Analysis of Status of Mammal found in Central

Zoo of Lalitpur District, Nepal

A REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE

ST. XAVIERS SCHOOL GODAVARI, LALITPUR
FOR THE PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT
FOR THE SECONDARY LEVEL EDUCATION, NEB (GRADE
XI)
BY
ARJAB ACHARYA
04/2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It has been a great opportunity for me to work under the guidance of Mr.
Sujen Rajkarnikar, Department of Biology, St. Xaviers School, Godavari,
Nepal. I express my sincere gratitude for her valuable suggestions,
constructive criticisms and deep sense of perfection which enabled me to
complete this work.

I am highly obliged to Mr. Sujen Rajnarkikar, Dept of Biology for his

continuous cooperation and encouragement.

ARJAB ACHARYA

18th April/2023
 LETTER OF APPROVAL
DATE: 19/04/2023
The research report submitted by ARJAB ACHARYA , entitle “Analysis of Status
of Mammals found in Central Zoo of Lalitpur District, Nepal” is carried
out by her. I approve this report for the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for National Education Board, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal.

:
Head of Department of zoology
St. Xavier’s School Godavari
Godavari, Lalitpur
 ABSTRACT
This research is an assessment of the comparative of the comparative analysis of
longevity and status of mammals found in central zoo of Lalitpur district, Nepal. The
primary field study duration was three days. Animals, being an important blessing of
nature, have held an important place in maintaining biodiversity. Any ecosystem is
incomplete without animals. Mammals are a class of animals that is often
considered to be the highest class of all the animals. Global biodiversity is being lost
much faster than natural extinction due to changes in unsustainable use of natural
resources, climate change and pollution among others. (WWF, 2019)
This study is an assessment of the comparative analysis longevity and status of
mammals found in central zoo of Lalitpur district, Nepal. The outcome of the study
helps to compare the life span of mammals in their natural habitat with their life
span inside the premises of zoo. The study helps on rising consciousness among
people about the conservation of animals by giving assess to the status of different
species of mammals found in zoo which is likely to represent the status of animals
of Nepal.
There were several limitations of the study like time limitation, use of secondary,
data and small area of central zoo, species were limited and hence the result cannot
be compared to national level.
The lifespan of animals kept in captivity is seen longer than that of animals living
freely in Wildlife. Hunting, poaching, and exporting animals for monetary purposes
might be the reason behind the gap. Therefore, on looking at and interpreting the
gap closely, we can come to the conclusion that vulnerable (V) or Near threatened
(NT) animals can be preserved and conserved for longer period of time if they are
brought up in captivity. However, there may be a difference in the social behavior of
these animals for which further research and study is highly recommended.

Table of contents
CHAPTER 1………………………………………………………………………………….1
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….................1
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………….......4
GENERAL OBJEVTIVE………………………………………………………………….4
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE…………………………………………………………………….4
RATIONALE……………………………………………………………………………………5
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY…………………………………………………………5
CHAPTER 2…………………………………………………………………………………….6
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………………….6
CHAPTER 3…………………………………………………………………………………….7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS…………………………………………..................7
CHAPTER 4…………………………………………………………………………………… 2
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………….2
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………….3

Chapter-1

Introduction:

Background of the Study

This research is an assessment of the comparative analysis of longevity and status
of mammals found in central zoo of Lalitpur district, Nepal. Mammals are a class of
animals that is often considered to be the highest class of all animals. Mammals at
the zoo include Asian elephant, Assam macaque, the sun macaque, spotted deer,
sambar deer, four horned antelope, wild boar, sloth bear, common leopard, masked
palm civet, large Indian civet, red panda, barking deer, blackbuck, blue bull, common
leopard, clouded leopard, Indian crested porcupine, Himalayan black bear,
Himalayan blue sheep, hippopotamus, jackal, jingle cat, leopard cat, Indian
rhinoceros, Bengal tiger, siamang, spotted dear, striped hyena, Indian palm squirrel
and water buffalos. There are several mammals which are listed in IUCN red list
conserved in the captive area of Zoo. The life span of mammals in wild life is
different from that of life span of mammals in captive area. Therefore, to bridge this
gap of difference, the comparative analysis of longevity and state of mammals was
studied during field visited.
The primary field study duration was two day. The Central Zoo is 6-hectare (15 acre)
zoo in Jawalakhel, Nepal. It is home to some 870 animals in 109 species, and is
operated by the National Trust for Names Conservation (NTC). Although it was
originally a private zoo, it was opened to the public in 1956. The Central Zoo was
established in 1932 by Rana Prime Minister Juddha Shumpert as a private zoo, and
came under government control in 1950. It was opened to the public in 1956, and in
December 1995, the government handed over responsibility of the zoo to the
National Trust for Nature Conservation. Although work is not complete, the NTNC
has been upgrading the facilities so that animals can live in lager environment. It is
also working towards turning zoo into a research and educational facility, as well as
remaining a tourist attraction. The central pond at the zoo was built during the rule
of King Siddhi Narsingh Malla, and of water for Patan.

Classification of mammals according to their food habit

Animals need food to survive. There are animals that cat plants only.
Some at flesh of other animals only. Other cats both plants and flesh of
animals.

1. Herbivorous
Animals that only at plant are called Herbivorous. Herbivore is the
anglicized form of a modern Latin coinage, herbivore, cited in Charles
Lyell's 1830 Principles of Geology Richard Owen employed the
anglicized term in an 1854 work on fossil teeth and skeletons.
Herbivores is derived from the Latin herba meaning a small plants or
herb, and Vora, from Volare, to eat or devour.

A herbivore is an animal that gets its energy from eating plants, and
only plants. Omnivores can also eat parts of plants, but generally only
the fruits and vegetables produced by fruits bearing plants. Many
herbivores have special digestive systems that let them digest all kinds
of plants, including grasses. Axis Murtiacus ruse unicolor, Naemorhedus
goral, pseudois nayaur, Rhinoceros unicorns, Hippopotamus
amphibious, Symphalangus syndactylus, Elephas maximus are some
hervivorous mammals found in Central Zoo Jawalakhel.

2.Carnivorous
These are animals that eat only other animals A Carnivore is an
organism that derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet
consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue, whether through
predation or scavenging. Animals that depend solely on animal flesh for
their nutrient requirements are considered obligate carnivores while
see that also consume non-animal food are considered facultative
carnivores. Omnivores also consume both animal and non- animal food,
and apart from the more general define there is clearly defined ratio of
plant to animal material that would distinguish a facultative care from a
facultative herbivore, for that matter. A carnivore that sits at the top of
the food chain is in apex predator. Preinaugural biogenetic, Ferra
Zareth Felle cha Panthera Tigris, Panthera paritur. Neophiles nebulous
and Hay are the Carnivorous found in Central Zoo of Jawalakhel..
 IUCN Red list Nepal
IUCN Nepal released the poster on Red list of mammal species of
Nepal’s on the occasion of 8th National Conservation Day. The event
was also successful to share information on the 50 th Anniversary of
IUCN Red List of Threatened species. Comprehensive national red list
assessments, which provide localized information of a species status
are an important tool for the development and implementation of
effective national and global level conservation policies. With the future
of Nepal’s biodiversity in mind, IUCN hopes to develop national red lists
for other classes of fauna and flora in the near future. This National
Conservation Day, IUCN takes a moment to recognize the threatened
mammals of Nepal. IUCN Nepal encourages and supports ongoing and
future conservation efforts to protect these valuable and unique
species for future generations and looks forward to developing more
tools to protect other classes of animal and plants in the future.

Objective of The Study

General Objective:

● To assess the comparative analysis of longevity and status of

mammals found in central zoo of Lalitpur district, Nepal.
Specific Objective

● To assess the status of different species of mammals found in

central zoo.

Rationale of The Study

Animals , being important blessing of nature, have held an important
place in maintaining biodiversity. Any ecosystem is incomplete without
animals. Mammals are a class of animals that is often considered to be
the highest class of the animals. Global biodiversity is being lost much
faster than natural extinction due to changes in unsustainable use of
natural resources, climate change and pollution among others. (WWF,
2019) This study is an assessment of the comparative analysis of
longevity and status of mammas found in central zoo of Lalitpur district,
Nepal. The outcome of the study helps to compare the life span of
mammals in its natural habitat with their life span inside the premises of
zoo. The study helps on rising consciousness among people about the
conservation of animals by giving assess to the status of different
species of mammals found in zoo which is likely to represent the status
of animals of Nepal.

Limitations of The Study

1. Time Limitation
2. Due to small area of central zoo, species were limited and hence the
result cannot be compared to national level.

Chapter-2
Materials and Methods
The study design adopted for the present study can be said as
Quantitative in nature which attempts to identify the longevity and
status of mammals found in zoo of Lalitpur District, Nepal.
3.1 Method of Data Collection
For the data collection technique both primary data as well secondary
data was deployed.
Techniques/Method Data Collection
1. Primary Method of DataCollection
2. Secondary Method of Data Collection
3. Short Interview With Zoo Program Manager Mr. Chiranjibi Pokhrel
4. Online Journals Informative Websites etc.

Chapter-3
Results and Discussions
On analyzing the data obtained, Mammals were further classified into
three groups i.e. Carnivorous, Herbivorous, and Omnivores which shows
the average life span of 18.7years, 28.75 years and 22.5 years
FOOD HABITS AVERAGE LIFESPAN AVERAGE LIFESPAN
IN CAPTIVITY IN WILDLIFE
Carnivorous 18.78 13.58
Herbivorous 28.75 24.6
Omnivorous 22.5 14.428
Grand total 25.12 20.27

Table 1: Observation of longevity of mammals in central zoo with

respect to their food habits respectively.

Conservation status Average of normal life Average of life span in

according to IUCN span zoo on captive area
Red List
Endangered (E) 33.19 26.9375
Commom(C) 19.8 16.28
Near Threatened (T) 23.5 13.25
Vulnerable (V) 28 23
Grand Total 25.12 20.27

Table 2: Observation of conservation status of mammals in central zoo

according to their food habit.
The same data was analyzed in context of the endangered status and
life span of mammals was compared in the free wildlife and in captivity
with respect to their conservation status according to IUCN Red list.
The life span of Near Threatened (NT) animals and vulnerable (VU)
animals was seen comparatively more preserved than other
endangered (EN) and least common (LC). The increasing trend of
hunting and poaching may be the reason behind this lifespan difference.
Herbivorous Omnivorous Carnivorous No.accordin
g to
Conservatio
n status

Endangered 5 2 1 8
(EN)
Common (C) 9 3 3 15
Near 1 1 1 3
Threatened
(NT)
Vulnerable 3 2 2 7
(VU)
No. 18 8 7 33
according to
food habit

Table 3: observation of conservation status of mammals in central zoo

according to their food habit
Out of 33 mammals found in central zoo of Jawalakhel, Lalitpurdistrict,
18 animals were Herbivorous, 8 were Omnivorous and 7 were
Carnivorous. The number of common animals was 15 whereas; Near
Threatened animals were only 3. Tertiary mammals were comparatively
low in number rather than other IUCN classification.
 1. Black Buck

⮚ Scientific name: Antelope cervicapra

⮚ Distribution: Blackbucks are now found in Nepal and India.

⮚ Habitat: They inhabit semi desert to open woodlands and short

grasslands.
⮚ Weight: 30-45 Kgs
⮚ Diet: Blackbucks are grazers, but sometimes browse on leaves and
twigs of a variety of trees and shrubs. They frequently enter the
near by agricultural fields and feed upon cereal crops.
⮚ Gestation: 150-180 days, one baby

⮚ Lifespan:30-45 Kgs

2. Barking Deer
⮚ Scientific name: Muntiacus vaginalis

⮚ Distribution: Nepal, India, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Cambodia,

Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam as well as
throughout China.
⮚ Habitat: Inhabit a variety of habitats including thick to less
woodlands as well as dry shrub to oak and pine fore
⮚ Weight: 15-25 Kgs

⮚ Diet: Feed on shrubs, grass, shoots and fruits of a variety of plants.

They sometimes strip out barks from shrubs and trees.
⮚ Gestation: 7 Months, with a litter size of 1-2 fawns.

⮚ Lifespan: 15-19 years.

3. Sambar Deer
⮚ Scientific Name: Rusa unicolor

⮚ Distribution: Inhabits much of Southern Asia (Nepal,India),

mainland Southeast Asia (Burma,Thailand & Indochina)
⮚ Habitat: Primarily found in the tropics, they are hardy and may be
found from sea level up to high elevations such as the mixed
coniferous forest zone in the Himalayan Mountains.
⮚ Diet: Leaves, grass and herbaceous plants, aquatic plants, the
buds of bamboo, vines and fallen fruit.
⮚ Gestation periods : 8 Months, one fawn per year.

⮚ Life span:Upto 20 years.

 4. Himalayan Goral

⮚ Scientific Name: Naemorhedus goral

⮚ Distribution: Nepal, India, Bhutan , Himalayan range.

⮚ Habitat: Inhabit in forest of Himalayas.

⮚ Weight: 35 - 42 kg

⮚ Diet: Mainly leaves, grasses and assoclated softer parts of plants.

⮚ Gestation Period: 170 - 218 days, single offspring.

⮚ Life Span: 14 - 15 years

 5. Four Horned Antelope

⮚ Scientific name: Tetracerus quadricornis

⮚ Distribution:Distributed widely, but in scattered populations, in the

Himalayan foothills .Native in Nepal and India.
⮚ Habitat: Found in both tropical and temperate hahitats including
semi-desert, dry deciduous, mixed deciduous and bamboo, and
temperate forests as well r tropical forests and mangrove
swamps, usually at elevationsfrom sea level to 2000 m (6561 ft).
⮚ Weight: 15 to 25 Kg.

⮚ Diet: Herbivore, Feeds on Leaves, grasses, shoots, fruit.

⮚ Gestation: 7 to 8 months, 1-2 young per litter.

⮚ Lifespan: 10 years.

6.Wild Boar

⮚ Scientific Name: Sus scrofa cristatus

⮚ Distribution: Global distribution extending from Western Europe

and North Africa eastwards through the Middle East and central
 and south-east Asia, reaching its south-easten limit at the Greater
Sunda Islands.
⮚ Habitat: Found in temperate and tropical habits, It prefers
broadleaved forests and especially evergreen oakforests, but may
also be found in more open habitats such as steppe,
mediterranean shrubland, and farmland, so long as there is water
and tree cover nearby.
⮚ Diet: Omnivorous, consuming vegetable matter (e.g. beech mast,
acorns, green plants, tubers), carrion, "and live animal prey
(earthworms, insect larvae, small vertebrates)
⮚ Weight: Male: 75-100 kg

Female: 60-80 kg

⮚ Gestation: 114-140 days with litter size of 4-6 piglets

⮚ Life span: 10-14 years in wild, up to 20 years in captivity

7. Rhesus Monkey
⮚ Scientific Name: Macaca mulatta

⮚ Distribution: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Burma, Thailand,

Afghanistan, Vietnam, Southern China.
⮚ Habitat: Bamboo, Mixed forests, rainforest and around human
habitations and developments,including cultivated areas temples
and roadsides
⮚ Diet: Omnivorous. Their natural diet consists of fruits, seeds, roots,
herbs and instects, but in area of human habitation, they also eat
crops and search through garbage for food
⮚ Gestation period: 165 days, 1 baby

⮚ Life span: 30 years.

 8. Wild Water Buffalo

⮚ Scientific Name: Bubalus arnee

⮚ Distribution: South and south east Asia

⮚ Habitat: Riverine forest tracts, tall alluvial grasslands, wetlands

and marshes.
⮚ Weight: 800 -1200kgs

⮚ Diet: It consists of a wide range of grasses, shrubs and tree

species. It consists of a wide range of grasses, shrubs and tree
species
⮚ Gestation period: 300 to 310 days.

⮚ Life span: 20-25 years

 9.Indian Crested Porcupine

⮚ Scientific name : Hystrix indica

⮚ Distribution :Throughout southeast and central Asia and in parts of

middle east
⮚ Habitat: Rocky hill sides, tropical and temperate scrublands,
grasslands and forests.
⮚ Weight: : 11 -18 Kgs

⮚ Diet: Primarily herbivores so eat tree barks, roots and fruits but
also chew on bones to meet calcium requirements.
⮚ Gestation: 90-120 days, 2-3 offspring

⮚ Life span: 12-15 years

10. Saimang
⮚ Scientific Name: Symphalangus syndactylus

⮚ Distribution: Barisan Mountains of Sumatra (Indonesia) and

mountains of Malay Peninsula south of Perak River (Malaysia).
⮚ Habitat: They prefer to inhabit the upper canopy of tropical
rainforest.
⮚ Weight: 8-16 kgs.

⮚ Diet: Omnivorous, Food includes leaves, fruits, flowers and insects,

⮚ Gestation period: 8 months, gives birth to a single baby.

⮚ Life span: 25-40 years

11. Himalayan Black Bear

⮚ Scientific Name: Ursus thibetanus

⮚ Distribution: Nepal, India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,

Cambodia, China, Iran, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar,
Pakistan, Russia, Taiwan and Vietnam.
⮚ Habitat: Steep forested hills coniferous and rhododendron forests

⮚ Weight: 125-200 Kgs

⮚ Diet: Omnivorous so eat a variety of fruits and crops as well as eat

insects and also eat goats, sheep and cattle.
⮚ Gestation: 6 to 8 Months, 1-3 cubs

⮚ Life span: 25-30 years

 12. Common Leopard

⮚ Scientific Name: Panthera pardus

⮚ Distribution: Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka,

Indonesia,Vietnam, Afghanistan and Africa.
⮚ Habitat: common leopards are able to live in any habitat where
there is sufficient prey base, including open savannah, dense
forest, cold mountainous region even in the arid desert and urban
areas.
⮚ Weight: 30-80 kgs

⮚ Diet: Leopards are generalist predators. Pigs, Goats, Sheep, Cattle,

etc.
⮚ Gestation: 3 to 4 Months, 2 to 4 young.

⮚ Life span: 15-20 years.

13. Jackal

⮚ Scientific Name: : Canis aureus

⮚ Distribution: Nepal, India, Sri-Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand,

Southwest Asia and Southeastern Europe
⮚ Habitat: Can live in any environment from humid areas to deserts
and even near civilization.
⮚ Weight: 8-12 Kgs

⮚ Diet: Omnivorous so eat rodents, reptiles as well as fruits,

sugarcanes and insects
⮚ Gestation: 2 Months, 2-4 young

⮚ Life Span:10-15 years

14. Patas Monkey

⮚ Scientific Name: Erythrocebus patas

⮚ Distribution: West, Central & East Africa.

⮚ Habitat: Grass Savanna and woodland dry and dense woodlands

with tall grass.
⮚ Diet: Omnivorous. Fruits, insects, leaves, roots and bird eggs.

⮚ Weight: 7 to 12kg

⮚ Gestation period: 170 days

⮚ Life span: 15-20 years

15. Sloth Bear

⮚ Scientific Name: Melursus ursinus

⮚ Distribution: Nepal, India, Bangladesh and Bhutan.

⮚ Habitat: Low altitude hilly areas, jungles and grass land.

⮚ Weight: Female 55 to 95 Kg and Male 80 to 145 Kg

⮚ Diet: Omnivorous, It feeds on termites insects, fruits and plants.

⮚ Gestation: 7 Months, 1-2 Cubs.

⮚ Life Span: 20 - 25 Years.

 16. Vervet Monkey

⮚ Scientific Name: Chlorocebus dethions

⮚ Distribution: Southern and East Africa, Ethiopia, Somalia and South

Sudan.
⮚ Habitat: Riverine forest and mountains up to 4000 m.

⮚ Diet: Omnivorous. Eat wild fruits, flowers, leaves and seeds.

Sometimes suppliment their diet with eggs, rodents, birds and
various small animals.
⮚ Weight: 3.4 to 8 Kg.

⮚ Gestation period: About 165 days

⮚ Life span: Up to 30 years.

 17. Common Palm Civet

⮚ Scientific Name : Paradoxurus hermaphroditus

⮚ Distribution: Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan,

"Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines
and China
⮚ Habitat: mostly in well-wooded forests of up to 1500m but
adaptable in dense forests as well as besides human settlements.
⮚ Weight: : 3-5 kgs

⮚ Diet: omnivorous so eat plants as well as animals such as rats and

mice
⮚ Gestation: 60 - 70 days, 3 - 4 young

⮚ Life span: 10 - 12 years

18. Greater One Horned Rhinoceros

⮚ Scientific name: Rhinoceros unicornis

⮚ Distribution: Nepal, India and Bhutan.

⮚ Habitat: Alluvial floodplains and nearby foothills, moist riverine

forest.
⮚ Weight: 2,000 kg.

⮚ Diet: Herbivores so feed on a variety of trees, shrubs, grasses and

fruit
⮚ Gestation: 16-18 months, one single calf.

⮚ Life span: 40-50 years.

19. Royal Bengal Tiger

⮚ Scientific name : Panther tigris

⮚ Distribution: Nepal, Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, China and

Myanmar.
⮚ Habitat: : Prefers to inhabit dense forests, alluvial grasslands, and
mangrove swamps.
⮚ Weight: : 100 -300Kgs.

⮚ Diet: Major prey animals include deer, wild boar, blue bull and
porcupine.
⮚ Gestation: 15-16 weeks, with litter size of 2-3 cubs.

⮚ Lifespan: 20-25 years.

 20. Jungle Cat

⮚ Scientific Name: Fells Chaus

⮚ Distribution: Nepal, Indla, Sri-Lanka, East Asla and Egypt

⮚ Habitat: Dry open areas close to scrub jungle reedy river banks and
mars as well as within towns and villages
⮚ Weight: 4-6 Kgs

⮚ Diet: Small mammals, pigs, small deer, birds, reptiles, amphibians,

insects and even poultry
⮚ Gestation: 63-68 days, 1-6 kittens

⮚ Life Span: 15 years

 21. Common Langur

⮚ Scientific name: Semnopithecus schistaceus

⮚ Distribution: These are found in Nepal, Bhutan, India, China,

Pakistan
⮚ Habitat: Common langur inhabits the sub-tropical, dry thorn scrub,
pine and alpine forests, and urban areas, and do not stray far from
water.
⮚ Weight: 11-18 Kgs.

⮚ Diet: Feed on fruits and flowers, buds, shoots, vegetables and

other crops.
⮚ Gestation: 6 to 7 Months, one baby. Breeding season between
March and May.
⮚ Lifespan: 20 years.

22. Red Panda

⮚ Scientific name: Ailurus fulgens

⮚ Distribution: : Found in the mountains of Nepal, Northeastern India,

Bhutan and northern Myanmar (Burma) as well in Central China.
⮚ Habitat: Eastern Himalaya, rainy, high-altitude forest habitat.

⮚ Diet: Young leafs and shoots of bamboo, fruits, roots,succulent

grasses, lichens
⮚ Gestation: 5 months, 1-4 cubs

⮚ Lifespan: 8 years.

23. Himalayan Palm Civet

⮚ Scientific Name : Paguma larvata

⮚ Distribution: Southeast Asia including India, China and Nepal,

⮚ Habitat: Inhabit in the tropical jungles & rain forests

⮚ Weight: 3-6 Kgs

⮚ Diet: Omnivores. Feeds fruits, insects small vegetables, such as

squirrels and birds.
⮚ Gestation: 60 Days, 1 - 4 Pubs

⮚ Life Span: 15-16 years.

 24. Hippopotamus

⮚ Scientific Name : Hippopotamus amphibious

⮚ Distribution: Large populations of hippos are found in the Nile river

valley of east Africa.
⮚ Habitat :Deep lakes and rivers having adjacent reed beds and
grasslands.
⮚ Weight: 1200 - 2800 kg.

⮚ Diet: Herbivorous and so mainly eat short grasses and aquatic

plants can raid agriculture field.
⮚ Gestation: 7 to 8 Months, a single calf

⮚ Life span: 40-60 years.

 25. Leopard Cat

⮚ Scientific Name: Prionilurus bengalensis

⮚ Distribution: Nepal, India, People's Republic of nina, Philippines,

Me- auri Korea.
⮚ Habitat: Inhabit in grasslands, scrubs and jungles, particularly near
wate
⮚ Weight: 3-4 Kgs

⮚ Diet: They prey on small birds and aninva's Poultry near human ett
⮚ Gestation: 56 - 70 days, 1 - 4 young

⮚ Life span: 12 -15 years

26. Large Indian civet

⮚ Scientific Name: Viverra zibetha

⮚ Distribution: Nepal, Indla, Myanmar, Southern China, Malaya
Peninsula, Thal
⮚ Habitat: Tropical and sub-tropical forests, bushes, and heavy scrub
jungles
⮚ Weight: 22 - 25 kgs

⮚ Diet: Carnivorous , But Supplement their diet with berries, fruits

and n
⮚ Gestation: 60 - 70 days; 3- 4 young

⮚ Life span: 11-15 years

27. Blue bull:

⮚ Scientific name: Boselaphus tragocamelus

⮚ Distribution: Inhabit in the scrubby and gravely foothills of the

Siwalik and mahabharat ranges of
Nepal and India.
⮚ Habitat: They prefer open woodlands and undulating plains
covered with grass and patches of scrub. They freely enter
plantations and cultivation.
⮚ Weight: 110 -220 Kgs

⮚ Diet: Woody plants supplemented by agricultural crops, shrubs,

trees and other plant parts, such as flowers, fruits, twigs and
sprouts
⮚ Gestation: 8-9 months, one baby. Peak breeding seasons occur
between February and March and from October to November.
⮚ Lifespan: 20-30 years
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
On observing all the above given tables, the lifespan of animals kept in
captivity is seen longer than that of animals living freely in the Wildlife.
Only three Near Threatened (NT) and very few vulnerable (VU) animals
are preserved by the Central Zoo of Jawalakhel which is opposite to that
of Least Concern (LC) animals. Hunting, poaching and exporting animals
for monetary purpose might be the reason behind the gap. Therefore,
on looking and interpreting the gap closely, we can come to the
conclusion that vulnerable (VU) or Near threatened (NT) animals can be
preserved and conserved for longer period of time if theyare brought up
in captivity. However, there may be the difference in the social behavior
of these animals for which further research and study is highly
recommended.