Lake Nyos
Lake Nyos
Lake Nyos
In popular culture and therefore prone to limnic eruptions (the others being Lake Monoun, also in Cameroon, and Lake
Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda).
See also
In 1986, possibly as the result of a landslide, Lake Nyos suddenly emitted a large cloud of CO2, which
References
suffocated 1,746 people[3] and 3,500 livestock in nearby towns and villages, the most notable one being
Further reading Chah, which was abandoned after the incident.[4][5] Though not completely unprecedented, it was the
External links first known large-scale asphyxiation caused by a natural event. To prevent a recurrence, a degassing
tube that siphons water from the bottom layers to the top, allowing the carbon dioxide to leak in safe
quantities, was installed in 2001. Two additional tubes were installed in 2011.
Today, the lake also poses a threat because its natural wall is weakening. A geological tremor could
cause this natural levee to give way, allowing water to rush into downstream villages all the way into
Nigeria and allowing large amounts of carbon dioxide to escape.
Lake Nyos lies within the Oku Volcanic Field, located near the northern boundary of the Cameroon
Volcanic Line, a zone of volcanoes and other tectonic activity that extends southwest to the Mt.
Cameroon stratovolcano. The field consists of volcanic maars and basaltic scoria cones.[6]
Lake Nyos is located south of the dirt road from Wum, about 30 km (19 mi) to the west, to Nkambé in Show map of Cameroon
the east. Villages along the road in the vicinity of the lake include Cha, Nyos, Munji, Djingbe, and Show map of Africa
Subum. The lake is 50 km (31 mi) from the Nigerian border to the north, and lies on the northern slopes Show all
of the Massif du Mbam, drained by streams running north, then northwest, to the Katsina-Ala River in Location Northwest Province,
Cameroon
Nigeria which is part of the Benue River basin.[7]
Coordinates 06°26′17″N 010°17′56″E
Lake Nyos fills a roughly circular maar in the Oku Volcanic Field, an explosion crater caused when a
Type Meromictic, limnically active
lava flow interacted violently with groundwater. The maar is believed to have formed in an eruption a lake, volcanic crater lake
maximum of 12,000 years ago, and is 1,800 m (5,900 ft) across and 208 m (682 ft) deep.[8][9] The area Primary inflows subaquatic source
has been volcanically active for millions of years—after South America and Africa were split apart by Basin countries Cameroon
plate tectonics about 110 million years ago, West Africa also experienced rifting, although to a lesser
Max. length 2.0 km (1.2 mi)
degree. The rift is known as the Mbéré Rift Valley, and crustal extension has allowed magma to reach
Max. width 1.2 km (0.75 mi)
the surface along a line extending through Cameroon. Mount Cameroon also lies on this fault line. Lake
Surface area 1.58 km2 (390 acres)
Nyos is surrounded by old lava flows and pyroclastic deposits.
Average depth 94.9 m (311 ft)
Although Nyos is situated within an extinct volcano, magma still exists beneath it. Approximately 80
Max. depth 208 m (682 ft)
kilometres (50 mi) directly below the lake resides a pool of magma, which releases carbon dioxide and
Water volume 0.15 km3 (120,000 acre⋅ft)
other gases; the gases then travel upward through the earth. The fumes then dissolve in the natural
Surface 1,091 m (3,579 ft)
springs encircling the lake, ultimately rising to the surface of the water and leaching into the lake.[10]
elevation
The lake waters are held in place by a natural dam composed of volcanic rock. At its narrowest point,
the wall measures 40 metres (130 ft) high and 45 metres (148 ft) wide.
Lake Nyos is one of only three lakes in the world known to be saturated with carbon dioxide—the others are
Lake Monoun, also in Cameroon, and Lake Kivu on the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo
and Rwanda. A magma chamber beneath the region is an abundant source of carbon dioxide, which seeps up
through the lake bed, charging the waters of Lake Nyos with an estimated 90 million tonnes of CO2. Lake and vicinity from Landsat 8,
2014
Lake Nyos is thermally stratified, with layers of warm, less dense water near the surface floating on the colder,
denser water layers near the lake's bottom. Over long periods, carbon dioxide gas seeping into the cold water
at the lake's bottom is dissolved in great amounts.
Most of the time, the lake is stable and the CO2 remains in solution in the lower layers. However, over time, the water becomes supersaturated, and if
an event such as an earthquake or landslide occurs, large amounts of CO2 may suddenly come out of solution.
Although a sudden outgassing of CO2 had occurred at Lake Monoun in 1984, a similar threat
from Lake Nyos was not anticipated. However, on August 21, 1986, a limnic eruption
occurred at Lake Nyos, triggering the sudden release of about 100,000–300,000 tons[11]
(some sources state as much as 1.6 million tonnes)[12] of CO2. This gas cloud rose at nearly
100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) and[6] spilled over the northern lip of the lake into a valley
running roughly east–west from Cha to Subum. It then rushed down two valleys branching off
to the north, displacing all of the air and suffocating 1,746 people within 25 kilometres (16 mi) Lake Nyos as it appeared just over a week after the
eruption; August 29, 1986.
of the lake, mostly rural villagers, as well as 3,500 livestock. The villages most affected were
Cha, Nyos, and Subum.[13]
Scientists concluded from evidence that a 100 m (330 ft) fountain of water and foam formed at the surface of the lake.
The huge amount of water rising suddenly caused much turbulence in the water, spawning a wave of at least 25
metres (82 ft) that would scour the shore of one side.[14]
It is not known what triggered the catastrophic outgassing. Most geologists suspect a landslide, but some believe that a
small volcanic eruption may have occurred on the bed of the lake. A third possibility is that cool rainwater falling on one
side of the lake triggered the overturn. Others still believe there was a small earthquake, but as witnesses did not
report feeling any tremors on the morning of the disaster, this hypothesis is unlikely. Whatever the cause, the event
resulted in the rapid mixing of the supersaturated deep water with the upper layers of the lake, where the reduced
pressure allowed the stored CO2 to effervesce out of solution.[citation needed]
It is believed that about 1.2 cubic kilometres (0.29 cu mi) of gas was released.[15] The normally blue waters of the lake
turned a deep red after the outgassing, due to iron-rich water from the deep rising to the surface and being oxidised by
the air. The level of the lake dropped by about a metre and trees near the lake were knocked down.
Cattle suffocated by
carbon dioxide from Lake
Nyos
Degassing [ edit ]
See also: Limnic eruption § Degassing
The scale of the 1986 disaster led to much study on how a recurrence could be prevented.[16] Estimates of the rate of carbon dioxide entering the lake
suggested that outgassings could occur every 10–30 years, though a recent study shows[citation needed] that release of water from the lake, caused by
erosion of the natural barrier that keeps in the lake's water, could in turn reduce pressure on the lake's carbon dioxide and cause a gas escape much
sooner.
Several researchers independently proposed the installation of degassing columns from rafts in the lake. These use a pump to initially lift water from
the bottom of the lake, heavily saturated with CO2, until the loss of pressure begins releasing the gas from the diphasic fluid, at which point the process
becomes self-powered.[17] In 1992 at Monoun, and in 1995 at Nyos, a French team directed by Michel Halbwachs demonstrated the feasibility of this
approach. In 2001, the U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance funded a permanent installation at Nyos.[18]
In 2011, two additional pipes were installed by Michel Halbwachs and his French-Cameroonian team to assure the complete degassing of Lake
Nyos.[19]
Following the disaster, scientists investigated other African lakes to see if a similar phenomenon could
happen elsewhere. Lake Kivu, 2,000 times larger than Lake Nyos, was also found to be supersaturated,
and geologists found evidence for outgassing events around the lake about every thousand years. The
eruption of nearby Mount Nyiragongo in 2002 sent lava flowing into the lake, raising fears that a gas
eruption could be triggered, but it was not, as the flow of lava stopped well before it got near the bottom
layers of the lake, where the gas is maintained in solution by the water pressure.
In 2005, Isaac Njilah, a geologist at the University of Yaoundé, suggested that the natural dam of
Degassing pump schematic
volcanic rock that keeps in the lake's waters could collapse in the near future.[citation needed] Erosion has
worn the dam away, causing holes and pockets to develop in the dam's upper layer, and water already
passes through the lower section. Meanwhile, landslides have reduced dam strength on the outside. Seismic activity caused by the lake's volcanic
foundation could thus cause the lake wall to give way, resulting in up to 50 million m3 (1.8 billion ft3) of water flooding downhill into areas of the
Northwest Province and the Nigerian states of Taraba and Benue.
The Cameroonian government, speaking through Gregory Tanyi-Leke of the Institute of Mining and Geological Research, acknowledges the weakening
wall, but denies that it presents any immediate threat. A United Nations team led by Olaf Van Duin and Nisa Nurmohamed of the Netherlands' Ministry
of Transport and Public Works inspected the dam over three days in September 2005, and confirmed that the natural lip had weakened. Van Duin
believed that the dam would breach within the next 10 to 20 years.[20]
One possible means of averting such a catastrophe would be to strengthen the lake wall, though this would take much time and money. Engineers
could also introduce a channel to allow excess water to drain; if the water level were lowered by about 20 m (66 ft), the pressure on the wall would be
reduced significantly.[21]
Despite the risks from carbon dioxide and collapse of the lake's retaining wall, the area is being resettled. Settlers cite the wish to return to ancestral
lands (although some are newcomers) and the great fertility of the land as reasons for their return.[22][23]
Nyos: Η τελετή της αθωότητας [Nyos: The ceremony of innocence] (2016), a novel by Basileios Drolias focusing on the lake Nyos disaster.
Stikvallei [Choke Valley] (2013), a non-fiction account of the lake Nyos disaster by Frank Westerman.
Carbon sequestration – Storing carbon in a carbon pool (natural as well as enhanced or artificial processes)
Cameroon portal
Limnic eruption – Type of volcanic eruption
Geography portal
Limnology – Science of inland aquatic ecosystems
Mazuku – Pocket of carbon dioxide–rich air that can be lethal
Meromictic lake – Permanently stratified lake with layers of water that do not intermix
References [ edit ]
1. ^ "Nyos" . Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 13. ^ Smolowe, Jill (September 8, 1986). "Cameroon the Lake of Death" .
December 15, 2019. TIME. Vol. 128, no. 10. pp. 34–37. Archived from the original on February
2. ^ BBC contributors (August 21, 1986). "21 August: 1986: Hundreds gassed 27, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
in Cameroon lake disaster" . BBC. Retrieved December 19, 2008. {{cite 14. ^ David Brown (February 1, 2000). "Scientists hope to quiet Cameroon's
news}}: |author= has generic name (help) killer lakes" . The Washington Post. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
3. ^ Rouwet, D., Tanyileke, G. and Costa, A. (July 12, 2016). "Cameroon's 15. ^ "The Strangest Disaster of the 20th Century" . Neatorama. May 21,
Lake Nyos Gas Burst: 30 Years Later" . Eos. American Geophysical 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved
Union. Retrieved December 1, 2016. June 20, 2010.
4. ^ New York Times, "Trying to Tame the Roar of Deadly Lakes", February 16. ^ Kling, G. W.; Evans, W. C.; Tanyileke, G.; Kusakabe, M.; Ohba, T.;
27, 2001. [1] . Yoshida, Y.; Hell, J. V. (2005). "Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun:
5. ^ Krajick, Kevin (September 2003). "Defusing Africa's killer lakes" (PDF). Defusing certain disaster" . Proceedings of the National Academy of
Smithsonian. 34 (6): 46–50. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, Sciences. 102 (40): 14185–90. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502274102 .
2005. Retrieved December 9, 2013. PMC 1242283 . PMID 16186504 .
6. ^ a b "Lake Nyos (1986)" . San Diego State University. March 31, 2006. 17. ^ "Lake Nyos: plan for degassing lakes Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon. Gas
Retrieved December 19, 2008. disaster at Nyos: mitigation of a natural hazard at Nyos" .
7. ^ "Map of Wum, Cameroon". Archived December 30, 2007, at the mhalb.pagesperso-orange.fr.
Wayback Machine MSN Encarta World Atlas. 18. ^ "Degassing the "Killer Lakes" Expedition 2001" . mhalb.pagesperso-
8. ^ "Oku Volcanic Field" . Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian orange.fr.
Institution. December 1998. Retrieved June 20, 2006. 19. ^ "Science Actualités – Ressources – Cité des sciences et de l'industrie –
9. ^ Schmidt, Christoph; Tchouankoue, Jean Pierre; Nemzoue, Peguy Noel Expositions, conférences, cinémas, activités culturelles et sorties
Nkouamen; Ayaba, Félicité; Nformidah-Ndah, Siggy Signe; Chifu, touristiques pour les enfants, les parents, les familles – Paris" .
Emmanuel Nformi (May 30, 2017). "New thermoluminescence age Universcience.fr. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012.
estimates for the Nyos maar eruption (Cameroon Volcanic Line)" . PLOS Retrieved October 17, 2012.
ONE. 12 (5): e0178545. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1278545S . 20. ^ Flood Danger from Lake Nyos article in the African Journal of Science
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178545 . ISSN 1932-6203 . PMC 5448780 . and Technology from 2009. In French language.
PMID 28558057 . 21. ^ United nations report on the dam Archived March 31, 2012, at the
10. ^ Micah Fink. "Degassing Lake Nyos" . PBS. Retrieved December 24, Wayback Machine
2008. 22. ^ Loh, Choves (January 30, 2009). "Lake Nyos – Survivors Waiting For Re-
11. ^ Socolow, Robert H. (July 2005). "Can We Bury Global Warming?". integration Program" . allAfrica.com. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
Scientific American. 293 (1): 49–55. Bibcode:2005SciAm.293a..49S . 23. ^ Krajick, Kevin (September 2003). "Defusing Africa's killer lakes" .
doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0705-49 . PMID 16008301 . Smithsonian. 34 (6): 46–50. Archived from the original on June 6, 2016.
12. ^ Mathew Fomine, Forka Leypey (2011). "The Strange Lake Nyos CO2 Retrieved December 9, 2013.
Gas Disaster" . Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies.
Massey University. 2011–1. ISSN 1174-4707 . Retrieved February 4,
2016.
International VIAF
Categories: Active volcanoes Volcanic crater lakes Lakes of Cameroon Maars of Cameroon Mbéré Rift Valley Meromictic lakes
Northwest Region (Cameroon) Rift volcanoes Limnically active lakes
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