Lecture 1 - Textures

Carbonate Rocks
Why carbonate rocks are special?
Strong link with the “biologic world”

carbonate sediments are born, not made (James, 1984)
“Organic world” has stronger A qz grain is a qz grain at the present time

and more complex relationship as well as in the Cambrian.
with the environment than the An actual reef works in a different way than
inorganic one. a Cambrian reef.
The study of carbonate rocks

allows paleoenvironmental
recostructionof high detail
Lateral transport of carbonate sediments

is usually very limited .
The composition of a siliciclastic rock does not give in general information

of the original depositional setting
The composition of a carbonate rock gives very often precise information

on the depositional environment.
Carbonates can be the final product of different processes
 mechanical deposition
 chemical precipitation
 in situ growth (build-up)
Classification of carbonate rocks
Ternary Plot of Major Limestone Constituents
Fundamental to understanding sedimentary rocks is the distinction of three basic components:

GRAINS (termed allochems by Folk), MATRIX (carbonate mud), and porosity or porosity-filling
CEMENT. Typical carbonate rocks are plotted here on a ternary diagram using those three end
members.
Carbonate Rock-Petrography
Grains or allochems
Matrix or mud
Carbonate Rocks are made of :
Cement
grains grains
matrix cement
Carbonate Rock-Petrography
non-skeletal grains
Grains
skeletal grains/bioclasts
skeletal grains
non-skeletal grains
Carbonate Classifications
Carbonate sediments and rocks

(lithified sediment hardened by diagenetic
processes, such as cementation, compaction,
mineral recrystallization)
Carbonate rock classification: Dunham (1962) based on

DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURE: information about energy of the
depositional environment.
MOST IMPORTANT and COMMONLY in USE!!
Carbonate rock classification: Folk (1951) based on grain

composition and presence of micrite or cement: information about
the origin of the grains and of the depositional environment.
NOT CURRENTLY IN USE!!
Dunham (1962) Limestone Classification
Dunham classification is based on depositional texture
The distinction as to whether a rock is supported by matrix (mud) or framework (grains) is

fundamental to this scheme. The four basic terms for normal (non-crystalline) limestones can be
further modified with terms describing constituent grains or other features. The most difficult
aspect of this classification, in many cases, is in deciding whether a rock with large and irregular
(skeletal or intraclastic) grains, or one that has undergone substantial post-depositional
compaction, was originally mud- or grain-supported.
Embry& Klovan (1971) Limestone Classification
In Embry and Klovan (1971) scheme,for biogenic limestones, the term “floatstone” replaces Dunhamʼs
“packstone”. For coarser, grain-supported biogenic limestones, the term “rudstone” was coined. In
addition, an organically bound rock can be termed a “bafflestone”, a “bindstone”, or a “framestone”,
depending on the nature of the organic structures. These last three terms, in particular, have been widely
adopted by those working on reefs, bioherms, and other biogenic carbonates.
Dunham (1962) Limestone Classification
EMBRY & KLOWAN (1971)

Carbonate rock classification: Dunham (1962) + Embry and
Klovan (1972)
1. Original components bound 2. Original components not bound together at

together at the time of deposition: the time of deposition
BOUNDSTONE
2a. Less 10% grains > 2mm
1a. Organisms build a rigid -When mud-supported and grains are < 10%:
framework: MUDSTONE
FRAMESTONE (corals) -When mud-supported and grains are > 10%:
WACKESTONE
1b. Organisms act as baffle: -When grain-supported with micrite matrix
BAFFLESTONE (algae, bryozoans) filling the pore space: PACKSTONE
-When grain-supported, no micrite matrix
1b. Organisms encrust and bind: (sediment) but cement (precipitate) or unfilled
BINDSTONE (Stromatolites, red pore space: GRAINSTONE
algae)
2b. More 10% grains > 2mm
-Matrix supported: FLOATSTONE
-Grain supported: RUDSTONE
Peloidal grainstone with intraclasts and bioclasts
Bioclastic grainstone
Lime mudstone
Bioclastic Packstone with intaclasts
Oolithic-bioclastic Grainstone
Bioclastic Packstone
Oolithic Grainstone
Bioclastic Wackestone
Bioclastic Packstone with intraclasts
Bioclastic Grainstone
Oolithic-peloidal Packstone
Boundstone
Algal boundstone Coral boundstone

(bindstone) (framestone)
Finely laminated, algal boundstone
(Stromatolite).
From Baccelle & Bosellini (1965)

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Carbonate Rocks

Why carbonate rocks are special?

Strong link with the “biologic world”

“Organic world” has stronger A qz grain is a qz grain at the present time

The study of carbonate rocks

Lateral transport of carbonate sediments

The composition of a siliciclastic rock does not give in general information

The composition of a carbonate rock gives very often precise information

Fundamental to understanding sedimentary rocks is the distinction of three basic components:

Carbonate sediments and rocks

Carbonate rock classification: Dunham (1962) based on

Carbonate rock classification: Folk (1951) based on grain

Dunham classification is based on depositional texture

The distinction as to whether a rock is supported by matrix (mud) or framework (grains) is

EMBRY & KLOWAN (1971)

1. Original components bound 2. Original components not bound together at

Algal boundstone Coral boundstone

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