Positive pump

Reciprocating pumps
Rotary pumps
Piston Plunger Diaphram -Gear
-Vane
-Screw
Single or Double Single only -Rotary
Max. Press. = 1000 Max. press. 1000 Ib/in2 to
Ib/sq.in=69 bar 30000 Ib/in2
n Name
=69 to 2069 bar
1 Simplex
Construction
2 Doublex
Horizontal Vertical 3 Triplex
Up to 200Hp Up to 1500Hp 4 Quadruplex
5 plunger 9 plunger 5 Quintuplex
147.11 kW 1102 kW 6 Sextuplex
9 Nonuplex
 Reciprocating pump
• Pumps are used to increase the energy level of
water by virtue of which it can be raised to a
higher level.
• Reciprocating pumps are positive displacement
pump, i.e. initially, a small quantity of liquid is
taken into a chamber and is physically displaced
and forced out with pressure by a moving
mechanical elements.
• The use of reciprocating pumps is being limited
these days and being replaced by centrifugal
pumps.
 Reciprocating pump
• For industrial purposes, they have become
obsolete due to their high initial and
maintenance costs as compared to centrifugal
pumps.
• Small hand operated pumps are still in use that
include well pumps, etc.
• These are also useful where high heads are
required with small discharge, as oil drilling
operations.
 Main components
• A reciprocation pumps consists of a plunger or a
piston that moves forward and backward inside a
cylinder with the help of a connecting rod and a crank.
The crank is rotated by an external source of power.
• The cylinder is connected to the sump by a suction
pipe and to the delivery tank by a delivery pipe.
• At the cylinder ends of these pipes, non-return valves
are provided. A non-return valve allows the liquid to
pass in only one direction.
• Through suction valve, liquid can only be admitted into
the cylinder and through the delivery valve, liquid can
only be discharged into the delivery pipe.
Main components
 Working of Reciprocating Pump
• When the piston moves from the left to the right, a
suction pressure is produced in the cylinder. If the pump
is started for the first time or after a long period, air from
the suction pipe is sucked during the suction stroke,
while the delivery valve is closed. Liquid rises into the
suction pipe by a small height due to atmospheric
pressure on the sump liquid.
• During the delivery stroke, air in the cylinder is pushed
out into the delivery pipe by the thrust of the piston, while
the suction valve is closed. When all the air from the
suction pipe has been exhausted, the liquid from the
sump is able to rise and enter the cylinder.
• During the delivery stroke it is displaced into the delivery
pipe. Thus the liquid is delivered into the delivery tank
intermittently, i.e. during the delivery stroke only.
Single acting cylinder Double acting cylinder
Discharge through a Reciprocating Pump
Let
A = cross sectional area of cylinder
R = crank radius
N = rpm of the crank
L =S= stroke length (2R)
Discharge through pump per second=
Area x stroke length x rpm/60
N
Qth = A  S   Z
60
This will be the discharge when the pump is single acting.
Z=number of cylinder
Discharge through a Reciprocating Pump

Discharge in case of double acting pump

 ASN  Z (A − A P )SN  Z  (2A − A P )SN  Z

Discharge/Second = Qth =  60 + 60 

=
60

Where, Ap = Area of cross-section of piston rod

However, if area of the piston rod is neglected
Discharge/Second = 2ASN  Z
60
Discharge through a Reciprocating Pump
• Thus discharge of a double-acting reciprocating
pump is twice than that of a single-acting pump.
• Owing to leakage losses and time delay in closing
the valves, actual discharge Qa usually lesser than
the theoretical discharge Qth.

Slip:
Slip of a reciprocating pump is defined as the
difference between the theoretical and the actual
discharge.
i.e. Slip = Theoretical discharge - Actual discharge
= Qth. - Qa
 Slip
Slip can also be expressed in terms of %age and given by
Q th − Q act
%slip =  100
Q th
 Q act 
= 1 −   100 = (1 − C d )  100
 Q th 
Slip Where Cd is known as co-efficient of discharge and is
defined as the ratio of the actual discharge to the theoretical
discharge.
Cd =ηv = Qa / Qth.
Value of Cd when expressed in percentage is known as
volumetric efficiency of the pump. Its value ranges between
95---98 %. Percentage slip is of the order of 2% for pumps in
good conditions.
 Velocity and Acceleration of pistion:

x = R − R cos  = R (1 − cos )
For Suction stroke:
dx dx d  dx Q =V s A s =V d A d =V p A p
V p = velocity of piston = = =
dt d  dt d Q V pAp Ap
Vs = = = R sin 
dx As As As
Vp = = R sin 
d Q V pAp Ap
dv p dv p d  dv p Vd = = = R sin 
a p = acceleration of piston = = = Ad Ad Ad
dt d  dt d
Ap
dv p as = 2 R cos 
ap =  =  R cos 
2
As
d
Ap
ad = 2 R cos 
Ad
 Ideal indicator diagram
This is a diagram which shows the work done by the pump during each stroke of the
piston. In the ideal case, where all effects of acceleration and frictional resistance to
flow are ignored, it is a rectangle as shown in Figure.
Pressure=γH
F=force acting on the piston
F=P×Ap
W.D on stroke =W.D=F×S
W.D=P×Ap×S
Delivery stroke

H
W.D/s=P×Q
 = 180  = 90 =0
D C Power=(γApNZ/60)Area of Indicator
Power= =(γApNZ/60)S×(Hs.s+Hs.d)
Hs.d

E F

A p SNZ
atm.pressure

Power =  ( )(H s .s + H s .d )
60
Hs.s
Hatm

A
=0  = 90  = 180
B
A p SNZ
= (
S=2R
)H m

Suction stoke
60
Effect of Acceleration or Inertia of piston on the indicator
diagram

a
Q =V s A s =V d A d =V p A p
Q V pAp Ap
Vs = = = R sin 
As As As
Q V pAp Ap
Vd = = = R sin 
Ad Ad Ad
Ap
as = 2 R cos 
As
Ap
ad = 2 R cos 
Ad

=PiA

AL A p 2
F = Pi A =  R cos 
g A
L A p 2
Pi =  R cos 
g A
 L A p 2
Pi =  R cos 
g A
Pi L A p 2
Hi = Ha = =  R cos  → 1
 g A
1

Pi L A p 2
Hi = Ha = =  R →2
 g A

Pi
Hi = Ha = =0→3


Pi L Ap 2
Hi = Ha = =−  R →4
 g A
Hi Θ=0 Θ=90 Θ=180
Ls A p 2 Ls A p 2
His g As
R 0 −
g As
R

Ld A p 2
Hid g Ad
R 0 −
Ld A p 2
R
g Ad

1
2
3
Fig. Effect of Acceleration
of piston on indicator
diagram.
3
2

1
Actual Indicator diagram of a reciprocating pump with
friction on both suction and delivery lines

fL A p
hf = ( R sin ) 2
2 gD A

fL A p
hf max = ( R ) 2
2 gD A
Hi Θ=0 Θ=90 Θ=180
Ls A p 2 Ls A p 2
His g As
R 0 −
g As
R

fL s A p
hfs 0 (
2 gD s A s
R ) 2 0

Hid Ld A p 2
R −
Ld A p 2
R
g Ad g Ad

fLd A p
hfd 0 (
2 gD d Ad
R ) 2 0

L Ap 2
Hi = Ha =  R cos 
g A
fL A p 2
hf = (  R sin ) 2
2 gD A
1-Suction stroke
H m .s = H cyc = −[H s .s + H is + H fs ] → ( gauge )
H m .s = H cyc = Hatm − [H s .s + H is + H fs ] → (abs )
2-deleviery stroke
H m .d = H cyc = [H s .d + H id + H fd ] → ( gauge )
H m .d = H cyc = Hatm + [H s .d + H id + H fd ] → (abs )

2 fLs A p 2 2 fLd A p 2 2
H m = H s .s + H s .d + [ (  R ) ]+ (  R) ]
3 2 gD s A 2 gD d Ad
out Q act H m
= =
inp S .H .P
 A p  2R  N A p   R
1- Single acting pump Q mean = =
60 
Q ins = A p V p = A p  R sin  Q Q max
mean =

sin 90 = 1 → Q max
Q max = Q mean  
Q max = A p   R
Q max
Q ins = Q max  sin  =
Q mean
Ap S  N V max
Q mean = =
60 V mean
2-Double acting pump 2  A p  2R  n
Q ins = A p V p = A p  R sin  Q mean =
60
Q ins = A p  R  sin  2  A p   R
Q mean =
sin 90 = 1 → Q max 
Q max = A p   R 
Q max = Q mean 
2
Q ins = Q max  sin 
Q max 
2 Ap S  n =
Q mean = Q mean 2
60 V max 
=
V mean 2
 ‫‪Cavitation in piston pump‬‬
‫يعرف بانه المائع المنساب الذى تكون به فقاعات من بخار السائل نتيجة لوصول ضغطة الى ضغط التشبع‬
‫اذا انخفض الضغط داخل المضخة او فى انابيب لسحب والطرد الى الضغط الذى يساوى ضغط بخار السائل‬
‫عند درجة الحرارة التشغيل فان جزء من السائل يتبخر ويكون فقاعة من البخار‪.‬‬

‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Pmin  Pv − Patm‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫‪H min  H v − H atm‬‬

‫‪P‬‬
‫‪v‬‬

‫‪Hid‬‬
‫‪Hfd‬‬

‫‪1-Suction Stroke θ=0‬‬ ‫‪Hs.d‬‬

‫‪−[H s .s + H is ]  H v − H atm‬‬ ‫‪Hs.s‬‬

‫‪Hatm‬‬

‫‪2-Delivery Stroke θ=180‬‬ ‫‪Hs.s‬‬

‫‪Hfs‬‬

‫‪[H s .d + H id ]  H v − H atm‬‬ ‫‪Hvap‬‬

 ‫العوامل التى تؤثر على التكهف‬

Hid

L Ap 2
Hi = Ha =  R cos 
g A
Ls  Ld → cavitation occures
Hs.d

D s , D d →
D p → cavitation occures
Hs.s

S = 2R → cavitation occures

Hatm

n → cavitation occures Hs.s

Hfs

1-Suction Stroke θ=0

Hvap

H v = H atm − [H s .s + H is ]
2-Delivery Stroke θ=180

H v = H atm + [H s .d + H id ]
AIR VESSELS
An air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air
in the upper part and liquid being pumped in the lower part.
One air vessel is fixed on the suction pipe just near the
suction valve and one is fixed on the delivery pipe near the
delivery valve.
Purposes of Air vessel:
1)-To obtain liquid at uniform discharge.
2)-Due to air vessel frictional head and acceleration
head decreases and the work overcoming friction
resistance in suction and delivery pipe considerably
decreases which results in good amount of work.
3)-Reciprocating pump can run at high speed
without flow cavitation or separation.
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF AIR VESSELS
Theoretical discharge of a single acting pump per second is given:

N
Qth = A  S 
60
Mean velocity in the suction or delivery pipe is given by,
A p SN
Q m = A pV p = A sV s = AdV d =
60
2 N 2N 
= → =
60 60 
A p 2RN A p R 2N A p R 
Q m == = = → sin gle acting
60 60 
A p R A p R
Vs = →V d =
As  Ad 
Ls 1 A p  R 2 Ld 1 A p  R 2
hfs = f [ ] hfd = f [ ]
D s 2g As  D d 2 g Ad 
 Double acting
2A p SN
Q m = A pV p = A sV s = AdV d =
60
2 N 2N 
= → =
60 60 
4A p RN 2A p R 2N 2A p R 
Qm = = = → double acting
60 60 
A p 2 R A p 2 R
Vs = →V d =
As  Ad 
Ls 1 A p 2 R 2 Ld 1 A p 2 R 2
hfs = f [ ] hfd = f [ ] → Double acting
D s 2g As  D d 2 g Ad 
Pressure Heads in the Cylinder During Suction Stroke of
a Reciprocating Pump with Air Vessel
1-Suction stroke

H m .s = H cyc = −[H s .s + H is 1 + H fs 1 + H fs 2 ] → ( gauge )

H m .s = H cyc = Hatm − [H s .s + H is 1 + H fs 1 + H fs 2 ] → (abs )

Ls 1 1 A p Ls 1 A p 2
H fs 1 = f [  R sin  ] → H is 1 =
2
 R cos 
D s 2g As g As
Ls 2 1 A p  R 2
H fs 2 =f [ ] → H is 2 = 0.0
D s 2g As 
 Pressure Heads in the Cylinder During Delivery Stroke
of a Reciprocating Pump with Air Vessel

2-deleviery stroke

H m .d = H cyc = [H s .d + H id 1 + H fd 1 + H fd 2 ] → ( gauge )
H m .d = H cyc = Hatm + [H s .d + H id 1 + H fd 1 + H fd 2 ] → (abs )

Ld 1 1 A p Ld 1 A p 2
H fd 1 = f [  R sin  ] → H id 1 =
2
 R cos 
D d 2 g Ad g Ad
Ld 2 1 A p  R 2
H fd 2 =f [ ] → H id 2 = 0.0
D d 2 g Ad 
 S

2 Ls 1 A p 2 Ld 1 A p
H m = H s .s + H s .d + [f ( R ) ] + [ f
2
( R ) 2 ] +
3 2 gD s A s 3 2 gD d Ad
L s 1 A p R 2 L d 1 A p R 2
f ( ) +f ( )
2 gD s A s  2 gD d Ad 
out Q act H m
= =
inp S .H .P
Work Saved Against Friction by Fitting Air Vessel
(i) For single acting reciprocating pump
a)- Without Air vessel
Ap
V =  R sin 
A
L Ap 2 L Ap
Hf = f [  R sin  ] → H fmean = f
2
[  R sin 90]2
2 gD A 3 2 gD A
 ASN 2 L Ap
W1 = f [  R ]2
60 3 2 gD A
A p R L A p R 2
b)-With Air vessel V = → H fmean = f [ ]
A  2 gD A 
L A p R 2
W 2 =  Qf [ ]
2 gD A 
W 1 −W 2 W2 3
%= = 1− = 1 − 2 = 84.8%
W1 W1 2
Work Saved Against Friction by Fitting Air Vessel
(ii) For double acting reciprocating pump
a)- Without Air vessel
Ap
V =  R sin 
A
L Ap 2 L Ap
Hf = f [  R sin  ] → H fmean = f
2
[  R sin 90]2
2 gD A 3 2 gD A
 ASN 2 L Ap
W1 = f [  R ]2
60 3 2 gD A
A p 2 R L A p 2 R 2
b)-With Air vessel V = → H fmean = f [ ]
A  2 gD A 
L A p 2 R 2
W 2 =  Qf [ ]
2 gD A 
W 1 −W 2 W2 12
%= = 1− = 1 − 2 = 39.2%
W1 W1 2
Performance of positive pump
 Example
A single-cylinder single-acting plunger pump is used to
deliver water from a sump to a delivery reservoir as shown
in Figure. The following data is given for the pump and the
piping system:
Plunger diameter = 12 cm, Suction pipe: Ds = 75 mm and Ls = 4m
Length of stroke = 15 cm, Delivery pipe: Dd = 75 mm and Ld = 22m
Length of connecting rod = 22.5 cm
Friction coefficient for all pipes = 0.012
Crank speed = 60 rpm
Vapor pressure = 5.6 kPa abs
NPSHR at 60 rpm = 0.75 m
a. Determine the minimum pressure in the cylinder and state the corresponding crank angle.
b. Determine the maximum pressure in the cylinder and state the corresponding crank angle.
c. What is the maximum permissible depth of water in the sump if cavitation is to be avoided?
d. What is the power required to drive the pump assuming ηmech = 94% and a slip of 2%?
 R =0:075 m,
 R = (2 )  0.075 = 2.96m / s
2 2 2

Ap Ap12 2
= = ( ) = 2.56
A s Ad 7.5
H m .s = H cyc = Hatm − [H s .s + H is + H fs ] → (abs )
Ls A p 2 Ls A p
H m .s 1 = Hatm − H s .s −  R cos  − f [ R sin ]2
g As 2 gD s A s

Suction stroke:
Min pressure at θ=0
=0
101 4
H m .s 1 = − 2.5 − 2.56  2.96 cos 0 − 0 = 4.468m
9.81 9.81
Pcyc 1 = 4.468  9.81 = 43.831kPa
 Delivery stroke: Max pressure at θ=0

H m .d = H cyc = Hatm + H s .d + H id + H fd → (abs )

Ld A p 2 Ld A p
H m .d 3 = Hatm + H s .d +  R cos  + f [ R sin ]2

g Ad 2 gDd Ad
101 22
H m .d 3 = + 20 +  2.56  2.96cos 0 + 0 = 47.28m
9.81 9.81
Pcyc 3 = 47.28  9.81 = 463.9kPa
 ‫التكهف يحدث فى بداية‬ Hfd
Hid

‫مشوار السحب ونهاية مشوار الطرد‬

Hs.d
1-Suction Stroke θ=0
Hs.s

Hatm
Hfs
Hi.s

Hvap

−[ H s .s + H is ]  H v − H atm
H atm − H v − [ H s .s + H is ]  NPSHR
101 5.6 4
− − H s .s − 2.56  2.96 cos 0  0.75
9.81 9.81 9.81
6.635 − H s .s = 0.75 → H s .s = 5.88m
  
A p SN D p2SN (0.12) 2  0.15  60
Qth = = 4 = 4 = 1.696  10−3 m 3 / s
60 60 60
Q
Slip = 1 − act = 0.02 → Q act = 0.98  Qth = 0.98 1.696 10 −3 = 1.66 10 −3 m 3 / s
Qth
2 Ls A p 2 L1 A p
H m = H s .s + H s .d + [f ( R ) ] + [ f
2
( R ) 2 ]
3 2 gD s A s 3 2 gD d Ad
2 4
H m = 2.5 + 20 +  0.012 (2.56  2   0.075) 2 +
3 2  9.81 0.075
2 22
 0.012 (2.56  2   0.075) 2 =
3 2  9.81 0.075
22.5 + 0.0316 + 0.1738 = 22.7 m
out Q act H m 9810 1.66  10−3  22.7
= = =
input S .H .P S .H .P
9810 1.66 10 −3  22.7
S .H .P = = 393.255W = 0.393255kW
0.94
Homework:
A single-cylinder, single-acting piston pump is used to deliver hot oil (S
= 0.85, μ = 0.01 Ns/m2, and pv = 90 kPa abs.) from an open tank A to a
pressurized tank B as shown in Figure. The pump is driven at a crank
speed of 45 rpm. The following data are given for the pump and piping
system:
Piston diameter = 10 cm, Suction pipe: Ds = 80 mm and Ls = 5m,
Length of stroke = 15 cm, Delivery pipe: Dd = 80 mm and Ld = 7m,
Length of connecting rod = 30 cm, Friction coefficient for all pipes =
0.05. NPSHR at 45 rpm = 0.6 m,
a. Determine the minimum pressure in the cylinder and state the
corresponding crank angle.
b. What is the minimum value of the static suction head if cavitation is
to be avoided?
c. What is the power required to drive the pump assuming ηmech = 92%
and S = 3%?