POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

The review of related literature and studies includes the general concepts and views

of the experts in education and the summary of the findings of related studies, which are

relevant to the study.

Related Literature

The New Normal Education

The current pandemic of COVID-19 has created exceptional challenges and has

impacted the educational sectors, and no one knows when it will stop. Plans and procedures

on how to contain the virus are currently being introduced by every country, and infections

are still continuously growing. In the educational sense, the new standard should be taken

into account in the preparation and implementation of the ‘new normal educational policy' in

order to preserve and provide quality education despite lockdown and community quarantine

(Tria, 2020).

Snelling & Fingal (2020) stated that at this time of pandemic where coronavirus

outbreak is anywhere, schools even work are shifting from face to face learning to the so-

call new normal education. This new normal mode of learning is said to slow the rapid

increase of the virus, and this is an effective strategies to still continue educational learning.

And this new normal learning is a positive idea for several working college students since

the demand to go to school as per schedule would not be a daily demand nowadays. It is

just a matter of attending class or just to go to work. Sometimes, this scenario take an
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opportunity for the student to enjoy employment, working students can study after work

using instructional materials since the new normal education is also a blended learning. This

blended learning wherein the face to face classes turn into modular and online mode of

learning. Sometimes, this new normal learning is a roadblock where students can't be able

to anticipate and take actions. Online learning also provides a great opportunity for digital

etiquette to be checked and digital citizenship integrated into online collaboration activities.

Tanhueco-Tumapon (2020) called the new situation as ‘adopt quickly’ wherein it will

be the response of the students as well as the teachers to the new normal way of giving

instruction and learning in the midst of the pandemic. Academic Institution need to

strategized and reinforced more modes in teaching and learning within the new normal

education. The readiness of the schools are in terms of technical infrastructure is still a

question. Reopening of the schools at this stage can be an expensive one (Felter &

Maizland, 2020).

Ceniza (2020) explains that new normal is the outcome of this pandemic, and it has

affected every aspects in life of an individual, including their daily routine, jobs and also in

education. Before this new normal, teachers and students are already using these

technologies in the face-to-face interaction but they are now using these through virtual

sessions. Department of Education presented three modalities in which students and

teachers will be able to exchange knowledge despite of the situation. These includes

distance learning, blended learning, and homeschooling.

Moreover, Lagua (2020) said that education is the most affected by this crisis

because of the lockdown implemented by the government. As an outcome of this situation,

online learning was implemented to still provide the quality education in the Philippines. This

challenge the teachers to encourage their students to be actively engaged in the new normal
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way of learning. Instructors should be able to innovate different strategies for the students to

adapt in the new situation and also learn as well.

However, Magsombol (2020) revealed that there is really a gap for children who can

and cannot manage the materials needed to assist the new education platform due to

sudden changes in how learners will acquire knowledge in today’s situation. The general

condition of students within the public school systems relay their message about the

inequality regarding to DepEd’s mantra ‘no child left behind.’ Despite of this, learning should

not be cancelled as much as to drive the economy. This driven to a more tightly measure for

instruction to provide a quality education in spite of the looming chance.

Kasrekar (2020) found out that one of the issues seen is the conduct of classes in

spite of the closure arrange. The most feasible solution to continue the learning process of

every child is through online teaching and learning due to the higher risk of spread when

face to face classes happen. This new program challenges both the instructors and the

learner because it happens something unused to them.

Working Students

The Aspire Coronation Trust or ACT Foundation (2014) defines that the working

students are the individuals who are working and studying at the same time. A work and

study style, it says that the student is engage on formal studying and working so that they

can sustain their needs.

Additionally, Kerr (2020) said that involvement in employment while in college help

students to sustain their personal needs, provide for themselves and also, it allows students

to acquire work experience that can be useful once they finished college. This can be an

edge for them from other non-working students, and it said that have higher chance to earn
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more in the future because of the experience they had, advance resume, and stronger

personality.

Working while attending college is a bit challenging but it can give advantages for

those students who choose to work and study at the same time. These benefits incorporate

preventing from having debts, it also an opportunity for an individual to gain experiences,

especially when it is related to the students’ area of study, it also enhances the time

management skills of the students that will be really a good attribute when they already in

the field of working after college, when student begins to learn to manage their time

effectively this will be the start for them to have better grades, and also some companies

are offering employee benefits wherein an individual can acquire health insurance and even

tuition assistance when working and studying at the same time (Caldwell, 2020).

Phương Trà (2015) emphasizes the advantages of students when they are engaged

in employment. Firstly, students will be able to earn money to provide their personal needs

and also to help their family. Secondly, by working, students are learning experiences which

they may apply in their real life situation, and lastly, they can have more opportunities in the

industry because of what they have learned through part time working. They can succeed in

both work and study when they have a systematic plan to balance their time.

Students’ Reasons why they are working

According to the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), around 216,000

students in the country are currently misrepresenting school and work. It is common that

students are mostly working in food industry, online marketing, and sales department.

Financial crisis is one of the reasons why students are engaged in employment. It also

added that because of higher commodity prices and tuition fees, these students are forced
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to work independently, especially during this pandemic time. As time passes, students need

more and more financial support to cover their expenses for daily living, and studying since

the price of every single thing becomes more expensive. CHED recommended that the

student must incline to job that are not too demanding to work for in order for them to can

still prioritize study. Becoming a working college student is very stressful, especially to the

part of balancing time for studying, family, social life, and even to the work itself.

There is an extensive number of college students in today’s situation are working,

but they differ in the sum and sort of work. Also, the reasons behind those discrepancy

aren’t similar. Students who are involved in employment has their own different reasons why

they choose to be a part-time worker (Amour, 2019).

Desrochers & Kirshtein (2012) explains that affording college seems to be hard by

many. With the continuous growth of tuition fee and other expenses, the family in the middle

class may find it difficult to sustain the need of their student, so the college is not easily

attainable as it is. So the student will think many ways to support their needs, especially in

education, so being working student is one way to support their studies because of

continuous growth of expenses, especially in tuition cost. So as being working students will

fill the gap.

Walter (2020) said that the accessibility in education has been a major issue in the

Philippines because of the incapability of many families to send their children to school. This

can be the reason why there are lot of students who tried to work and study at the same

time for them to be able to pursue their education. The result of this issue is for having an

extensive number of working students in the Philippines. To attain education despite of

being financially instable, majority of Filipino students are balancing their time as they study

and work at the same time. Most commonly known works of a student nowadays are being
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crews and cashier and also doing online jobs due to the pandemic. Being a working student

helps them to become more resilient, persevere and work hard. Though it may be hard, but

it is fulfilling when you succeed in both of their job and academic responsibilities.

Nucum (2018) stated that in the past years until now, the idea behind work-study

balance, including time and effort, has been the most used experienced of a student. And

the reason why students engaged to job employment for a part time work is because of

financial crisis and stability. Since studying while working is a very hustle thing, social time

for family, friends, and loved ones fades. He also suggests some ways to easily emerged in

school and work, and the first a student must do is to find some educational assistance or

scholarship that may support financially. This will make the students to not exert more time

for working. In addition, another way is to create timetable wherein organized time for

studying is indicated. In this instance, studying is still taken into consideration, and the

working phase will still fit to the schedule of learning phase.

There are many reasons why being a working student can assist both the college life

and future career of an individual, and that includes gaining experience from the field, as

well as making few additional money. Kristian (2020) listed five reasons why being a working

student is genuinely great including it provides opportunity to gain experience from it, it can

help an individual to build friendship and business relationship with other people in the field,

working while studying allow the student to earn money on their own, it also enhances the

skills of an individual especially abilities like communication, teamwork and leadership, and

last reason is that makes an individual more ambitious in a good way because they can still

manage their time as they study and work at the same time. Students who are involved in

employment is good in time management as they tend to balance their life and still have a

good experience while working.

Programs for the Student Employment in the Philippines

The number of students who are involved in employment is getting bigger. That is

why there are various programs that was implemented in the Philippines to support the

youth employment. Here are some of the programs in the Philippines that is really essential

for all students who are in need financially and also it give opportunities to gain experiences

from working.

The Philippines Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)

assist Enterprised-Based Programs, which is a training and employment programs

implemented within companies, including their Apprenticeship Program, Leadership

Program, and Dual Training System. It can benefits trainees/students, companies, schools,

parents, teachers, and others. This can help students to enhance their skills, have proper

training for employment, and it also provide allowance for transportation and other expenses

needed.

The Special Program for Employment of Students (SPES) is DOLE’s youth

employment-bridging program which points to help poor students but deserving students or

out of school-youth within the age of 15 but not more than 30 years of age to be employed

during summer or/on Christmas vacation or any time of the year for them to be able to still

pursue their education. Students who work in this program can guarantee an incentives

providing them to pay only 60% of their salaries; and the 40% through education vouchers to

be paid by the government. According to SPES Placement, from the year 1993 to 2012

there are more than 1.8 million of students are benefitted from this program.
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Additionally, The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) has reported the

drafting of a Career Guidance Advocacy Plan 2017-2022 to get the data and give instruction

about career and education or preparing alternatives for young people so that they will be

able to create the most of the opportunities that are accessible to them. Career Guidance

Advocacy Program aims to strengthen the Public Employment Service Offices (PESOs) and

also to develop career guidance programs which will help the students to be assisted in their

chosen career in the future.

Kabataan Program is a year-round program in the support for the in the vision of

former President Fidel V. Ramos. It encourages all high school students, college students,

and also for out-of-school youth to be involve in constructive and productive activities

throughout the year. This program provides financial assistance to the youth to sustain their

educational needs and also their personal needs and to contribute to the nation. There are

components under Kabataan Program which also encourages high school students, college

students, and out-of-school youth to provide more opportunities, and it also aims to involve

the youth in community service.

Government Internship Program (GIP) is one of the component in KABATAAN 2000

under Executive Order (EO) no. 139 s. 1993, and DOLE Administrative Order No. 260-15,

which also aims to give opportunities and attract young workers to serve in general public in

government agencies, whether it is national or local level. To supply youthful specialists,

especially the poor/indigent and youthful specialists, opportunity to illustrate their talents and

abilities within the field of public service with the extreme objective of drawing in the most

excellent and the brightest who need to seek after a career in government benefit, especially

within the areas and disciplines related to labor and work.

Work Appreciation Program (WAP) is also a component KABATAAN 2000, which is

a training strategy wherein there is no employer-employee relationship. It provides the youth

to appreciate the importance of work and gain proper ethics by allowing them to work in the

actual field. Participants must be 18 – 25 years of age, unemployed, in school or out-of-

school youth, and should be physically ready for the training to be undertaken.

Program on Literacy cum Livelihood, Culture, Arts (PLLCA) is a component of

KABATAAN 2000 which points to engage the youth with devisable information, state of

mind, and values to create them self-reliant, capable, beneficial, sympathetic, and upright

citizens who can contribute to the economical improvement of the nation.

Definition of Time Management

Kurzawska (2020) stated that time management refers to arranging and organizing a

day in a way that you simply get the foremost out of it, feel relieved and fulfilled, and at the

same time it comes up to best work results. It helps to lessen the workload, arrange and

work successfully, and maximize the results by minimizing the input.

Kottler (2011) also explained time management is considered as kind of life

management, and controlling one’s life implies controlling the time, and controlling the time

means a person is controlling life events. It simply stated how people must learn how to

manage their time to have a systematic way of living. This will allow them to have assistance

to keep track of their accomplishment and will make them more eager to do more as they

get to know their capabilities. This will also help them to know which task to be prioritized

and to avoid them from doing such habits that is not needed more attention.
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An article in 2021 posted by Indeed Editorial Team define the time management as

learning how to manage time effectively can improve the career of an individual wherein

they try to organize their time to complete work on time. Time management are a set of skills

that will enable you in properly managing your time. The following are some of the most

critical time management skills: Prioritization, Goal-setting and Scheduling. Firstly,

Prioritization refers to which task should be put first and an individual must learn how to

prioritize their duties. Being a good time manager requires you to prioritize and of your

duties. There are several techniques for prioritizing the tasks. You may decide to start with

fast, simple tasks and work your way up to longer, more involved tasks. You may also

prioritize your tasks by beginning with the most time-sensitive and working your way down,

or a combination of both. Secondly, Goal-setting is considered as the first step to be a good

time manager. Goal-setting helps you to clearly identify your end goal and the specific tasks

that must be completed to complete it. Setting both short and long-term goals will help you

achieve career success. Lastly, Scheduling as an important aspects of time management.

Sticking to your schedule would be easier if you schedule out your day, meetings, and how

you'll get things done efficiently.

A journal in 2015 posted by WPM TEAM stated that time management is considered

as the learner’s capability to manage their time effectively, which includes objective setting,

prioritization, organizing skill, and numerous skills. Good and effective time managements of

students tends to have great benefits. There are five benefits of time management such as

students who knows how to practice proper time management gets more free time, creating

viable time management skills guide the person through the craftsmanship of denying and

delaying procrastination and educates the person to prioritize tasks, students with good and

effective time management abilities tend to have lesser disappointment, this skill educates
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an individual to live in a systematic way additionally to discharge his mind from the

contemplations of the unfinished works and lastly, the ability of great time management can

offer assistance to gain a sense of achievement and peace of intellect (wmpmagazine.com).

Furthermore, Chen (2011) explains that time management is not just all about the

task being done, but it is about how a person can balance their in a way that they enjoy their

selves and also the things they do. In addition to this, there are different scenarios wherein

time management is essential, which include at school, at work, commuting, family time,

socializing, love life, and sleep. At school wherein, it is not just about the classes, but the

sum of exerted effort and time spent on reading, studying, preparing, and reflecting school;

At work, whereas working full time or part time requires to take care of financial needs

although it is a way for the student to learn how to keep balance. In commuting wherein

waiting for a public transport is consuming a lot of time for a day. Also, family time requires

time management spending a day with them is needed to maintain a good relationship to

them. Socializing is where people get to enjoy their time with their friends and make use of

the time freely. Love life, once a person is in a relationship, it takes commitment and time to

give. Lastly, sleep it must be a priority, and a person should at least sleep 6-8 hours a day to

make everything in life much easier. Enough sleep also helps to keep up the energy and

makes you to focus to prevent stress-related problems.

Time Management Among Students

Elliot (2013) explained that time management is a skill that makes children to

prioritize errands and precisely judge the amount of time required to accomplish them. This

allows them to accomplish all the tasks systematically and learn to oversee and adhere to a
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plan. It includes children observing their own efforts and actions, having a suitable way to

complete assignments, and having the capacity to effectively take after step-by-step

methods.

Article in 2015 posted by Apointment Plus said that proper time management permits

an individual to achieve more in a shorter period of time, which leads to more vacant time,

which lets them to take advantage of learning openings, relieve the stress, and helps to be

more concentrate in life, which guide to more career success (appointmentplus.com).

Clark (2014) said how essential managing time is for a students to achieve their

goals in life. It can be challenging to most of the students if they don’t know how to get

started. Productivity, adequacy, self-understanding, and exact time utilization are the

significance time management. It creates an awareness to monitor one’s self at all times and

also to look for unimportant activities which does not need more attention. Additionally, Clark

(2014) emphasized the importance of daily plan in every student in an institution. Time

management can be used in different field such as work, study, and leisure activities.

Learning how to use time efficiently can balance everything, and this will also help the

students to achieve their goals in timely manner and to have a well-organized plan in order

to accomplished all the tasks given.

Panigrahi (2021) explained that time management plays a vital role in student’s life

allowing them to learn more at a quicker pace. Each students needs to accomplish a specific

set of curriculum within a year or semester. In this case, students are having difficulties

managing their time toward academics, project, assignments, together with the preparation

for an examination. Incapable to divide the time fairly for each subject, learners frequently

prefer last-minute arrangement that results them scoreless but also hinders their learning
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capability. By acknowledging the value of time and utilizing it viably to focus on the objective,

they are able to accomplish a part more with less efforts. Time management skills upgrade

the choice making capability but also helps to become successful by taking control in life.

An individual who learns to oversee time fulfills half of the work done even before doing it.

Chen (2011) made a list of techniques to take control over time. It includes: Do less,

not more; Figure out what’s getting in the way; Getting a calendar; making a list of takes and

checking it regularly; find balance and making some necessary cuts to avoid work overload.

These are the techniques that a working student may use in order for them to balance their

time as they study and work at the same time.

When juggling work and school, time management can be a challenge. Balancing

professional and academic life is not that simple errand, particularly when there are still

extra obligations for competing time such as working while studying. It is not really having a

hard time for scarce or lack of time but on how people manage their time effectively and

efficiently (Cooper, 2020).

Definition of Learning Strategies

According to Tay (2013), learning strategies are the total effort and time of a student

in order to simulate and adapt for the lessons of every subject. It is also how the students

learn in a process of obtaining knowledge and information, given that many circumstances

are taken into consideration. Learning strategies can be learned and changed since working

students have limited and diverse time. Their prioritization phase was divided into studying

and work. Moreover, the amount of time spent on for the job working were very much

scrutinized simultaneously to the learning phase. In fact, because of the demand at work,
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working students would be commonly detracted from studying, but then they have this

learning strategies where they able to manage their time and allot spare time for studying.

Carbonero, Román, and Ferrer (2013) created a learning strategy program that

includes organization, elaboration, and application-transfer methods. They discovered that

elaboration, transfer, and performance in the course activities were all improved.

An article by Student Wellness Centre in 2017 stated that learning strategies will not

only help the students inside the campus, but this can also be a good help to an individual to

succeed in life. Proper study skills can enhance the confidence, competence, and self-

esteem of every learner. This is also a way to improve their ability to learn more and keep

knowledge in mind. Engaging in outside aspects and activities inevitably in job serve

many challenging purpose like serving the learning strategies into more effective and

efficient way and served as an educational competency of every working students (Fazal,

2012).

Learning Strategies Among Students

An article posted by Oxford Learning in 2017 states that taking organized and keep

notes is the most effective learning strategies that can help progress your understanding

and review of what you have got learned in class. Also, better notes will assist you to keep in

mind concepts, create significant learning aptitudes, and pick up a much better

understanding of a point. Effective notes will indeed lead to less stress when test time

comes around.
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According to Davis (2021), real-life or world situations play a crucial role in

education. Content is simpler to comprehend and enjoy when it is taught and applied in real-

life situations. The learners can easily understood the lesson if they can relate a real-life

issue with their prior knowledge. Also, it is one of the effective strategy to learn and also a

teaching strategy. Real-life examples highlight the complexities and unpredictability of real-

world events, which can help to encourage critical thinking.

Moreover, an article posted by Wasabi Learning in 2020 introduced different learning

strategies that can be used by students who do not enjoy studying. The main strategy is

linked to the real world which explains that real world application is important to digital

people as they wanted to know how they can apply the teaching in the actual world.

Students want to know how it will help them outside of the school. This is most likely one of

the most significant perspective of a teacher that must be share with his students.

Howie (2011) said that there are different theories of learning styles; some are more

personality or motivation driven, and some are more 'educationally based. It focused

primarily on balancing the style of instruction with individual expectations for learning. The

preference for learning styles is said to be affected by a variety of variables, some of which

have a greater impact than others on certain learners or at certain times. In addition of

example, when Ramayah et al. (2011) Examined the impact of peer, technology, cultural

context of the school students' learning style, they found that all four forms of learning style

were influenced by peer, reading and writing were affected by technology, while the

learner's cultural background affected the participants' visual, aural and kinesthetic learning

styles.

Dadli (2015) said that in learning, individuals who learn by self-regulated learning set

goals and strive to achieve their goals. Every individual is working on different ways to know
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their goals in life. Individuals who monitor their learning in this way typically use internal

motivation rather than external motivation to achieve their goals They have high self-

confidence, and they manage their own learning without an external force, as they are

conscious of the potential they have.

Moreover, Uyar (2015), learning based on self-regulation includes the following

points and explanations: (a) having a goal-oriented thinking, where in students have a goal,

(b) students learn to take the initiative and work independently to achieve the goal, it simply

means that they are responsible enough for their actions, (c) students have metacognitive

knowledge to recognize the task's required problems, compensate for their own levels to

meet the task's requirements and choose the strategies they can use to accomplish the

task, try to accomplish the task during the process by using different strategies, namely, act

strategically, and (d) having a high motivation at all time.

On the other hand, (Daniela 2015) showed that self-regulation was positively

affected by intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, task importance, management of

learning beliefs, and self-efficacy. This indicates that students who are driven to learn,

consider the subject as important, can monitor their learning, and are more likely than others

to use cognitive and self-regulated strategies with faith in their ability to learn. This can be

due to the fact that optimistic personal motivational values appear to keep learners

responsible for their learning.

Related Studies

In the study by Cabay (2019) concluded that most of the Hotel and Restaurant

Operations/Management students who are involved in employment explained that a working

student must have enough time management skills and abilities in order to be an effective

student as well as part time worker. It also stated the main reason why those students

choose to be a working student, and that is because of the insufficient money that will

sustain their needs in college. However, the study also showed that students who are

working and studying can have a better opportunities, and they gain more experiences while

they were still in college.

The researchers find it relevant to the study being conducted because it emphasizes

how important to learn time management for every student, particularly for students who

work and study at the same time. This can be a motivation for all the working students to

work hard and study hard as they can benefit from working while studying. This will allow the

student to know that there is an advancement of being a working student that they were

picking up new experiences that will be very useful for them in the future because employers

are looking for employees that have different experiences in working.

In the study by Faizuddin (2018) about the experiences of working while studying of

the postgraduate students at International Islamic showed that the respondents are having a

good attitude and proper time management that helps them to balance their work as they

study. The study also explained what can be a working student and also the consequences

of being a working student. However, students at International Islamic shared how this

experience help them to be more responsible and improved their decisions in lie.

The researches included this study because it emphasize the things that a working

students experiencing while studying and working at the same time. This can serves as

motivation for those working students to strive harder to fulfill their needs, and also it gives

them self-satisfaction once they completed a task on time and also working properly.

Involvement in employment while studying really can be help for students to be able to learn
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how to manage their time effectively and also this can give them more opportunities in the

future when they already got in the field of working permanently.

Scherer, Talley, and Fife (2017) found that non cognitive individual behaviors such

as a student’s time point of view are viable indicators of scholastic results as destitute time

administration approaches mean that students discover it difficult to arrange their work and

may feel unsettled toward the conclusion of a course—when they are likely to be surveyed.

It is true that behaviour of the student will be the basic help and one of the strategies for the

student to cope in this new normal classes because when the behaviour of the student will

be exception in the class, it would be difficult but when they comply on the activities it would

be a great opportunities. It means that strategies will be in the student behaviour if they will

be able to comply on the activities and assessment on time.

In this study, the time management of the student is base on their behavior on what

will effect on their academic performance. As they found what the student behavior will be

the one, who will dictate on how their task will do if it is going to be a great opportunity or a

difficulty on how they use their time. Inclined this to our study time management is very

essential especially on how the student will do if they have a work and they are studying,

how they will act in a particular task to do. This study helps to make the working student

understand that it may start with them on how they will behave. This can be a strategy that

may apply by working students for them to have a better understanding in a particular

lesson. They should always shows good behaviour towards completing task so that they can

comply on time as well as they learned something from doing it.

The study by Frigillano et al. (2015) found out that the respondents’ self-esteem,

academic performance, and time management are not affected even they are on-campus

full time students and also a part-time working student. Involvement in employment make
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them happy as they can help and provide for their family and also a good experience for

them to work independently. Their goals to finish studying and to be able to work motivate

them to do more.

In this study concluded that a full-time student and a part time working students

found that it will not affect their academic performance if they have a good time

management.it also revealed that some of students are working because of financial

problem. Although it is hard it may take an advantage of working students because they will

have experienced. as for in our study it talks about working student even if working or not it

will not affect their academic performance if they know how to do a good time management

and their motivation to do well.

Research by Khan (2015) explained that effective time management of students,

specifically working students is very important for it may affect the student's overall learning

aspects. Globally, time is really the indefinitely usable and divisible commodity and this be

able to apply in everything not just to simply know. Application of time management of

students can be able to make them organized and they may balance their time for studying

and at the same time to job employment.

Khan’s research relates in the study being conducted in terms of how the time

management affects the student's learning process similar to what the researchers want to

assess. It is also on how the student may be able to allocate time for their self obligations in

studying, working and even socializing. Organization of time is really the key in order to be

productive in many aspects and in order to have a balanced time efficacy. Additionally, time

management will make the students to become inexhaustible even the work requires

demand for they may be able to divide their respective time efficiently.
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In the study by Obijiaku (2015), international students appeared to be aware how

essential time management is to their academic success. He found out that there are

students who think the same way towards time management, which explains that time

management is where an individual makes schedules and manage their time to be more

productive and accomplished all the tasks. It is considered as an instrument which let the

students to be more inclined in doing tasks equally and taking control in assuring that all the

tasks are completed.

Studies by Obijiaku says that time management is very essential in students in terms

of studying, especially while working. It similar to the researcher's study in the way that how

the students may be able to take in control of their time to be able to continue the learning

process on time. Moreover, the idea of time management is what the researchers are trying

to study for this is related to the learning strategies the students may obtain. The time

management is very crucial in working students in order to alter in demand of study and

work.

In the study of Harold (2014), through the use of the scientific technic aiming for an

increase of his worker’s productivity, conducting a time and motion studies was a big help in

order to find out how he could maximized the time spent to complete a particular task with a

specific period. It found out that time management is an instrument for increasing the

productivity for all the students who are working and studying at the same time.

Studies presented by Harold mentioned that time management is one of the key in

maximizing being productive, especially the working. In the same process that the

researcher shows the importance of time management and on how the working students

manage their time. Time management is vital to the working students in order to do things in

proper way without wasting time. It found out that time management is an instrument for
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increasing the productivity for all the students who are working and studying at the same

time.

According to Kavarana (2013), the number of full time students who are involved in

employment are getting bigger. This also found out that working while studying helps the

students to reduce their loans and debts. Students sense that they need to control their

selves borrowing and work hard to earn more money allotted for the tuition. Another

advantage in the engagement of students in employment lies within the feeling of self-

achievement and self-satisfaction that is accomplished by challenging oneself with the

workload and different life styles. It is all about how an individual make use of their time in

the best possible way and make the most of it despite of working while studying at the same

time. It is also believed that the abilities of being hard working and the determination in

people are the qualities that every firm must be looking for.

The research conducted by Kavarana is related to the study conducting by the

researchers. In terms of the researcher discovering the reason why the students tends to

work and how will it affect if students go to work while studying. Aside from that, the

research shows the idea of the benefits of working while studying. It is similar to the study of

the researcher in a way why the students tends to work. Lastly, another advantage in the

engagement of students in employment lies within the feeling of self-achievement and self-

satisfaction that is accomplished by challenging oneself with the workload and different

lifestyles.

Moreover, the study of Fazal (2012) reveals that time management skills can be a

high indicators towards reaching a high degree of academic success and performance. It is

not just about how it affects the achievement of an individual, but learning these strategies in

managing time can fulfill every aspects in life through proper time management.
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The research by Fazal relates to the researchers study about time management of

the student that show up the implications or the outcomes of time managing to gain

academic successes and performance. It is very important to researcher to include this as

an idea to improves the time management skills of college working student. Aside from that,

it would be very helpful for the student if they would be able to handle their time

management appropriate as an individual or student. Eventually, time management is the

only way for the student to be more calm and comfortable on doing their task since they

have enough time accordance to their time management.

According to Fleming (2011), there is an effective time management when the

students understand the distinction between efficiency and effectiveness. It is said that

efficiency includes completing a specific task in a right way while effectiveness related to the

tasks to be completed in the first place. Another perspective who explains that the practice

of distinguishing proof of vital errands in a proper way, and the most suitable tools and

strategies for accomplishing those tasks can be considered as the most essential conditions

of successful time management.

Fleming studies actually deals to the researchers study about time management on

how effective or efficient thus the time management to the student. It is basically discuss the

effective time management is closely related on understanding the differences between

efficiency and effectiveness on how student create their time management. Also, it requires

the practice on creating time management for an effective time managing skills If the time

management is appropriate to them. Time management is according to student if they could

be able to gather or control their time if it would be efficient and effective on them. And the

most important things on working student is time managing cause it can change their life as

working student on how they balance both studies and works.