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9/4/2018 Different Types of Corrosion: Pitting Corrosion - Causes and Prevention, WebCorr Corrosion Consulting Services, Corrosion Short
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• Uniform • Galvanic • Crevice • Pi ng • Intergranular • SSC • LME • MIC • SCC • HB-HE-HIC-HMx • Fa gue • Erosion • Stray Current • Index
Different Types of Corrosion

- Recogni on, Mechanisms & Preven on
Pi ng Corrosion
Recogni on
What is pi ng corrosion? Pi ng Corrosion is the localized corrosion of a metal surface confined to a point
or small area, that takes the form of cavi es. Pi ng corrosion is one of the most damaging forms of
corrosion. Pi ng factor is the ra o of the depth of the deepest pit resul ng from corrosion divided by the
average penetra on as calculated from weight loss. The following photo shows pi ng corrosion of a
SAF2304 duplex stainless steel a er exposure to 3.5% NaCl solu on.
Pi ng corrosion is usually found on passive metals and alloys such aluminium alloys, stainless steels and
stainless alloys when the ultra-thin passive film (oxide film) is chemically or mechanically damaged and
does not immediately re-passivate. The resul ng pits can become wide and shallow or narrow and deep
which can rapidly perforate the wall thickness of a metal.
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ASTM-G46 has a standard visual chart for ra ng of pi ng corrosion.
The shape of pi ng corrosion can only be iden fied through metallography where a pi ed sample is cross-
sec oned and the pit shape, the pit size, and the pit depth of penetra on can be determined.
Mechanisms
What causes pi ng corrosion? For a defect-free "perfect" material, pi ng corrosion is caused by the
ENVIRONMENT (chemistry) that may contain aggressive chemical species such as chloride. Chloride is
par cularly damaging to the passive film (oxide) so pi ng can ini ate at oxide breaks.
The environment may also set up a differen al aera on cell (a water droplet on the surface of a steel, for
example) and pi ng can ini ate at the anodic site (centre of the water droplet).
For a homogeneous environment, pi ng IS caused by the MATERIAL that may contain inclusions (MnS is
the major culprit for the ini a on of pi ng in steels) or defects. In most cases, both the environment and
the material contribute to pit ini a on.
The ENVIRONMENT (chemistry) and the MATERIAL (metallurgy) factors determine whether an exis ng pit
can be repassivated or not. Sufficient aera on (supply of oxygen to the reac on site) may enhance the
forma on of oxide at the pi ng site and thus repassivate or heal the damaged passive film (oxide) - the pit
is repassivated and no pi ng occurs. An exis ng pit can also be repassivated if the material contains
sufficient amount of alloying elements such as Cr, Mo, Ti, W, N, etc.. These elements, par cularly Mo, can
significantly enhance the enrichment of Cr in the oxide and thus heals or repassivates the pit. More details
on the alloying effects can be found in the technical paper on "Stainless Steels and Alloys: Why They Resist
Corrosion and How They Fail".
A material's resistance to pi ng corrosion is usually evaluated and ranked using the cri cal pi ng
temperature (CPT) in accordance with the ASTM Standard
G48-03: Standard Test Methods for Pi ng and Crevice Corrosion of Stainless Steels and Alloys by Use of
FeCl3. The cri cal pi ng temperature is the minimum temperature (°C) to produce pi ng corrosion and
CPT is usually higher than the cri cal crevice temperature (CPT).
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Preven on
How to prevent pi ng corrosion? Pi ng corrosion can be prevented through:
Proper selec on of materials with known resistance to the service environment

Control pH, chloride concentra on and temperature
Cathodic protec on and/or Anodic Protec on
Use higher alloys (ASTM G48) for increased resistance to pi ng corrosion
For more details

More details on pi ng corrosion are included in the following corrosion courses which you can take as in-
house training courses, course-on-demand, online courses or distance learning courses:
Corrosion and Its Preven on (5-day module)

API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affec ng Fixed Equipment in the Refining and Petrochemical
Industries (5 days)
Corrosion Inspec on, Tes ng and Monitoring: Techniques and Applica ons (5 days)
Corrosion, Metallurgy, Failure Analysis and Preven on (5 days)
Marine Corrosion, Causes and Preven on (2 days)
Materials Selec on and Corrosion (5 days)
Stainless Steels and Alloys: Why They Resist Corrosion and How They Fail (2 days)
Corrosion in Fire Protec on Systems (FPS): Detec on, Mi ga on and Preven on (1 day)
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC): Recogni on, Mi ga on and Preven on (1 day)
Corrosion Control and Preven on in Seawater Desalina on Plants (1 day)
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9/4/2018 Different Types of Corrosion: Pitting Corrosion - Causes and Prevention, WebCorr Corrosion Consulting Services, Corrosion Short

Diﬀerent Types of Corrosion

ASTM-G46 has a standard visual chart for ra ng of pi ng corrosion.

Proper selec on of materials with known resistance to the service environment

For more details

Corrosion and Its Preven on (5-day module)

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