Introduction to Matlab

By: İ.Yücel Özbek

Outline:
 What is Matlab?
 Matlab Screen
 Variables, array, matrix, indexing
 Operators (Arithmetic, relational, logical )
 Display Facilities
 Flow Control
 Using of M-File
 Writing User Defined Functions
 Conclusion
What is Matlab?
 Matlab MATLAB (Matrix laboratory) is
basically a high level language which has
many specialized toolboxes for making things
easier for us

Matlab

High Level
Languages such as
C, Pascal etc.

Assembly
What are we interested in?
 Matlab (C++ and LabView) are required in
almost every research position.
 Advantage: Good toolbox library
 Disavantage:
 Longer processing time
 Price
Free Clones
 Octave
 Scilab
 Matlab Screen
 Command Window
 type commands

 Current Directory
 View folders and m-files

 Workspace
 View program variables
 Double click on a variable
to see it in the Array Editor

 Command History
 view past commands
 save a whole session
using diary
 Variables
 No need for types. i.e.,

int a;
double b;
float c;

 All variables are created with double precision unless

specified and they are matrices.
Example:
>>x=5;
>>x1=2;

 After these statements, the variables are 1x1 matrices

with double precision
 Getting help
 The help command >> help
 The help window >> helpwin
 The lookfor command >> lookfor
 CANCEL >>CTR C
 GOOGLE: Matlab...
» lookfor scholes
BLSLAMBDA Black-Scholes elasticity.
BLSPRICE Black-Scholes put and call pricing.
BLSRHO Black-Scholes sensitivity to interest rate change.
....
» help blsprice
BLSPRICE Black-Scholes put and call pricing.
[CALL,PUT] = BLSPRICE(SO,X,R,T,SIG,Q) returns the value of
call and put options using the Black-Scholes pricing formula.SO is
the current asset price, X is the exercise price, R is the risk-
free
....
 Array, Matrix
 a vector x = [1 2 5 1]

x =
1 2 5 1

 a matrix x = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 -1]

x =
1 2 3
5 1 4
3 2 -1

 transpose y = x’ y =
1
2
5
1
 Long Array, Matrix
 t =1:10

t =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 k =2:-0.5:-1

k =
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1

 B = [1:4; 5:8]

x =
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
 Generating Vectors from functions
 zeros(M,N) MxN matrix of zeros x = zeros(1,3)
x =
0 0 0

 ones(M,N) MxN matrix of ones

x = ones(1,3)
x =
1 1 1
 rand(M,N) MxN matrix of uniformly
distributed random x = rand(1,3)
numbers on (0,1) x =
0.9501 0.2311 0.6068
 Matrix Index
 The matrix indices begin from 1 (not 0 (as in C))
 The matrix indices must be positive integer
Given:

A(-2), A(0)

Error: ??? Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or logicals.

A(4,2)
Error: ??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.
 Concatenation of Matrices
 x = [1 2], y = [4 5], z=[ 0 0]

A = [ x y]

1 2 4 5

B = [x ; y]

1 2
4 5

C = [x y ;z]
Error:
??? Error using ==> vertcat CAT arguments dimensions are not consistent.
Operators (arithmetic)
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
^ power
‘ complex conjugate transpose
Matrices Operations

Given A and B:

Addition Subtraction Product Transpose

Operators
Element by Element
.* element-by-element multiplication
./ element-by-element division
.^ element-by-element power

FIND fuction
X = [1 0 4 -3 0 0 0 8 6];

find(X > 2)
ans =

3 8 9
 The use of “.” – “Element” Operation
A = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 1]
A=
1 2 3
5 1 4
3 2 -1

b = x .* y c=x./y d = x .^2
x = A(1,:) y = A(:,3)
b= c= d=
x= y= 3 8 -3 0.33 0.5 -3 1 4 9
1 2 3 3 4 -1
K= x^2
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mpower Matrix must be square.
B=x*y
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree.
Math Functions
Basic Task: Plot the function sin(x)
between 0≤x≤4π
 Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0
and 4π.

>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);

 Calculate sin(.) of the x-array

1

0.8

0.6

>>y=sin(x); 0.4

0.2

 Plot the y-array -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

>>plot(y) -0.8

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Plot the function e-x/3sin(x) between
0≤x≤4π
 Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0
and 4π.
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);

 Calculate sin(.) of the x-array

>>y=sin(x);

 Calculate e-x/3 of the x-array

>>y1=exp(-x/3);

 Multiply the arrays y and y1

>>y2=y*y1;
Plot the function e-x/3sin(x) between
0≤x≤4π
 Multiply the arrays y and y1 correctly
>>y2=y.*y1;

 Plot the y2-array

0.7

>>plot(y2) 0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Display Facilities 0.7

0.6

0.5

 plot(.) 0.4

0.3

Example:
0.2

0.1
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100); 0

>>y=sin(x); -0.1

>>plot(y) -0.2

>>plot(x,y) -0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

stem(.)
0.7

 0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

Example:
0.2

0.1

>>stem(y) 0

>>stem(x,y) -0.1

-0.2

-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
 Display Facilities

 title(.)
This is the sinus function
>>title(‘This is the sinus function’) 1

0.8

 xlabel(.) 0.6

0.4

>>xlabel(‘x (secs)’) 0.2

sin(x)
0

 ylabel(.) -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8
>>ylabel(‘sin(x)’) -1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
x (secs)
 Display Facilities

 HOLD ON holds the current plot

 HOLD OFF releases hold on current plot
 HOLD toggles the hold state
 SUBPLOT- display multiple axes

subplot(#rows, #cols, index)

 Alternative Scales for Axes

LOGLOG SEMILOGY
Both axes log Y
logarithmic linear X

SEMILOGX PLOTYY
log X 2 sets of
linear Y linear axes

»other_axes
 Surface Plot Example
» t = 0.001:0.001:0.03;
» s = 90:0.2:100;
» [gt, gs] = meshgrid(t,s);
» r = 0.1;
» k = 95;
» [call, put] =
blsprice(gs,k,r,gt,0.3);
» surf(t,s,call)
» xlabel('Time to Maturity')
» ylabel('Spot Price’);

»surface_ex
 3-D Surface Plotting

»surf_3d
 Specialized Plotting Routines

»spec_plots
Operators (relational, logical)

 == Equal to
 ~= Not equal to
 < Strictly smaller
 > Strictly greater
 <= Smaller than or equal to
 >= Greater than equal to
 & And operator
 | Or operator
Flow Control

 if
 for
 while
 break
 ….
Control Structures
Some Dummy Examples
 If Statement Syntax
if ((a>3) & (b==5))
Some Matlab Commands;
if (Condition_1) end
Matlab Commands
if (a<3)
elseif (Condition_2) Some Matlab Commands;
Matlab Commands elseif (b~=5)
Some Matlab Commands;
elseif (Condition_3) end
Matlab Commands
if (a<3)
else Some Matlab Commands;
Matlab Commands else
end Some Matlab Commands;
end
Control Structures
Some Dummy Examples
 For loop syntax for i=1:100
Some Matlab Commands;
end

for i=Index_Array for j=1:3:200

Some Matlab Commands;
Matlab Commands end

end for m=13:-0.2:-21

Some Matlab Commands;
end

for k=[0.1 0.3 -13 12 7 -9.3]

Some Matlab Commands;
end
Control Structures

 While Loop Syntax

Dummy Example
while (condition)
Matlab Commands while ((a>3) & (b==5))
Some Matlab Commands;
end end
 Use of M-File
Click to create
a new M-File

• Extension “.m”
• A text file containing script or function or program to run
Use of M-File Save file as Denem430.m

If you include “;” at the

end of each statement,
result will not be shown
immediately
Use of M-File
Writing User Defined Functions

 Functions are m-files which can be executed by

specifying some inputs and supply some desired outputs.
 The code telling the Matlab that an m-file is actually a
function is
function out1=functionname(in1)
function out1=functionname(in1,in2,in3)
function [out1,out2]=functionname(in1,in2)

 You should write this command at the beginning of the m-

file and you should save the m-file with a file name same
as the function name
Writing User Defined Functions
 Examples
 Write a function : out=squarer (A, ind)

 Which takes the square of the input matrix if the input

indicator is equal to 1
 And takes the element by element square of the input
matrix if the input indicator is equal to 2

Same Name
Writing User Defined Functions
 Another function which takes an input array and returns the sum and product
of its elements as outputs

 The function sumprod(.) can be called from command window or an m-file as

Notes:
 “%” is the neglect sign for Matlab (equaivalent
of “//” in C). Anything after it on the same line
is neglected by Matlab compiler.
 Sometimes slowing down the execution is
done deliberately for observation purposes.
You can use the command “pause” for this
purpose
pause %wait until any key
pause(3) %wait 3 seconds
Complex Numbers
 Another function which takes an input array and returns the sum and product
of its elements as outputs

 ≫ z = 2+1.5*1j, real(z)
 to get the result

 z=
 2.000+1.500i

 ans =
 2
Variables

>>I = int8(zeros(100)); % Creates an intermediate array

String Arrays:
 Created using single quote delimiter (')
» str = 'Hi there,'
str =
Hi there,
» str2 = 'Isn''t MATLAB great?'
str2 =
Isn't MATLAB great?

 Each character is a separate matrix element

 (16 bits of memory per character)
str = H i t h e r e , 1x9 vector

 Indexing same as for numeric arrays

»string_array
String Arrays:
Using [ ] operator: » str ='Hi there,';
1x9 vectors
Each row must be » str1='Everyone!';
same length » new_str=[str, ' ', str1]
new_str =
Row separator:
Hi there, Everyone! vectors
1x19 vector
semicolon (;)
» str2 = 'Isn''t MATLAB great?';

Column separator: » new_str2=[new_str; str2]

new_str2 =
space / comma (,)
Hi there, Everyone!
Isn't MATLAB great? 2x19 matrix

For strings of different length:

• STRVCAT » new_str3 = strvcat(str, str2)
• STR2MAT new_str3 =
Hi there, 2x19 matrix
Isn't MATLAB great? (zero padded)

»string_cat
String Arrays:
 String Comparisons
 STRCMP - compare whole strings

 STRNCMP - compare first ‘N’ characters

 FINDSTR - finds substring within a larger

string

 Converting between numeric & string arrays:

 NUM2STR - convert from numeric to string
array
 STR2NUM - convert from string to numeric
array
File I/O : High-level routines:
Use wildcard (*) for
 SAVE & LOAD similar variables
save fname
save fname x y z
save fname data* load fname
save fname -ascii load fname x y z
save fname -v4 load fname -ascii
load fname -mat
load fname*
 Other file formats:
 csvread - comma-separated ASCII
files
 dlmread - general ASCII delimited
files
 textread - read formatted data
Low-level text file I/O:
Writing data to text file:
» fid = fopen('magic5.txt', 'wt');
» fprintf(fid, '%s\n', 'This is a magic matrix');
» fprintf(fid, '%i\t%i\t%i\t%i\t%i\n', magic(5));
» fclose(fid);

ASCII text file: magic5.txt

This is a magic matrix
17 23 4 10 11
24 5 6 12 18
1 7 13 19 25
8 14 20 21 2
15 16 22 3 9

Reading data from text file: » fid=fopen('magic5.txt', 'rt');

» title = fgetl(fid);
» [data,count]=fscanf(fid, '%i');
» data = reshape(data, 5, 5);
»help fprintf
» fclose(fid);
 Basic Matlab Operations

% This is a comment, it starts with a “%”

clc % Clear command window
clear all % Clear variables in MatLab
y = 5*3 + 2^2; % simple arithmetic
x = [1 2 4 5 6]; % create the vector “x”
x1 = x.^2; % square each element in x
E = sum(abs(x).^2); % Calculate signal energy
P = E/length(x); % Calculate av signal
 Basic Matlab Operations

% Calculate av signal power

x2 = x(1:3); % Select first 3 elements in x
z = 1+2*1j; % Create a complex number
a = real(z); % Pick off real part
b = imag(z); % Pick off imaginary part
plot(x); % Plot the vector as a signal
t = 0:0.1:100; % Generate sampled time
x3=exp(-t).*cos(t); % Generate a discrete signal
plot(t, x3, ‘x’);% Plot points
 Basic Matlab Operations

%This shows how to save a table in Excel

columnHeader = {'t', 'x3'};
xlswrite('Table_1.xls',columnHeader,'Sheet1','A1');
%Saves the heather in Excel
xlswrite('Table_1.xls',[t; x3]','Sheet1','A2');
%Saves the variables in Excel

%This reads the same table in Excel

excel_data = xlsread('Table_1.xls',);
Questions
Thank You…