SECTION A

1 Figure 1 shows the inter conversation of three physical states of matter namely solid,
liquid and gas.(Edison series- pelangi pg 21)

SOLID SOLID
SOLID

(a) Name the process that occur at

(i) P : …………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Q : …………………………………………………………………………..
(iii) R : …………………………………………………………………………..
[3 marks]

(b) Name one substances that can undergo process P.

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(c) Describe the change in the movement of particles during process R

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

(d) From the answers given in (a), name the process/ processes that
(i) absorbs/ absorb heat energy : ………………………………………………...
(ii) releases/release heat energy : ………………………………………………...
[2 marks]

(e) Give two differences between boiling and evaporation.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………...
[2 marks]

(f) Give one situation/ condition that encourages the evaporation process.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
2 Figure 2 shows an experimental set up with the apparatus to determine the empirical
formula for lead oxide.( extreme sasbadi pg 88)

Table 1 shows the results obtained.

[Relative atomic mass: O,16 , Pb,207]

Substance Mass/g
Porcelain dish 20.45
Porcelain dish + lead oxide 24.505
Porcelain dish + lead 24.185

Table 1

(a) Calculate the mass for:

(i) lead

[1 mark]

(ii) oxygen

[ 1 mark]

(b) Calculate the number of moles of

(i) lead

[2 marks]
 (ii) oxygen

[2 marks]

(c) Determine the empirical formula for lead oxide.

[2 marks]

(d) What is meant by empirical formula?

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(e) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

3 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
J G M
E Q R U
L
V Transition
Elements
W

Figure 2

By using the letters in the Periodic Table as the symbols of elements, answer the
following questions: (replica 2 u pg S2-8)

(a) Which element has the largest atomic radius?

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) Which of the elements are metal?
………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

(c) Explain why M is more electronegative than R?

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

(d) How does Q form ion? Write the formula for this ion?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks]

(e) Write the electron arrangement for atom U.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

(f) (i) What type of bond is in the compound formed by elements J and R?
…………………………………………………………....................................
[1 mark]

(ii) Sketch the electronic arrangement for the compound formed by elements J
and R.

[2 marks]

(g) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between elements L and G.
………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

4 Table 2 shows the proton numbers of six elements, P to U. The letters are not the
actual symbols of the elements. (oxford pg 33)

Elements Proton number

P 6
Q 8
R 9
S 10
T 11
U 12
(a) From the table 2, identify ne element and draw an electronic diagram to show
the electron arrangement for each of the following.

(i) Metal element:

(ii) Non-metal element

[2 marks]

(b) Elements P and Q can react with each other to form a compound X.
(i) Draw an electronic diagram to show the electron arrangement of
compound X.
 (ii) Name the type of chemical bond involved in the formation of
compound X.
……………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(iii) Give the formula of compound X.

……………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(c) Elements R and U react with each other to form a compound Y.

(i) Draw an electronic diagram to show the electron arrangement of

compound Y.

[1 mark]

(ii) Name the type of chemical bond involved in the formation of compound Y.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

(iii) Give the formula of compound Y.

………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(d) State one difference between the properties of compound X and compound Y.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
5 Figure 3 shows the arrangement of apparatus for an electrochemistry experiment. The
experiment was carried out for 60 minutes and any changes were recorded.
(cemerlang pg F-9)

(a) What are the energy changes in cell X and cell Y?

(i) Cell X: …………………………………………………………………
(ii) Cell Y: …………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

(b) Name the electrode that serves as the negative terminal in cell X and give your
reason for your answer.
Negative terminal: ……………………………………………………………...
Reason : ……………………………………………………………..
[2 marks]

(c) Write the half question for the reaction that occurs at the negative terminal of
cell X.
……………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(d) State the direction of the flow of electrons in Figure 3.

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(e) State the change in colour of iron (II) sulphate in the porous pot after 30
minutes.

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
 (f) What are the changes that have occurred to carbon electrodes V and W after
60 minutes?
(i) Copper electrode V:………………………………………………….

(ii) Copper electrode W: ………………………………………………….

[2 marks]

6 Figure 3 shows the initial and final readings of titration. (replica)

20.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution is titrated with 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric
acid. Methyl orange indicator is used to shoe the end point of the neutralization reaction
between sodium hydroxide solution and sulphuric acid.
(a) Based on the reading of the burette, complete the following table:

Final reading of burette (cm3)

Initial reading of burette
Volume of sulphuric acid

[3 marks]

(b) What is the colour change of methyl orange indicator in this titration?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

(c) Write the chemical equation of the neutralization process that took place.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

(d) Calculate the concentration of sodium hydroxide used in the titration.

[3 marks]
(e) In another titration, 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is used to titrate 20.0 cm3
of the above sodium hydroxide solution. The volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid to
achieve end point is found to be twice the volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid obtained in
6(a). Explain.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[4 marks]
SECTION B

7 (a) The elements chlorine, bromine and iodine are elements in Group 17
of the Periodic Table. Discuss
(i) the changes in the electronegativity when going down the
group.
[4 marks]
(ii) the reactions of the elements with aqueous sodium hydroxide at
room temperature and the products obtained in the reactions.
[9 marks]

(b) (i) Discuss the chemical properties of the elements helium, neon
and argon.
[3 marks]

(ii) Give the uses of these three elements in everyday life.

[4 marks]

8 Table 3 shows the proton numbers f the elements P, Q and R.

Element Proton number

P 6
Q 11
R 17

(a) (i) Write the electron configuration for each of the elements P, Q and
R.
[3 marks]

(ii) P and Q respectively form different compounds with R.

Describe the formation of the compounds of R respectively with P and Q.
Supplement your description with appropriate diagrams, using the Lewis
structure to describe the compound formed between P and R; and the electron
arrangement diagram for the compound formed between Q and R.
[8 marks]

(b) With references to the respective physical properties such as electrical

conductivity, solubility and melting points, explain the differences between
the two compounds formed in (a) (ii)
[9 marks]
SECTION C

9 (a) Describe the reactions that occur when copper(II) sulphate solution is
electrolysed using
(i) graphite electrodes
(ii) copper electrodes

Diagrams and equations for all the reactions should be included in your
answer.
[10 marks]

(b) (i) Describe with the help of a diagram how a copper object is
electroplated with silver. Equations for all the reactions should be included in
your answer.
(ii) Give two other uses of electrolysis and an example of each use.
[10 marks]

10 (a) (i) Using suitable examples, explain what is meant by

neutralization?
[3 marks]

(ii) Give two examples of the application of neutralisation in daily

life.
[2 marks]

(b) You are given a standard solution of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid,
aqueous sodium hydroxide solution of unknown concentration,
phenolphthalein indicator and the apparatus required. Describe an experiment
to show how you can determine the concentration of the aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution in mol dm-3 (your answer should include the calculation
showing how the concentration of the solution is obtained).
[15 marks]
 ANSWER
PAPER 2

3 (a) Element W [1 mark]

(b) Elements E, V, W and L [1 mark]
(c) -Number of shells in element M is 2 whereas element R has 3 shells
completed with electrons. [1 mark]
-Element M (2.7) more readily receives one electron into its outermost shell
compared to element R (2.8.7) [1 mark]
(d) Q (2.8.3) has 3 valence electron in its outermost shell. To form an ion,
element Q has to eliminate its 3 valence electrons. [1 mark]
Ionic formula : Q3+. [1 mark]
(e) U (2.8.8)
(f) (i) covalent bond [1 mark]

(ii) R
R J R
R

(g) 2L (s) + G2 (g) 2LG(s)

(b)
(ii) Covalent bond
(iii) PQ2
(c) (i)

(ii) ionic bond

(iii) UR2
(d) -Compound X has low melting point and boiling points whereas compound Y
has high melting point and boiling point.
-Compound X does not conduct electricity in any physical state whereas
compound Y conducts electricity in the molten state or in aqueous solution.

5 (a) (i) Cell X: Chemical energy is converted to electrical energy

(ii) Cell Y: Electrical energy is converted to chemical energy

(b) Negative terminal: Zinc electrode

Reason: Zinc is more electropositive than iron.
 (c) Zn Zn2+ + 2e-

(d) Electron flows from the zinc electrode through the external circuit to
copper electrode W.
(e) The iron (II) sulphate change colour from green to yellowish brown.
(f) (i) Copper electrode V : Decrease in mass and become thinner.
(ii) Copper electrode W : Increase in mass and become thicker.

6 (a) Final reading of burette (cm3) 26.45 [1 mark]

Initial reading of burette 1.45 [1 mark]
Volume of sulphuric acid 25.00 [1 mark]

(b) From yellow to orange [1 mark]

(c) 2NaOH (aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(d) Based on the chemical equation in 2(c), 1 mole H2SO4 neutralises 2 moles of
NaOH.
(MV) acid =1
(MV) alkali 2
0.5x2 x 20 = 1
(M)alkali 2
M alkali = 2x0.5x25
20
(e) Sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid whereas hydrochloric acid is monobasic acid.
1 mole sulphuric acid ionizes to produce twice the number of moles of H+
ions in aqueous solution compared to 1 mole of hydrochloric acid.
SECTION B

7 (a) (i) –The electronegativity of the elements chlorine, bromine and iodine
decrease when going down the group from chlorine to iodine. [1 mark]
- Size of the atom increases down the group, resulting in a decreasing pull
of the electrons by the nucleus. [1 mark]
- so, it becomes increasingly difficult for an external electron to be pulled
into the outermost shell. [2 marks]

(ii) For chlorine

-When chlorine gas is passed into aqueous sodium hydroxide, Cl2 gas
will quickly dissolve in it forming a colourless solution. [1 mark]
-Equation:
2NaOH + Cl2 NaCl + NaOCl + H2O [1 mark]
-Product:
Salt sodium chloride, water and sodium hypochlorite(very strong
bleaching agent). [1 mark]

For bromine
- When bromine gas is passed into aqueous sodium hydroxide, Br2 gas
will dissolve moderately in it forming an almost colourless solution.
[1 mark]
-Equation:
2NaOH + Br2 NaBr + NaOBr + H2O [1 mark]
-Product:
Salt sodium bromide, water and sodium hypobromite(moderate strong
bleaching agent). [1 mark]

For iodine
- When a few tiny crystals of iodine is added to aqueous sodium
hydroxide and then shaken, the solid I2 will dissolve slowly.[1 mark]
-Equation:
2NaOH + I2 NaI + NaOI+ H2O [1 mark]
-Product:
Salt sodium iodide, water and sodium hypoiodide(not bleaching
agent). [1 mark]

(b) (i)-All the elements are inert and exist as monoatomic elements.
-electron configuration of He is duplet while Ne and Ar are octets a very
stable arrangement which results in their inert properties.

(ii) - He is used to fill airship and weather balloons. [1 mark]

-When He mixed with O2, He is used by deep sea divers. [1 mark]
- Ne is used to fill neon light in advertisement display board. [1 mark]
- Ar is used to provide an inert atmosphere for welding work. [1 mark]
8 (a) (i) P = 2.4
Q= 2.8.1
R= 2.8.7

(ii) -The elements P and R are non-metals and the electron configurations are
2.4 and 2.8.7 respectively.
- In order to achieve the stable octet electron configuration, each atom
of P contributes four valence electrons to be shared with four separated
atom of R.
- Each atom of R also contributes one electron to be shared with the
atom of P thus forming four single covalent bonds in the newly formed
compound PR4.
- The Lewis structure of PR4 is:

R
R P R
R
-Q is a metal with the electron configuration of 2.8.1. So Q readily donates
the single valence electron it has to form the stable Q+ ion.
-Element R with seven valence electron then readily accepts this electron
donated by Q to form the ion R-
-These two oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other by an
electrostatic force to form the ionic compound QR.
-The electron arrangement:

(b) Compound PR4 is a covalent compound while compound QR is an ionic

compound.
-Electrical conductivity of electricity:

Compound PR4 Compound QR

-does not conduct electricity in all conditions -conduct electricity in its molten and aqueous
state
[3 marks]
-Solubility
Compound PR4 Compound QR
-does not dissolve in water but dissolved in -dissolve in water but does not dissolve in all
organic solvent like alcohol and organic solvent.
tetrachloromethane
[3 marks]
-Melting Point
Compound PR4 Compound QR
-low melting point -high melting point
-reason: molecules of PR4 are held together -reason: there are strong electrostatic forces
by weak Van de Waals forces which is in QR which require much energy to
require less energy to overcome. overcome.
[3 marks]