribution and Utilization Systems
 Location for electrical power plant is normally decided near the fuel base
(coal, gas, water)

 The huge power generated cannot be consumed in the area in which it is

generated.

 The voltage level at which it is generated is between10 to 30 KV.

The generated power is to be transmitted to the locations where it is

demanded like Industries, cities, etc. which we generally refer as ‘Load’.
Distances between generation plant and place where it is needed is very large.

Hence, to avoid Cu losses specifically, generated voltage needs to be

stepped up to 132 KV , 220 KV, 400 KV, 765 KV and the latest 1200 KV for
Transmission.
Once power is dispatched to Load Centres, the transmission voltage levels
are stepped down to 66KV, 33KV or 11KV for distribution of power.
Once the power reaches to doorstep of consumer, the distribution voltage
level is again stepped down to utilisation voltage level i.e. 440V or 650V
Single Line
G enerator

Representation of 10 to 30 K V

Power System
Step-up T/F

1 3 2 K V, 2 2 0 K V, 4 0 0 K V.

Transmi ssi on E H V

Step down T/F

6 6 K V, 3 3 K V O R 1 1 K V
Distribution H V Receiving
Station

Step D o w n
To l a rg e In d u s t r i e s a t 1 1 k v o r 3 3 k v o r 6 6 k v
T/F
cons um er of H V level
4 4 0 V (Utilization)

C o n s u m e r s o f LV l e v e l
 Change in voltage level is possible due to Transformer.
 Generated power is transmitted and distributed through :
1.Overhead transmission Lines
2.Underground Cables.
 Transmission voltage level is very high and distance between generation
point and receiving station is also very large.
 So, for transmission of power, overhead system is adopted than
underground system considering the voltage drops and cost involved.
 Generation, transmission and distribution is exclusively three phase in
nature and only three conductors are required.
 Utilization network can be three phase or single phase. So, it requires 3
or 4 conductors ( additional conductor for neutral) respectively.
 Types of Distribution System
a) Three phase three wire system :
1. This system requires 3 wires or conductors for distribution
2.May be connected in Star or Delta. If Star connected, then star
point is connected to earth. i.e. zero potential
3.Load must be of 3 phase nature and balanced i.e. magnitude of
current should be same in each phase.
4.An electric load of single phase nature cannot be connected.
a) Three phase four wire system :
1. This system requires 4 wires or conductors for distribution.
2. Can be connected in Star only. The star point is also called
neutral.
3.An electric load of 3 phase and also single phase can be connected.
3 Phase 3 wire transmission / 3 phase 4 wire utilization
 UPS
 An uninterruptible power supply (ups) is a device that has an alternate source
of energy that can provide power when the primary power source is
temporarily disabled.
 The switchover time must be small enough to not cause a disruption in the
operation of the loads.
It protects against multiple types of power disturbances. and power outage

Offers protection against :

 Equipment not operating properly
 Computer and equipment damage
 Data loss
Time and expense to recover back to where you were, if even possible
UPS Block Diagram
 InverterS
 Inverters change Direct
Current (DC) to Alternating
Current (AC).
 Stand-Alone inverters can be
used to convert DC from a
battery to AC to run electronic
equipment, motors, appliances,
etc.
 UPS and Inverter Components
 CONVERTER - AC TO DC
Surge Protection Devices (SPD) - Protects against SPIKES and
TRANSIENTS
 BATTERY

STORED ENERGY DEVICE - Protects against

INTERRUPTIONS
 INVERTER – DC TO AC

WAVEFORM SYNTHESIS – Protects against DC OFFSET and

INTERHARMONICS
FILTER – Protects against HARMONICS, NOTCHING and
NOISE
VOLTAGE REGULATOR – Protects against SAGS, SURGES and
FLUCTUATIONS
51
 Battery Safety
 MAINTENANCE
 INSPECT PERIODICALLY
 REPLACE AS NEEDED
 RISKS
 ACID
 ELECTRIC SHOCK
 BURN
 FLYING, MOLTEN METAL (EYES)
 INJURIES RESULTING FROM CARRYING HEAVY BATTERY
PACKS
 DISPOSAL
 DISPOSE OF PROPERLY
 RECYCLE WHENEVER POSSIBLE

52
 Earthing
 The potential of the earth is considered to be at zero for
all practical purposes.

 Earthing is to connect any electrical equipment to earth

with a very low resistance wire, making it to attain earth’s
potential.

 This ensures safe discharge of electric energy, which

may be due to reasons like failure of the insulation, line
coming in contact with the casing etc.

 Earthing brings the potential of the body of the

equipment to ZERO i.e. to the earth’s potential, thus
protecting the operating personnel against electrical
shock.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The earth resistance is affected by the following

factors:
1.Material properties of the earth wire and the electrode
2. Temperature and moisture content of the soil
3. Depth of the pit
4. Quantity of the charcoal used
Importance of Earthing
Necessity of Earthing:
 To protect the operating personnel from danger of shock in case they
come in contact with the charged frame due to defective insulation.
 To maintain the line voltage constant under unbalanced load condition.
 Protection of the equipments
 Protection of large buildings and all machines fed from overhead lines
against lightning.
Methods of Earthing:
 Plate earthing
 Pipe earthing
 Strip or wire earthing
 Rod earthing
Difference between Earth wire and Neutral wire
Neutral wire :
1. In a 3 phase 4 wire system, the fourth wire is neutral wire.
2. It acts as a return path for 3 phase currents when the load is not
balanced.
3. In domestic single phase AC circuit, the neutral wire acts as a return
path for line current.
Earth wire :
1. Earth wire is actually connected to the general mass of the earth and
metallic body of the equipment.
2. It is provided to transfer any leakage current from the metallic body to
the earth.
 Protective Devices
 Protection for electrical installation must be provided in the event of
faults such as-
1. Short circuit
2. Overload
3. Earth faults
1. Short circuit
 In this phenomenon, the current is diverted from its desired path.
 Its magnitude may be 10 to 20 times full load current and power losses
are 100 to 400 times the normal value.
 During short circuit, the rate of heat dissipation is very low or nil, but the
rate of rise of conductor temperature is very high
2. Overload

 Any increase in the conductor temperature above the recommended

maximum temperature of associated insulation is called as an overload.
 If insulation fails, it will result in short circuit.
 Overload is a very slow process and is not a fault, but may lead to fault.
3. Earth faults.
 Leakage currents are of small magnitude in milliamperes or a few amperes.
 Due to small magnitudes, earth leakage currents are not detected by overload or
SC protecting devices.
 If not detected it may result into local heating and short circuits.
 These leakage currents if flowing through human body, even for few seconds,
may prove to be fatal for human being.
The protective circuit or device must be fast acting and isolate
the faulty part of the circuit immediately.
. It also helps in isolating only required part of the circuit
without affecting the remaining circuit during maintenance.
 Devices Used to Provide Protections

 Fuses
 Miniature circuit breakers (MCB)
 Earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB) or Residual Current Circuit
Breaker (RCCB)
 Molten Clad Circuit Breaker (MCCB)
 Motor Protection Circuit Breaker (MPCB)
 Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)
 Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)
 SF6 Circuit Breaker
 Fuse
 The electrical equipments are designed to
carry a particular rated value of current
under normal circumstances.
 Under abnormal conditions such as short circuit,
overload or any fault the current raises above
this value, damaging the equipment and
sometimes resulting in fire hazard.
 Fuses are pressed into operation under such
situations.
 It is a short length of wire made of lead / tin /alloy of lead
and tin/ zinc having a low melting point and low ohmic
losses.
 Under normal operating conditions it is designed to carry the
full load current.
 If the current increases beyond this designed value due any
of the reasons mentioned above, the fuse melts (said to be
blown) isolating the power supply from the load .
The material used for fuse wires must have the following characteristics :
 Low melting point
 Low ohmic losses
 High conductivity
 Lower rate of deterioration
Re-wirable or kit -kat fuses
 These fuses are simple in construction, cheap and
available up-to a current rating of 200A. They are
erratic in operation and their performance
deteriorates with time.

HRC cartridge fuse

 The high rupturing capacity or (HRC) fuse consists
of a heat resistant ceramic body.
 Then silver or bimetallic fuse element is welded
to the end brass caps.
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
 MCBs are replacing the rewirable switch-fuse units for low
power domestic and industrial applications in a very fast
manner.
 The disadvantages of fuses like low SC interrupting capacity
(say 3 KA), etc. are overcome with high SC breaking capacity of
10 KA.
 MCB is a combination of all three functions in a wiring system
like switching, overload and short circuit protection.
 Overload protection by using bimetallic strips and short circuit
protection by using solenoid.
 These are available in single pole, double pole, triple pole and
four pole versions with neutral poles if required.
 The normal current ratings are available from 0.5 to 63 A with a
symmetrical short circuit rupturing capacity of 3-10 KA, at a
voltage level of 230/440V.
 The 10 ampere DIN rail -mounted thermal magnetic
miniature circuit breaker is the most common style in
modern domestic consumer units and commercial
electrical distribution boards throughout Europe. The
design includes the following components:
1. Actuator lever - used to manually trip and reset the
circuit breaker. Also indicates the status of the circuit
breaker (On or Off/tripped). Most breakers are designed
so they can still trip even if the lever is held or locked in
the "on" position. This is sometimes referred to as "free
trip" or "positive trip" operation.
2. Actuator mechanism - forces the
contacts together or apart.
3. Contacts - Allow current when touching and break the
current when moved apart.
4. Terminals
5. Bimetallic strip.
6. Calibration screw - allows the manufacturer to
7. Solenoid precisely adjust the trip current of the device after
8. Arc divider/extinguisher assembly.
 Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
 None of the protection devices like MCB, MCCB, etc. can protect the human life
against electric shocks or avoid fire due to leakage current.
 The human resistance noticeably drops with an increase in voltage. It also depends
upon the duration of impressed voltage and drops with increase in time.
 As per IS code, a contact potential of 65 volts is within tolerable limit of human body
for 10 seconds, where as 250 Volts can be withstood by human body for 100
milliseconds.
 The actual effect of current through human body varies from person to person with
ref. to magnitude and duration.
 The body resistance at 10 volts is assessed to be 19 kΩ for 1 second and 8kΩ for 15
min. At 240 V, it is 3 to 3.6 kΩ for dry skin and 1 to 1.2 kΩ for wet skin.
 ELCBs are available in sensitivity of 30, 100 and 300 mA. IEC specify 30 mA
sensitivity ELCB for human life protection.
 They are also called Residual current circuit breakers (RCCB)
THANK YOU